私たちは、サンプル調製のヘルプのためのマイクロ流体とアレッシアTempestiniのヘルプはハイス·Wuite、アーウィンJGピーターマン、ピーターグロスに感謝します。本研究は、n 284464を°とRicerca 2013 RBFR13V4M2教育、大学·研究FIRB 2011 RBAP11X42L006、フトゥロイタリア省から、との枠組みの中でグラント契約の下で、欧州連合（EU）セブンス枠組み計画（FP7 / 2007年から2013年）によって賄われていたフラッグシップ·プロジェクトNANOMAX。

<ol>
	<li>Monico, C., Capitanio, M., Belcastro, G., Vanzi, F., Pavone, F. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optical+Methods+to+Study+Protein-DNA+Interactions+in+Vitro+and+in+Living+Cells+at+the+Single-Molecule+Level.">Optical Methods to Study Protein-DNA Interactions in Vitro and in Living Cells at the Single-Molecule Level.</a> International journal of molecular sciences. 14, 3961-3992 (2013).</li><li>Tinoco, I., Gonzalez, R. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biological+mechanisms,+one+molecule+at+a+time.">Biological mechanisms, one molecule at a time.</a> Genes &amp; development. 25, 1205-1231 (2011).</li><li>Capitanio, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Exploring+molecular+motors+and+switches+at+the+single-molecule+level.">Exploring molecular motors and switches at the single-molecule level.</a> Micr. Res. Tech. 65, 194-204 (2004).</li><li>Smith, S. B., Finzi, L., Bustamante, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Direct+mechanical+measurements+of+the+elasticity+of+single+DNA+molecules+by+using+magnetic+beads.">Direct mechanical measurements of the elasticity of single DNA molecules by using magnetic beads.</a> Science. 258, 1122-1126 (1992).</li><li>Block, S. M., Goldstein, L. S., Schnapp, B. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bead+movement+by+single+kinesin+molecules+studied+with+optical+tweezers.">Bead movement by single kinesin molecules studied with optical tweezers.</a> Nature. 348, 348-352 (1990).</li><li>Wang, M. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Force+and+velocity+measured+for+single+molecules+of+RNA+polymerase.">Force and velocity measured for single molecules of RNA polymerase.</a> Science. 282, 902-907 (1998).</li><li>Capitanio, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ultrafast+force-clamp+spectroscopy+of+single+molecules+reveals+load+dependence+of+myosin+working+stroke.">Ultrafast force-clamp spectroscopy of single molecules reveals load dependence of myosin working stroke.</a> Nat Methods. 9, 1013-1019 (2012).</li><li>Thompson, R. E., Larson, D. R., Webb, W. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Precise+nanometer+localization+analysis+for+individual+fluorescent+probes.">Precise nanometer localization analysis for individual fluorescent probes.</a> Biophys J. 82, 2775-2783 (2002).</li><li>Yildiz, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Myosin+V+walks+hand-over-hand:+single+fluorophore+imaging+with+1.5-nm+localization.">Myosin V walks hand-over-hand: single fluorophore imaging with 1.5-nm localization.</a> Science. 300, 2061-2065 (2003).</li><li>Biebricher, A., Wende, W., Escude, C., Pingoud, A., Desbiolles, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tracking+of+single+quantum+dot+labeled+EcoRV+sliding+along+DNA+manipulated+by+double+optical+tweezers.">Tracking of single quantum dot labeled EcoRV sliding along DNA manipulated by double optical tweezers.</a> Biophys J. 96, 50-52 (2009).</li><li>Candelli, A., Wuite, G. J., Peterman, E. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Combining+optical+trapping,+fluorescence+microscopy+and+micro-fluidics+for+single+molecule+studies+of+DNA-protein+interactions.">Combining optical trapping, fluorescence microscopy and micro-fluidics for single molecule studies of DNA-protein interactions.</a> Physical chemistry chemical physics : PCCP. 13, 7263-7272 (2011).</li><li>Capitanio, M., Cicchi, R., Pavone, F. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Continuous+and+time-shared+multiple+optical+tweezers+for+the+study+of+single+motor+proteins.">Continuous and time-shared multiple optical tweezers for the study of single motor proteins.</a> Optics and Lasers in Engineering. 45, 450-457 (2007).</li><li>Harada, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Single-molecule+imaging+of+RNA+polymerase-DNA+interactions+in+real+time.">Single-molecule imaging of RNA polymerase-DNA interactions in real time.</a> Biophys J. 76, 709-715 (1999).