私たちは、カルシウムイメージングプロトコルへの貢献のために博士S.ステラとヘレンヴォンに感謝します。私たちは、インタビューのシーンを撮影するための博士K.シートに感謝します。私たちは、原稿の彼女のコメントに博士アーリーン平野に感謝します。この研究開発プロジェクトは、遠隔医療·先端技術UCLAの医学デビッドゲフィン学校で著者によって実施され、米国陸軍医学研究および資材コマンド（USAMRMC）により授与され、投与された請負契約により可能になるとW81XWH-10-2-0077：契約番号の下MDフォートデストリックで研究センター（TATRC）、、。これらの研究のためのサポートも、NIH EY04067およびVAメリットレビュー（NB）から来た。 NCBは、VAのキャリア研究員である。

全ての実験は、実験動物のヒューマンケアと使用に関する米国公衆衛生サービス規定とカリフォルニア大学ロサンゼルス校（UCLA）の動物研究委員会によって発行された実験動物の福祉のためのガイドラインに従って実施した。 3-5週齢の間にオスとメスの成体Sprague-Dawleyラット（チャールズリバー研究所、マサチューセッツ州ウィルミントン）を使用した。 ホールマウント網膜および免疫組織化学プロトコルのための1。動物および組織の準備<ol><li>解剖顕微鏡、非常に微細な先端、はさみ、セルロース濾紙、プラスチックピペット顕微鏡スライド2鉗子：以下の材料やツールを準備します。 </li><li>深くギロチンで断頭続い1〜3％イソフルランで動物を麻酔によって、閉じたチャンバー内にラットを安楽死させる。細胞外溶液を含むペトリ皿にアイリスハサミと場所一対の目を削除します。 A、エイムズ·ミー休止diumまたは生理的溶液を推奨します。 </li><li> [フルオ-4でRGCの埋め戻しが必要な場合は、オプションのステップ]。ステップ2.3から2.4に記載されているようにフルオ-4ラベリングを実行します。 </li><li>解剖顕微鏡（光強度：1.6×10 8の光子/ mm 2の⋅sec）を使用して、眼球の前部を切断することによって角膜を除去します。ピンセットで内側の網膜表面からレンズおよび硝子を外します。硝子体を除去するには、1の鉗子でしっかりと強膜を保持することによって眼球を安定させる。静かに他の鉗子と網膜の中心に向かって硝子体ベースをはがします。この段階での製造は、凍結切片のために使用されているアイカップ、呼ばれています。凍結切片についての詳細は参考文献14,15に記載されています。 </li><li>アイカップから網膜を削除します。その後、網膜が平らすることを可能にするために4つのカットを行う。静かに光受容体層を上にして顕微鏡スライド上に網膜をマウントします。網膜に、溶液の一滴を追加し、CEを入れる網膜上lluloseろ紙。網膜は、ろ紙に付着すると、溶液中に戻って網膜を配置します。必要に応じて、ブラシや鉗子で網膜を平らに。 </li><li>固定のために10〜15分間、4％PFAにwholemounted網膜を置きます。 </li><li> 0.1 Mリン酸緩衝液（PB）（pH7.4）中で30分間wholemounted網膜を3回洗浄する。 4°Cで一晩、0.3％のTriton-X 100および0.1％のNaN 3を含む0.1M PB中の5％正常ヤギ血清またはロバ血清で網膜をブロックする。私たちは、ブロッキングのソリューションおよび抗体を保存するためのすべてのステップを500μlの最終容量を推奨。 </li><li>翌日、4℃で一次抗体5-7日で網膜のwholemountsインキュベートする。最適な希釈は、ユーザによって決定されなければならない。 </li><li> PB、0.1Mで網膜3×30分を洗浄し、一次抗体（濃度1：1,000）の種に対して向けられる、対応するフルオロフォア結合二次抗体で4℃で一晩インキュベートする。 </li><li> PBで30分間ずつ3回の最終洗浄後、培地を実装する際の網膜をマウントします。長期保管のためのマニキュアでカバーガラスを密封。店舗のサンプルを4℃で、光から保護します。 </li></ol>カルシウムインジケーター色素でラットホールマウント網膜における神経節細胞および軸索の2ラベリング<ol><li>哺乳類リンゲル含む（mM単位）125のNaCl、3のKCl、2 CaCl 2を千ミリリットル、1.25のNaH 2 PO 4、1のMgCl 2、25 NaHCO 3、および95％O 2/5％COで泡立て10グルコースを準備&#173; 2。 </li><li>ステップ1.2〜1.4で説明したように解剖を行います。 </li><li>カルシウム指示薬色素で網膜神経節細胞（RGC）およびその軸索をロードするには、注射器を用いて眼球に視神経の切り株約1mm後方へのFluo-4 pentapotassium塩（H 2 O中の40mMストック）0.5μlのを注入。の[Caの神経節細胞の動的増加を測定する2+ </SUP&gt;] iのようなのFluo-4 345 nMで、そのK dでの高い親和性を持つ指標は、最適である。フルオ-4カルシウムと結合すると&gt; 100倍の発光増大をもたらす非常に高い量子効率を有するという付加的な利点を提供しています。 </li><li>哺乳類リンゲル、95％O 2/5％COで泡立てにアイカップを置きます&#173;暗所で室温で1時間2。 </li></ol>網膜神経節細胞および軸索のための3カルシウムイメージングプロトコル。 <ol><li>ステップ1.1から1.4で説明したように、目、レンズと硝子体を除去します。アイカップから網膜を分離し、象限に分ける。マウント1象限神経節細胞をスライドガラス上の面を上にし、それを安定させるためにハープスライスグリッドを使用しています。哺乳類リンゲルで暗順応他の作品は、95％O 2/5％COで泡立ててください&#173;後で使用するために氷上で2。 </li><li>哺乳類のリンゲル液で記録チャンバーを表面かん流すると95％O 2/5％CO 2で連続的にバブリングし、溶液を維持する。 </li><li>イメージ顕微鏡下で組織。室温（〜23℃）または行動実験は、ステージを温める試料の下に水浴を加熱又は試料の表面に温風を適用することによって、生理的温度を達成する。 注：これは、多くの細胞機能は、細胞内ホメオスタシス16を維持するのに重要な役割を果たして温度によって調節されることに留意することが重要である。しかしながら、温暖化対策の導入は、光退色の速度を増大させる媒体の蒸発と熱膨張17によるドリフトの焦点を合わせることができる。室温の使用は、フルオ-4 18の細胞内区画化を減少させます。 </li><li>薬が存在しない場合に2対に高K +パルスの制御を行います。アクティブにするために、各パルスの間に33秒のために60 mMまでの3mMからO [K +]を上昇させることによりRGCをし、RGC軸索を脱分極8チャンネル重力駆動型灌流システムとVGCCs。上昇したK +溶液中のisosmolarityを維持するために、57 mMのことではNa +を減らします。 </li><li>一般的または特定のカルシウムチャネル遮断薬を用いて、カルシウムシグナルに異なるVGCCsの寄与を評価する。例えば、非特異的なカルシウムチャネル遮断薬の投与後のカルシウムシグナルの減少、コバルトは、高K + -evokedカルシウムシグナルにVGCCsの寄与の半定量的尺度を提供した。 </li><li> （ 図2）関心のRGCの周囲の関心領域（ROI）を配置することによって蛍光強度値を取得する。 </li><li>最初の高K +ピークによって生成変化に対して第二の高K +ピークにより生じる蛍光強度の変化を正規化します。その後、特定のカルシウムチャネル遮断薬の試験のために、唯一の対の第二の高K +パルス中に薬物を適用し、これに対してピークを正規化最初のピーク値。高K +ピークに対する薬物の影響を測定するためには、最初のそれによって、第2のK +のピークの振幅を分割します。分析は、薬物の非存在下で測定対に高K +のピークに由来し、その一致したコントロールに対し、これらの値で実行する必要があります。 </li><li> 5秒間隔で画像を取得します。光退色を避けるために、できるだけ低いレーザー励起を維持する。光電子増倍管は、505 nmのLPフィルタを通して蛍光発光を収集しながら、アルゴンレーザーの488nmのラインによる励起を提供します。 </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Guenther, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Separation+of+calcium+currents+in+retinal+ganglion+cells+from+postnatal+rat.">Separation of calcium currents in retinal ganglion cells from postnatal rat.</a> Brain Res. 633, 223-235 (1994).</li><li>Farrell, S. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Modulation+of+voltage-gated+ion+channels+in+rat+retinal+ganglion+cells+mediated+by+somatostatin+receptor+subtype+4.">Modulation of voltage-gated ion channels in rat retinal ganglion cells mediated by somatostatin receptor subtype 4.</a> J Neurophysiol. 104, 1347-1354 (2010).</li><li>Caterall, W. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Structure+and+regulation+of+voltage-gated+Ca2++channels.">Structure and regulation of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels.</a> Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol. 16, 521-555 (2000).</li><li>Berridge, M. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Calcium--a+life+and+death+signal.">Calcium--a life and death signal.</a> Nature. 395, 645-648 (1998).</li><li>Berridge, M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Calcium+microdomains+Organization+and+function.">Calcium microdomains Organization and function.</a> Cell Calcium. 40, 405-412 (2006).</li><li>Dolphin, A. