ここで説明する作業は、退役軍人の米国農務生物医学研究所研究開発BX001686-1A1およびVAリハビリテーション研究開発によって資金を供給された。

細胞培養物の1。メッキとメンテナンス<ol><li>暖かいダルベッコ改変イーグル培地（DMEM）の培養培地（DMEM + 10％FBS + 1％ペニシリン/ストレプトマイシン/ネオマイシン）を37℃まで</li><li> -80℃から凍結されたA12細胞の株式を取得</li><li>急速に37℃の水浴中で細胞を解凍する;一度解凍した、優しくピペット細胞が75cm 2の通気培養フラスコに移し、培養液の10ミリリットルを追加します。 </li><li> 37℃で5％CO2インキュベーター内でフラスコ一晩インキュベート培地を吸引し、24時間後に、新鮮な培地と交換します。 70〜80％のコンフルエンスが得られるまで細胞を増殖させるコンティニュ（2-3日間増殖）。 </li></ol> 2。計数及びめっきセル<ol><li>暖かいDMEMおよび37℃に1X-トリプシン-EDTA溶液</li><li>細胞から培地を吸引し、滅菌リン酸緩衝生理食塩水（PBS）で2回洗浄する。 </li><li>トリプシン溶液500μlを加え、2〜5分間37℃でインキュベートする。 </li><li>切り離すスクレーパーを使用し、5mlの培地中で細胞を懸濁フラスコからの細胞。ストレーナーを通して細胞をパスし、きれいな50ミリリットルチューブにセルストレーナーを通過する。複数回ストレーナーを通して細胞を渡す必要があるかもしれませんが、以上の3回を繰り返さないでください。 </li><li>メディアの最終容量100μl、96ウェル透明底黒または白の壁のプレートに6000細胞/ウェルに播種するために培養するための細胞の量を測定する血球計数器を用いて細胞を数える。 24時間、37℃、5％CO 2でプレートをインキュベートする。 </li></ol> 3。細胞生存率およびカスパーゼ3/7活性測定<ol><li>無菌の5mlガラスバイアルに移し、PA、100％ジメチルスルホキシド（DMSO）に可溶化する。 DMSOにストックPAソリューション1:10に希釈し、0.1 mMのPAの最終作業濃度を得るために、DMEMを予め温めに追加します。制御メディアの場合、PAを含む培地に添加されている同じ濃度のDMSOを加える。 </li><li>各ウェルに培地を除去し、50μlのメディア+ /で置き換える -ペンシルバニア州。 37℃、5％CO 2中で2時間、プレートをインキュベート次いで、5μlのレサズリン試薬を追加し、室温で10分間インキュベートする。 </li><li>細胞生存率を測定するためのマルチモードマイクロプレートリーダー、蛍光レコード（560 EX / 590 EM）を用いて。結果は相対蛍光単位（RFU）として提示される。 </li><li>同じプレートに、カスパーゼ試薬55μLを加え、2時間室温でインキュベートする。 </li><li>再度カスパーゼ3/7活性を測定するためにマイクロプレートリーダー、レコード発光を用いて。結果は、カスパーゼ3/7活性に直接比例して発光、相対発光単位（RLU）として提示される。 </li><li>細胞数にカスパーゼ3/7活性が正常化するには、カスパーゼ3/7活性（RLU）での細胞生存率（RFU）を分割します。 </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Akil, L., Ahmad, H. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Relationships+between+obesity+and+cardiovascular+diseases+in+four+southern+states+and+Colorado.">Relationships between obesity and cardiovascular diseases in four southern states and Colorado.</a> J. Health Care Poor Underserved. 22, 61-72 (2011).</li><li>Posey, K. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hypothalamic+proinflammatory+lipid+accumulation,+inflammation,+and+insulin+resistance+in+rats+fed+a+high-fat+diet.">Hypothalamic proinflammatory lipid accumulation, inflammation, and insulin resistance in rats fed a high-fat diet.</a> Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 296, 1003-1012 (2009).</li><li>Moraes, J. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-fat+diet+induces+apoptosis+of+hypothalamic+neurons.">High-fat diet induces apoptosis of hypothalamic neurons.</a> PloS one. 4, (2009).</li><li>Mayer, C. M., Belsham, D. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Palmitate+attenuates+insulin+signaling+and+induces+endoplasmic+reticulum+stress+and+apoptosis+in+hypothalamic+neurons:+rescue+of+resistance+and+apoptosis+through+adenosine+5'+monophosphate-activated+protein+kinase+activation.">Palmitate attenuates insulin signaling and induces endoplasmic reticulum stress and apoptosis in hypothalamic neurons: rescue of resistance and apoptosis through adenosine 5' monophosphate-activated protein kinase activation.</a> Endocrinology. 151, 576-585 (2010).</li><li>Benoit, S. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Palmitic+acid+mediates+hypothalamic+insulin+resistance+by+altering+PKC-theta+subcellular+localization+in+rodents.">Palmitic acid mediates hypothalamic insulin resistance by altering PKC-theta subcellular localization in rodents.</a> J. Clin. Invest. 119, 2577-2589 (2009).