Biz kalsiyum görüntüleme protokole katkılarından dolayı Dr S. Stella ve Helen Vuong teşekkür ederiz. Biz röportaj sahneleri filme Dr K. Sheets teşekkür ederim. Biz el yazması onu yorumlar için Dr Arlene Hirano teşekkür ederim. Bu araştırma ve geliştirme projesi Teletıp ve İleri Teknoloji UCLA Tıp, David Geffen School yazarlar tarafından yürütülen ve US Army Medical Research &amp; Levazım Komutanlığı (USAMRMC) tarafından verilen ve uygulanan bir sözleşme anlaşması ile mümkün yapılır ve Sözleşme Numarası altında MD Fort Detrick&#39;te Araştırma Merkezi (TATRC),: W81XWH-10-2-0077. Bu çalışmalar için destek de NIH EY04067 ve VA Merit Şu (NB) geldi. NCB Bir VA Kariyer Araştırmacı olduğunu.

Bütün deneyler İnsan Laboratuvar Hayvanları Bakım ve Kullanım ve Kaliforniya-Los Angeles Üniversitesi (UCLA) Hayvancılık Araştırma Komitesi ABD Kamu Sağlığı Hizmetleri Politikası tarafından verilen deney hayvanlarının refahı için yönergelere uygun olarak yürütülmüştür. Erkek ve dişi Sprague-Davvley fareleri 3-5 haftalık yaş arasında (Charles River Laboratuarı, Wilmington, MA) kullanıldı. Wholemount Retina ve İmmünhistokimya Protokolün 1. Hayvan ve Doku Hazırlama <ol><li> Bir diseksiyon mikroskobu, çok ince ipuçları, makas, selüloz filtre kağıdı, plastik pipet ve bir mikroskop lamı ile 2 forseps: Aşağıdaki malzemeleri ve araçları hazırlayın. </li><li> Derin, bir giyotinle birlikte dekapitasyon% 1-3 izofluran ile anestezi hayvan tarafından kapalı bir odada sıçan öldürülür. Hücre dışı çözelti içeren bir Petri kabındaki iris makasları ve yerine bir çift gözleri çıkarın. Bir Ames Me Hazırdakireç, sodyum ya da fizyolojik çözeltiler tavsiye edilir. </li><li> [İsteğe bağlı adım Flu-4 ile RGCs sepme isteniyorsa]. 2,3-2,4 adımları tarif edildiği gibi Fluo-4 etiketlenmesi. </li><li> Mikroskop (ışık yoğunluğu: 1,6 x 10 8 fotonlar / mm 2 ⋅sec) kullanılarak, gözün ön keserek kornea çıkarın. Forseps ile retina iç yüzeyinden lens ve vitreus çıkarın. Vitreus kaldırmak için, bir forsepsi sıkıca sklerasına tutarak küresi stabilize. Yavaşça diğer forsepsi retinada merkezine doğru camsı baz soyun. Bu aşamada hazırlanması için kullanılan cryosections Göz yuvası olarak adlandırılır. Cryosections hakkında daha fazla ayrıntı referanslarda 14,15 bulunabilir. </li><li> Göz yuvası gelen retina çıkarın. Sonra, dört keser retina düz koymak için izin yapmak. Yavaşça fotoreseptör kadar olan bir mikroskop lamı üzerine retinadaki. Retinaya çözümün bir damla ekleyin ve ce koymakretinaya llulose filtre kağıdı. Retina filtre kağıdı bağlanır başladığında, çözelti içinde retina yerleştirin. Gerekirse, bir fırça veya forseps ile retina düzleştirmek. </li><li> Tespiti için 10-15 dakika boyunca% 4 PFA içine wholemounted retina yerleştirin. </li><li> 0.1 M fosfat tamponu (PB), pH 7.4 içinde 30 dakika boyunca wholemounted retinalarında üç kez yıkayın. Gece boyunca 4 ° C &#39;de% 0.3 Triton X-100 ve% 0.1 NaN3 içeren 0.1 PB içinde% 5 normal keçi serumu ve eşek serumu ile retina bloke eder. Bu engelleme çözümler ve antikorları kurtarmak için tüm adımlar için 500 ul bir son hacme sahip önerilir. </li><li> Bir sonraki gün, 4 ° C &#39;de primer antikor ile 5-7 gün retinae wholemounts inkübe edin. Optimal seyreltikleri kullanıcı tarafından belirlenmelidir. </li><li> PB 0.1 M retinaları 3 x 30 dakika yıkayınız ve primer antikor (konsantrasyon 1: 1000) ve türlerine karşı olan, ilgili fluorofor-konjuge sekonder antikor olarak 4 ° C&#39;de gece boyunca inkübe edilir. </li><li> PB ile 30 dakika her biri üç nihai yıkamadan sonra, orta montaj retina monte. Uzun süreli depolama için tırnak cilası ile lamelleri mühür. Mağaza numuneler, 4 ° C&#39;de ve ışıktan korur. </li></ol> Bir Kalsiyum Gösterge Boya ile Sıçan Wholemount