우리는 칼슘 이미징 프로토콜에 기여 박사 S. 스텔라와 헬렌 브엉 감사합니다. 우리는 인터뷰 장면을 촬영 박사 K. 시트 감사합니다. 우리는 원고에 그녀의 의견을 박사 아린 히라노 감사합니다. 이 연구 개발 프로젝트는 원격 진료 및 고급 기술 UCLA에서 의학의 데이비드 게펜 학교에서 저자에 의해 실시 된 미국 육군 의학 연구 및 물자 명령 (USAMRMC)에 의해 수여 및 투여 한 계약의 계약에 의해 가능하게되고, 계약 번호에서 MD 요새 Detrick에서 연구 센터 (TATRC) : W81XWH-10-2-0077. 이러한 연구에 대한 지원은 NIH의 EY04067 및 VA 훈장 검토 (NB)에서왔다. NCB는 VA 경력 연구원이다.

모든 실험은 인간의 실험실 동물의 관리 및 사용 및 캘리포니아 로스 앤젤레스 대학 (UCLA) 동물 연구위원회에 미국 공중 보건 서비스 정책에 의해 발행 된 실험 동물의 복지에 대한 지침에 따라 수행 하였다. 남성과 여성 성인 흰쥐 3-5주 세 사이 (찰스 리버 연구소, 윌 밍턴, MA)를 사용 하였다. Wholemount 망막 및 면역 프로토콜에 대한 1 동물 및 조직 준비 <ol><li> 해부 현미경, 아주 좋은 팁, ​​가위, 셀룰로오스 필터 종이, 플라스틱 피펫과 현미경 슬라이드와 두 집게 다음 재료 및 도구를 준비합니다. </li><li> 깊이 단두대로 잘린 다음 1-3% 이소 플루 란 (isoflurane)와 동물을 마취에 의해 밀폐 된 챔버에 쥐를 안락사. 세포 외 용액을 포함하는 페트리 접시에 홍채 가위와 장소 한 쌍의 눈을 제거합니다. A, 에임스 나 최대 절전 모드dium 또는 생리 학적 솔루션을 권장합니다. </li><li> [선택 단계 FLUO-4와 망막 신경절 세포의 채움이 필요한 경우]. 단계 2.3-2.4에 설명 된대로 FLUO-4 라벨을 수행합니다. </li><li> 해부 현미경 (광량 : 1.6 x 10 8 포톤 / mm 2 ⋅sec)를 사용하여, 안구의 전면을 차단하여 각막을 제거한다. 집게 안쪽 망막 표면에서 렌즈와 유리체를 제거합니다. 유리체를 제거하려면 한 forcep으로 꽉 공막을 잡고 안구를 안정. 조심스럽게 다른 forcep와 망막의 중앙으로 유리체 기반을 벗겨. 이 단계에서 준비 저온부에 사용되는 아이 컵, 불린다. 저온부에 대한 자세한 내용은 참고 문헌 (14, 15)에서 찾을 수 있습니다. </li><li> 아이 컵에서 망막을 제거합니다. 그런 다음, 네 상처는 망막 눕혀 할 수 있도록 할 수 있습니다. 조심스럽게 광 수용체 층 위로 현미경 슬라이드에 망막을 탑재합니다. 망막에 용액을 한 방울을 추가하고 CE 마크를 넣어망막에 llulose 필터 종이. 망막 여과지에 부착되면, 다시 용액 망막 배치. 필요한 경우, 브러시 또는 집게로 망막을 평평. </li><li> 고정 10 ~ 15 분 동안 4 % PFA에 wholemounted 망막을 놓습니다. </li><li> 0.1 M 인산염 완충액 (PB), pH가 7.4에서 30 분 동안 wholemounted 망막을 세 번 씻으십시오. 밤새 4 ° C에서 0.3 % 트리톤 X-100, 0.1 % NaN의 3을 포함하는 0.1 PB 5 % 정상 염소 혈청 또는 당나귀 혈청 망막을 차단합니다. 우리는 차단 솔루션과 항체를 저장하기위한 모든 단계 500 μL의 최종 볼륨을 권장합니다. </li><li> 다음 날, 4 ° C에서 차 항체 5-7일와 망막의 wholemounts을 배양한다. 최적의 희석은 사용자에 의해 결정되어야한다. </li><li> PB 0.1 M에서 망막 3 × 30 분 씻고 차 항체 (농도 1 : 1000)의 종류에 대하여 지시 된 해당 형광 접합 된 이차 항체에 4 ° C에서 하룻밤 배양한다. </li><li> PB 30 분 각각의 세 최종 세척 후, 중간 장착의 망막을 탑재합니다. 장기간 보관을위한 매니큐어와 커버 슬립을 봉쇄. 