</li><li>Thaler, J. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Obesity+is+associated+with+hypothalamic+injury+in+rodents+and+humans.">Obesity is associated with hypothalamic injury in rodents and humans.</a> J. Clin. Invest. 122, 153-162 (2012).</li><li>Williams, L. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hypothalamic+dysfunction+in+obesity.">Hypothalamic dysfunction in obesity.</a> Proc. Nutr. Soc. 71, 521-533 (2012).</li><li>Belsham, D. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Generation+of+a+phenotypic+array+of+hypothalamic+neuronal+cell+models+to+study+complex+neuroendocrine+disorders.">Generation of a phenotypic array of hypothalamic neuronal cell models to study complex neuroendocrine disorders.</a> Endocrinology. 145, 393-400 (2004).</li><li>Xiao, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Monitoring+of+cell+viability+and+proliferation+in+hydrogel-encapsulated+system+by+resazurin+assay.">Monitoring of cell viability and proliferation in hydrogel-encapsulated system by resazurin assay.</a> Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 162, 1996-2007 (2010).</li><li>Butterick, T. A., Nixon, J. P., Billington, C. J., Kotz, C. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Orexin+A+decreases+lipid+peroxidation+and+apoptosis+in+a+novel+hypothalamic+cell+model.">Orexin A decreases lipid peroxidation and apoptosis in a novel hypothalamic cell model.</a> Neurosci. Lett. 524, 30-34 (2012).</li><li>Riss, T. L., Moravec, R. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Use+of+multiple+assay+endpoints+to+investigate+the+effects+of+incubation+time,+dose+of+toxin,+and+plating+density+in+cell-based+cytotoxicity+assays.+Assay+Drug+Dev.">Use of multiple assay endpoints to investigate the effects of incubation time, dose of toxin, and plating density in cell-based cytotoxicity assays. Assay Drug Dev.</a> Technol. 2, 51-62 (2004).</li><li>Niles, A. L., Moravec, R. A., Riss, T. 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R., Nguyen, Q. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multiplex+detection+and+quantitation+of+proteins+on+western+blots+using+fluorescent+probes.">Multiplex detection and quantitation of proteins on western blots using fluorescent probes.</a> Biotechniques. 29, 636-642 (2000).</li><li>Riss, T. L., Moravec, R. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Use+of+multiple+assay+endpoints+to+investigate+the+effects+of+incubation+time,+dose+of+toxin,+and+plating+density+in+cell-based+cytotoxicity+assays.">Use of multiple assay endpoints to investigate the effects of incubation time, dose of toxin, and plating density in cell-based cytotoxicity assays.</a> Assay Drug Dev. Technol. 2, 51-62 (2004).</li><li>Smyth, P. G., Berman, S. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Markers+of+apoptosis:+methods+for+elucidating+the+mechanism+of+apoptotic+cell+death+from+the+nervous+system.">Markers of apoptosis: methods for elucidating the mechanism of apoptotic cell death from the nervous system.</a> Biotechniques. 32, 648-650 (2002).</li><li>Lavrik, I. N., Golks, A., Krammer, P. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Caspases:+pharmacological+manipulation+of+cell+death.">Caspases: pharmacological manipulation of cell death.</a> J. Clin. Invest. 115, 2665-2672 (2005).</li></ol>