</li><li>van Mameren, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Counting+RAD51+proteins+disassembling+from+nucleoprotein+filaments+under+tension.">Counting RAD51 proteins disassembling from nucleoprotein filaments under tension.</a> Nature. 457, 745-748 (2009).</li><li>Capitanio, M., Maggi, D., Vanzi, F., Pavone, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fiona+in+the+trap:+the+advantages+of+combining+optical+tweezers+and+fluorescence.">Fiona in the trap: the advantages of combining optical tweezers and fluorescence.</a> J Opt A: Pure Appl Opt. 9, s157 (2007).</li><li>Dijk, M. A., Kapitein, L. C., Mameren, J., Schmidt, C. F., Peterman, E. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Combining+optical+trapping+and+single-molecule+fluorescence+spectroscopy:+enhanced+photobleaching+of+fluorophores.">Combining optical trapping and single-molecule fluorescence spectroscopy: enhanced photobleaching of fluorophores.</a> J Phys Chem B. 108, 6479-6484 (2004).</li><li>Capitanio, M., Cicchi, R., Pavone, F. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Position+control+and+optical+manipulation+for+nanotechnology+applications.">Position control and optical manipulation for nanotechnology applications.</a> European Physical Journal B. 46, 1-8 (2005).</li><li>Capitanio, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Calibration+of+optical+tweezers+with+differential+interference+contrast+signals.">Calibration of optical tweezers with differential interference contrast signals.</a> Review of Scientific Instruments. 73, 1687-1696 (2002).</li><li>Elangovan, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+integrated+in+vitro+and+in+situ+study+of+kinetics+of+myosin+II+from+frog+skeletal+muscle.">An integrated in vitro and in situ study of kinetics of myosin II from frog skeletal muscle.</a> J Physiol. 590, 1227-1242 (2012).</li><li>Wuite, G. J. L., Davenport, R. J., Rappaport, A., Bustamante, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+integrated+laser+trap/flow+control+video+microscope+for+the+study+of+single+biomolecules.">An integrated laser trap/flow control video microscope for the study of single biomolecules.</a> Biophysical Journal. 79, 1155-1167 (2000).</li><li>Brewer, L. R., Bianco, P. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Laminar+flow+cells+for+single-molecule+studies+of+DNA-protein+interactions.">Laminar flow cells for single-molecule studies of DNA-protein interactions.</a> Nat Methods. 5, 517-525 (2008).</li><li>Rutkauskas, D., Zhan, H. L., Matthews, K. S., Pavone, F. S., Vanzi, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tetramer+opening+in+LacI-mediated+DNA+looping.">Tetramer opening in LacI-mediated DNA looping.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 106, 16627-16632 (2009).</li><li>Marko, J. F., Siggia, E. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stretching+DNA.">Stretching DNA.</a> Macromolecules. 28, 8759-8770 (1995).</li><li>van Mameren, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Unraveling+the+structure+of+DNA+during+overstretching+by+using+multicolor,+single-molecule+fluorescence+imaging.">Unraveling the structure of DNA during overstretching by using multicolor, single-molecule fluorescence imaging.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 106, 18231-18236 (2009).</li><li>Wang, M. D., Yin, H., Landick, R., Gelles, J., Block, S. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stretching+DNA+with+optical+tweezers.">Stretching DNA with optical tweezers.</a> Biophys J. 72, 1335-1346 (1997).</li><li>Ma, H., Long, F., Zeng, S., Huang, Z. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fast+and+precise+algorithm+based+on+maximum+radial+symmetry+for+single+molecule+localization.">Fast and precise algorithm based on maximum radial symmetry for single molecule localization.</a> Opt Lett. 37, 2481-2483 (2012).</li><li>Parthasarathy, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rapid,+accurate+particle+tracking+by+calculation+of+radial+symmetry+centers.">Rapid, accurate particle tracking by calculation of radial symmetry centers.</a> Nat Methods. 9, 724-726 (2012).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

過去10年間で、単一分子マニピュレーションとイメージング技術は、空間および時間解像度の面で大きな進歩を見てきました。操作およびイメージング技術の組み合わせは、現在では、DNA、RNA、または細胞骨格フィラメントとして単一の生物学的ポリマーの機械的条件の制御を可能にする強力な器具のベースと、同じポリマーと相互作用する単一のタンパク質の同時局在化である。閉じ込め?...