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Calcium+channel+diversity+multiple+roles+of+calcium+channel+subunits.">Calcium channel diversity multiple roles of calcium channel subunits.</a> Curr Opin Neurobiol. 19, 237-244 (2009).</li><li>Rottman, J. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+ribonuclease+protection+assay+a+powerful+tool+for+the+veterinary+pathologist.">The ribonuclease protection assay a powerful tool for the veterinary pathologist.</a> Vet Pathol. 39, 2-9 (2002).</li><li>Briggman, K. L., Euler, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bulk+electroporation+and+population+calcium+imaging+in+the+adult+mammalian+retina.">Bulk electroporation and population calcium imaging in the adult mammalian retina.</a> J Neurophysiol. 105, 2601-2609 (2011).</li><li>Segev, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Recording+spikes+from+a+large+fraction+of+the+ganglion+cells+in+a+retinal+patch.">Recording spikes from a large fraction of the ganglion cells in a retinal patch.</a> Nat Neurosci. 7, 1154-1161 (2004).</li><li>Jeon, C. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+major+cell+populations+of+the+mouse+retina.">The major cell populations of the mouse retina.</a> J Neurosci. 18, 8936-8946 (1998).</li><li>Blankenship, A. G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Synaptic+and+extrasynaptic+factors+governing+glutamatergic+retinal+waves.">Synaptic and extrasynaptic factors governing glutamatergic retinal waves.</a> Neuron. 62, 230-241 (2009).</li><li>Daniels, B. A., Baldridge, W. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=d-Serine+enhancement+of+NMDA+receptor-mediated+calcium+increases+in+rat+retinal+ganglion+cells.">d-Serine enhancement of NMDA receptor-mediated calcium increases in rat retinal ganglion cells.</a> J Neurochem. 112, 1180-1189 (2010).</li><li>Weitz, A. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Imaging+the+response+of+the+retina+to+electrical+stimulation+with+genetically+encoded+calcium+indicators.">Imaging the response of the retina to electrical stimulation with genetically encoded calcium indicators.</a> J Neurophysiol. 109, 1979-1988 (2013).</li><li>P&#233;rez de Sevilla M&#252;ller, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Expression+of+voltage-gated+calcium+channel+&#945;(2)&#948;(4)+subunits+in+the+mouse+and+rat+retina.">Expression of voltage-gated calcium channel &#945;(2)&#948;(4) subunits in the mouse and rat retina.</a> J Comp Neurol. 521 (2), 2486-2501 (2013).</li><li>Hirano, A. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=SNAP25+expression+in+mammalian+retinal+horizontal+cells.">SNAP25 expression in mammalian retinal horizontal cells.</a> J Comp Neurol. 519, 972-988 (2011).</li><li>Berridge, M. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Calcium+signalling+dynamics,+homeostasis+and+remodeling.">Calcium signalling dynamics, homeostasis and remodeling.</a> Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 4, 517-529 (2003).</li><li>Dailey, M. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Maintaining+live+cells+and+tissue+slices+in+the+imaging+setup.">Maintaining live cells and tissue slices in the imaging setup.</a> Cold Spring Harb ProtocI. , 373-379 (2011).</li><li>Spinelli, K. J., Gillespie, P. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Monitoring+intracellular+calcium+ion+dynamics+in+hair+cell+populations+with+Fluo-4.">Monitoring intracellular calcium ion dynamics in hair cell populations with Fluo-4.</a> AM. PLoS One. 7, e51874 (2012).</li><li>Kwong, J. M. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=RNA+binding+protein+with+multiple+splicing+A+new+marker+for+retinal+ganglion+cells.">RNA binding protein with multiple splicing A new marker for retinal ganglion cells.</a> Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 51, 1052-1058 (2010).</li><li>P&#233;rez deSevilla M&#252;ller, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Displaced+amacrine+cells+of+the+mouse+retina.">Displaced amacrine cells of the mouse retina.</a> J Comp Neurol. 505, 177-189 (2007).</li><li>P&#233;rez de Sevilla M&#252;ller, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tracer+coupling+of+intrinsically+photosensitive+retinal+ganglion+cells+to+amacrine+cells+in+the+mouse+retina.">Tracer coupling of intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells to amacrine cells in the mouse retina.</a> J Comp Neurol. 518, 4813-4824 (2010).</li><li>Raymond, I. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cyan+fluorescent+protein+expression+in+ganglion+and+amacrine+cells+in+a+thy1-CFP+transgenic+mouse+retina.">Cyan fluorescent protein expression in ganglion and amacrine cells in a thy1-CFP transgenic mouse retina.</a> Mol Vis. 14, 1559-1574 (2008).</li><li>Raymond, I. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Thy1-CFP+DBA/2J+mouse+line+with+cyan+fluorescent+protein+expression+in+retinal+ganglion+cells.">A Thy1-CFP DBA/2J mouse line with cyan fluorescent protein expression in retinal ganglion cells.