私たちは、原稿上で貴重な議論のためにイ·ラボのメンバーに感謝したいと思います。李研究室での作業は、細胞研究基金（TEDCO）を幹ニューヨーク幹細胞財団のロバートソン研究者賞からメリーランド州からの補助金によって支えられている。

1。細胞の作製とメディア（1日目） <ol><li>文化DMEM培地を10％FBSを含むヒト線維芽細胞を展開します。 </li><li>形質導入の前日に、ウェル当たり、適切な密度で24穴プレートにプレートヒト線維芽細胞（ 図1）。 注：異なる種類の細胞が別の添付ファイルの能力を持っているので、次の段階希釈は（200K、100K、50K、25K、12.5Kと6.25K）をお勧めします。 </li><li>細胞が完全に付着して拡張している確保し、37℃、5％CO 2インキュベーター内でもう一日のために細胞をインキュベートする。 </li></ol> 2。伝達を行います（2日目） <ol><li>形質導入当日、細胞密度を確認し、最も効率的な濃度ウェル（ 図2）を選んだ。高い（80〜90％）、中間（50〜70％）と低い（20〜40％）という3つの異なる密度を選択することをお勧めします。 </li><li>少なくとも1時間の形質導入の前に、fibroblを吸引AST細胞からの培地および線維芽細胞培地を新しい300μLを変更してください。 </li><li> -80℃保存から4異なるセンダイウイルス管の1セットを削除。数秒間37℃の水浴中で同時に各チューブを解凍し、次いで水浴から取り出し、チューブを取る。その後、室温にそれらを解凍する;遠心管10秒6000×gで、使用するまで氷の上に置きます。価が維持されませんので、凍結の再、ウイルスを解凍しないでください。 </li><li>マイクロ遠心チューブに4センダイウイルスチューブ（10月 - 4、KLF-4、C-MycおよびSOX-2）のそれぞれの示されたボリュームを追加します。溶液を静かにピペッティングすることによって十分に混合されていることを確認してください。 例えば、50K細胞/形質導入のために、24ウェルプレートlookwellの1つのウェルの場合： （ライフ·テクノロジーズからの分析証明書に基づいて力価は、バッチ間とは異なる場合があります） チューブhOct-4 = 6.0×10 7 CIU、3 MOI = 5μL チューブhSox-2 = 6.5×10 7 CIU、3 MOI = 4.6μ; L チューブhKlf-4 = 6.3×10 7 CIU、3 MOI = 4.8μL チューブHC-Mycを= 7.8×10 7 CIU、3 MOI = 3.8μL 4ウイルス要因の混合物の合計= 18.2μL/ 1 24ウェルプレートの（50K細胞） </li><li>細胞密度に応じて;ウェルにウイルス混合物の2X、1X、および0.5Xボリュームを追加。優しく（2X：ウイルス混合物の36.4μL、1X：18.2μLおよび0.5X：9.1μl）を左右にバックアップする板前を振る。 </li><li> 37℃、5％CO 2インキュベーター中で細胞を置き、一晩インキュベートする。 </li></ol> 3。培養液の交換（3日目·5日目） <ol><li>形質導入後24時間は、500μlの新鮮な線維芽細胞培地で培地を交換してください。 </li><li> 5日目に、新鮮な線維芽細胞培地による培地交換。 </li></ol> 4。共培養のためのMEFの料理を準備（8日目） <ol><li> 10％60mm培養皿でMEF細胞を調製FBSをDMEM培地を一ダを含有MEFフィーダー細胞上に形質導入​​線維芽細胞を継代する前に、Y。 注：我々は、各60ミリメートル皿にMEFの5×10 5を使用しています。 </li></ol> 5。MEFフィーダー細胞（9日目）との共培養形質導入細胞を開始します<ol><li>形質導入した細胞をプレーティングする前に、吸引FBSをMEFフィーダー皿からDMEM培地を含有し、新しい10％FBSを追加10％DMEM培地を含有した。 </li><li> 24ウェルプレートである形質導入線維芽細胞から培地を除去し、D-PBSで細胞を1回洗浄します。 24ウェルプレートinthe線維芽細胞に0.25％トリプシン/ EDTAを200μlを加える。細胞をプレートから剥離を開始したときにトリプシン/ EDTAで5分未満のインキュベーションの後、15mlのコニカルチューブに、増殖培地で細胞を集める。その後4分間6000×gで、それらを遠心分離する。 注：プーリング2X、1X、および0.5Xウイルス形質導入線維芽細胞を推奨します。 </li><li>上清培地を除去して再懸濁する洗うトリプシンの中和のための新鮮な線維芽細胞培地4〜5 mlの細胞ペレット。