retina ganglion hücrelerinin ve Aksonlar 2. Etiketleme <ol><li> % 95 O 2/5% CO ile fokurdatıldı memeli Ringer içeren 125 NaCl, 3 KCİ, 2 CaCl2, 1.25 NaH 2 PO 4, 1 MgCl2, 25 NaHCO3 (mM olarak) 1.000 ml ve 10 glükoz hazırlanması &#173; 2. </li><li> 1,2-1,4 adımları tarif edildiği gibi bir diseksiyon. </li><li> Bir şırınga kullanılarak sırasında göz için yaklaşık 1 mm posterior optik sinir güdük içine Fluo-4 Pentapotassium tuzu (Y 2 O 40 mM stok), 0.5 ul, bir kalsiyum indikatör boyası ile, retinal bez hücrelerin (RGCs) ve aksonlar yük enjekte . [Ca gangliositi dinamik artışlarını ölçmek için 2+ </sup&gt;] böyle Flu-4 345 nM olan Kd ile yüksek afinite ile, bir gösterge, en uygunudur. Fluo-4 kalsiyum bağlandığmda&gt; 100 kattan fazla bir emisyon artışı ile sonuçlanan çok yüksek kuantum verimi sahip olmanın sağladığı fazladan fayda sağlar. </li><li> Memeli Ringer% 95 O kabarmış 2 /% 5 CO Göz yuvası yerleştirin &#173; 2 karanlıkta, oda sıcaklığında 1 saat karıştırıldı. </li></ol> Retina Ganglion Hücreleri ve Aksonlar 3. Kalsiyum Görüntüleme Protokolü. <ol><li> 1,1-1,4 adımda tarif edildiği gibi göz lens ve camsı çıkarın. Göz yuvası gelen retina yalıtmalı ve kadranlardan bölün. Dağı tek kadran ganglion hücre, bir cam slayt tarafı yukarı ve stabilize bir arp dilim ızgara kullanın. Koyu adapte diğer parçaları tutmak memeli Ringer% 95 O kabarmış 2 /% 5 CO &#173; Daha sonra kullanmak için buz üzerinde 2. </li><li> Memeli Ringer solüsyonu ile kayıt odasına Superfuse ve% 95 O 2 /% 5 CO 2 ile sürekli köpüren çözüm tutmak. </li><li> Görüntü mikroskop altında doku. Oda sıcaklığında (~ 23 ° C) ya da, deney yapma, sahne ısınma numunenin altında, su banyosu ısısı veya numunenin yüzeyine sıcak hava uygulanarak fizyolojik sıcaklıklar elde. Not: Bu, pek çok hücresel işlev, hücre içi homeostazın 16 sağlanması bakımından önemli bir rol oynar sıcaklığı ile düzenlenmiş olması dikkat etmek önemlidir. Ancak, ısınma önlemlerin tanıtımı, ısıl genleşme 17 neden orta ve odak kayması buharlaşmasını ışıkla oranını artırabilir. Oda sıcaklığında kullanımı Flu-4 18 hücre içi bölümlere ayrılmasını azaltır. </li><li> Ilaçların yokluğunda iki eşleştirilmiş yüksek K + palslarının bir denetimi. Etkinleştirmek için her darbe sırasında 33 saniye için 60 mM 3 mM gelen o [K +] yükselterek RGCs ve RGH aksonlarını depolarizeSekiz kanal yer çekimi kontrolünde süperfüzyon sistemi VGCCs. Yükseltilmiş K + çözeltisi içinde isosmolarity korumak için 57 mM Na + azaltır. </li><li> Genel ya da özel Ca kanal blokerlerinin kullanımı ile kalsiyum sinyaline farklı VGCCs katkısını değerlendirin. Örneğin, spesifik olmayan bir kalsiyum kanal tıkayıcı, kobalt verilmesinden sonra kalsiyum sinyal azalması, yüksek K + -evoked kalsiyum sinyali VGCCs katkısının bir yarı-nicel ölçümünü sağladı. </li><li> (Şekil 2) ilgi RGCs çevresinde ilgi (ROI) bir bölge koyarak floresan yoğunluk değerlerini edinin. </li><li> İlk, yüksek K + ile tepe tarafından üretilen değişiklik, ikinci yüksek K + doruğu tarafından üretilen floresan yoğunluğundaki değişim normalize. Sonra, belirli kalsiyum kanal blokerleri test için, sadece bir çiftinin ikinci yüksek K + darbesi sırasında ilaç uygulamak ve karşı tepe normalleştirmekilk tepe değeri. Yüksek K + ile bir tepe üzerinde ilacın etkisini ölçmek için, birinci ile ikinci bu K + tepe genliğinin, bölün. Analiz ilacın yokluğunda ölçülen eşleştirilmiş yüksek K + tepe elde ettikleri uygun kontrollere göre, bu değerler üzerinde yapılmalıdır. </li><li> 5 sn aralıklarla görüntü kazanır. Foto-ağartma önlemek için, mümkün olduğu kadar düşük tutmak lazer uyarma. Photomultiplier tüp 505 nm LP filtresi aracılığıyla floresan emisyon toplarken, argon lazer 488 nm hattı ile uyarma sağlayın. </li></ol>