単一分子（SM）の技術が大幅に伝統的な、バルク溶液の測定1-3のいくつかの制限を克服する必要性に対応するために、過去30年にわたって開発してきた。単一の生物学的分子の操作は、バイオポリマー4の機械的特性を測定し、タンパク質-タンパク質5およびタンパク質-DNA相互作用6,7の機械的パラメータを制御する機会を作成した。 SMの蛍光検出は、一方で、ナノメートルの精度で単一分子を局在化および追跡の可能性をもたらす、 インビトロおよびインビボでのタンパク質活性を研究するための驚くほど用途の広いツールを表す。 SM画像に器具点広がり関数のフィッティングを介して、実際には、一方が信号対雑音比（SNR）に主に依存し、約1ナノメートル8,9の限界に達し精度で局在化を達成することができる。これらの方法論は強力見つけるモータータンパク質のダイナミクスの研究においてだけでなく、DNA結合タンパク質におけるターゲット探索の基礎となる拡散プロセスのアプリケーションに最適です。ターゲット上のDNA配列の機能、滞留時間などの拡散定数を決定し、正確に一次元拡散イベント中探求DNAの長さを測定する能力は、タンパク質-DNA相互作用の動力学の研究のための調査のための強力なツールを表す特定のターゲット探索のメカニズム。 最近では、これら2つの技術の組み合わせは、例えば、生物学的基質（例えば、アクチンフィラメント又はDNA分子）と相互作用パートナー酵素の検出/局在化（同時操作を可能にする実験装置10-14の新世代を生産しているミオシンまたはDNA結合タンパク質）。これらの技術の利点は、主にENAしたがって、捕捉されたポリマー上の機械制御を発揮する可能性に載る力又はトルクに対する相互作用のダイナミクスの研究をブリンブリン。また、方法は、古典的なSM方式、 すなわち、表面上の研究中の分子の固定化のための必要性（ガラススライドまたはマイクロスフェア）の主な制限の一つを避け、表面から遠い生化学的反応を測定することができる。 2単一分子技術の組み合わせは、15（nmの精度でローカライズが必要な場合は特に）は、主に機械的安定性および十分なSNRの要件に起因する、いくつかの技術的困難を克服する必要があります。特に、ノイズの低減を光ピンセットとSMの蛍光検出を結合し、捕捉赤外線レーザー16および生物学的複合体11が最重要である実験的測定の性能の組み立てのための生化学的なバッファのコントロールから光退色する。ここでは、正常に実行するための方法を記載デュアルトラップ/ SM蛍光ローカライズセットアップでの測定値。方法は、（Atto532付き）ラクトースリプレッサータンパク質（LacIリ）蛍光標識の例に示されており、それは、特定のLacI結合配列（ すなわち、オペレータ）を含有する（二つの光ピンセットの間に閉じ込められた）DNA分子に結合するとして検出される。私たちは、ターゲット検索処理においてその輪郭に沿ってDNAと拡散のLacIの結合を検出する方法の有効性を示す。この方法は、DNA配列およびDNA結合タンパク質の任意の組み合わせの、並びに他のシステム（または微小管アクチンフィラメント及びそれらと相互作用するモータータンパク質）にも適用可能である。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="863">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:43px;width:203px;">Name of Material/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Comments/Description</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Web Address</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="114">
			<td height="114" style="height:115px;">elastomeric isolators</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">Newport</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Newdamp</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Choose the appropriate Newdamp elastomer depending on the microscope weight and resonance frequencies</td>
			<td><a href="http://www.newport.com/">http://www.newport.com</a></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">optical isolator</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">Optics for Research</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">IO-3-YAG-VHP</td>
			<td></td>
			<td><a href="http://www.ofr.com/">http://www.ofr.com</a></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Nd:YAG laser, 1064 nm wavelength</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">Spectra-Physics</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Millennia IR</td>
			<td></td>
			<td><a href="http://www.newport.com/">http://www.newport.com/</a></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">acousto-optic deflectors (AODs)</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">A&#38;A optoelectronic</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">DTS-XY 250</td>
			<td></td>
			<td><a href="http://www.aaoptoelectronic.com/">http://www.aaoptoelectronic.com/</a></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Direct Digital Synthesizers</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">Analog Devices</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
			<td></td>
			<td><a href="http://www.analog.com/">http://www.analog.com/</a></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">quadrant detector photodiodes</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">OSI optoelectronics</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">SPOT-15-YAG</td>
			<td></td>
			<td><a href="http://www.osioptoelectronics.com/">http://www.osioptoelectronics.com</a></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:203px;">DIO and FPGA board</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">National Instruments</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">NI-PCI-7830R</td>
			<td></td>
			<td><a href="http://www.ni.com/">http://www.ni.com</a></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:203px;">Halogen lamp</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">Schott</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">KL 1500 LCD</td>
			<td></td>
			<td><a href="http://www.schott.com/">http://www.schott.com</a></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:203px;">Condenser</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">Olympus</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">U-AAC 1.4NA Aplanat Apchromat</td>
			<td></td>