その後、4分間135×gで、それらを遠心する。 </li><li>プレート連続希釈濃度として細胞およびMEF上に線維芽細胞培地で共培養を開始する：例えば、1/64、1/32、1/16、1/8、1/4、1/2など、及び1/128 60あたりmmディッシュ。形質導入の最初の週の間の細胞死率に応じて、1、1/2または1/128の濃度に希釈する必要はないかもしれません。導入遺伝子のRT-PCRのポジティブコントロールとして、全RNAを抽出するために脇に残った細胞を入れた。 </li><li>一晩37℃、5％CO 2インキュベーター内で60ミリメートルの皿を置きます。 </li></ol> 6。ヒト胚性幹細胞培地をフィードし、細胞（10日目）を監視します<ol><li>翌日、10μMのY-27632で、ヒトESメディアに線維芽細胞のメディアを変更してください。その後、ヒトES培地により毎日培地交換：800ミリリットルDMEM/F12 + 200ミリリットルノックアウト血清代替+ 10mlのL-グルタミン+10 10 mMのMEM最小非必須アミノ酸の中塩基性線維芽細胞成長因子の2 - メルカプトエタノール+ 10 ng / mlの+の1ミリリットル。 </li><li>新鮮なヒトESメディアで毎日の培地交換を行います。週間後に、ESコロニー様細胞塊の形成のために、顕微鏡下で一回あたり2〜3日の料理をご確認ください。コロニーが発見される前に、細胞型に応じて、培養物は、多かれ少なかれ時間がかかる。 </li></ol> 7。人工多能性をピッキングすると、細胞コロニーをステムと細胞（20日目〜）を展開<ol><li>三週間の形質導入後、コロニーピッキング適切に成長し表示されます。 </li><li>コロニーピッキング前日に、24ウェルプレートにMEFフィーダーを用意。 注：我々は1つの24ウェルプレートにMEFの12.5×10 5を使用しています。 </li><li>翌日、10μMのY-27632で、ヒトESメディアに線維芽メディアからMEF料理のメディアを変更してください。手動でピッキング·フード内で顕微鏡下たびに1コロニーを採取し、ピペッティングにより小さい塊を作り、それらを転送新たにいくつかのクローンを選択するMEF dishes.Tryを準備の上。 </li><li>通路及び当初は6ウェルプレートに24ウェルプレートから各ウェル展開します。その後、6ウェルプレートからさらに伝播する前に、60ミリメートル料理に。 </li></ol> （10継代後に）人間性IPSCの8。キャラ<ol><li> 免疫蛍光 <ol><li>毎日培地を交換して4〜5日間、24ウェルプレートや文化の中でプレート人間性IPSC。 </li><li>免疫蛍光アッセイを開始するため、かつてのD-PBSでプレートを洗浄する。その後、30分間、0.4％パラホルムアルデヒド中で、すぐに細胞を固定。その後5分間D-PBSで3回洗浄する。 </li><li>室温で15分間、PBS中0.1％トリトンX-100溶液で固定した細胞を治療する。 </li><li>透過化溶液（0.1％トリトンX-100溶液）を吸引し、次いで室温で1時間0.5％BSAブロッキング溶液を加える。 </li><li> Nanogの、10月〜4、SSEA（段階特異的胚性antigの検出を行うエン）及びTRA-1-81、0.5％BSA溶液中の抗ヒト抗体を用いた（腫瘍拒絶抗原）（抗体希釈率の材料テーブルをチェック）。室温で2時間一次抗体をインキュベートする。その後、5分ごとにD-PBSで3回洗浄する。 </li><li>室温で0.5％のBSA溶液で1:2000に希釈された第 2 抗体としてAlexa Fluor 488ヤギ抗マウスIgG抗体とのインキュベーションの1時間後に蛍光顕微鏡を用いて確認する。 DAPIで各MEFフィーダー細胞とhiPSCsの全ての核を染色する。 </li></ol></li><li> 導入遺伝子の確認のRT-PCR <ol><li> RNA抽出試薬を用いて細胞ペレットから全mRNAを抽出する。 </li><li>逆転写酵素によるPCR増幅のための全RNAおよび得られたcDNAの分量に逆転写（1μgのを）やる。 </li><li> cDNAテンプレートの2μL、2X PCRマスターミックスを10μl、プライマーの2ピコモルの2液を含むようにPCR混合物を準備します（フォワード：1μLおよびリバース：1μL）とDWの6μL。 表1に列挙されるプライマーを用いてRT-PCRを行い、遺伝子発現を検出する。 </li><li>増幅反応の効率のコントロールとしてGAPDH遺伝子を用いたRT-PCRを行う。 1％アガロースゲル電気泳動でPCR産物を可視化して分析する。 </li></ol></li></ol>