著者らは、開示する競合がない。

多重アッセイ、例えばPCRマイクロアレイ、免疫検出、および他のタンパク質に基づく検出法13、14のような多数の用途に科学者によって使用されている広く受け入れられた技術である。最近では、多重アッセイは、ますますin vitroのプレートベースの実験に利用され、細胞毒性を評価する正確な方法として、検証され、12の実行可能性されたとなっている。上記のプロト?...

パルミチン酸（PA）などの飽和脂肪酸が豊富な食事は、心血管疾患および糖尿病1、2を含む、肥満および他の併存疾患に関連している。高脂肪食はまた、酸化ストレス、アポトーシス、および視床下部の神経変性、食欲及びエネルギー消費3-7の重要な調節因子を増加させることが示されている。高脂肪食の露出が視床下部調節不全を誘導するメカニズムを理解することは、肥満のための薬理学的治療の開発のためのが重要である。しかし、食事の脂肪が神経機能に影響を与えるそれを通して細胞メカニズムは不明である。このようなPAとして脂肪が視床下部アポトーシス経路の発症を誘発するかもしれない方法をよりよく理解するには、この目的に向けて必要な最初のステップです。この記事の目的は、Hの研究に使用するために開発されたPA暴露に対する神経細胞応答のin vitro試験のためのマルチプレックスアッセイを、説明することであるypothalamic神経変性。我々は、PA 8との酸化的攻撃後（A12と称する）に分化する不死化成体マウスの視床下部細胞株における細胞の総数あたりの3月7日の活動カスパーゼを測定するためのin vitroでの 96ウェルフォーマットの多重検定の詳細な説明を提供する。 簡潔には、細胞生存率をレサズリン基づくアッセイを介してPAチャレンジを下記判定される。レサズリンは、代謝的に活性な細胞中の酵素の減少、ミトコンドリア9を介して起こると考えプロセスを受ける細胞透過性化合物である。生存細胞は、連続的に生細胞数に比例する蛍光シグナルを生成するレゾルフィンレサズリン変換する。カスパーゼ3/7活性を、次いで、DEVD-lumogenicベースのアッセイを用いて分析する。 DEVDはカスパーゼ3により切断されるアミノ酸配列（のAspのGlu-Aspで、ヴァル）である。この配列は、細胞内カスパーゼ3/7の活性化およびその後の切断の際に、lumogenic物質に結合されるとDEVD基板から、発光生成物が放出される。この反応は、カスパーゼ活性を、したがってアポトーシスの誘導に比例する。死んだ細胞は、カスパーゼを生産することができないように、カスパーゼ3/7活性を、自然の過渡的である。したがって、解析は細胞ストレッサーの効果によって、4時間後にチャレンジに30分の間に完了する必要があります。細胞生存率は、カスパーゼ3/7活性に反比例し、細胞死のメカニズムを決定するために用いることができる。例えば、この方法は、以前にオレキシンが、この処置によって影響メカニズムは酸化的損傷10に対する保護において重要であることを示唆し、過酸化水素でチャレンジ視床下部の細胞においてアポトーシスを減少させるペプチドホルモンとその前処理を示すために使用されている。それは、それらがアッセイ試薬を減少させるためにミトコンドリア活性に依存して、これらのアッセイは、細胞株および組織に依存する注意することが重要である。このプロトコルは、成体マウスの視床下部（A12）細胞用に最適化されています。しかし、記載された方法は、類似の研究の範囲内に収まるように変更することができる。 単一培養ウェルからの多重化アッセイは、いくつかの理由で個別のアッセイを行う従来の方法に勝る利点を提供する。時間、細胞試料、および培養試薬を保存することに加えて、多重化アッセイは、細胞生存と死の知識を提供内部対照を提供し、反復的な実験11,12の必要性を排除することができる。 代替法は、96ウェルフォーマットを使用している場合は特に、信頼性の高いアッセイであるウェスタンブロットまたはELISAを、依拠するが、費用と時間がかかる（1〜2日）であるている。それは、多重化アッセイのために細胞を培養するのに要する時間を除くと、合計時間は3時間未満である。このプロトコルはA12細胞との使用に最適化されたが、細胞の完全性に影響を及ぼし得る要因を念頭に保ちながら、それは他のモデルで使用するために変更されてもよい。抑止するこのプロトコルは、一連の実験のために働くかどうマイニングは、サンプルや実験条件の数にして計画されたダウンストリーム実験に依存します。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="723">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:268px;">Adult Mouse Hypothalamus Cell Line mHypoA-1/2&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">Cellutions Biosystems Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">CLU172</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:268px;">Dulbecco&#8217;s Modified Eagle&#8217;s Medium</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">10313-039</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:268px;">Fetal bovine serum&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">PAA Labs</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">A15-751</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:268px;">Penicillin/Streptomycin</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">15070-063</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:268px;">Palmitic Acid</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">P0500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:268px;">Dimethy sulfoxide&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">D2650</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:268px;"> 
			PrestoBlue Cell Viability Reagent</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td>A13262</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:268px;">Caspase-Glo 3/7 Assay Systems</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">Promega</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">G8091</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:268px;">Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:137px;"></td>
			<td style="width:151px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:268px;">96W Optical Bottom Plate, Black Polystyrene, Cell Culture Treated, with lid, Sterile</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">165305</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:268px;">SpectraMax M5 Multi-Mode Microplate</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">Molecular Devices</td>
			<td style="width:151px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

use of a caspase multiplexing assay to determine apoptosis in a hypothalamic cell model