저장 샘플 4 ° C에서와 빛으로부터 보호합니다. </li></ol> 칼슘 표시기 염료와 쥐 Wholemount 망막의 신경절 세포와 축삭의 2 라벨링 <ol><li> 95 %, O2 / 5 % CO 버블 포유 동물 링거 포함 125 염화나트륨, 3의 KCl, 2 염화칼슘, 1.25의 NaH 2 PO 4, 1 MgCl2를, 25 탄산 수소 나트륨 (mm 단위)의 1,000 ml의 10 포도당을 준비 &#173; 2. </li><li> 단계 1.2-1.4에 설명 된대로 절개를 수행합니다. </li><li> 주사기를 사용하여 안구에 약 1mm 후방 시신경 그루터기에 FLUO-4 pentapotassium 염 (H 2 O에서 40 밀리미터 주)의 0.5 μl를, 칼슘 지시 염료와 망막 신경절 세포 (망막 신경절 세포)와 축색 돌기를로드 삽입하려면 . [CA에 신경절 세포의 동적 인 상승을 측정하기 2+ </SUP&gt;] 나는 그런 FLUO-4 345 nm의의의 K의 D와 높은 친 화성을 ​​가진 지표는 최적입니다. FLUO-4에 결합 할 때 칼슘&gt; 100 배의 방출 증가의 결과로 매우 높은 양자 효율을 갖는 추가적인 이점을 제공한다. </li><li> 포유 동물 링어의 95 % O 버블 2 / 5 % CO에 아이 컵을 놓고 &#173; 이 어둠 속에서 실온에서 1 시간 동안. </li></ol> 망막 신경절 세포와 축삭을위한 3 칼슘 이미징 프로토콜. <ol><li> 단계 1.1 ~ 1.4에 설명 된대로 눈, 렌즈와 유리체를 제거합니다. 아이 컵에서 망막을 분리하고 사분면으로 나눕니다. 마운트 사분면의 신경절 세포의 유리 슬라이드에면을 위로하고 안정 하프 슬라이스 그리드를 사용합니다. 어두운 적응 다른 조각을 유지 포유 동물 링어의 95 % O 버블 2 / 5 % CO에 &#173; 나중에 사용하기 위해 얼음에 2. </li><li> 포유류 링거액으로 기록 챔버와 Superfuse95 %, O2 / 5 % CO 2와 함께 지속적으로 버블 링 솔루션을 유지한다. </li><li> 이미지 현미경 조직. 실온 (~ 23 ° C에서) 또는 행동 실험, 무대를 따뜻하게 시편에서 물 목욕을 가열 또는 시료의 표면에 따뜻한 공기를 적용하여 생리 온도를 얻을 수 있습니다. 주 : 많은 세포 기능은 세포 내 항상성 (16)를 유지에 중요한 역할을 온도에 의해 조절된다는 점에 유의하는 것이 중요하다. 그러나 온난화 대책의 도입은, 열팽창 17 의한 중간 포커스 드리프트의 증발을 photobleaching에의 속도를 증가시킬 수있다. 실내 온도의 사용은 FLUO-4 (18)의 세포 내 구획화을 감소시킨다. </li><li> 약물의 부재에 두 쌍의 높은 K + 펄스들의 제어를 수행한다. 활성화하기 위해 각 펄스 동안 33 초 60는 3mm O를 [K +]를 높여 망막 신경절 세포와 축삭 RGC을 탈분극여덟 채널 중력 구동 superfusion 시스템 VGCCs. 높은 K + 용액 isosmolarity을 유지하기 위해 57 mm 정도 나 +를 줄입니다. </li><li> 일반 또는 특정 칼슘 채널 차단제의 사용과 칼슘 신호에 다른 VGCCs의 기여를 평가한다. 예를 들어, 비 특정 칼슘 채널 차단제, 코발트 투여 칼슘 신호의 감소는, 높은 K + -evoked 칼슘 신호 VGCCs의 기여의 반 정량적 측정 값을 제공 하였다. </li><li> (도 2) 관심 망막 신경절 세포 주변의 관심 (ROI)의 영역을 배치하여 형광 강도 값을 획득. </li><li> 제 높은 K + 피크에 의해 생성 된 변화에 제 높은 K + 피크에 의해 생성 된 형광 강도의 변화를 정규화한다. 이어서, 특정 칼슘 채널 차단제의 테스트를 위해, 단지 한 쌍의 제 높은 K + 펄스 동안 약물을 적용하고이 피크에 대해 정상화제 1 피크 값. 이 높은 K + 피크에 약물의 영향을 측정하기 위해 제의 의하여 제 K + 피크의 진폭을 나눈다. 분석은 약물의 부재하에 측정 한 쌍의 높은 K + 피크로부터 유도 그들의 정합 제어에 대하여 이러한 값을 수행하여야한다. </li><li> 5 초 간격으로 이미지를 획득. 광 탈색을 방지하기 위해 가능한 한 낮은 레이저 구동을 유지한다. 광전자 증 배관은 505 나노 LP 필터로 형광 방출을 수집하면서, 아르곤 레이저의 488 nm의 라인으로 음원을 제공한다. </li></ol>

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저자는 공시가 없습니다.