<ol>
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著者らは、開示することは何もありません。

hiPSCsにヒト体細胞を再プログラミングすることは、基本的な生物学、個人的な医学、移植12で前例のない約束を保持している。このような薬剤の開発および移植治療13などのさらなる臨床応用を制限する望ましくない遺伝子変異を作成することができ、宿主ゲノムへと統合リスクが以前に、人間のIPSC世代に必要なDNAウイルス。このような理由で、多くの研究は、いくつかの代...

ヒト胚性幹細胞（hESC）は、自己再生をインビトロで多能性を有し、薬物スクリーニング、疾患のモデリングのための潜在的に有用である可能性があり、疾患および組織傷害を治療するための細胞ベースの治療法を開発するための能力を有する。しかし、ヒトES細胞が原因、免疫学、腫瘍学、倫理的な障壁の細胞置換療法には限界があり、病気に関連する遺伝子を研究するために、疾患特異的ヒトES細胞は、着床前遺伝子診断（PGD）アプローチによって単離することができたが、それはまだ技術的に困難であるおよび胚の寄付はかなり稀である。これらの問題は、誘導多能性幹細胞（hiPSCs）の開発につながっている幹細胞生物学の進歩に関連している。 人間性IPSCは、遺伝的にヒト成人の体細胞から再プログラムし、それらには、Dなどの再生医療のための有用な供給源となるヒトES細胞に類似した多能性幹細胞のような特性を抱いている患者固有の方法1,2での敷物の発見、病気のモデリングと細胞療法。 今まで、ウイルス媒介（レトロウイルスおよびアデノウイルス）を含むヒトiPS細胞を生成するためのいくつかの方法、3、非ウイルス媒介（BAC系およびベクターのトランスフェクション）4遺伝子形質導入、およびタンパク質送達システム5-7が存在する。 ウイルス媒介性遺伝子の送達効率をある程度確保することができるが、それらは制御されない様式で初期化遺伝子を発現するために宿主染色体に統合するので、ウイルスベクターは、遺伝的フットプリントを残すことができる。転写因子のウイルス組込みは、宿主遺伝子を活性化する8又は不活性化することができる場合であっても、予想外の遺伝子異常5,9および腫瘍形成のリスクを引き起こす可能性がある。一方、体細胞へのタンパク質又はRNAの直接的な導入が報告されているが、このような労働集約的な繰り返し変圧などのいくつかの欠点を有したECTION、および7,10の再プログラミングの低レベル。偶数エピソームおよび非組み込み型アデノウイルス、アデノ随伴ウイルス、およびプラスミドベクターは、依然として比較的効率的である11。これらの理由から、IPSCの発生の高い有効性と少ない遺伝子異常を持つ非統合書き換え方法を選択することが妥当である。本研究では、仙台ウイルスベースのプログラミングを使用しています。この方法は、宿主ゲノムに統合されていないと一貫して導入遺伝子の統合なしにヒトiPS細胞を産生することが知られている。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1109">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:543px;">CytoTune-iPS Reprogramming Kit</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A1378002</td>
			<td style="width:253px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;">CF-6,MEFs, neomycin-resistant, mitomycin C treated&#160;</td>
			<td>Global stem</td>
			<td>GSC-6105M&#160;</td>
			<td>5X105/6cm or 12.5X105/24 well plate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Trypsin EDTA 0.25% Trypsin with EDTA 4Na 1X</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">invitrogen</td>
			<td>25200114</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">DMEM/F-12 medium</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">&#160;invitrogen</td>
			<td>11330-032</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">24-well Cell Culture Plate, flat-bottom with lid</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">BD</td>
			<td>353935</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:543px;">Y-27632</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">TOCRIS</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1254</td>
			<td>10 uM (Stock: 10 mM)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:543px;">basic fibroblast growth factor</td>
			<td>LIFE TECHNOLOGIES&#160;</td>
			<td>PHG0263</td>
			<td>10 ng (Stock : 100 ug)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:543px;">Knock-out serum replacement</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>10828028</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Dulbecco&#39;s Modified Eagle Medium (D-MEM, DMEM) (1X), liquid (high glucose)</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">&#160;invitrogen</td>
			<td>11965118</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:543px;">Fetal bovine serum</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Thermo Scientific Fermentas</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SH30071.03</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">L-Glutamine-200 mM (100X), liquid</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">GIBCO</td>
			<td>25030-081</td>
			<td>1/100</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">MEM Non-Essential Amino Acids Solution, 100X</td>
			<td>LIFE TECHNOLOGIES&#160;</td>
			<td>11140050</td>
			<td>1/100</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">2-Mercaptoethanol (1,000X), liquid</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">GIBCO</td>
			<td>21985023</td>
			<td>1/1000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Hausser Phase Contrast Hemacytometers</td>
			<td>Hausser Scientific</td>
			<td>02-671-54</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">EmbryoMax 0.1% Gelatin Solution</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Millipore</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">ES-006-B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:543px;">SSEA-4</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">DSHB</td>
			<td>MC-813-70</td>
			<td>1/200</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">anti-Tra-1-81</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">cell signaling</td>
			<td>4745S</td>
			<td>1/200</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">mouse monoclonal Oct4 antibody</td>
			<td>Santa Cruz</td>
			<td>SC-5279</td>
			<td>1/1000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:543px;">Nanog</td>
			<td>R&#38;D</td>
			<td>AF1997</td>
			<td>1/1000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:543px;">Alexa Flouor 488 goat anti-mouse</td>
			<td>invitrogen</td>
			<td>948492</td>
			<td>1/2000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">DPBS (Dulbecco&#39;s Phosphate-Buffered Saline), 1X without calcium &#38; magnesium</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">cellgro</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">21-031-CV</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:543px;">QuantiTect Reverse Transcription Kit</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">QIAGEN</td>
			<td>205313</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="23">
			<td height="23" style="height:23px;">PCR Master Mix [2X]</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Thermo Scientific Fermentas</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">K0171</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Trizol</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">invitrogen</td>
			<td>15596018</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">picking hood</td>
			<td>NuAire</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">&#160;NU-301&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:543px;">dissecting scope&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Nikon</td>
			<td>SMZ745</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