複雑な細胞メカニズムの研究においてアッセイを多重化する能力は、反復的な実験の必要性を排除する内部コントロールを提供し、コストおよび試薬の無駄を減少させる。ここでは、96ウェル中の生存細胞数およびカスパーゼ3/7活性を測定するために、蛍光及び発光ベースのアッセイの両方を使用して、 インビトロ視床モデルにおけるパルミチン酸（PA）チャレンジ後のアポトーシスを評価するために、多重アッセイの最適化を記載マイクロタイタープレートフォーマット。 PAチャレンジ後、生存細胞を、レサズリン系蛍光アッセイにより決定した。カスパーゼ3/7活性次に発光基質、DEVD、そして細胞数に対して正規化を使用して決定した。この多重アッセイは、例えば、飽和脂肪酸チャレンジとしてアポトーシス刺激、次のカスパーゼ活性の変化を決定するために有用な技術である。飽和脂肪酸は、潜在的なPA importaですを示し、視床下部酸化ストレスおよびアポトーシスを増加させることができる例えば、そのようなアッセイのNCEは、飽和脂肪酸および神経機能の関係を研究する中で、ここで説明。

上記のプロトコルは、細胞死のメカニズムを決定するために、多重つの別々のアッセイ結果を記載する。 図1は、細胞生存率とカスパーゼ3/7活性を測定するためのプロトコルの概要を示している。カスパーゼ活性は、有意に2時間インキュベートした（ 図2Aおよび表1）の後にPAでチャレンジ細胞において増加した。細胞膜の完全性の喪失は、PA（ 図2B...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Use of a Caspase Multiplexing Assay to Determine Apoptosis in a Hypothalamic Cell Model at JoVE.com

Use of a Caspase Multiplexing Assay to Determine Apoptosis in a Hypothalamic Cell Model

マルチプレックスアッセイは、基本的な細胞メカニズムのための有益な情報を提供し、試薬および不必要な反復実験の無駄をなくすことができます。我々は、パルミチン酸との酸化的チャレンジ後のin vitroモデルの視床下部での細胞生存率を決定するために、蛍光及び発光に基づく方法を用いて、ここに多重化カスパーゼ3/7活性アッセイを記載する。

視床下部細胞モデルでアポトーシスを決定するために、カスパーゼの多重化アッセイの使用

The ability to multiplex assays in studies of complex cellular mechanisms eliminates the need for repetitive experiments, provides internal controls, and ...

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JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

14.9K ビュー.  Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Health Care System. マルチプレックスアッセイは、基本的な細胞メカニズムのための有益な情報を提供し、試薬および不必要な反復実験の無駄をなくすことができます。我々は、パルミチン酸との酸化的チャレンジ後のin vitroモデルの視床下部での細胞生存率を決定するために、蛍光及び発光に基づく方法を用いて、ここに多重化カスパーゼ3/7活性アッセイを記載する...

ビデオ: Use of a Caspase Multiplexing Assay to Determine Apoptosis in a Hypothalamic Cell Model

Optic Nerve Transection: A Model of Adult Neuron Apoptosis in the Central Nervous System

Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) are CNS neurons that output visual information from the retina to the brain, via the optic nerve. 
The optic nerve can be accessed within the orbit of the eye and completely transected (axotomized), cutting the axons of the entire RGC population. Optic nerve 
transection is a reproducible model of apoptotic neuronal cell death in the adult CNS 1-4. This model is particularly attractive because the vitreous
 chamber of the eye acts as a capsule for drug delivery to the retina, permitting experimental manipulations via intraocular injections. The diffusion of chemicals 
through the vitreous fluid ensures that they act upon the entire RGC population. Moreover, RGCs can be selectively transfected by applying short interfering RNAs 
(siRNAs), plasmids, or viral vectors to the cut end of the optic nerve 5-7 or injecting vectors into their target, the superior colliculus 8. 
This allows researchers to study apoptotic mechanisms in the desired neuronal population without confounding effects on other bystander neurons or surrounding glia. 
An additional benefit is the ease and accuracy with which cell survival can be quantified after injury. The retina is a flat, layered tissue and RGCs are localized in 
the innermost layer, the ganglion cell layer. The survival of RGCs can be tracked over time by applying a fluorescent tracer (3% Fluorogold) to the cut end of the 
optic nerve at the time of axotomy, or by injecting the tracer into the superior colliculus (RGC target) one week prior to axotomy. The tracer is retrogradely transported, labeling 
the entire RGC population. Because the ganglion cell layer is a monolayer (one cell thick), RGC densities can be quantified in flat-mounted tissue, without the need 
for stereology. Optic nerve transection leads to the apoptotic death of 90% of injured RGCs within 14 days postaxotomy 9-11. RGC apoptosis has a 
characteristic time-course whereby cell death is delayed 3-4 days postaxotomy, after which the cells rapidly degenerate. This provides a time window for 
experimental manipulations directed against pathways involved in apoptosis.