1) 면역 조직 화학 망막 wholemounts의 신경절 세포에 FLUO-4 현지화를 보여, 2) 칼슘 이미징 망막 신경절 세포 축색 돌기 칼슘 역학을 분석하기 위해이 문서에서 우리는 두 가지 기술을 설명했다. wholemounts을 사용하여 면역 조직 화학 20-23 망막 설치류에서 단백질의 현지화를 나타 내기 위해 사용되었다. 그러나, 몇 가지 제한이있다. 염색의 품질은 그 각각의 항원과 관심 특...

현재 1,2 채널 Ca는 전체 셀의 이들 성분의 약리 봉쇄를 통해 결정된 바와 같이 망막 신경절 세포 (망막 신경절 세포는) L-, N-, P / Q- 및 T 형 VGCC 표현. VGCC 송신기 자료, 유전자 전사, 세포 조절과 시냅스 가소성의 3,4,5에 참여하는 횡단 다중 체 단백질이다. 한 기공 채널의 생물 물리학 적 및 약리학 적 특성, 주로 세포 외 보조 α이 δ 소단위와 세포 내 β 서브 유닛을 설정 서브 유닛을 형성 α 대형, 횡단 : 기능 VGCCs은 서브 유닛 중 적어도 세 가지 클래스로 구성되어 있습니다. 다른 한 α 소단위와 후자의 두 형태 heteromeric 복합체와 세포막 6 채널의 게이팅 동력학 및 매매를 변경. 최근 수십 년 동안 많은 기술은 단백질 expre을 연구하기 위해 사용되었다이러한 면역 조직 화학, 효소 면역 분석법, 서부 분석 및 유동 세포 계측법 등 ssion. 이러한 기술은 주어진 관심 단백질의 검출을 위해 특정 항체의 사용을 필요로하고 다른 조직에서 지역화 특정 단백질의 분포를위한 강력한 도구를 제공한다. 항체가 용이하지 않을 때 예컨대 노던 블롯 분석과 같은 특정 단백질의 mRNA 발현 수준을 검출하고 정량화하기 위해 사용되는 기술은, RT-PCR은 실시간 정량 RT-PCR은, 동일계 하이브리드 화에서의 cDNA 마이크로 어레이 및 리보 뉴 클레아 제 보호 어 세이는 대안적인 접근법을 제공한다 특정 단백질을 사용할 경우 또는 발현 수준 7 낮다. 그러나, 이러한 분자 기술의 사용에 대한 제한은 하나의 유전자 서열의 신분증이다. 망막에서 단백질을 지역화하기 위해 면역 조직 화학 염색은 wholemount 망막 수행 할 수 있습니다. 망막 신경절 세포의 접근성, wholemount 인해준비는 RGC의 세포체와 축색 돌기 특정 단백질의 현지화를 연구 할 수있는 훌륭한 플랫폼을 제공합니다. 현지화 외에도, 망막 신경절 세포에서 VGCCs 일부 기능적 특성은 칼슘 이미징 기술의 사용을 통해 입증 될 수있다. 우리는 선택적으로 세포 내 칼슘의 동력학을 측정하는 칼슘 지시 염료와 망막 신경절 세포에 레이블 칼슘 촬상 프로토콜을 설명한다. 다른 세포 구획에서 칼슘 신호에 다른 VGCCs의 기여도는 특정 서브 타입 칼슘 채널 차단제를 이용하여 분리 할 수​​있다. 아마도 여기서 설명 칼슘 이미징 기술의 가장 이로운 측면 중 하나는 독립적으로 동시에 다수의 망막 신경절 세포 및 그들의 축삭에서 기록하는 기능이다. 이러한 전체 세포 패치 클램프 녹음 등 많은 생리 학적 기술은 높은 시간 해상도 막 전류의 기록, 신체 또는 살전의 축삭 소스를 제공하지만기록 된 전자 전류는 구별 될 수없고 레코딩은 한번에 하나의 신경 세포로부터 제조 될 수있다. 다중 전극 배열 (다자간)는 동시에 여러 셀들로부터 스파이크를 기록 할 수 있지만, 검출되지도의 활성화를 구별, 칼슘 채널의 예를 들면, 상이한 서브 타입 둘 수있다. 우선적으로 대형 스파이크 구를 생성하는 세포에서 주어진 전극 (8) 기록에 가까이에있는 세포에서 기록 MEAS. 광학 이미징 방법은 단일 세포 미세 전극 및 패치 클램프 기록 MEA 기록에 의한 정보로 통합 될 수있는 세포의 전체 인구의 동시 독립적 녹화 가능하도록 대체 전략을 제공한다. 여기에 설명 된 칼슘 이미징 기술은 망막 신경절 세포의 칼슘 동역학을 연구하기 위해 사용되었지만, 패치 클램프 및 다자간 또한 상기 이온 전류 및 망막 신경절 세포의 특성을 규명 급상승 병렬로 사용될 수있다. <p클래스 = &quot;jove_content&quot;&gt; 변위 무 축삭 세포 10 망막 마우스의 신경절 세포 층에서의 신경 인구의 약 60 %를 차지하기 때문에, 우리의 목표는 선택적으로 합성 칼슘 지시 염료와 망막 신경절 세포를 라벨 로딩 기술을 사용하는 것이었다 wholemount 준비. 합성 칼슘 지표 염료는 세포 내 칼슘 역학 연구를위한 훌륭한 플랫폼을 제공하지만, 널리 사용은 효과적으로 주어진 네트워크 내에서 신경 세포의 특정 인구를로드 할 수없는 방해하고있다. 같은 대량로드 (11)와 일렉트로의 8,12와 같은 많은 기술은 세포의 전체 인구는, 그러나, 이러한 기술은 특정 세포 유형을 구별하지 않는로드하기 위해 수행되었다. 유전자 칼슘 지표 선택적으로 세포의 특정 집단 레이블을 할 수있는 능력을 제공하는 부호화 그러나 이러한 방법은 형질 전환 동물 (13)의 생성을 요구한다. 우리의 기술 방식 운전 방식을 설명d를 선택적으로 칼슘 지시 염료의 시신경 그루터기 주입을 통해 wholemount 준비 망막 신경절 세포 레이블을. 이와 함께,이 문서에 설명 된 구조와 생리 학적 기술은 망막 신경절 세포와 축색 돌기의 현지화 및 칼슘 신호에 VGCCs의 기여를 공부하는 플랫폼을 제공합니다.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="676">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Straight scissors</td>
			<td style="width:112px;">WPI</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">14124-G</td>