efficient generation human induced pluripotent stem cells from human somatic cells with sendai-virus

数年前、人間の人工多能性幹細胞（iPS細胞）の設立は、生物医学の新時代が幕を開けた。ヒトiPS細胞の潜在的な使用は、ヒト遺伝性疾患の病因モデリング、遺伝子修正後の自己細胞療法、および患者特有の症状と関連する細胞の供給源を提供することによってパーソナライズされた薬剤スクリーニングが挙げられる。しかしながら、このようなヒトiPS細胞の製造後に残留する初期化因子の導入遺伝子発現を排除するような克服するため、いくつかのハードルが存在する。さらに重要なことは、未分化ヒトiPS細胞の残留導入遺伝子の発現は、適切な分化を阻害し、in vitroの表現型における疾患関連の解釈を誤った方向へ導くことができます。このような理由で、統合のない、および/または導入遺伝子のない人間性IPSCは、アデノウイルスは、piggyBacシステム、ミニサークルベクター、エピソームベクター、直接のタンパク質送達と合成されたmRNAのようないくつかの方法を使用して開発されている。しかし、reprograの効率統合のない方法を用いてmmingは、ほとんどの場合、非常に低い。 ここでは、センダイウイルス（RNAウイルス）ベースの再プログラミングシステムを用いてヒトiPS細胞を単離するための方法を提示する。この初期化方法は、費用対効果の高い方法で一貫した結果、高効率を示している。

通常感染した線維芽細胞は、センダイウイルス形質導入後数日内のいずれかの形態学的変化を示していないが、5日後に、それらは異なる形状（ 図1）を有することを開始します。 図1の右側のパネルで説明したように、細胞は、任意のより典型的な繊維芽細胞の形態を有していない。彼らは、細胞質よりも丸みを帯びた形状と大きな核を持っている。伝達は80％の細?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Efficient Generation Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells from Human Somatic Cells with Sendai-virus at JoVE.com

Efficient Generation Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells from Human Somatic Cells with Sendai-virus

ここでは、一貫性のある成果と効率向上を示しているセンダイウイルスと導入遺伝子のない人間性IPSCにヒト体細胞を再プログラムする当社の確立された手法を提案する。

仙台ウイルスのヒト体細胞からの効率的な次世代ヒューマン誘導多能性幹細胞

A few years ago, the establishment of human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) ushered in a new era in biomedicine. Potential uses of human iPSCs ...

efficient-generation-human-induced-pluripotent-stem-cells-from-human

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

22.2K ビュー.  Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine. ここでは、一貫性のある成果と効率向上を示しているセンダイウイルスと導入遺伝子のない人間性IPSCにヒト体細胞を再プログラムする当社の確立された手法を提案する。 

ビデオ: Efficient Generation Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells from Human Somatic Cells with Sendai-virus

Generation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells by Reprogramming Human Fibroblasts with the Stemgent Human TF Lentivirus Set

In 2006, Yamanaka and colleagues first demonstrated that retrovirus-mediated delivery and expression of Oct4, Sox2, c-Myc and Klf4 is capable of inducing the pluripotent state in mouse fibroblasts.1 The same group also reported the successful reprogramming of human somatic cells into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells using human versions of the same transcription factors delivered by retroviral vectors.2 Additionally, James Thomson et al. reported that the lentivirus-mediated co-expression of another set of factors (Oct4, Sox2, Nanog and Lin28) was capable of reprogramming human somatic cells into iPS cells.3
iPS cells are similar to ES cells in morphology, proliferation and the ability to differentiate into all tissue types of the body. Human iPS cells have a distinct advantage over ES cells as they exhibit key properties of ES cells without the ethical dilemma of embryo destruction. The generation of patient-specific iPS cells circumvents an important roadblock to personalized regenerative medicine therapies by eliminating the potential for immune rejection of non-autologous transplanted cells.
Here we demonstrate the protocol for reprogramming human fibroblast cells using the Stemgent Human TF Lentivirus Set. We also show that cells reprogrammed with this set begin to show iPS morphology four days post-transduction. Using the Stemolecule Y27632, we selected for iPS cells and observed correct morphology after three sequential rounds of colony picking and passaging. We also demonstrate that after reprogramming cells displayed the pluripotency marker AP, surface markers TRA-1-81, TRA-1-60, SSEA-4, and SSEA-3, and nuclear markers Oct4, Sox2 and Nanog.