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J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Molecular+identification+of+a+retinal+cell+type+that+responds+to+upward+motion.">Molecular identification of a retinal cell type that responds to upward motion.</a> Nature. 452, 478-482 (2008).</li><li>Munch, T. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Approach+sensitivity+in+the+retina+processed+by+a+multifunctional+neural+circuit.">Approach sensitivity in the retina processed by a multifunctional neural circuit.</a> Nat Neurosci. 12, 1308-1316 (2009).</li><li>Feng, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Imaging+neuronal+subsets+in+transgenic+mice+expressing+multiple+spectral+variants+of+GFP.">Imaging neuronal subsets in transgenic mice expressing multiple spectral variants of GFP.</a> Neuron. 28, 41-51 (2000).</li></ol>

Yazarlar hiçbir açıklama yok.

1) İmmünhistokimya retina wholemounts içinde ganglion hücrelerine Flu-4 yerelleştirme göstermek için, ve 2) Kalsiyum görüntüleme retina ganglion hücrelerinin ve bunların akson kalsiyum dinamikleri analiz etmek: Bu makalede, iki farklı teknikler tarif var. Wholemounts kullanılarak immünohistokimya 20-23 retina kemirgen proteinlerin lokalizasyonunu ortaya çıkarmak için kullanılmıştır. Ancak, birkaç sınırlamalar vardır. Boyanma kalitesi, ilgili antijen ve il...

1,2 akım kanalı Ca tam hücrenin, bu bileşenlerin farmakolojik blokajı yoluyla belirlendiği gibi, retinal ganglion hücrelerinin (RGCs) L, N, P / Q-ve T-tipi VGCC ifade eder. VGCC verici sürümü, gen transkripsiyonu, hücre düzenleme ve sinaptik plastisite 3,4,5 katılan transmembran Multimerik proteinlerdir. 1 gözenek ve kanal biyo-fiziksel ve farmakolojik özellikler, esas olarak, hücre dışı yardımcı α 2 δ alt birimleri ve hücre içi β alt birimi tespit alt birimleri oluşturan α büyük, zar: Fonksiyonel VGCCs alt ünitelerinin en az üç farklı sınıflardan oluşur. Farklı α 1 alt birimleri ile son iki şekilde heteromerik kompleksleri ve plazma membranı 6 kanalların yolluk kinetik ve kaçakçılığı değiştirebilir. Son on yılda, birçok teknik protein Expre incelemek için istihdam edilmiştirBu İmmünohistokimya, enzime bağlı immünosorbent deneyi batı analizi ve akış sitometresi olarak salgılanması. Bu teknikler, ilgi konusu bir proteinin tespit edilmesi için spesifik antikorların kullanılmasını gerektirir ve farklı dokular içindeki yerine ve özel proteinlerin dağıtılması için güçlü bir araç sağlar. Antikorları kolayca olmadığında bu tür kuzey leke analizi gibi özel bir proteinin mRNA ifade seviyelerini tespit etmek ve ölçmek için kullanılan teknikler, RT-PCR, gerçek zamanlı kantitatif RT-PCR, in situ hibridizasyon, cDNA mikrodizileri ve ribonükleaz koruma deneyi için alternatif bir yaklaşım sağlar özel bir proteinin ya da eğer mevcut ekspresyon seviyeleri 7 düşüktür. Ancak, bu tür moleküler teknikler kullanılarak bir sınırlama gen dizisinin gerekli tanımlanmasıdır. Retinada proteinleri lokalize etmek için immünohistokimya wholemount retina üzerinde gerçekleştirilebilir. RGCs erişilebilirlik, wholemount nedeniyleHazırlık RGC somata ve akson özel proteinlerin yerelleştirme incelemek için mükemmel bir platform sağlar. Bulundukları bölgeye ek olarak, RGCs VGCCs bazı fonksiyonel özellikleri kalsiyum görüntüleme teknikleri kullanılarak ispat edilebilir. Biz seçici hücre içi kalsiyum dinamiklerini ölçmek için bir kalsiyum gösterge boya ile RGCs etiketlemek için bir kalsiyum görüntüleme protokol açıklar. Çeşitli hücre bölmesi içinde bulunan kalsiyum sinyaline farklı VGCCs katkısı alt tiplerine spesifik Ca kanal blokerlerinin kullanımı ile izole edilebilir. Belki burada tarif kalsiyum görüntüleme tekniğinin en yararlı yönlerinden biri aynı anda ve birbirinden bağımsız birden fazla RGCs ve aksonlarından kaydetmek için yeteneğidir. Bu Tam hücre yama kenetleme kayıt gibi bir çok fizyolojik teknikleri, yüksek zamansal çözünürlüğü membran akımların kayıtları, somatik veya thes aksonal kaynağı sağlamak rağmenKaydedilen E akımları ayrımcılık olamaz ve kayıtları bir seferde sadece tek bir nöron yapılabilir. Multielectrode diziler (ölçüm) eş zamanlı olarak bir kısım hücrelerde ani kaydetme özelliğine sahiptir, fakat tespit veya aktivasyonunu ayırt, kalsiyum kanallarının, örneğin, farklı alt tipler kaldırılmaz. Tercihen büyük sivri 9 oluşturmak hücrelerinden belirli bir elektrot 8 ve kaydetmek için yakın bir yerde bulunduğu bir hücre kayıt ölç. Optik görüntüleme yöntemleri, tek hücreli mikro elektrot ve yama kelepçe kayıt ve MEA kayıt elde edilen bilgilerin entegre edilebilir hücrelerin bütün popülasyonlarının eşzamanlı ve bağımsız kayıtları etkinleştirmek için alternatif bir strateji sağlamak. Burada açıklanan kalsiyum görüntüleme teknikleri RGCs kalsiyum dinamiklerinin incelenmesi için kullanılmıştır, ancak, yama kelepçe ve ÇÇA daha da iyonik akımları ve RGCs spike özelliklerini açıklamak için paralel olarak kullanılabilir. <psınıf = &quot;jove_content&quot;&gt; yerinden amacrine hücreleri 10 retina farede ganglion hücre tabakasında nöronal nüfusun yaklaşık% 60&#39;ını oluşturan bizim amacımız isteğe bağlı olarak bir sentetik kalsiyum endikatör boyası ile RGCs etiketler bir yükleme yapmak için teknik wholemount hazırlanması. Sentetik kalsiyum göstergesi boyalar hücre içi kalsiyum dinamikleri çalışma için mükemmel bir platform sağlar rağmen, yaygın kullanımı etkili belirli bir ağ içinde nöronların belirli popülasyonlarının yüklemek için yetersizlik tarafından engellenmiştir. Bu tür dökme yükleme 11 ve elektroporasyon gibi birçok teknik 8,12 hücre popülasyonları bütün Bununla birlikte, bu tür teknikler, özel hücre tipleri arasında ayrım yapamaz ve yüklemek için yapılmıştır. Genetik olarak kalsiyum göstergeler seçici hücrelerinin spesifik popülasyonlarının etiket olanağı sağlar kodlanmış Bununla birlikte, bu yöntemler, transgenik hayvanların 13 üretilmesini gerektirir. Bizim teknik bir yöntemii açıklard seçici bir kalsiyum gösterge boyasının optik sinir güdük enjeksiyon yoluyla Wholemount hazırlanmasında RGCs etiketlemek için. Birlikte ele alındığında, bu makalede özetlenen yapısal ve fizyolojik teknikleri RGCs ve akson olarak lokalizasyonu ve kalsiyum sinyali VGCCs katkısını incelemek için bir platform sağlar.