</a> Vis Neurosci. 26, 453-465 (2009).</li><li>Mayer, M. L., Westbrook, G. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Permeation+and+block+of+N-methyl-D-aspartic+acid+receptor+channels+by+divalent+cations+in+mouse+cultured+central+neurones.">Permeation and block of N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor channels by divalent cations in mouse cultured central neurones.</a> J Physiol. 394, 501-527 (1987).</li><li>Ascher, P., Nowak, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+role+of+divalent+cations+in+the+N-methyl-D-aspartate+responses+of+mouse+central+neurons+in+culture.">The role of divalent cations in the N-methyl-D-aspartate responses of mouse central neurons in culture.</a> J Physiol. 399, 247-266 (1988).</li><li>Aizenman, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Responses+mediated+by+excitatory+amino+acid+receptors+in+solitary+retinal+ganglion+cells+from+rat.">Responses mediated by excitatory amino acid receptors in solitary retinal ganglion cells from rat.</a> J Physiol. 396, 75-91 (1988).</li><li>Taschenberger, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Synaptic+current+kinetics+in+a+solely+AMPA-receptor-operated+glutamatergic+synapse+formed+by+rat+retinal+ganglion+neurons.">Synaptic current kinetics in a solely AMPA-receptor-operated glutamatergic synapse formed by rat retinal ganglion neurons.</a> J Neurophysiol. 74, 1123-1136 (1995).</li><li>Chen, S., Diamond, J. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Synaptically+released+glutamate+activates+extrasynaptic+NMDA+receptors+on+cells+in+the+ganglion+cell+layer+of+rat+retina.">Synaptically released glutamate activates extrasynaptic NMDA receptors on cells in the ganglion cell layer of rat retina.</a> J Neurosci. 22, 2165-2173 (2002).</li><li>Jakobs, T. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Expression+of+mRNA+for+glutamate+receptor+subunits+distinguishes+the+major+classes+of+retinal+neurons,+but+is+less+specific+for+individual+cell+types.">Expression of mRNA for glutamate receptor subunits distinguishes the major classes of retinal neurons, but is less specific for individual cell types.</a> Mol Vis. 13, 933-948 (2007).</li><li>Margolis, D. J., Detwiler, P. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Different+mechanisms+generate+maintained+activity+in+ON+and+OFF+retinal+ganglion+cells.">Different mechanisms generate maintained activity in ON and OFF retinal ganglion cells.</a> J NeurosciI. 27, 5994-6005 (2007).</li><li>Margolis, D. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dendritic+calcium+signaling+in+ON+and+OFF+mouse+retinal+ganglion+cells.">Dendritic calcium signaling in ON and OFF mouse retinal ganglion cells.</a> J Neurosci. 30, 7127-7138 (2010).</li><li>Baldridge, W. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optical+recordings+of+the+effects+of+cholinergic+ligands+on+neurons+in+the+ganglion+cell+layer+of+mammalian+retina.">Optical recordings of the effects of cholinergic ligands on neurons in the ganglion cell layer of mammalian retina.</a> J Neurosci. 16, 5060-5072 (1996).</li><li>Hartwick, A. T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Functional+assessment+of+glutamate+clearance+mechanisms+in+a+chronic+rat+glaucoma+model+using+retinal+ganglion+cell+calcium+imaging.">Functional assessment of glutamate clearance mechanisms in a chronic rat glaucoma model using retinal ganglion cell calcium imaging.</a> J Neurochem. 94, 794-807 (2005).</li><li>Badea, T. C., Nathans, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantitative+analysis+of+neuronal+morphologies+in+the+mouse+retina+visualized+by+using+a+genetically+directed+reporter.">Quantitative analysis of neuronal morphologies in the mouse retina visualized by using a genetically directed reporter.</a> J Comp Neurol. 480, 331-351 (2004).</li><li>Huberman, A. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Architecture+and+activity-mediated+refinement+of+axonal+projections+from+a+mosaic+of+genetically+identified+retinal+ganglion+cells.">Architecture and activity-mediated refinement of axonal projections from a mosaic of genetically identified retinal ganglion cells.</a> Neuron. 59, 425-438 (2008).</li><li>Kim, I. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Molecular+identification+of+a+retinal+cell+type+that+responds+to+upward+motion.">Molecular identification of a retinal cell type that responds to upward motion.</a> Nature. 452, 478-482 (2008).</li><li>Munch, T. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Approach+sensitivity+in+the+retina+processed+by+a+multifunctional+neural+circuit.">Approach sensitivity in the retina processed by a multifunctional neural circuit.</a> Nat Neurosci. 12, 1308-1316 (2009).</li><li>Feng, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Imaging+neuronal+subsets+in+transgenic+mice+expressing+multiple+spectral+variants+of+GFP.">Imaging neuronal subsets in transgenic mice expressing multiple spectral variants of GFP.</a> Neuron. 28, 41-51 (2000).</li></ol>