Optic Nerve transection is a widely used model of adult CNS injury. Ninety percent of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) whose axons are completely transected (axotomy) die within 14 days after axotomy. This model is easily amenable to experimental manipulations and highly reproducible.

視神経切断：中枢神経系における成人ニューロンのアポトーシスのモデル

Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) are CNS neurons that output visual information from the retina to the brain, via the optic nerve. 
The optic nerve can be ...

神経科学

Neural-Colony Forming Cell Assay: An Assay To Discriminate Bona Fide Neural Stem Cells from Neural Progenitor Cells

The neurosphere assay (NSA) is one of the most frequently used methods to isolate, expand and also calculate the frequency of neural stem cells (NSCs). Furthermore, this serum-free culture system has also been employed to expand stem cells and determine their frequency from a variety of tumors and normal tissues. It has been shown recently that a one-to-one relationship does not exist between neurosphere formation and NSCs. This suggests that the NSA as currently applied, overestimates the frequency of NSCs in a mixed population of neural precursor cells isolated from both the embryonic and adult mammalian brain. This video practically demonstrates a novel collagen based semi- solid assay, the neural-colony forming cell assay (N-CFCA), which has the ability to discriminate stem from progenitor cells based on their long-term proliferative potential, and thus provides a method to enumerate NSC frequency. In the N-CFCA, colonies &ge;2 mm in diameter are derived from cells that meet all the functional criteria of a NSC, while colonies &lt; 2mm are derived from progenitors. The N-CFCA procedure can be used for cells prepared from different sources including primary and cultured adult or embryonic mouse CNS cells. Here we use cells prepared from passage one neurospheres generated from embryonic day 14 mice brain to perform N-CFCA. The cultures are replenished with proliferation medium every seven days for three weeks to allow the plated cells to exhibit their full proliferative potential and then the frequency of neural progenitor and bona fide neural stem cells is calculated respectively by counting the number of colonies that are &lt; 2mm and the ones that are &ge;2mm in reference to the number of cells that were initially plated.

This video protocol demonstrates how to discriminate and enumerate bona fide neural stem cells in a mixed population of neural precursor cells using the neural colony-forming cell assay.

神経コロニー形成細胞アッセイ：神経前駆細胞から善意の神経幹細胞を区別するアッセイ

The neurosphere assay (NSA) is one of the most frequently used methods to isolate, expand and also calculate the frequency of neural stem cells (NSCs). ...

Monitoring Cleaved Caspase-3 Activity and Apoptosis of Immortalized Oligodendroglial Cells using Live-cell Imaging and Cleaveable Fluorogenic-dye Substrates Following Potassium-induced Membrane Depolarization

The central nervous system can experience a number of stresses and neurological insults, which can have numerous adverse effects that ultimately lead to a reduction in neuronal population and function. Damaged axons can release excitatory molecules including potassium or glutamate into the extracellular matrix, which in turn, can produce further insult and injury to the supporting glial cells including astrocytes and oligodendrocytes 8, 16. If the insult persists, cells will undergo programmed cell death (apoptosis), which is regulated and activated by a number of well-established signal transduction cascades 14. Apoptosis and tissue necrosis can occur after traumatic brain injury, cerebral ischemia, and seizures. A classical example of apoptotic regulation is the family of cysteine-dependent aspartate-directed proteases, or caspases. Activated proteases including caspases have also been implicated in cell death in response to chronic neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's, Huntington's, and Multiple Sclerosis 4, 14, 3, 11, 7.
In this protocol we describe the use of the NucView 488 caspase-3 substrate to measure the rate of caspase-3 mediated apoptosis in immortalized N19-oligodendrocyte (OLG) cell cultures 15, 5, following exposure to different extracellular stresses such as high concentrations of potassium or glutamate. The conditionally-immortalized N19-OLG cell line (representing the O2A progenitor) was obtained from Dr. Anthony Campagnoni (UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience) 15, 5, and has been previously used to study molecular mechanisms of myelin gene expression and signal transduction leading to OLG differentiation (e.g.6, 10). We have found this cell line to be robust with respect to transfection with exogenous myelin basic protein (MBP) constructs fused to either RFP or GFP (red or green fluorescent protein) 13, 12. Here, the N19-OLG cell cultures were treated with either 80 mM potassium chloride or 100 mM sodium glutamate to mimic axonal leakage into the extracellular matrix to induce apoptosis 9. We used a bi-functional caspase-3 substrate containing a DEVD (Asp-Glu-Val-Asp) caspase-3 recognition subunit and a DNA-binding dye 2. The substrate quickly enters the cytoplasm where it is cleaved by intracellular caspase-3. The dye, NucView 488 is released and enters the cell nucleus where it binds DNA and fluoresces green at 488 nm, signaling apoptosis. Use of the NucView 488 caspase-3 substrate allows for live-cell imaging in real-time 1, 10. In this video, we also describe the culturing and transfection of immortalized N19-OLG cells, as well as live-cell imaging techniques.