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			<td style="width:119px;">14124-G</td>
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			<td style="width:112px;">WPI</td>
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			<td>dissecting tools</td>
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			<td>504487</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Hibernate A</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td><a href="http://products.invitrogen.com/ivgn/en/US/adirect/invitrogen?cmd=catProductDetail&amp;productID=A1247501">A12475-01</a></td>
			<td>Media</td>
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			<td><a href="https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=1&amp;cad=rja&amp;sqi=2&amp;ved=0CC0QFjAA&amp;url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vectorlabs.com%2Fcatalog.aspx%3FcatID%3D279&amp;ei=VAHbUb_fBceeiQLK2IHIDw&amp;usg=AFQjCNHijFTTB8p19FMPQ5hg_qTawXU9mA&amp;sig2=FJCfB9fzKR_TmjxoGvhLcg&amp;bvm=bv.48705608,d.cGE">Mounting Media for Fluorescence</a></td>
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			<td>Abbott Laboratories</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Microscope slide</td>
			<td style="width:112px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Zeiss LSM 5 Pascal microscope</td>
			<td style="width:112px;">Zeiss</td>
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			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Axioplan 40x (NA 0.8) objective lens</td>
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			<td style="width:119px;">A-11034</td>
			<td>Secondary antibody</td>
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			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">RBPMS</td>
			<td style="width:112px;">ProSci, Poway, CA</td>
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			<td>A rabbit polyclonal antibody&#160;was generated against the N-terminus of the RBPMS&#160;polypeptide (RBPMS4-24), GGKAEKENTPSEANLQEEEVR, by a commercial vendor (ProSci, Poway, CA).</td>
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immunohistochemical and calcium imaging methods in wholemount rat retina

Bu yazıda araçları, reaktifler ve için gerekli olan pratik adımları açıklar: imünohistokimya için Wholemount retina 1) başarılı bir hazırlık ve retinal kalsiyum sinyalini aracılı voltaj kapılı kalsiyum kanalı (VGCC) çalışmasında 2) kalsiyum görüntüleme ganglion hücrelerinin. Kalsiyum görüntüleme yöntemi biz ganglion hücre tabakası yerinden amacrine hücreleri olmayan spesifik yükü ile ilgili alt ettiği durumlar açıklanmaktadır.