			<td><a href="http://www.olympus-global.com/en/">http://www.olympus-global.com/en/</a></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:203px;">Objective</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">Nikon</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">CFI Plan Apochromat 60x 1.2NA water immersion</td>
			<td></td>
			<td><a href="http://www.nikoninstruments.com/">http://www.nikoninstruments.com</a></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:203px;">532 nm laser</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">Coherent</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Sapphire</td>
			<td></td>
			<td><a href="http://www.coherent.com/">http://www.coherent.com</a></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:203px;">CCD 200X and 2000X</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">Hamamatsu&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">XC-ST70 CE</td>
			<td></td>
			<td><a href="http://www.hamamatsu.com/">http://www.hamamatsu.com</a></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">electron-multiplied CCD</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">Hamamatsu&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">C9100-13</td>
			<td></td>
			<td><a href="http://www.hamamatsu.com/">http://www.hamamatsu.com/</a></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">piezo stage with nm-accuracy</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">Physik Instrumente</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">P-527.2CL&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td><a href="http://www.physikinstrumente.com/">http://www.physikinstrumente.com/</a></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:203px;">Emission Filter</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">Chroma Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">600/100m</td>
			<td></td>
			<td><a href="http://www.chroma.com/">http://www.chroma.com</a></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">silica beads (1.54 mm)</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">Bangs Laboratories</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">SS04N/5303</td>
			<td></td>
			<td><a href="http://www.bangslabs.com/">http://www.bangslabs.com/</a></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Albumin from bovine serum (BSA)</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">B4287</td>
			<td></td>
			<td><a href="http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/">http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/</a></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;">pentyl acetate&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">46022</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Flammable liquid and vapour (No 1272/2008)</td>
			<td><a href="http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/">http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/</a></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:203px;">nitrocellulose</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">N8267-5EA</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Flammable solid&#160; (No 1272/2008)</td>
			<td><a href="http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/">http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/</a></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;">heat block</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">MPM Instruments Srl</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">M502-HBD</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">with 2 removable blocks; preheated at 120&#176; C</td>
			<td><a href="http://www.mpminstruments.com/">http://www.mpminstruments.com</a></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">NanoPort assemblies</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">Upchurch Scientific Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">N-333</td>
			<td></td>
			<td><a href="http://www.upchurch.com/">http://www.upchurch.com/</a></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;">polyetheretherketone tubing&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">Upchurch Scientific Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">1535</td>
			<td></td>
			<td><a href="http://www.upchurch.com/">http://www.upchurch.com/</a></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="84">
			<td height="84" style="height:84px;width:203px;">home-made metallic holder for the assembly of the flow-chamber pressure reservoir made of Plexiglass</td>
			<td style="width:141px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">luer lock-tip syringes 2.5 mL</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">Terumo</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">SS 02LZ1</td>