We demonstrate the protocol for the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells from human somatic cells using lentivirus-mediated delivery of the human factors Oct4, Sox2, Nanog, and Lin28. Pluripotency was confirmed by morphology and the presence of embryonic stem (ES) cell-specific markers.

StemgentヒトTFのレンチセットでヒト線維芽細胞を再プログラムすることによって誘導多能性幹細胞の生成

In 2006, Yamanaka and colleagues first demonstrated that retrovirus-mediated delivery and expression of Oct4, Sox2, c-Myc and Klf4 is capable of inducing ...

生物学

Transfecting and Nucleofecting Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Genetic modification is continuing to be an essential tool in studying stem cell biology and in setting forth potential clinical applications of human embryonic stem cells (HESCs)1. While improvements in several gene delivery methods have been described2-9, transfection remains a capricious process for HESCs, and has not yet been reported in human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). In this video, we demonstrate how our lab routinely transfects and nucleofects human iPSCs using plasmid with an enhanced green fluorescence protein (eGFP) reporter. Human iPSCs are adapted and maintained as feeder-free cultures to eliminate the possibility of feeder cell transfection and to allow efficient selection of stable transgenic iPSC clones following transfection. For nucleofection, human iPSCs are pre-treated with ROCK inhibitor11, trypsinized into small clumps of cells, nucleofected and replated on feeders in feeder cell-conditioned medium to enhance cell recovery. Transgene-expressing human iPSCs can be obtained after 6 hours. Antibiotic selection is applied after 24 hours and stable transgenic lines appear within 1 week. Our protocol is robust and reproducible for human iPSC lines without altering pluripotency of these cells.

Despite recent advancements in genetic modification, transfection of human embryonic stem cells (HESCs) remains a capricious process. To our knowledge, systematic and efficient methods to transfect human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have not been reported. Here, we describe robust protocols to efficiently transfect and nucleofect human iPSCs.

ヒト人工多能性幹細胞をトランスフェクトしNucleofecting

Genetic modification is continuing to be an essential tool in studying stem cell biology and in setting forth potential clinical applications of human ...

Efficient Derivation of Human Cardiac Precursors and Cardiomyocytes from Pluripotent Human Embryonic Stem Cells with Small Molecule Induction

To date, the lack of a suitable human cardiac cell source has been the major setback in regenerating the human myocardium, either by cell-based transplantation or by cardiac tissue engineering1-3. Cardiomyocytes become terminally-differentiated soon after birth and lose their ability to proliferate. There is no evidence that stem/progenitor cells derived from other sources, such as the bone marrow or the cord blood, are able to give rise to the contractile heart muscle cells following transplantation into the heart1-3. The need to regenerate or repair the damaged heart muscle has not been met by adult stem cell therapy, either endogenous or via cell delivery1-3. The genetically stable human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) have unlimited expansion ability and unrestricted plasticity, proffering a pluripotent reservoir for in vitro derivation of large supplies of human somatic cells that are restricted to the lineage in need of repair and regeneration4,5. Due to the prevalence of cardiovascular disease worldwide and acute shortage of donor organs, there is intense interest in developing hESC-based therapies as an alternative approach. However, how to channel the wide differentiation potential of pluripotent hESCs efficiently and predictably to a desired phenotype has been a major challenge for both developmental study and clinical translation. Conventional approaches rely on multi-lineage inclination of pluripotent cells through spontaneous germ layer differentiation, resulting in inefficient and uncontrollable lineage-commitment that is often followed by phenotypic heterogeneity and instability, hence, a high risk of tumorigenicity6-8 (see a schematic in Fig. 1A). In addition, undefined foreign/animal biological supplements and/or feeders that have typically been used for the isolation, expansion, and differentiation of hESCs may make direct use of such cell-specialized grafts in patients problematic9-11. To overcome these obstacles, we have resolved the elements of a defined culture system necessary and sufficient for sustaining the epiblast pluripotence of hESCs, serving as a platform for de novo derivation of clinically-suitable hESCs and effectively directing such hESCs uniformly towards clinically-relevant lineages by small molecules12 (see a schematic in Fig. 1B). After screening a variety of small molecules and growth factors, we found that such defined conditions rendered nicotinamide (NAM) sufficient to induce the specification of cardiomesoderm direct from pluripotent hESCs that further progressed to cardioblasts that generated human beating cardiomyocytes with high efficiency (Fig. 2). We defined conditions for induction of cardioblasts direct from pluripotent hESCs without an intervening multi-lineage embryoid body stage, enabling well-controlled efficient derivation of a large supply of human cardiac cells across the spectrum of developmental stages for cell-based therapeutics.