Spesifik antikorlar ile immün retina ve kalsiyum görüntüleme tekniği ilgi belirli proteinlerin lokalizasyonu incelemek için bir platform sağlar retina ganglion hücrelerinin ve bunların akson olarak kalsiyum dinamiklerine VGCCs katkısının çalışmasına izin verir. Ganglion hücre proteini RBPMS karşı selektif RGCs 19 etiketler (çoklu ekleme ile RNA bağlayıcı protein) bir antikor kullanarak, Fluo-4 etiketleme ganglion hücrelerinde (Şekil 1) ile...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Immunohistochemical and Calcium Imaging Methods in Wholemount Rat Retina at JoVE.com

Immunohistochemical and Calcium Imaging Methods in Wholemount Rat Retina

İmmünohistokimya protokolleri retinada, spesifik bir proteinin lokalizasyonu incelemek için kullanılır. Kalsiyum görüntüleme teknikleri retina ganglion hücrelerinin ve bunların akson kalsiyum dinamiklerini incelemek için istihdam edilmektedir.

Wholemount Sıçan Retina Immunohistochemical ve Kalsiyum Görüntüleme Yöntemleri

In this paper we describe the tools, reagents, and the practical steps that are needed for: 1) successful preparation of wholemount retinas for ...

immunohistochemical-calcium-imaging-methods-wholemount-rat

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

14.4K Görüntüleme.  University of California, Los Angeles.  İmmünohistokimya protokolleri retinada, spesifik bir proteinin lokalizasyonu incelemek için kullanılır. Kalsiyum görüntüleme teknikleri retina ganglion hücrelerinin ve bunların akson kalsiyum dinamiklerini incelemek için istihdam edilmektedir. 

Video: Immunohistochemical and Calcium Imaging Methods in Wholemount Rat Retina

Functional Calcium Imaging in Developing Cortical Networks

A hallmark pattern of activity in developing nervous systems is spontaneous, synchronized network activity. Synchronized activity has been observed in intact spinal cord, brainstem, retina, cortex and dissociated neuronal culture preparations. During periods of spontaneous activity, neurons depolarize to fire single or bursts of action potentials, activating many ion channels. Depolarization activates voltage-gated calcium channels on dendrites and spines that mediate calcium influx. Highly synchronized electrical activity has been measured from local neuronal networks using field electrodes. This technique enables high temporal sampling rates but lower spatial resolution due to integrated read-out of multiple neurons at one electrode. Single cell resolution of neuronal activity is possible using patch-clamp electrophysiology on single neurons to measure firing activity. However, the ability to measure from a network is limited to the number of neurons patched simultaneously, and typically is only one or two neurons. The use of calcium-dependent fluorescent indicator dyes has enabled the measurement of synchronized activity across a network of cells. This technique gives both high spatial resolution and sufficient temporal sampling to record spontaneous activity of the developing network.
A key feature of newly-forming cortical and hippocampal networks during pre- and early postnatal development is spontaneous, synchronized neuronal activity (Katz &amp; Shatz, 1996; Khaziphov &amp; Luhmann, 2006). This correlated network activity is believed to be essential for the generation of functional circuits in the developing nervous system (Spitzer, 2006). In both primate and rodent brain, early electrical and calcium network waves are observed pre- and postnatally in vivo and in vitro (Adelsberger et al., 2005; Garaschuk et al., 2000; Lamblin et al., 1999). These early activity patterns, which are known to control several developmental processes including neuronal differentiation, synaptogenesis and plasticity (Rakic &amp; Komuro, 1995; Spitzer et al., 2004) are of critical importance for the correct development and maturation of the cortical circuitry.
In this JoVE video, we demonstrate the methods used to image spontaneous activity in developing cortical networks. Calcium-sensitive indicators, such as Fura 2-AM ester diffuse across the cell membrane where intracellular esterase activity cleaves the AM esters to leave the cell-impermeant form of indicator dye. The impermeant form of indicator has carboxylic acid groups which are able to then detect and bind calcium ions intracellularly.. The fluorescence of the calcium-sensitive dye is transiently altered upon binding to calcium. Single or multi-photon imaging techniques are used to measure the change in photons being emitted from the dye, and thus indicate an alteration in intracellular calcium. Furthermore, these calcium-dependent indicators can be combined with other fluorescent markers to investigate cell types within the active network.

Spontaneous activity of developing neuronal networks can be measured using AM-ester forms of calcium-sensitive indicator dyes. Changes in intracellular calcium, indicating neuronal activation, are detected as transient changes in indicator fluorescence with one- or two-photon imaging. This protocol can be adapted for a range of developmentally-dependent neuronal networks in vitro.

Kortikal Ağları Geliştirme Fonksiyonel Kalsiyum Görüntüleme

A hallmark pattern of activity in developing nervous systems is spontaneous, synchronized network activity. Synchronized activity has been observed in ...