			<td></td>
			<td><a href="http://www.terumomedical.com/">http://www.terumomedical.com</a></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;">shut-off valves&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">Upchurch Scientific, Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">P-732</td>
			<td></td>
			<td><a href="http://www.upchurch.com/">http://www.upchurch.com/</a></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;">flangeless fittings&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">Upchurch Scientific, Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">LT-111</td>
			<td></td>
			<td><a href="http://www.upchurch.com/">http://www.upchurch.com/</a></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:203px;">fluorinated ethylene propylene tubing&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">Upchurch Scientific, Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">1549</td>
			<td></td>
			<td><a href="http://www.upchurch.com/">http://www.upchurch.com/</a></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:203px;">two computer-controlled solenoid valves</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">Clippard, Cincinnati, USA</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">ET-2-H-M5</td>
			<td></td>
			<td><a href="http://www.clippard.com/">http://www.clippard.com</a></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">pressure transducer</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">Druck LTD</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">PTX 1400</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">biotin-14-dCTP&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">19518-018</td>
			<td></td>
			<td><a href="http://www.lifetechnologies.com/">http://www.lifetechnologies.com/</a></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:203px;">Terminal deoxynucleotidyl Transferase (TdT)</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">Thermoscientific</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">EP0161</td>
			<td></td>
			<td><a href="http://www.thermoscientificbio.com/">http://www.thermoscientificbio.com/</a></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">ATTO532 maleimide</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">68499</td>
			<td></td>
			<td><a href="http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/">http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/</a></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="157">
			<td height="157" style="height:157px;width:203px;">N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF)&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">227056</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Combustible Liquid, Harmful by skin absorption., Irritant, Teratogen. H226; H303; H312; H316; H319; H331; H360; P201; P261; P280;P305; P351; P338; P311</td>
			<td><a href="http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/">http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/</a></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:203px;">Tris-(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine hydrochloride (TCEP)&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">C4706</td>
			<td></td>
			<td><a href="http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/">http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/</a></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="45">
			<td height="45" style="height:45px;width:203px;">L-Glutathione reduced (GSH)</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">G4251</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Acute toxicity, Oral (Category 5), H303</td>
			<td><a href="http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/">http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/</a></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="84">
			<td height="84" style="height:84px;width:203px;">Amicon Ultra-15, PLQK Ultracel-PL Membrane, 10&#160;kDa cutoff spin concentrators</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">Merck Millipore</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">UFC901024</td>
			<td></td>
			<td><a href="http://www.merckmillipore.it/">http://www.merckmillipore.it/</a></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:203px;">streptavidin-coated polystyrene beads 1,87 &#181;m</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">Spherotech, Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">SVP-15-5</td>
			<td></td>
			<td><a href="http://www.spherotech.com/">http://www.spherotech.com/</a></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