			<td style="width:229px;">dissecting tools</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Straight Forceps</td>
			<td style="width:112px;">WPI</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">501985</td>
			<td>dissecting tools</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">curved iris scissors</td>
			<td style="width:112px;">WPI</td>
			<td>504487</td>
			<td>dissecting tools</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Cellulose filter paper</td>
			<td style="width:112px;">Millipore</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">HABP04700</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Hibernate A</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td><a href="http://products.invitrogen.com/ivgn/en/US/adirect/invitrogen?cmd=catProductDetail&amp;productID=A1247501">A12475-01</a></td>
			<td>Media</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Vectashield</td>
			<td>Vector</td>
			<td>H-1000&#160;</td>
			<td><a href="https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=1&amp;cad=rja&amp;sqi=2&amp;ved=0CC0QFjAA&amp;url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vectorlabs.com%2Fcatalog.aspx%3FcatID%3D279&amp;ei=VAHbUb_fBceeiQLK2IHIDw&amp;usg=AFQjCNHijFTTB8p19FMPQ5hg_qTawXU9mA&amp;sig2=FJCfB9fzKR_TmjxoGvhLcg&amp;bvm=bv.48705608,d.cGE">Mounting Media for Fluorescence</a></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Fluo-4 pentapotassium</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>F-14200</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Isoflurane</td>
			<td>Abbott Laboratories</td>
			<td>05260-05</td>
			<td>anesthesia</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Microscope slide</td>
			<td style="width:112px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">22-178-277</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Zeiss LSM 5 Pascal microscope</td>
			<td style="width:112px;">Zeiss</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Axioplan 40x (NA 0.8) objective lens</td>
			<td style="width:112px;">Zeiss</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Alexa Fluor 488 Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG (H+L) Antibody</td>
			<td style="width:112px;">Molecular Probes</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A-11034</td>
			<td>Secondary antibody</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">RBPMS</td>
			<td style="width:112px;">ProSci, Poway, CA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>A rabbit polyclonal antibody&#160;was generated against the N-terminus of the RBPMS&#160;polypeptide (RBPMS4-24), GGKAEKENTPSEANLQEEEVR, by a commercial vendor (ProSci, Poway, CA).</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