We have established a protocol for induction of cardioblasts direct from pluripotent human embryonic stem cells maintained under defined conditions with small molecules, which enables derivation of a large supply of human cardiac progenitors and functional cardiomyocytes for cardiovascular repair.

小分子の誘導と多能性ヒト胚性幹細胞からヒト心筋前駆体と心筋細胞の効率的な導出

To date, the lack of a suitable human cardiac cell source has been the major setback in regenerating the human myocardium, either by cell-based ...

Selecting and Isolating Colonies of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Reprogrammed from Adult Fibroblasts

Herein we present a protocol of reprogramming human adult fibroblasts into human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC) using retroviral vectors encoding Oct3/4, Sox2, Klf4 and c-myc (OSKM) in the presence of sodium butyrate 1-3. We used this method to reprogram late passage (&gt;p10) human adult fibroblasts derived from Friedreich's ataxia patient (GM03665, Coriell Repository). The reprogramming approach includes highly efficient transduction protocol using repetitive centrifugation of fibroblasts in the presence of virus-containing media. The reprogrammed hiPSC colonies were identified using live immunostaining for Tra-1-81, a surface marker of pluripotent cells, separated from non-reprogrammed fibroblasts and manually passaged 4,5. These hiPSC were then transferred to Matrigel plates and grown in feeder-free conditions, directly from the reprogramming plate. Starting from the first passage, hiPSC colonies demonstrate characteristic hES-like morphology. Using this protocol more than 70% of selected colonies can be successfully expanded and established into cell lines. The established hiPSC lines displayed characteristic pluripotency markers including surface markers TRA-1-60 and SSEA-4, as well as nuclear markers Oct3/4, Sox2 and Nanog. 
The protocol presented here has been established and tested using adult fibroblasts obtained from Friedreich's ataxia patients and control individuals 6, human newborn fibroblasts, as well as human keratinocytes.

We present a protocol for efficient reprogramming of human somatic cells into human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC) using retroviral vectors encoding Oct3/4, Sox2, Klf4 and c-myc (OSKM) and identification of correctly reprogrammed hiPSC by live staining with Tra-1-81 antibody.

大人の線維芽細胞から再プログラムヒト人工多能性幹細胞のコロニーを選択し、分離

Herein we present a protocol of reprogramming human adult fibroblasts into human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC) using retroviral vectors encoding ...

Reprogramming Human Somatic Cells into Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) Using Retroviral Vector with GFP

Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are pluripotent and an invaluable cellular sources for in vitro disease modeling and regenerative medicine1. It has been previously shown that human somatic cells can be reprogrammed to pluripotency by ectopic expression of four transcription factors (Oct4, Sox2, Klf4 and Myc) and become induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs)2-4 . Like hESCs, human iPSCs are pluripotent and a potential source for autologous cells. Here we describe the protocol to reprogram human fibroblast cells with the four reprogramming factors cloned into GFP-containing retroviral backbone4. Using the following protocol, we generate human iPSCs in 3-4 weeks under human ESC culture condition. Human iPSC colonies closely resemble hESCs in morphology and display the loss of GFP fluorescence as a result of retroviral transgene silencing. iPSC colonies isolated mechanically under a fluorescence microscope behave in a similar fashion as hESCs. In these cells, we detect the expression of multiple pluripotency genes and surface markers.

Reprogramming Human Somatic Cells into Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells iPSCs Using Retroviral Vector with GFP

A method to generate human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) via retrovirus-mediated ectopic expression of OCT4, SOX2, KLF4 and MYC is described. A practical way to identify human iPSC colonies based on GFP expression is also discussed.

GFPをレトロウイルスベクターを用いた誘導多能性幹細胞（性IPSC）にヒト体細胞を再プログラミングする

Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are pluripotent and an invaluable cellular sources for in vitro disease modeling and regenerative medicine1. It has ...

Generation of Mice Derived from Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