著者は全く開示がない。

網膜神経節細胞とその軸索のカルシウム動態を解析するために、網膜wholemountsにおける神経節細胞へのFluo-4の局在化、2）カルシウムイメージングを示すために1）免疫組織化学：この記事では、2つの異なる技術を記載している。 wholemountsを用いた免疫組織化学は、げっ歯類網膜20-23におけるタンパク質の局在を明らかにするために使用されてきた。ただし、いく?...

現在の1,2チャネルCaは全細胞のこれらの成分の薬理学的遮断を介して決定される網膜神経節細胞（RGC）は、L、N - 、P / Q-およびT-型VGCCを発現する。 VGCCは伝達物質放出、遺伝子転写、細胞調節とシナプス可塑性の3,4,5に関与している膜貫通多量体タンパク質である。チャネルの生物物理学的および薬理学的特性を確立するサブユニットを形成する大規模な、膜貫通α1細孔、2δサブユニットと細胞内のβサブユニットα、主に細胞外の補助：機能VGCCsはサブユニットの少なくとも3つの別個のクラスで構成されています。異なるα1サブユニットと、後者の2つのフォームヘテロメリック複合体および原形質膜6へのチャネルのゲーティング動態および人身売買を変える。 ここ数十年にわたり、多くの技術は、タンパク質expreを研究するために使用されてきたそのような免疫組織化学、酵素免疫測定法、ウエスタン分析およびフローサイトメトリーなどのssion、。これらの技術は、関心対象の所与のタンパク質の検出のための特異的抗体の使用を必要とし、異なる組織における特定のタンパク質の局在化および分布のための強力なツールを提供する。抗体が容易でない場合に、in situハイブリダイゼーション 、cDNAマイクロアレイおよびリボヌクレアーゼ保護アッセイにおいて 、ノーザンブロット分析、RT-PCRなどの特定のタンパク質のmRNA発現レベルを検出および定量するために使用される技法は、リアルタイム定量的RT-PCRは、別のアプローチを提供する入手可能であるか、または特定のタンパク質の発現レベルが7低い場合。しかし、このような分子技術の使用への1つの制限は、遺伝子配列の同定が必要である。 網膜中のタンパク質を局在化するために、免疫組織化学は、ホールマウント網膜上で実行することができる。 RGCのアクセシビリティ、ホールマウントにより準備はRGC細胞体とその軸索に特定のタンパク質の局在を研究するための優れたプラットフォームを提供します。 それらの局在に加えて、RGCの中VGCCsのいくつかの機能的特性は、カルシウムイメージング技術の使用によって実証することができる。私たちは、選択的に細胞内カルシウム動態を測定するためにカルシウム指示薬色素でのRGCを標識するカルシウムイメージングプロトコルを記述する。異なる細胞区画内カルシウムシグナルの異なるVGCCsの寄与は、サブタイプ特異的カルシウムチャネル遮断薬を用いて単離することができる。 おそらく、ここで説明するカルシウムイメージング法の最も有益な側面の一つは、同時に独立複数のRGCおよびその軸索を記録する機能である。例えば、全細胞パッチクランプ記録のような多くの生理学的技術は、高時間分解能の膜電流の記録を、体細胞またはthesというの軸索源を提供するが記録された電子電流が判別できず、記録は、一度に1つのニューロンから作ることができる。多重電極アレイ（MEAは）同時に多数のセルからのスパイクを記録することが可能であるが、カルシウムチャネルの、例えば、異なるサブタイプの活性化を検出することも、区別することもできない。 MEAは、優先的に大きなスパイク9を生成する細胞から、指定された電極8とレコードの近くに位置している細胞から記録します。光学イメージング方法は、単一細胞の微小電極およびパッチクランプ記録とMEAの記録から得られた情報と統合することができる細胞の全集団の同時かつ独立の録音を可能にするための代替戦略を提供する。ここで説明するカルシウムイメージング技術は、RGCのカルシウム動態を研究するために使用されたが、パッチクランプおよびMEAはまた、イオン電流およびRGCのスパイク特性を解明するために並列で使用することができる。 <pクラス= &quot;jove_content&quot;&gt;避難アマクリン細胞は10網膜マウスにおける神経節細胞層におけるニューロンの人口の約60％を占めているので、私たちの目標は、選択的に、合成カルシウム指示染料でのRGCを標識するローディング技術を使用していたホールマウントの準備。合成カルシウム指示薬色素が細胞内カルシウム動態の研究のための優れたプラットフォームを提供するが、その広範な使用が効果的に与えられたネットワーク内のニューロンの特定の集団をロードすることができないことによって妨げられてきた。そのようなバルク·ロード11及びエレクトロポレーション8,12などの多くの技術が、細胞の全体の集団が、しかしながら、このような技術は、特定の細胞型を区別しないロードするために行われている。遺伝的にコードされたカルシウム指示薬しかしながら、このような方法は、トランスジェニック動物13の生成を必要とする、選択的に細胞の特定の集団を標識する能力を提供する。私たちの技術は、メトを記述dは選択的にカルシウム指示薬色素の視神経の切り株の注射を介してホールマウント準備でのRGCを標識する。 総合すると、この資料に記載されている構造的および生理学的な技法は、RGCを、それらの軸索内局在およびカルシウムシグナルにVGCCsの寄与を研究するためのプラットフォームを提供します。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="676">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Straight scissors</td>
			<td style="width:112px;">WPI</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">14124-G</td>
			<td style="width:229px;">dissecting tools</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Straight Forceps</td>
			<td style="width:112px;">WPI</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">501985</td>
			<td>dissecting tools</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">curved iris scissors</td>
			<td style="width:112px;">WPI</td>
			<td>504487</td>
			<td>dissecting tools</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Cellulose filter paper</td>
			<td style="width:112px;">Millipore</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">HABP04700</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Hibernate A</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td><a href="http://products.invitrogen.com/ivgn/en/US/adirect/invitrogen?cmd=catProductDetail&amp;productID=A1247501">A12475-01</a></td>
			<td>Media</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Vectashield</td>
			<td>Vector</td>
			<td>H-1000&#160;</td>
			<td><a href="https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=1&amp;cad=rja&amp;sqi=2&amp;ved=0CC0QFjAA&amp;url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vectorlabs.com%2Fcatalog.aspx%3FcatID%3D279&amp;ei=VAHbUb_fBceeiQLK2IHIDw&amp;usg=AFQjCNHijFTTB8p19FMPQ5hg_qTawXU9mA&amp;sig2=FJCfB9fzKR_TmjxoGvhLcg&amp;bvm=bv.48705608,d.cGE">Mounting Media for Fluorescence</a></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Fluo-4 pentapotassium</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>F-14200</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Isoflurane</td>
			<td>Abbott Laboratories</td>
			<td>05260-05</td>
			<td>anesthesia</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Microscope slide</td>
			<td style="width:112px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">22-178-277</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Zeiss LSM 5 Pascal microscope</td>
			<td style="width:112px;">Zeiss</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Axioplan 40x (NA 0.8) objective lens</td>
			<td style="width:112px;">Zeiss</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Alexa Fluor 488 Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG (H+L) Antibody</td>
			<td style="width:112px;">Molecular Probes</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A-11034</td>
			<td>Secondary antibody</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">RBPMS</td>
			<td style="width:112px;">ProSci, Poway, CA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>A rabbit polyclonal antibody&#160;was generated against the N-terminus of the RBPMS&#160;polypeptide (RBPMS4-24), GGKAEKENTPSEANLQEEEVR, by a commercial vendor (ProSci, Poway, CA).</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