Monitoring Cleaved Caspase-3 Activity and Apoptosis of Immortalized Oligodendroglial Cells using Live-cell Imaging and Cleaveable Fluorogenic-dye Substrates Following Potassium-induced Membrane Depola

Live-cell imaging of caspase-3 mediated apoptosis in immortalized N19-oligodendrocyte cell cultures using the NucView 488 caspase-3 substrate. This technique is applicable for programmed cell death assays in real-time in a variety of cell types and tissues.

監視劈開カスパーゼ-3活性およびカリウム誘発性膜の脱分極に続いてライブセルイメージングとCleaveable蛍光色素基質を用いて不死化オリゴデンドログリア細胞のアポトーシス

The central nervous system can experience a number of stresses and neurological insults, which can have numerous adverse effects that ultimately lead to a ...

Functional Interrogation of Adult Hypothalamic Neurogenesis with Focal Radiological Inhibition

The functional characterization of adult-born neurons remains a significant challenge. Approaches to inhibit adult neurogenesis via invasive viral delivery or transgenic animals have potential confounds that make interpretation of results from these studies difficult. New radiological tools are emerging, however, that allow one to noninvasively investigate the function of select groups of adult-born neurons through accurate and precise anatomical targeting in small animals. Focal ionizing radiation inhibits the birth and differentiation of new neurons, and allows targeting of specific neural progenitor regions. In order to illuminate the potential functional role that adult hypothalamic neurogenesis plays in the regulation of physiological processes, we developed a noninvasive focal irradiation technique to selectively inhibit the birth of adult-born neurons in the hypothalamic median eminence. We describe a method for Computer tomography-guided focal irradiation (CFIR) delivery to enable precise and accurate anatomical targeting in small animals. CFIR uses three-dimensional volumetric image guidance for localization and targeting of the radiation dose, minimizes radiation exposure to nontargeted brain regions, and allows for conformal dose distribution with sharp beam boundaries. This protocol allows one to ask questions regarding the function of adult-born neurons, but also opens areas to questions in areas of radiobiology, tumor biology, and immunology. These radiological tools will facilitate the translation of discoveries at the bench to the bedside.

The function of adult-born mammalian neurons remains an active area of investigation. Ionizing radiation inhibits the birth of new neurons. Using computer tomography-guided focal irradiation (CFIR), three-dimensional anatomical targeting of specific neural progenitor populations can now be used to assess the functional role of adult neurogenesis.

焦点放射線阻害と大人の視床下部ニューロン新生の機能的な尋問

The functional characterization of adult-born neurons remains a significant challenge. Approaches to inhibit adult neurogenesis via invasive viral ...

A Novel Light Damage Paradigm for Use in Retinal Regeneration Studies in Adult Zebrafish

Light-induced retinal degeneration (LIRD) is commonly used in both rodents and zebrafish to damage rod and cone photoreceptors. In adult zebrafish, photoreceptor degeneration triggers M&#252;ller glial cells to re-enter the cell cycle and produce transient-amplifying progenitors. These progenitors continue to proliferate as they migrate to the damaged area, where they ultimately give rise to new photoreceptors. Currently, there are two widely-used LIRD paradigms, each of which results in varying degrees of photoreceptor loss and corresponding differences in the regeneration response. As more genetic and pharmacological tools are available to test the role of individual genes of interest during regeneration, there is a need to develop a robust LIRD paradigm. Here we describe a LIRD protocol that results in widespread and consistent loss of both rod and cone photoreceptors in which we have combined the use of two previously established LIRD techniques. Furthermore, this protocol can be extended for use in pigmented animals, which eliminates the need to maintain transgenic lines of interest on the albino background for LIRD studies.

Multiple light damage protocols have been described to damage photoreceptors and consequently induce a retinal regeneration response in adult zebrafish. This protocol describes an improved method that can be used in pigmented animals and that damages the vast majority of rod and cone photoreceptors across the entire retina.