immunohistochemical and calcium imaging methods in wholemount rat retina

본 논문에서 우리는 도구, 시약 및에 필요한 실제적인 단계를 설명 : 면역 조직 화학 염색에 대한 wholemount 망막의 1) 성공적인 준비를하고, 망막에서 칼슘 신호 전달을 매개 전압 게이트 칼슘 채널 (VGCC)의 연구를위한 2) 칼슘 이미징 신경절 세포. 칼슘 촬상 방법 우리 신경절 세포 층에서의 변위 무 축삭 세포의 비특이적 로딩 우회 관한 문제를 설명한다.

특정 항체를 Immunolabeling은 망막과 칼슘 이미징 기술에 대한 관심의 특정 단백질의 현지화를 연구하는 플랫폼을 제공하는 망막 신경절 세포 축색 돌기의 칼슘 역학 VGCCs의 기여에 대한 연구를 허용합니다. 신경절 세포 단백질 RBPMS에 대해 선택적으로 망막 신경절 세포 (19) 레이블 (다중 접합와 RNA 결합 단백질)을 항체를 사용하여, 우리는 FLUO-4 라벨은 신경절 세포 <strong...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Immunohistochemical and Calcium Imaging Methods in Wholemount Rat Retina at JoVE.com

Immunohistochemical and Calcium Imaging Methods in Wholemount Rat Retina

면역 프로토콜은 망막에있는 특정 단백질의 현지화를 연구하는 데 사용됩니다. 칼슘 이미징 기술은 망막 신경절 세포 축색 돌기 칼슘 역학을 연구하기 위해 사용된다.

Wholemount 쥐의 망막에서 면역 조직 화학 및 칼슘 이미징 방법

In this paper we describe the tools, reagents, and the practical steps that are needed for: 1) successful preparation of wholemount retinas for ...

immunohistochemical-calcium-imaging-methods-wholemount-rat

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

14.4K 조회수.  University of California, Los Angeles.  면역 프로토콜은 망막에있는 특정 단백질의 현지화를 연구하는 데 사용됩니다. 칼슘 이미징 기술은 망막 신경절 세포 축색 돌기 칼슘 역학을 연구하기 위해 사용된다. 

비디오: Immunohistochemical and Calcium Imaging Methods in Wholemount Rat Retina

Functional Calcium Imaging in Developing Cortical Networks

A hallmark pattern of activity in developing nervous systems is spontaneous, synchronized network activity. Synchronized activity has been observed in intact spinal cord, brainstem, retina, cortex and dissociated neuronal culture preparations. During periods of spontaneous activity, neurons depolarize to fire single or bursts of action potentials, activating many ion channels. Depolarization activates voltage-gated calcium channels on dendrites and spines that mediate calcium influx. Highly synchronized electrical activity has been measured from local neuronal networks using field electrodes. This technique enables high temporal sampling rates but lower spatial resolution due to integrated read-out of multiple neurons at one electrode. Single cell resolution of neuronal activity is possible using patch-clamp electrophysiology on single neurons to measure firing activity. However, the ability to measure from a network is limited to the number of neurons patched simultaneously, and typically is only one or two neurons. The use of calcium-dependent fluorescent indicator dyes has enabled the measurement of synchronized activity across a network of cells. This technique gives both high spatial resolution and sufficient temporal sampling to record spontaneous activity of the developing network.
A key feature of newly-forming cortical and hippocampal networks during pre- and early postnatal development is spontaneous, synchronized neuronal activity (Katz &amp; Shatz, 1996; Khaziphov &amp; Luhmann, 2006). This correlated network activity is believed to be essential for the generation of functional circuits in the developing nervous system (Spitzer, 2006). In both primate and rodent brain, early electrical and calcium network waves are observed pre- and postnatally in vivo and in vitro (Adelsberger et al., 2005; Garaschuk et al., 2000; Lamblin et al., 1999). These early activity patterns, which are known to control several developmental processes including neuronal differentiation, synaptogenesis and plasticity (Rakic &amp; Komuro, 1995; Spitzer et al., 2004) are of critical importance for the correct development and maturation of the cortical circuitry.
In this JoVE video, we demonstrate the methods used to image spontaneous activity in developing cortical networks. Calcium-sensitive indicators, such as Fura 2-AM ester diffuse across the cell membrane where intracellular esterase activity cleaves the AM esters to leave the cell-impermeant form of indicator dye. The impermeant form of indicator has carboxylic acid groups which are able to then detect and bind calcium ions intracellularly.. The fluorescence of the calcium-sensitive dye is transiently altered upon binding to calcium. Single or multi-photon imaging techniques are used to measure the change in photons being emitted from the dye, and thus indicate an alteration in intracellular calcium. Furthermore, these calcium-dependent indicators can be combined with other fluorescent markers to investigate cell types within the active network.

Spontaneous activity of developing neuronal networks can be measured using AM-ester forms of calcium-sensitive indicator dyes. Changes in intracellular calcium, indicating neuronal activation, are detected as transient changes in indicator fluorescence with one- or two-photon imaging. This protocol can be adapted for a range of developmentally-dependent neuronal networks in vitro.

두피 네트워크 개발에 기능성 칼슘 이미징

A hallmark pattern of activity in developing nervous systems is spontaneous, synchronized network activity. Synchronized activity has been observed in ...

연구

신경과학

Wholemount Immunohistochemistry for Revealing Complex Brain Topography

The repeated and well-understood cellular architecture of the cerebellum make it an ideal model system for exploring brain topography. Underlying its relatively uniform cytoarchitecture is a complex array of parasagittal domains of gene and protein expression. The molecular compartmentalization of the cerebellum is mirrored by the anatomical and functional organization of afferent fibers. To fully appreciate the complexity of cerebellar organization we previously refined a wholemount staining approach for high throughput analysis of patterning defects in the mouse cerebellum. This protocol describes in detail the reagents, tools, and practical steps that are useful to successfully reveal protein expression patterns in the adult mouse cerebellum by using wholemount immunostaining. The steps highlighted here demonstrate the utility of this method using the expression of zebrinII/aldolaseC as an example of how the fine topography of the brain can be revealed in its native three-dimensional conformation. Also described are adaptations to the protocol that allow for the visualization of protein expression in afferent projections and large cerebella for comparative studies of molecular topography. To illustrate these applications, data from afferent staining of the rat cerebellum are included.