immunohistochemical and calcium imaging methods in wholemount rat retina

本論文では、ツール、試薬、およびのために必要とされる実践的な手順を説明します。免疫組織化学のためのホールマウント網膜の1）成功した​​準備をして、網膜内カルシウムシグナル伝達を媒介する電位依存性カルシウムチャネル（VGCC）の研究のための2）カルシウムイメージング神経節細胞。われわれが記述するカルシウムイメージング法は、神経節細胞層内に変位アマクリン細胞の非特異的荷重に関する問題を回避する。

特異的抗体を用いて免疫標識は、網膜内の関心のある特定のタンパク質の局在を研究するためのプラットフォームを提供し、カルシウムイメージング技術は、網膜神経節細胞とその軸索のカルシウム動態にVGCCsの寄与の研究を可能にする。 選択したRGC 19を標識する神経節細胞タンパク質RBPMS（複数のスプライシングとRNA結合タンパク質）に対する抗体を使用する?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Immunohistochemical and Calcium Imaging Methods in Wholemount Rat Retina at JoVE.com

Immunohistochemical and Calcium Imaging Methods in Wholemount Rat Retina

免疫組織化学プロトコルは、網膜中の特定のタンパク質の局在化を研究するために使用される。カルシウムイメージング技術は、網膜神経節細胞および軸索のカルシウム動態を研究するために使用される。

ホールマウントラット網膜における免疫組織化学的およびカルシウムイメージング法

In this paper we describe the tools, reagents, and the practical steps that are needed for: 1) successful preparation of wholemount retinas for ...

immunohistochemical-calcium-imaging-methods-wholemount-rat

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

14.4K ビュー.  University of California, Los Angeles. 免疫組織化学プロトコルは、網膜中の特定のタンパク質の局在化を研究するために使用される。カルシウムイメージング技術は、網膜神経節細胞および軸索のカルシウム動態を研究するために使用される。 