大人のゼブラフィッシュにおける網膜再生研究で使用するための新規な光ダメージパラダイム

Light-induced retinal degeneration (LIRD) is commonly used in both rodents and zebrafish to damage rod and cone photoreceptors. In adult zebrafish, ...

Microglia as a Surrogate Biosensor to Determine Nanoparticle Neurotoxicity

Nanoparticles found in air pollutants can alter neurotransmitter profiles, increase neuroinflammation, and alter brain function. Therefore, the assay described here will aid in elucidating the role of microglia in neuroinflammation and neurodegenerative diseases. The use of microglia, resident immune cells of the brain, as a surrogate biosensor provides novel insight into how inflammatory responses mediate neuronal insults. Here, we utilize an immortalized murine microglial cell line, designated BV2, and describe a method for nanoparticle exposure using silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) as a standard. We describe how to expose microglia to nanoparticles, how to remove nanoparticles from supernatant, and how to use supernatant from activated microglia to determine toxicity, using hypothalamic cell survival as a measure. Following AgNP exposure, BV2 microglial activation was validated using a tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-&#945;) enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The supernatant was filtered to remove the AgNP and to allow cytokines and other secreted factors to remain in the conditioned media. Hypothalamic cells were then exposed to supernatant from AgNP activated microglia and survival of neurons was determined using a resazurin-based fluorescent assay. This technique is useful for utilizing microglia as a surrogate biomarker of neuroinflammation and determining the effect of neuroinflammation on other cell types.

Microglia (immune cells of the brain), are used as a surrogate biosensor to determine how nanoparticles influence neurotoxicity. We describe a series of experiments designed to assay microglial response to nanoparticles and exposure of hypothalamic neurons to supernatant from activated microglia to determine neurotoxicity.

ナノ粒子神経毒性を決定するために、代理バイオセンサーとしてミクログリア

Nanoparticles found in air pollutants can alter neurotransmitter profiles, increase neuroinflammation, and alter brain function. Therefore, the assay ...

The Use of Trace Eyeblink Classical Conditioning to Assess Hippocampal Dysfunction in a Rat Model of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders

Neonatal rats were administered a relatively high concentration of ethyl alcohol (11.9% v/v) during postnatal days 4-9, a time when the fetal brain undergoes rapid organizational change and is similar to accelerated brain changes that occur during the third trimester in humans. This model of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs) produces severe brain damage, mimicking the amount and pattern of binge-drinking that occurs in some pregnant alcoholic mothers. We describe the use of trace eyeblink classical conditioning (ECC), a higher-order variant of associative learning, to assess long-term hippocampal dysfunction that is typically seen in alcohol-exposed adult offspring. At 90 days of age, rodents were surgically prepared with recording and stimulating electrodes, which measured electromyographic (EMG) blink activity from the left eyelid muscle and delivered mild shock posterior to the left eye, respectively. After a 5 day recovery period, they underwent 6 sessions of trace ECC to determine associative learning differences between alcohol-exposed and control rats. Trace ECC is one of many possible ECC procedures that can be easily modified using the same equipment and software, so that different neural systems can be assessed. ECC procedures in general, can be used as diagnostic tools for detecting neural pathology in different brain systems and different conditions that insult the brain.

Trace eyeblink classical conditioning (ECC) was used to assess hippocampal-dependent associative learning in adult rats that were administered a high concentration (11.9% v/v) of alcohol during early neonatal brain development. In general, ECC procedures are sound diagnostic tools for detecting brain dysfunction across many psychological and biomedical settings.

胎児アルコール スペクトルの無秩序のモデルラットにおける海馬機能障害を評価するためにトレース瞬目反射条件づけの使用

Neonatal rats were administered a relatively high concentration of ethyl alcohol (11.9% v/v) during postnatal days 4-9, a time when the fetal brain ...

Live-cell Measurement of Odorant Receptor Activation Using a Real-time cAMP Assay

The enormous sizes of the mammalian odorant receptor (OR) families present difficulties to find their cognate ligands among numerous volatile chemicals. To efficiently and accurately deorphanize ORs, we combine the use of a heterologous cell line to express mammalian ORs and a genetically modified biosensor plasmid to measure cAMP production downstream of OR activation in real time. This assay can be used to screen odorants against ORs and vice versa. Positive odorant-receptor interactions from the screens can be subsequently confirmed by testing against various odor concentrations, generating concentration-response curves. Here we used this method to perform a high-throughput screening of an odorous compound against a human OR library expressed in Hana3A cells and confirmed that the positively-responding receptor is the cognate receptor for the compound of interest. We found this high-throughput detection method to be efficient and reliable in assessing OR activation and our data provide an example of its potential use in OR functional studies.