Nörobilim

In vivo Neuronal Calcium Imaging in C. elegans

The nematode worm C. elegans is an ideal model organism for relatively simple, low cost neuronal imaging in vivo. Its small transparent body and simple, well-characterized nervous system allows identification and fluorescence imaging of any neuron within the intact animal. Simple immobilization techniques with minimal impact on the animal's physiology allow extended time-lapse imaging. The development of genetically-encoded calcium sensitive fluorophores such as cameleon 1 and GCaMP 2 allow in vivo imaging of neuronal calcium relating both cell physiology and neuronal activity. Numerous transgenic strains expressing these fluorophores in specific neurons are readily available or can be constructed using well-established techniques. Here, we describe detailed procedures for measuring calcium dynamics within a single neuron in vivo using both GCaMP and cameleon. We discuss advantages and disadvantages of both as well as various methods of sample preparation (animal immobilization) and image analysis. Finally, we present results from two experiments: 1) Using GCaMP to measure the sensory response of a specific neuron to an external electrical field and 2) Using cameleon to measure the physiological calcium response of a neuron to traumatic laser damage. Calcium imaging techniques such as these are used extensively in C. elegans and have been extended to measurements in freely moving animals, multiple neurons simultaneously and comparison across genetic backgrounds. C. elegans presents a robust and flexible system for in vivo neuronal imaging with advantages over other model systems in technical simplicity and cost.

In vivo Neuronal Calcium Imaging in C. elegans

With its small transparent body, well-documented neuroanatomy and a host of amenable genetic techniques and reagents, C. elegans makes an ideal model organism for in vivo neuronal imaging using relatively simple, low-cost techniques. Here we describe single neuron imaging within intact adult animals using genetically encoded fluorescent calcium indicators.

C. vivo Nöronal Kalsiyum Imaging&#39;de elegans

The nematode worm C. elegans is an ideal model organism  for relatively simple, low cost neuronal imaging in vivo. Its small transparent body and simple, ...

Immunohistochemical Analysis in the Rat Central Nervous System and Peripheral Lymph Node Tissue Sections

Immunohistochemistry (IHC) provides highly specific, reliable and attractive protein visualization. Correct performance and interpretation of an IHC-based multicolor labeling is challenging, especially when utilized for assessing interrelations between target proteins in the tissue with a high fat content such as the central nervous system (CNS).
Our protocol represents a refinement of the standard immunolabeling technique particularly adjusted for detection of both structural and soluble proteins in the rat CNS and peripheral lymph nodes (LN) affected by neuroinflammation. Nonetheless, with or without further modifications, our protocol could likely be used for detection of other related protein targets, even in other organs and species than here presented.

We here present an optimized, detailed protocol for double immunostaining in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded rat central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral lymph node (LN) tissue sections.

Sıçan Santral Sinir Sistemi immunohistokimyasal Analizi ve Çevresel lenf nodu Doku Bölümler

Immunohistochemistry (IHC) provides highly specific, reliable and attractive protein visualization. Correct performance and interpretation of an IHC-based ...

Non-invasive Parenchymal, Vascular and Metabolic High-frequency Ultrasound and Photoacoustic Rat Deep Brain Imaging

Photoacoustics and high frequency ultrasound stands out as powerful tools for neurobiological applications enabling high-resolution imaging on the central nervous system of small animals. However, transdermal and transcranial neuroimaging is frequently affected by low sensitivity, image aberrations and loss of space resolution, requiring scalp or even skull removal before imaging. To overcome this challenge, a new protocol is presented to gain significant insights in brain hemodynamics by photoacoustic and high-frequency ultrasounds imaging with the animal skin and skull intact. The procedure relies on the passage of ultrasound (US) waves and laser directly through the fissures that are naturally present on the animal cranium. By juxtaposing the imaging transducer device exactly in correspondence to these selected areas where the skull has a reduced thickness or is totally absent, one can acquire high quality deep images and explore internal brain regions that are usually difficult to anatomically or functionally describe without an invasive approach. By applying this experimental procedure, significant data can be collected in both sonic and optoacoustic modalities, enabling to image the parenchymal and the vascular anatomy far below the head surface. Deep brain features such as parenchymal convolutions and fissures separating the lobes were clearly visible. Moreover, the configuration of large and small blood vessels was imaged at several millimeters of depth, and precise information were collected about blood fluxes, vascular stream velocities and the hemoglobin chemical state. This repertoire of data could be crucial in several research contests, ranging from brain vascular disease studies to experimental techniques involving the systemic administration of exogenous chemicals or other objects endowed with imaging contrast enhancement properties. In conclusion, thanks to the presented protocol, the US and PA techniques become an attractive noninvasive performance-competitive means for cortical and internal brain imaging, retaining a significant potential in many neurologic fields.

The present work describes a new protocol to perform non-invasive high-frequency ultrasound and photoacoustic based imaging on rat brain, to efficiently visualize deep subcortical regions and their vascular patterns by directing signals on skull foramina naturally present on animal cranium.

Non-invaziv parankim, Vasküler ve Metabolik Yüksek frekanslı ultrason ve foto akustik Sıçan Derin Beyin Görüntüleme

Photoacoustics and high frequency ultrasound stands out as powerful tools for neurobiological applications enabling high-resolution imaging on the central ...