ビデオ: Immunohistochemical and Calcium Imaging Methods in Wholemount Rat Retina

Functional Calcium Imaging in Developing Cortical Networks

A hallmark pattern of activity in developing nervous systems is spontaneous, synchronized network activity. Synchronized activity has been observed in intact spinal cord, brainstem, retina, cortex and dissociated neuronal culture preparations. During periods of spontaneous activity, neurons depolarize to fire single or bursts of action potentials, activating many ion channels. Depolarization activates voltage-gated calcium channels on dendrites and spines that mediate calcium influx. Highly synchronized electrical activity has been measured from local neuronal networks using field electrodes. This technique enables high temporal sampling rates but lower spatial resolution due to integrated read-out of multiple neurons at one electrode. Single cell resolution of neuronal activity is possible using patch-clamp electrophysiology on single neurons to measure firing activity. However, the ability to measure from a network is limited to the number of neurons patched simultaneously, and typically is only one or two neurons. The use of calcium-dependent fluorescent indicator dyes has enabled the measurement of synchronized activity across a network of cells. This technique gives both high spatial resolution and sufficient temporal sampling to record spontaneous activity of the developing network.
A key feature of newly-forming cortical and hippocampal networks during pre- and early postnatal development is spontaneous, synchronized neuronal activity (Katz &amp; Shatz, 1996; Khaziphov &amp; Luhmann, 2006). This correlated network activity is believed to be essential for the generation of functional circuits in the developing nervous system (Spitzer, 2006). In both primate and rodent brain, early electrical and calcium network waves are observed pre- and postnatally in vivo and in vitro (Adelsberger et al., 2005; Garaschuk et al., 2000; Lamblin et al., 1999). These early activity patterns, which are known to control several developmental processes including neuronal differentiation, synaptogenesis and plasticity (Rakic &amp; Komuro, 1995; Spitzer et al., 2004) are of critical importance for the correct development and maturation of the cortical circuitry.
In this JoVE video, we demonstrate the methods used to image spontaneous activity in developing cortical networks. Calcium-sensitive indicators, such as Fura 2-AM ester diffuse across the cell membrane where intracellular esterase activity cleaves the AM esters to leave the cell-impermeant form of indicator dye. The impermeant form of indicator has carboxylic acid groups which are able to then detect and bind calcium ions intracellularly.. The fluorescence of the calcium-sensitive dye is transiently altered upon binding to calcium. Single or multi-photon imaging techniques are used to measure the change in photons being emitted from the dye, and thus indicate an alteration in intracellular calcium. Furthermore, these calcium-dependent indicators can be combined with other fluorescent markers to investigate cell types within the active network.

Spontaneous activity of developing neuronal networks can be measured using AM-ester forms of calcium-sensitive indicator dyes. Changes in intracellular calcium, indicating neuronal activation, are detected as transient changes in indicator fluorescence with one- or two-photon imaging. This protocol can be adapted for a range of developmentally-dependent neuronal networks in vitro.

皮質ネットワークの開発で機能的カルシウムイメージング

A hallmark pattern of activity in developing nervous systems is spontaneous, synchronized network activity. Synchronized activity has been observed in ...

神経科学

Wholemount Immunohistochemistry for Revealing Complex Brain Topography

The repeated and well-understood cellular architecture of the cerebellum make it an ideal model system for exploring brain topography. Underlying its relatively uniform cytoarchitecture is a complex array of parasagittal domains of gene and protein expression. The molecular compartmentalization of the cerebellum is mirrored by the anatomical and functional organization of afferent fibers. To fully appreciate the complexity of cerebellar organization we previously refined a wholemount staining approach for high throughput analysis of patterning defects in the mouse cerebellum. This protocol describes in detail the reagents, tools, and practical steps that are useful to successfully reveal protein expression patterns in the adult mouse cerebellum by using wholemount immunostaining. The steps highlighted here demonstrate the utility of this method using the expression of zebrinII/aldolaseC as an example of how the fine topography of the brain can be revealed in its native three-dimensional conformation. Also described are adaptations to the protocol that allow for the visualization of protein expression in afferent projections and large cerebella for comparative studies of molecular topography. To illustrate these applications, data from afferent staining of the rat cerebellum are included.

Neural circuits are topographically organized into functional compartments with specific molecular profiles. Here, we provide the practical and technical steps for revealing global brain topography using a versatile wholemount immunohistochemical staining approach. We demonstrate the utility of the method using the well-understood cytoarchitecture and circuitry of cerebellum.

複雑な脳の地形を明らかにするためWholemount免疫組織化学

The repeated and well-understood cellular architecture of the cerebellum make it an ideal model system for exploring brain topography. Underlying its ...

In vivo Neuronal Calcium Imaging in C. elegans

The nematode worm C. elegans is an ideal model organism for relatively simple, low cost neuronal imaging in vivo. Its small transparent body and simple, well-characterized nervous system allows identification and fluorescence imaging of any neuron within the intact animal. Simple immobilization techniques with minimal impact on the animal's physiology allow extended time-lapse imaging. The development of genetically-encoded calcium sensitive fluorophores such as cameleon 1 and GCaMP 2 allow in vivo imaging of neuronal calcium relating both cell physiology and neuronal activity. Numerous transgenic strains expressing these fluorophores in specific neurons are readily available or can be constructed using well-established techniques. Here, we describe detailed procedures for measuring calcium dynamics within a single neuron in vivo using both GCaMP and cameleon. We discuss advantages and disadvantages of both as well as various methods of sample preparation (animal immobilization) and image analysis. Finally, we present results from two experiments: 1) Using GCaMP to measure the sensory response of a specific neuron to an external electrical field and 2) Using cameleon to measure the physiological calcium response of a neuron to traumatic laser damage. Calcium imaging techniques such as these are used extensively in C. elegans and have been extended to measurements in freely moving animals, multiple neurons simultaneously and comparison across genetic backgrounds. C. elegans presents a robust and flexible system for in vivo neuronal imaging with advantages over other model systems in technical simplicity and cost.

In vivo Neuronal Calcium Imaging in C. elegans

With its small transparent body, well-documented neuroanatomy and a host of amenable genetic techniques and reagents, C. elegans makes an ideal model organism for in vivo neuronal imaging using relatively simple, low-cost techniques. Here we describe single neuron imaging within intact adult animals using genetically encoded fluorescent calcium indicators.