Characterizing the function of odorant receptors serves an indispensable part in the deorphanization process. We describe a method to measure the activation of odorant receptors in real time using a cAMP assay.

生細胞測定の嗅覚受容体活性化アッセイを用いた、リアルタイム キャンプ

The enormous sizes of the mammalian odorant receptor (OR) families present difficulties to find their cognate ligands among numerous volatile chemicals. ...

A Protocol for Measuring Cue Reactivity in a Rat Model of Cocaine Use Disorder

Cocaine use disorder (CUD) follows a trajectory of repetitive self-administration during which previously neutral stimuli gain incentive value. Cue reactivity, the sensitivity to cues previously linked with the drug-taking experience, plays a prominent role in human craving during abstinence. Cue reactivity can be assessed as the attentional orientation toward drug-associated cues that is measurable as appetitive approach behavior in both preclinical and human studies. Herein describes an assessment of cue reactivity in rats trained to self-administer cocaine. Cocaine self-administration is paired with the presentation of discrete cues that act as conditioned reinforcers (i.e., house light, stimulus light, infusion pump sounds). Following a period of abstinence, lever presses in the cocaine self-administration context accompanied by the discrete cues previously paired with cocaine infusion are measured as cue reactivity. This model is useful to explore neurobiological mechanisms underlying cue reactivity processes as well as to assess pharmacotherapies to suppress cue reactivity and therefore, modify relapse vulnerability. Advantages of the model include its translational relevance, and its face and predictive validities.&#160;The primary limitation of the model is that the cue reactivity task can only be performed infrequently and must only be used in short duration (e.g., 1 hour), otherwise rats will begin to extinguish the pairing of the discrete cues with the cocaine stimulus. The model is extendable to any positively reinforcing stimulus paired with discrete cues; though particularly applicable to drugs of abuse, this model may hold future applications in fields such as obesity, where palatable food rewards can act as positively reinforcing stimuli.

Cue reactivity is conceptualized as sensitivity to cues linked with drug-taking experiences that contribute to craving and relapse in abstinent humans. Cue reactivity is modeled in rats by measuring attentional orientation toward drug-associated cues that results in appetitive approach behavior in a cue reactivity test following self-administration and forced abstinence.

コカイン使用障害のモデルラットにおけるキュー反応を測定するためのプロトコル

Cocaine use disorder (CUD) follows a trajectory of repetitive self-administration during which previously neutral stimuli gain incentive value. Cue ...

A Neurosphere Assay to Evaluate Endogenous Neural Stem Cell Activation in a Mouse Model of Minimal Spinal Cord Injury

Neural stem cells (NSCs) in the adult mammalian spinal cord are a relatively mitotically quiescent population of periventricular cells that can be studied in vitro using the neurosphere assay. This colony-forming assay is a powerful tool to study the response of NSCs to exogenous factors in a dish; however, this can also be used to study the effect of in vivo manipulations with the proper understanding of the strengths and limitations of the assay. One manipulation of the clinical interest is the effect of injury on endogenous NSC activation. Current models of spinal cord injury provide a challenge to study this as the severity of common contusion, compression, and transection models cause the destruction of the NSC niche at the site of the injury where the stem cells reside. Here, we describe a minimal injury model that causes localized damage at the superficial dorsolateral surface of the lower thoracic level (T7/8) of the adult mouse spinal cord. This injury model spares the central canal at the level of injury and permits analysis of the NSCs that reside at the level of the lesion at various time points following injury. Here, we show how the neurosphere assay can be utilized to study the activation of the two distinct, lineally-related, populations of NSCs that reside in the spinal cord periventricular region - primitive and definitive NSCs (pNSCs and dNSCs, respectively). We demonstrate how to isolate and culture these NSCs from the periventricular region at the level of injury and the white matter injury site. Our post-surgical spinal cord dissections show increased numbers of pNSC and dNSC-derived neurospheres from the periventricular region of injured cords compared to controls, speaking to their activation via injury. Furthermore, following injury, dNSC-derived neurospheres can be isolated from the injury site &#8212; demonstrating the ability of NSCs to migrate from their periventricular niche to sites of injury.

Here, we demonstrate the performance of a minimal spinal cord injury model in an adult mouse that spares the central canal niche housing endogenous neural stem cells (NSCs). We show how the neurosphere assay can be used to quantify activation and migration of definitive and primitive NSCs following injury.

最小限の脊髄損傷のマウス モデルにおける内因性神経幹細胞の活性化を評価する Neurosphere アッセイ

Neural stem cells (NSCs) in the adult mammalian spinal cord are a relatively mitotically quiescent population of periventricular cells that can be studied ...