In Vivo Functional Brain Imaging Approach Based on Bioluminescent Calcium Indicator GFP-aequorin

Functional in vivo imaging has become a powerful approach to study the function and physiology of brain cells and structures of interest. Recently a new method of Ca2+-imaging using the bioluminescent reporter GFP-aequorin (GA) has been developed. This new technique relies on the fusion of the GFP and aequorin genes, producing a molecule capable of binding calcium and&#160;&#8212; with the addition of its cofactor coelenterazine &#8212; emitting bright light that can be monitored through a photon collector. Transgenic lines carrying the GFP-aequorin gene have been generated for both mice and Drosophila. In Drosophila, the GFP-aequorin gene has been placed under the control of the GAL4/UAS binary expression system allowing for targeted expression and imaging within the brain. This method has subsequently been shown to be capable of detecting both inward Ca2+-transients and Ca2+-released from inner stores. Most importantly it allows for a greater duration in continuous recording, imaging at greater depths within the brain, and recording at high temporal resolutions (up to 8.3 msec). Here we present the basic method for using bioluminescent imaging to record and analyze Ca2+-activity within the mushroom bodies, a structure central to learning and memory in the fly brain.

In Vivo Functional Brain Imaging Approach Based on Bioluminescent Calcium Indicator GFP-aequorin

Here we present a novel Ca2+-imaging approach using a bioluminescent reporter. This approach uses a fused construct GFP-aequorin which binds to Ca2+ and emits light, eliminating the need for light excitation. Significantly this method permits long continuous imaging, access to deep brain structures and high temporal resolution.

Bioluminescent Kalsiyum Göstergesi GFP-aequorin dayanarak Vivo Fonksiyonel Beyin Görüntüleme Yaklaşım

Functional in vivo imaging has become a powerful approach to study the function and physiology of brain cells and structures of interest. Recently a new ...

Two-photon Calcium Imaging in Neuronal Dendrites in Brain Slices

Calcium (Ca2+) imaging is a powerful tool to investigate the spatiotemporal dynamics of intracellular Ca2+ signals in neuronal dendrites. Ca2+ fluctuations can occur through a variety of membrane and intracellular mechanisms and play a crucial role in the induction of synaptic plasticity and regulation of dendritic excitability. Hence, the ability to record different types of Ca2+ signals in dendritic branches is valuable for groups studying how dendrites integrate information. The advent of two-photon microscopy has made such studies significantly easier by solving the problems inherent to imaging in live tissue, such as light scattering and photodamage. Moreover, through combination of conventional electrophysiological techniques with two-photon Ca2+ imaging, it is possible to investigate local Ca2+ fluctuations in neuronal dendrites in parallel with recordings of synaptic activity in soma. Here, we describe how to use this method to study the dynamics of local Ca2+ transients (CaTs) in dendrites of GABAergic inhibitory interneurons. The method can be also applied to studying dendritic Ca2+ signaling in different neuronal types in acute brain slices.

We present a method combining whole-cell patch-clamp recordings and two-photon imaging to record Ca2+ transients in neuronal dendrites in acute brain slices.

Nöronal Dendrites beyin dilimleri içinde iki fotonlu kalsiyum görüntüleme

Calcium (Ca2+) imaging is a powerful tool to investigate the spatiotemporal dynamics of intracellular Ca2+ signals in neuronal dendrites. Ca2+ ...

Culture of Brain Capillary Pericytes for Cytosolic Calcium Measurements and Calcium Imaging Studies

Pericytes are associated with endothelial cells and astrocytic endfeet in a structure known as the neurovascular unit (NVU). Brain capillary pericyte function is not fully known. Pericytes have been suggested to be involved in capillary development, regulation of endothelial barrier tightness and trancytosis activity, regulation of capillary tone and to play crucial roles in certain brain pathologies.
Pericytes are challenging to investigate in the intact brain due to the difficulties in visualizing processes in the brain parenchyma, as well as the close proximity to the other cells of the NVU. The present protocol describes a method for isolation and culture of primary bovine brain capillary pericytes and their following usage in calcium imaging studies, where effects of agonists involved in brain signaling and pathologies can be investigated. Cortical capillary fragments are allowed to attach to the bottom of culture flasks and, after 6 days, endothelial cells and pericytes have grown out from the capillary fragments. The endothelial cells are removed by gentle trypsinization and pericytes are cultured for 5 additional days before passaging.
Isolated pericytes are seeded in 96-well culture plates and loaded with the calcium indicator dye (Fura-2 acetoxymethyl (AM)) to allow for measurements of intracellular calcium levels in a plate reader setup. Alternatively, pericytes are seeded on coverslips and mounted in cell chambers. Following loading with the calcium indicator (Cal-520 AM), calcium live-imaging can be performed using confocal microscopy at an excitation wavelength of 488 nm and emission wavelength of 510-520 nm.
The method described here has been used to obtain the first intracellular calcium measurements from primary brain capillary pericytes, demonstrating that pericytes are stimulated via ATP and are able to contract in vitro.

Brain capillary pericytes are essential players in the regulation of blood-brain barrier properties and blood flow. This protocol describes how brain capillary pericytes can be isolated, cultured, characterized with respect to cell type and applied for investigations of intracellular calcium signaling with fluorescent probes.

Sitosolik Kalsiyum Ölçümleri ve Kalsiyum Görüntüleme Çalışmaları için Beyin Kılcal Perisit Kültürü

Pericytes are associated with endothelial cells and astrocytic endfeet in a structure known as the neurovascular unit (NVU). Brain capillary pericyte ...