Cの生体内神経カルシウムイメージングでエレガンス

The nematode worm C. elegans is an ideal model organism  for relatively simple, low cost neuronal imaging in vivo. Its small transparent body and simple, ...

Immunohistochemical Analysis in the Rat Central Nervous System and Peripheral Lymph Node Tissue Sections

Immunohistochemistry (IHC) provides highly specific, reliable and attractive protein visualization. Correct performance and interpretation of an IHC-based multicolor labeling is challenging, especially when utilized for assessing interrelations between target proteins in the tissue with a high fat content such as the central nervous system (CNS).
Our protocol represents a refinement of the standard immunolabeling technique particularly adjusted for detection of both structural and soluble proteins in the rat CNS and peripheral lymph nodes (LN) affected by neuroinflammation. Nonetheless, with or without further modifications, our protocol could likely be used for detection of other related protein targets, even in other organs and species than here presented.

We here present an optimized, detailed protocol for double immunostaining in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded rat central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral lymph node (LN) tissue sections.

ラット中枢神経系および末梢リンパ節の組織切片での免疫組織化学的解析

Immunohistochemistry (IHC) provides highly specific, reliable and attractive protein visualization. Correct performance and interpretation of an IHC-based ...

Non-invasive Parenchymal, Vascular and Metabolic High-frequency Ultrasound and Photoacoustic Rat Deep Brain Imaging

Photoacoustics and high frequency ultrasound stands out as powerful tools for neurobiological applications enabling high-resolution imaging on the central nervous system of small animals. However, transdermal and transcranial neuroimaging is frequently affected by low sensitivity, image aberrations and loss of space resolution, requiring scalp or even skull removal before imaging. To overcome this challenge, a new protocol is presented to gain significant insights in brain hemodynamics by photoacoustic and high-frequency ultrasounds imaging with the animal skin and skull intact. The procedure relies on the passage of ultrasound (US) waves and laser directly through the fissures that are naturally present on the animal cranium. By juxtaposing the imaging transducer device exactly in correspondence to these selected areas where the skull has a reduced thickness or is totally absent, one can acquire high quality deep images and explore internal brain regions that are usually difficult to anatomically or functionally describe without an invasive approach. By applying this experimental procedure, significant data can be collected in both sonic and optoacoustic modalities, enabling to image the parenchymal and the vascular anatomy far below the head surface. Deep brain features such as parenchymal convolutions and fissures separating the lobes were clearly visible. Moreover, the configuration of large and small blood vessels was imaged at several millimeters of depth, and precise information were collected about blood fluxes, vascular stream velocities and the hemoglobin chemical state. This repertoire of data could be crucial in several research contests, ranging from brain vascular disease studies to experimental techniques involving the systemic administration of exogenous chemicals or other objects endowed with imaging contrast enhancement properties. In conclusion, thanks to the presented protocol, the US and PA techniques become an attractive noninvasive performance-competitive means for cortical and internal brain imaging, retaining a significant potential in many neurologic fields.

The present work describes a new protocol to perform non-invasive high-frequency ultrasound and photoacoustic based imaging on rat brain, to efficiently visualize deep subcortical regions and their vascular patterns by directing signals on skull foramina naturally present on animal cranium.

非侵襲的実質細胞、血管および代謝高周波超音波および光音響ラット脳深部イメージング

Photoacoustics and high frequency ultrasound stands out as powerful tools for neurobiological applications enabling high-resolution imaging on the central ...

Two-photon Calcium Imaging in Neuronal Dendrites in Brain Slices

Calcium (Ca2+) imaging is a powerful tool to investigate the spatiotemporal dynamics of intracellular Ca2+ signals in neuronal dendrites. Ca2+ fluctuations can occur through a variety of membrane and intracellular mechanisms and play a crucial role in the induction of synaptic plasticity and regulation of dendritic excitability. Hence, the ability to record different types of Ca2+ signals in dendritic branches is valuable for groups studying how dendrites integrate information. The advent of two-photon microscopy has made such studies significantly easier by solving the problems inherent to imaging in live tissue, such as light scattering and photodamage. Moreover, through combination of conventional electrophysiological techniques with two-photon Ca2+ imaging, it is possible to investigate local Ca2+ fluctuations in neuronal dendrites in parallel with recordings of synaptic activity in soma. Here, we describe how to use this method to study the dynamics of local Ca2+ transients (CaTs) in dendrites of GABAergic inhibitory interneurons. The method can be also applied to studying dendritic Ca2+ signaling in different neuronal types in acute brain slices.

We present a method combining whole-cell patch-clamp recordings and two-photon imaging to record Ca2+ transients in neuronal dendrites in acute brain slices.

脳スライスにおける神経樹状突起における 2 光子カルシウム イメージング

Calcium (Ca2+) imaging is a powerful tool to investigate the spatiotemporal dynamics of intracellular Ca2+ signals in neuronal dendrites. Ca2+ ...

Transpupillary Two-Photon In Vivo Imaging of the Mouse Retina

The retina transforms light signals from the environment into electrical signals that are propagated to the brain. Diseases of the retina are prevalent and cause visual impairment and blindness. Understanding how such diseases progress is critical to formulating new treatments. In vivo&#160;microscopy in animal models of disease is a powerful tool for understanding neurodegeneration and has led to important progress towards treatments of conditions ranging from Alzheimer&#39;s disease to stroke. Given that the retina is the only central nervous system structure inherently accessible by optical approaches, it naturally lends itself towards in vivo imaging. However, the native optics of the lens and cornea present some challenges for effective imaging access.
This protocol outlines methods for in vivo two-photon imaging of cellular cohorts and structures in the mouse retina at cellular resolution, applicable for both acute- and chronic-duration imaging experiments. It presents examples of retinal ganglion cell (RGC), amacrine cell, microglial, and vascular imaging using a suite of labeling techniques including adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors, transgenic mice, and inorganic dyes. Importantly, these techniques extend to all cell types of the retina, and suggested methods for accessing other cellular populations of interest are described. Also detailed are example strategies for manual image postprocessing for display and quantification. These techniques are directly applicable to studies of retinal function in health and disease.