Neural circuits are topographically organized into functional compartments with specific molecular profiles. Here, we provide the practical and technical steps for revealing global brain topography using a versatile wholemount immunohistochemical staining approach. We demonstrate the utility of the method using the well-understood cytoarchitecture and circuitry of cerebellum.

의미 심장한 복잡한 두뇌 지형에 대한 Wholemount Immunohistochemistry

The repeated and well-understood cellular architecture of the cerebellum make it an ideal model system for exploring brain topography. Underlying its ...

In vivo Neuronal Calcium Imaging in C. elegans

The nematode worm C. elegans is an ideal model organism for relatively simple, low cost neuronal imaging in vivo. Its small transparent body and simple, well-characterized nervous system allows identification and fluorescence imaging of any neuron within the intact animal. Simple immobilization techniques with minimal impact on the animal's physiology allow extended time-lapse imaging. The development of genetically-encoded calcium sensitive fluorophores such as cameleon 1 and GCaMP 2 allow in vivo imaging of neuronal calcium relating both cell physiology and neuronal activity. Numerous transgenic strains expressing these fluorophores in specific neurons are readily available or can be constructed using well-established techniques. Here, we describe detailed procedures for measuring calcium dynamics within a single neuron in vivo using both GCaMP and cameleon. We discuss advantages and disadvantages of both as well as various methods of sample preparation (animal immobilization) and image analysis. Finally, we present results from two experiments: 1) Using GCaMP to measure the sensory response of a specific neuron to an external electrical field and 2) Using cameleon to measure the physiological calcium response of a neuron to traumatic laser damage. Calcium imaging techniques such as these are used extensively in C. elegans and have been extended to measurements in freely moving animals, multiple neurons simultaneously and comparison across genetic backgrounds. C. elegans presents a robust and flexible system for in vivo neuronal imaging with advantages over other model systems in technical simplicity and cost.

In vivo Neuronal Calcium Imaging in C. elegans

With its small transparent body, well-documented neuroanatomy and a host of amenable genetic techniques and reagents, C. elegans makes an ideal model organism for in vivo neuronal imaging using relatively simple, low-cost techniques. Here we describe single neuron imaging within intact adult animals using genetically encoded fluorescent calcium indicators.

C.의 생체 Neuronal 칼슘 이미징에서 elegans

The nematode worm C. elegans is an ideal model organism  for relatively simple, low cost neuronal imaging in vivo. Its small transparent body and simple, ...

Immunohistochemical Analysis in the Rat Central Nervous System and Peripheral Lymph Node Tissue Sections

Immunohistochemistry (IHC) provides highly specific, reliable and attractive protein visualization. Correct performance and interpretation of an IHC-based multicolor labeling is challenging, especially when utilized for assessing interrelations between target proteins in the tissue with a high fat content such as the central nervous system (CNS).
Our protocol represents a refinement of the standard immunolabeling technique particularly adjusted for detection of both structural and soluble proteins in the rat CNS and peripheral lymph nodes (LN) affected by neuroinflammation. Nonetheless, with or without further modifications, our protocol could likely be used for detection of other related protein targets, even in other organs and species than here presented.

We here present an optimized, detailed protocol for double immunostaining in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded rat central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral lymph node (LN) tissue sections.

쥐 중추 신경계에서 면역 조직 화학 분석 및 주변 림프절 조직 섹션

Immunohistochemistry (IHC) provides highly specific, reliable and attractive protein visualization. Correct performance and interpretation of an IHC-based ...

Non-invasive Parenchymal, Vascular and Metabolic High-frequency Ultrasound and Photoacoustic Rat Deep Brain Imaging

Photoacoustics and high frequency ultrasound stands out as powerful tools for neurobiological applications enabling high-resolution imaging on the central nervous system of small animals. However, transdermal and transcranial neuroimaging is frequently affected by low sensitivity, image aberrations and loss of space resolution, requiring scalp or even skull removal before imaging. To overcome this challenge, a new protocol is presented to gain significant insights in brain hemodynamics by photoacoustic and high-frequency ultrasounds imaging with the animal skin and skull intact. The procedure relies on the passage of ultrasound (US) waves and laser directly through the fissures that are naturally present on the animal cranium. By juxtaposing the imaging transducer device exactly in correspondence to these selected areas where the skull has a reduced thickness or is totally absent, one can acquire high quality deep images and explore internal brain regions that are usually difficult to anatomically or functionally describe without an invasive approach. By applying this experimental procedure, significant data can be collected in both sonic and optoacoustic modalities, enabling to image the parenchymal and the vascular anatomy far below the head surface. Deep brain features such as parenchymal convolutions and fissures separating the lobes were clearly visible. Moreover, the configuration of large and small blood vessels was imaged at several millimeters of depth, and precise information were collected about blood fluxes, vascular stream velocities and the hemoglobin chemical state. This repertoire of data could be crucial in several research contests, ranging from brain vascular disease studies to experimental techniques involving the systemic administration of exogenous chemicals or other objects endowed with imaging contrast enhancement properties. In conclusion, thanks to the presented protocol, the US and PA techniques become an attractive noninvasive performance-competitive means for cortical and internal brain imaging, retaining a significant potential in many neurologic fields.