Transpupillary Two-Photon In Vivo Imaging of the Mouse Retina

The retina transforms light signals from the environment into electrical signals that are propagated to the brain. Diseases of the retina are prevalent and cause visual impairment and blindness. Understanding how such diseases progress is critical to formulating new treatments. In vivo&#160;microscopy in animal models of disease is a powerful tool for understanding neurodegeneration and has led to important progress towards treatments of conditions ranging from Alzheimer&#39;s disease to stroke. Given that the retina is the only central nervous system structure inherently accessible by optical approaches, it naturally lends itself towards in vivo imaging. However, the native optics of the lens and cornea present some challenges for effective imaging access.
This protocol outlines methods for in vivo two-photon imaging of cellular cohorts and structures in the mouse retina at cellular resolution, applicable for both acute- and chronic-duration imaging experiments. It presents examples of retinal ganglion cell (RGC), amacrine cell, microglial, and vascular imaging using a suite of labeling techniques including adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors, transgenic mice, and inorganic dyes. Importantly, these techniques extend to all cell types of the retina, and suggested methods for accessing other cellular populations of interest are described. Also detailed are example strategies for manual image postprocessing for display and quantification. These techniques are directly applicable to studies of retinal function in health and disease.

In vivo imaging is a powerful tool for the study of biology in health and disease. This protocol describes transpupillary imaging of the mouse retina with a standard two-photon microscope. It also demonstrates different in vivoimaging methods to fluorescently label multiple cellular cohorts of the retina.

Transpupiller İki Foton Fare Retinasının In vivo Görüntülenmesi

The retina transforms light signals from the environment into electrical signals that are propagated to the brain. Diseases of the retina are prevalent ...

In vivo Calcium Imaging in Mouse Inferior Olive

Inferior olive (IO), a nucleus in the ventral medulla, is the only source of climbing fibers that form one of the two input pathways entering the cerebellum. IO has long been proposed to be crucial for motor control and its activity is currently considered to be at the center of many hypotheses of both motor and cognitive functions of the cerebellum. While its physiology and function have been relatively well studied on single-cell level in vitro, presently there are no reports on the organization of the IO network activity in living animals. This is largely due to the extremely challenging anatomical location of the IO, making it difficult to subject to conventional fluorescent imaging methods, where an optic path must be created through the entire brain located dorsally to the region of interest.
Here we describe an alternative method for obtaining state-of-the-art -level calcium imaging data from the IO network. The method takes advantage of the extreme ventral location of the IO and involves a surgical procedure for inserting a gradient-refractive index (GRIN) lens through the neck viscera to come into contact with the ventral surface of the calcium sensor GCaMP6s-expressing IO in anesthetized mice. A representative calcium imaging recording is shown to demonstrate the feasibility to record IO neuron activity after the surgery. While this is a non-survival surgery and the recordings must be conducted under anesthesia, it avoids damage to life-critical brainstem nuclei and allows conducting large variety of experiments investigating spatiotemporal activity patterns and input integration in the IO. This procedure with modifications could be used for recordings in other, adjacent regions of the ventral brainstem.

In vivo Calcium Imaging in Mouse Inferior Olive

We present a protocol to expose the brainstem of adult mouse from the ventral side. By using a gradient-refractive index lens with a miniature microscope, calcium imaging can be used to examine the activity of inferior olive neural somata in vivo.

In vivo Fare Kalitesiz Zeytinde Kalsiyum Görüntüleme

Inferior olive (IO), a nucleus in the ventral medulla, is the only source of climbing fibers that form one of the two input pathways entering the ...

Brain Pericyte Calcium and Hemodynamic Imaging in Transgenic Mice In Vivo

Recent advances in protein biology and mouse genetics have made it possible to measure intracellular calcium fluctuations of brain cells in vivo and to correlate this with local hemodynamics. This protocol uses transgenic mice that have been prepared with a chronic cranial window and express the genetically encoded calcium indicator, RCaMP1.07, under the &#945;-smooth muscle actin promoter to specifically label mural cells, such as vascular smooth muscle cells and ensheathing pericytes. Steps are outlined on how to prepare a tail vein catheter for intravenous injection of fluorescent dyes to trace blood flow, as well as how to measure brain pericyte calcium and local blood vessel hemodynamics (diameter, red blood cell velocity, etc.) by two photon microscopy in vivo through the cranial window in ketamine/xylazine anesthetized mice. Finally, details are provided for the analysis of calcium fluctuations and blood flow movies via the image processing algorithms developed by Barrett et al. 2018, with an emphasis on how these processes can be adapted to other cellular imaging data.

Brain Pericyte Calcium and Hemodynamic Imaging in Transgenic Mice In Vivo

This protocol presents steps to acquire and analyze fluorescent calcium images from brain ensheathing pericytes and blood flow data from nearby blood vessels in anesthetized mice. These techniques are useful for studies of mural cell physiology and can be adapted to investigate calcium transients in any cell type.

Vivo Transgenik Farelerde Beyin Perisit Kalsiyumu ve Hemodinamik Görüntüleme

Recent advances in protein biology and mouse genetics have made it possible to measure intracellular calcium fluctuations of brain cells in vivo and to ...