The production of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from somatic cells provides a means to create valuable tools for basic research and may also produce a source of patient-matched cells for regenerative therapies. iPSCs may be generated using multiple protocols and derived from multiple cell sources. Once generated, iPSCs are tested using a variety of assays including immunostaining for pluripotency markers, generation of three germ layers in embryoid bodies and teratomas, comparisons of gene expression with embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and production of chimeric mice with or without germline contribution2. Importantly, iPSC lines that pass these tests still vary in their capacity to produce different differentiated cell types2. This has made it difficult to establish which iPSC derivation protocols, donor cell sources or selection methods are most useful for different applications.
The most stringent test of whether a stem cell line has sufficient developmental potential to generate all tissues required for survival of an organism (termed full pluripotency) is tetraploid embryo complementation (TEC)3-5. Technically, TEC involves electrofusion of two-cell embryos to generate tetraploid (4n) one-cell embryos that can be cultured in vitro to the blastocyst stage6. Diploid (2n) pluripotent stem cells (e.g. ESCs or iPSCs) are then injected into the blastocoel cavity of the tetraploid blastocyst and transferred to a recipient female for gestation (see Figure 1). The tetraploid component of the complemented embryo contributes almost exclusively to the extraembryonic tissues (placenta, yolk sac), whereas the diploid cells constitute the embryo proper, resulting in a fetus derived entirely from the injected stem cell line.
Recently, we reported the derivation of iPSC lines that reproducibly generate adult mice via TEC1. These iPSC lines give rise to viable pups with efficiencies of 5-13%, which is comparable to ESCs3,4,7 and higher than that reported for most other iPSC lines8-12. These reports show that direct reprogramming can produce fully pluripotent iPSCs that match ESCs in their developmental potential and efficiency of generating pups in TEC tests. At present, it is not clear what distinguishes between fully pluripotent iPSCs and less potent lines13-15. Nor is it clear which reprogramming methods will produce these lines with the highest efficiency. Here we describe one method that produces fully pluripotent iPSCs and "all- iPSC" mice, which may be helpful for investigators wishing to compare the pluripotency of iPSC lines or establish the equivalence of different reprogramming methods.

Generating induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines produces lines of differing developmental potential even when they pass standard tests for pluripotency. Here we describe a protocol to produce mice derived entirely from iPSCs, which defines the iPSC lines as possessing full pluripotency1.

人工多能性幹細胞に由来するマウスの作製

The production of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from somatic cells provides a means to create valuable tools for basic research and may also ...

Generation of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells from Peripheral Blood Using the STEMCCA Lentiviral Vector

Through the ectopic expression of four transcription factors, Oct4, Klf4, Sox2 and cMyc, human somatic cells can be converted to a pluripotent state, generating so-called induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs)1-4. Patient-specific iPSCs lack the ethical concerns that surround embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and would bypass possible immune rejection. Thus, iPSCs have attracted considerable attention for disease modeling studies, the screening of pharmacological compounds, and regenerative therapies5.
We have shown the generation of transgene-free human iPSCs from patients with different lung diseases using a single excisable polycistronic lentiviral Stem Cell Cassette (STEMCCA) encoding the Yamanaka factors6. These iPSC lines were generated from skin fibroblasts, the most common cell type used for reprogramming. Normally, obtaining fibroblasts requires a skin punch biopsy followed by expansion of the cells in culture for a few passages. Importantly, a number of groups have reported the reprogramming of human peripheral blood cells into iPSCs7-9. In one study, a Tet inducible version of the STEMCCA vector was employed9, which required the blood cells to be simultaneously infected with a constitutively active lentivirus encoding the reverse tetracycline transactivator. In contrast to fibroblasts, peripheral blood cells can be collected via minimally invasive procedures, greatly reducing the discomfort and distress of the patient. A simple and effective protocol for reprogramming blood cells using a constitutive single excisable vector may accelerate the application of iPSC technology by making it accessible to a broader research community. Furthermore, reprogramming of peripheral blood cells allows for the generation of iPSCs from individuals in which skin biopsies should be avoided (i.e. aberrant scarring) or due to pre-existing disease conditions preventing access to punch biopsies.
Here we demonstrate a protocol for the generation of human iPSCs from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) using a single floxed-excisable lentiviral vector constitutively expressing the 4 factors. Freshly collected or thawed PBMCs are expanded for 9 days as described10,11 in medium containing ascorbic acid, SCF, IGF-1, IL-3 and EPO before being transduced with the STEMCCA lentivirus. Cells are then plated onto MEFs and ESC-like colonies can be visualized two weeks after infection. Finally, selected clones are expanded and tested for the expression of the pluripotency markers SSEA-4, Tra-1-60 and Tra-1-81. This protocol is simple, robust and highly consistent, providing a reliable methodology for the generation of human iPSCs from readily accessible 4 ml of blood.

Here we show a simple and effective protocol for the generation of human iPSCs from 3-4 ml of peripheral blood using a single lentiviral reprogramming vector. Reprogramming of readily available blood cells promises to accelerate the utilization of iPSC technology by making it accessible to a broader research community.

STEMCCAレンチウイルスベクターを用いた末梢血からのヒト人工多能性幹細胞の生成

Through the ectopic expression of four transcription factors, Oct4, Klf4, Sox2 and cMyc, human somatic cells can be converted to a pluripotent state, ...

Rapid and Efficient Generation of Neurons from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells in a Multititre Plate Format

Existing protocols for the generation of neurons from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) are often tedious in that they are multistep procedures involving the isolation and expansion of neural precursor cells, prior to terminal differentiation. In comparison to these time-consuming approaches, we have recently found that combined inhibition of three signaling pathways, TGF&beta;/SMAD2, BMP/SMAD1, and FGF/ERK, promotes rapid induction of neuroectoderm from hPSCs, followed by immediate differentiation into functional neurons. Here, we have adapted our procedure to a novel multititre plate format, to further enhance its reproducibility and to make it compatible with mid-throughput applications. It comprises four days of neuroectoderm formation in floating spheres (embryoid bodies), followed by a further four days of differentiation into neurons under adherent conditions. Most cells obtained with this protocol appear to be bipolar sensory neurons. Moreover, the procedure is highly efficient, does not require particular expert skills, and is based on a simple chemically defined medium with cost-efficient small molecules. Due to these features, the procedure may serve as a useful platform for further functional investigation as well as for cell-based screening approaches requiring human sensory neurons or neurons of any type.