The present work describes a new protocol to perform non-invasive high-frequency ultrasound and photoacoustic based imaging on rat brain, to efficiently visualize deep subcortical regions and their vascular patterns by directing signals on skull foramina naturally present on animal cranium.

비 침습적 실질, 혈관 및 대사 고주파 초음파 및 광 음향 쥐 뇌 심부 이미징

Photoacoustics and high frequency ultrasound stands out as powerful tools for neurobiological applications enabling high-resolution imaging on the central ...

Transpupillary Two-Photon In Vivo Imaging of the Mouse Retina

The retina transforms light signals from the environment into electrical signals that are propagated to the brain. Diseases of the retina are prevalent and cause visual impairment and blindness. Understanding how such diseases progress is critical to formulating new treatments. In vivo&#160;microscopy in animal models of disease is a powerful tool for understanding neurodegeneration and has led to important progress towards treatments of conditions ranging from Alzheimer&#39;s disease to stroke. Given that the retina is the only central nervous system structure inherently accessible by optical approaches, it naturally lends itself towards in vivo imaging. However, the native optics of the lens and cornea present some challenges for effective imaging access.
This protocol outlines methods for in vivo two-photon imaging of cellular cohorts and structures in the mouse retina at cellular resolution, applicable for both acute- and chronic-duration imaging experiments. It presents examples of retinal ganglion cell (RGC), amacrine cell, microglial, and vascular imaging using a suite of labeling techniques including adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors, transgenic mice, and inorganic dyes. Importantly, these techniques extend to all cell types of the retina, and suggested methods for accessing other cellular populations of interest are described. Also detailed are example strategies for manual image postprocessing for display and quantification. These techniques are directly applicable to studies of retinal function in health and disease.

In vivo imaging is a powerful tool for the study of biology in health and disease. This protocol describes transpupillary imaging of the mouse retina with a standard two-photon microscope. It also demonstrates different in vivoimaging methods to fluorescently label multiple cellular cohorts of the retina.

경동공 이광자 마우스 망막의 생체 내 이미징

The retina transforms light signals from the environment into electrical signals that are propagated to the brain. Diseases of the retina are prevalent ...

In vivo Calcium Imaging in Mouse Inferior Olive

Inferior olive (IO), a nucleus in the ventral medulla, is the only source of climbing fibers that form one of the two input pathways entering the cerebellum. IO has long been proposed to be crucial for motor control and its activity is currently considered to be at the center of many hypotheses of both motor and cognitive functions of the cerebellum. While its physiology and function have been relatively well studied on single-cell level in vitro, presently there are no reports on the organization of the IO network activity in living animals. This is largely due to the extremely challenging anatomical location of the IO, making it difficult to subject to conventional fluorescent imaging methods, where an optic path must be created through the entire brain located dorsally to the region of interest.
Here we describe an alternative method for obtaining state-of-the-art -level calcium imaging data from the IO network. The method takes advantage of the extreme ventral location of the IO and involves a surgical procedure for inserting a gradient-refractive index (GRIN) lens through the neck viscera to come into contact with the ventral surface of the calcium sensor GCaMP6s-expressing IO in anesthetized mice. A representative calcium imaging recording is shown to demonstrate the feasibility to record IO neuron activity after the surgery. While this is a non-survival surgery and the recordings must be conducted under anesthesia, it avoids damage to life-critical brainstem nuclei and allows conducting large variety of experiments investigating spatiotemporal activity patterns and input integration in the IO. This procedure with modifications could be used for recordings in other, adjacent regions of the ventral brainstem.

In vivo Calcium Imaging in Mouse Inferior Olive

We present a protocol to expose the brainstem of adult mouse from the ventral side. By using a gradient-refractive index lens with a miniature microscope, calcium imaging can be used to examine the activity of inferior olive neural somata in vivo.

생체 내 마우스 열등올리브의 칼슘 이미징

Inferior olive (IO), a nucleus in the ventral medulla, is the only source of climbing fibers that form one of the two input pathways entering the ...