In vivo imaging is a powerful tool for the study of biology in health and disease. This protocol describes transpupillary imaging of the mouse retina with a standard two-photon microscope. It also demonstrates different in vivoimaging methods to fluorescently label multiple cellular cohorts of the retina.

経瞳孔二光子マウス網膜のin vivoイメージング

The retina transforms light signals from the environment into electrical signals that are propagated to the brain. Diseases of the retina are prevalent ...

In vivo Calcium Imaging in Mouse Inferior Olive

Inferior olive (IO), a nucleus in the ventral medulla, is the only source of climbing fibers that form one of the two input pathways entering the cerebellum. IO has long been proposed to be crucial for motor control and its activity is currently considered to be at the center of many hypotheses of both motor and cognitive functions of the cerebellum. While its physiology and function have been relatively well studied on single-cell level in vitro, presently there are no reports on the organization of the IO network activity in living animals. This is largely due to the extremely challenging anatomical location of the IO, making it difficult to subject to conventional fluorescent imaging methods, where an optic path must be created through the entire brain located dorsally to the region of interest.
Here we describe an alternative method for obtaining state-of-the-art -level calcium imaging data from the IO network. The method takes advantage of the extreme ventral location of the IO and involves a surgical procedure for inserting a gradient-refractive index (GRIN) lens through the neck viscera to come into contact with the ventral surface of the calcium sensor GCaMP6s-expressing IO in anesthetized mice. A representative calcium imaging recording is shown to demonstrate the feasibility to record IO neuron activity after the surgery. While this is a non-survival surgery and the recordings must be conducted under anesthesia, it avoids damage to life-critical brainstem nuclei and allows conducting large variety of experiments investigating spatiotemporal activity patterns and input integration in the IO. This procedure with modifications could be used for recordings in other, adjacent regions of the ventral brainstem.

In vivo Calcium Imaging in Mouse Inferior Olive

We present a protocol to expose the brainstem of adult mouse from the ventral side. By using a gradient-refractive index lens with a miniature microscope, calcium imaging can be used to examine the activity of inferior olive neural somata in vivo.

インビボ マウス劣オリーブにおけるカルシウムイメージング

Inferior olive (IO), a nucleus in the ventral medulla, is the only source of climbing fibers that form one of the two input pathways entering the ...

Brain Pericyte Calcium and Hemodynamic Imaging in Transgenic Mice In Vivo

Recent advances in protein biology and mouse genetics have made it possible to measure intracellular calcium fluctuations of brain cells in vivo and to correlate this with local hemodynamics. This protocol uses transgenic mice that have been prepared with a chronic cranial window and express the genetically encoded calcium indicator, RCaMP1.07, under the &#945;-smooth muscle actin promoter to specifically label mural cells, such as vascular smooth muscle cells and ensheathing pericytes. Steps are outlined on how to prepare a tail vein catheter for intravenous injection of fluorescent dyes to trace blood flow, as well as how to measure brain pericyte calcium and local blood vessel hemodynamics (diameter, red blood cell velocity, etc.) by two photon microscopy in vivo through the cranial window in ketamine/xylazine anesthetized mice. Finally, details are provided for the analysis of calcium fluctuations and blood flow movies via the image processing algorithms developed by Barrett et al. 2018, with an emphasis on how these processes can be adapted to other cellular imaging data.

Brain Pericyte Calcium and Hemodynamic Imaging in Transgenic Mice In Vivo

This protocol presents steps to acquire and analyze fluorescent calcium images from brain ensheathing pericytes and blood flow data from nearby blood vessels in anesthetized mice. These techniques are useful for studies of mural cell physiology and can be adapted to investigate calcium transients in any cell type.

生体内のトランスジェニックマウスにおける脳ペリサイトカルシウムと血行力学イメージング

Recent advances in protein biology and mouse genetics have made it possible to measure intracellular calcium fluctuations of brain cells in vivo and to ...

Subcellular Imaging of Neuronal Calcium Handling In Vivo

Calcium (Ca2+) imaging has been largely used to examine neuronal activity, but it is becoming increasingly clear that subcellular Ca2+ handling is a crucial component of intracellular signaling. The visualization of subcellular Ca2+ dynamics in vivo,&#160;where neurons can be studied in their native, intact circuitry, has proven technically challenging in complex nervous systems. The transparency and relatively simple nervous system of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans enable the cell-specific expression and in vivo visualization of fluorescent tags and indicators. Among these are fluorescent indicators that have been modified for use in the cytoplasm as well as various subcellular compartments, such as the mitochondria. This protocol enables non-ratiometric Ca2+ imaging in vivo with a subcellular resolution that permits the analysis of Ca2+ dynamics down to the level of individual dendritic spines and mitochondria. Here, two available genetically encoded indicators with different Ca2+ affinities are used to demonstrate the use of this protocol for measuring relative Ca2+ levels within the cytoplasm or mitochondrial matrix in a single pair of excitatory interneurons (AVA). Together with the genetic manipulations and longitudinal observations possible in C. elegans, this imaging protocol may be useful for answering questions regarding how Ca2+ handling regulates neuronal function and plasticity.

Subcellular Imaging of Neuronal Calcium Handling In Vivo

The current methods describe a non-ratiometric approach for high-resolution, sub-compartmental calcium imaging in vivo in Caenorhabditis elegans using readily available genetically encoded calcium indicators.

in vivoでの神経細胞カルシウムハンドリングの細胞内イメージング

Calcium (Ca2+) imaging has been largely used to examine neuronal activity, but it is becoming increasingly clear that subcellular Ca2+ handling is a ...