Protocols for neuronal differentiation of pluripotent human stem cells (hPSCs) are often time-consuming and require substantial cell culture skills. Here, we have adapted a small molecule-based differentiation procedure to a multititre plate format, allowing simple, rapid, and efficient generation of human neurons in a controlled manner.

Multititreプレートフォーマットでヒト多能性幹細胞から神経細胞の迅速かつ効率的な生成

Existing protocols for the generation of neurons from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) are often tedious in that they are  multistep procedures ...

Generation of Human Cardiomyocytes: A Differentiation Protocol from Feeder-free Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

In order to investigate the events driving heart development and to determine the molecular mechanisms leading to myocardial diseases in humans, it is essential first to generate functional human cardiomyocytes (CMs). The use of these cells in drug discovery and toxicology studies would also be highly beneficial, allowing new pharmacological molecules for the treatment of cardiac disorders to be validated pre-clinically on cells of human origin. Of the possible sources of CMs, induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells are among the most promising, as they can be derived directly from readily accessible patient tissue and possess an intrinsic capacity to give rise to all cell types of the body 1. Several methods have been proposed for differentiating iPS cells into CMs, ranging from the classical embryoid bodies (EBs) aggregation approach to chemically defined protocols 2,3. In this article we propose an EBs-based protocol and show how this method can be employed to efficiently generate functional CM-like cells from feeder-free iPS cells.

Pluripotent stem cells, either embryonic or induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells, constitute a valuable source of human differentiated cells, including cardiomyocytes. Here, we will focus on cardiac induction of iPS cells, showing how to use them to obtain functional human cardiomyocytes through an embryoid bodies-based protocol.

ヒト心筋細胞の生成：フィーダーフリーヒト人工多能性幹細胞からの分化プロトコル

In order to investigate the events driving heart development and to determine the molecular mechanisms leading to myocardial diseases in humans, it is ...

Episomal Reprogramming of Dermal Fibroblasts to Generate Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (hiPSCs)

Episomal Reprogramming of Dermal Fibroblasts to Generate Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (HiPSCs)  

To begin, take a flask of cultured fibroblast cells, coat a 10-centimeter cell culture plate suitable for hiPSC culture with four milliliters of cold coating solution per plate, and incubate the plate for one hour at 37 degrees Celsius. Afterward, remove the media from the fibroblasts and wash them with four milliliters of pre-warmed PBS per flask. Aspirate the PBS and associate the fibroblasts with four milliliters of Trypsin-EDTA per flask by incubating for five to seven minutes at 37 degrees Celsius.Monitor cell detachment using a phase contrast microscope, and if needed, tap against the side of the flask to detach the cells from the plastic surface. Transfer the detached cells to a 50-milliliter conical tube and wash the empty flasks with six milliliters of pre-warmed fibroblast medium. Collect and pool the remaining cells in the conical tube.Then centrifuge the cells at 200 g for five minutes at 20 degrees Celsius. Aspirate the supernatant and re-suspend the cell pellet in three milliliters of fresh, pre-warmed PBS. Count the cells, transfer 1.5 times 10 to the sixth fibroblasts into a new conical tube and fill up with PBS to the five millimeter mark.Centrifuge the tube at 200 g for five minutes at 20 degrees Celsius. Discard the supernatant, re-suspend the cell pellet in five milliliters of electroporation medium, and centrifuge again. In the meantime, aspirate the coating solution from the coated 10-centimeter cell culture plate and add seven milliliters of pre-warmed fibroblast medium.At the end of the centrifugation, discard the supernatant and re-suspend the cell pellet in electroporation medium with a concentration of 1.5 times 10 to the sixth cells in 250 microliters. Transfer the 250 microliter cell suspension to an electroporation cuvette with a four millimeter gap distance. Next, prepare a plasma transfection mix by adding four micrograms of each plasmid to a total volume of 50 microliters of electroporation medium.Transfer the transfection mix to the cuvette, mix gently by flicking, and electroporate with one pulse at 280 volts. Finally, transfer 150 microliters of the electroporated fibroblasts to the prepared 10-centimeter cell culture plate. Agitate the plate thrice in all directions to distribute the cells, and incubate overnight.Fibroblasts present in a long, spindle-like phenotype, the size of 150 to 300 nanometers. After reprogramming, colonies with 50 micrometer small hiPSCs occur displaying distinct borders. The hiPSCs are distinguished by a high nuclei to body ratio and increased proliferation rate.