Brain Pericyte Calcium and Hemodynamic Imaging in Transgenic Mice In Vivo

Recent advances in protein biology and mouse genetics have made it possible to measure intracellular calcium fluctuations of brain cells in vivo and to correlate this with local hemodynamics. This protocol uses transgenic mice that have been prepared with a chronic cranial window and express the genetically encoded calcium indicator, RCaMP1.07, under the &#945;-smooth muscle actin promoter to specifically label mural cells, such as vascular smooth muscle cells and ensheathing pericytes. Steps are outlined on how to prepare a tail vein catheter for intravenous injection of fluorescent dyes to trace blood flow, as well as how to measure brain pericyte calcium and local blood vessel hemodynamics (diameter, red blood cell velocity, etc.) by two photon microscopy in vivo through the cranial window in ketamine/xylazine anesthetized mice. Finally, details are provided for the analysis of calcium fluctuations and blood flow movies via the image processing algorithms developed by Barrett et al. 2018, with an emphasis on how these processes can be adapted to other cellular imaging data.

Brain Pericyte Calcium and Hemodynamic Imaging in Transgenic Mice In Vivo

This protocol presents steps to acquire and analyze fluorescent calcium images from brain ensheathing pericytes and blood flow data from nearby blood vessels in anesthetized mice. These techniques are useful for studies of mural cell physiology and can be adapted to investigate calcium transients in any cell type.

생체 내 트랜스제닉 마우스의 뇌 성 구체 칼슘 및 혈역학 이미징

Recent advances in protein biology and mouse genetics have made it possible to measure intracellular calcium fluctuations of brain cells in vivo and to ...

Subcellular Imaging of Neuronal Calcium Handling In Vivo

Calcium (Ca2+) imaging has been largely used to examine neuronal activity, but it is becoming increasingly clear that subcellular Ca2+ handling is a crucial component of intracellular signaling. The visualization of subcellular Ca2+ dynamics in vivo,&#160;where neurons can be studied in their native, intact circuitry, has proven technically challenging in complex nervous systems. The transparency and relatively simple nervous system of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans enable the cell-specific expression and in vivo visualization of fluorescent tags and indicators. Among these are fluorescent indicators that have been modified for use in the cytoplasm as well as various subcellular compartments, such as the mitochondria. This protocol enables non-ratiometric Ca2+ imaging in vivo with a subcellular resolution that permits the analysis of Ca2+ dynamics down to the level of individual dendritic spines and mitochondria. Here, two available genetically encoded indicators with different Ca2+ affinities are used to demonstrate the use of this protocol for measuring relative Ca2+ levels within the cytoplasm or mitochondrial matrix in a single pair of excitatory interneurons (AVA). Together with the genetic manipulations and longitudinal observations possible in C. elegans, this imaging protocol may be useful for answering questions regarding how Ca2+ handling regulates neuronal function and plasticity.

Subcellular Imaging of Neuronal Calcium Handling In Vivo

The current methods describe a non-ratiometric approach for high-resolution, sub-compartmental calcium imaging in vivo in Caenorhabditis elegans using readily available genetically encoded calcium indicators.

생체 내에서 처리되는 신경 칼슘의 세포 내 이미징

Calcium (Ca2+) imaging has been largely used to examine neuronal activity, but it is becoming increasingly clear that subcellular Ca2+ handling is a ...

Superior Colliculus의 Two-photon 및 Wide-field Calcium 이미징

Calcium Imaging in Mouse Superior Colliculus

The superior colliculus (SC), an evolutionarily conserved midbrain structure in all vertebrates, is the most sophisticated visual center before the emergence of the cerebral cortex. It receives direct inputs from ~30 types of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), with each encoding a specific visual feature. It remains elusive whether the SC simply inherits retinal features or if additional and potentially de novo processing occurs in the SC. To reveal the neural coding of visual information in the SC, we provide here a detailed protocol to optically record visual responses with two complementary methods in awake mice. One method uses two-photon microscopy to image calcium activity at single-cell resolution without ablating the overlaying cortex, while the other uses wide-field microscopy to image the whole SC of a mutant mouse whose cortex is largely undeveloped. This protocol details these two methods, including animal preparation, viral injection, headplate implantation, plug implantation, data acquisition, and data analysis. The representative results show that the two-photon calcium imaging reveals visually evoked neuronal responses at single-cell resolution, and the wide-field calcium imaging reveals&#160;neural activity across the entire SC. By combining these two methods, one can reveal the neural coding in the SC at different scales, and such combination can also be applied to other brain regions.

저자 스포트라이트: Unveiling Neural Coding and Mechanisms of Visual Processing in the Superior Colliculus 

This protocol details the procedure for imaging calcium responses in the superior colliculus (SC) of awake mice, including imaging single-neuron activity with two-photon microscopy while leaving the cortex intact in wild-type mice, and imaging the entire SC with wide-field microscopy in partial-cortex mutant mice.

Mouse Superior Colliculus의 칼슘 이미징

The superior colliculus (SC), an evolutionarily conserved midbrain structure in all vertebrates, is the most sophisticated visual center before the ...