combining single-molecule manipulation and imaging for the study of protein-dna interactions

The paper describes the combination of optical tweezers and single molecule fluorescence detection for the study of protein-DNA interaction. The method offers the opportunity of investigating interactions occurring in solution (thus avoiding problems due to closeby surfaces as in other single molecule methods), controlling the DNA extension and tracking interaction dynamics as a function of both mechanical parameters and DNA sequence. The methods for establishing successful optical trapping and nanometer localization of single molecules are illustrated. We illustrate the experimental conditions allowing the study of interaction of lactose repressor (lacI), labeled with Atto532, with a DNA molecule containing specific target sequences (operators) for LacI binding. The method allows the observation of specific interactions at the operators, as well as one-dimensional diffusion of the protein during the process of target search. The method is broadly applicable to the study of protein-DNA interactions but also to molecular motors, where control of the tension applied to the partner track polymer (for example actin or microtubules) is desirable.

成功した実験では、一つ（または複数）の標識タンパク質は、DNA分子（ 図3A）に沿っ/アンバインドおよび/ ​​または一次元拡散結合受ける。 DNA分子に沿ったタンパク質の局在化は、DNA配列の関数として動力学的パラメータの定量化を可能にする。 1次元拡散を引き起こすバッファー条件が適用されると、それは、拡散係数D 1D例えば、タンパク質の軌跡に従い、決定す?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Combining Single-molecule Manipulation and Imaging for the Study of Protein-DNA Interactions at JoVE.com

Combining Single-molecule Manipulation and Imaging for the Study of Protein-DNA Interactions

ここでは、二枚の光学トラップされたマイクロスフェアの間に懸架単一のDNA分子と相互作用する単一の蛍光標識タンパク質分子を検出するための機器および方法が記載されている。

タンパク質-DNA相互作用の研究のための単一分子マニピュレーションとイメージングを組み合わせる

The paper describes the combination of optical tweezers and single molecule fluorescence detection for the study of protein-DNA interaction. The method ...

combining-single-molecule-manipulation-imaging-for-study-protein-dna

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

11.5K ビュー.  University of Florence. ここでは、二枚の光学トラップされたマイクロスフェアの間に懸架単一のDNA分子と相互作用する単一の蛍光標識タンパク質分子を検出するための機器および方法が記載されている。 

ビデオ: Combining Single-molecule Manipulation and Imaging for the Study of Protein-DNA Interactions

Testing Visual Sensitivity to the Speed and Direction of Motion in Lizards

Testing visual sensitivity in any species provides basic information regarding behaviour, evolution, and ecology. However, testing specific features of the visual system provide more empirical evidence for functional applications. Investigation into the sensory system provides information about the sensory capacity, learning and memory ability, and establishes known baseline behaviour in which to gauge deviations (Burghardt, 1977). However, unlike mammalian or avian systems, testing for learning and memory in a reptile species is difficult. Furthermore, using an operant paradigm as a psychophysical measure of sensory ability is likewise as difficult. Historically, reptilian species have responded poorly to conditioning trials because of issues related to motivation, physiology, metabolism, and basic biological characteristics. Here, I demonstrate an operant paradigm used a novel model lizard species, the Jacky dragon (Amphibolurus muricatus) and describe how to test peripheral sensitivity to salient speed and motion characteristics. This method uses an innovative approach to assessing learning and sensory capacity in lizards. I employ the use of random-dot kinematograms (RDKs) to measure sensitivity to speed, and manipulate the level of signal strength by changing the proportion of dots moving in a coherent direction. RDKs do not represent a biologically meaningful stimulus, engages the visual system, and is a classic psychophysical tool used to measure sensitivity in humans and other animals. Here, RDKs are displayed to lizards using three video playback systems. Lizards are to select the direction (left or right) in which they perceive dots to be moving. Selection of the appropriate direction is reinforced by biologically important prey stimuli, simulated by computer-animated invertebrates.

Testing visual sensitivity in lizards using an operant conditioning paradigm that employs video playback of random-dot kinematograms and computer-generated invertebrates.

トカゲの運動の速度と方向の視覚感度のテスト

Testing visual sensitivity in any species provides basic information regarding behaviour, evolution, and ecology. However, testing specific features of ...

生物学

Computer-Generated Animal Model Stimuli

Communication between animals is diverse and complex. Animals may communicate using auditory, seismic, chemosensory, electrical, or visual signals. In particular, understanding the constraints on visual signal design for communication has been of great interest. Traditional methods for investigating animal interactions have used basic observational techniques, staged encounters, or physical manipulation of morphology. Less intrusive methods have tried to simulate conspecifics using crude playback tools, such as mirrors, still images, or models. As technology has become more advanced, video playback has emerged as another tool in which to examine visual communication (Rosenthal, 2000). However, to move one step further, the application of computer-animation now allows researchers to specifically isolate critical components necessary to elicit social responses from conspecifics, and manipulate these features to control interactions. Here, I provide detail on how to create an animation using the Jacky dragon as a model, but this process may be adaptable for other species. In building the animation, I elected to use Lightwave  3D to alter object morphology, add texture, install bones, and provide comparable weight shading that prevents exaggerated movement. The animation is then matched to select motor patterns to replicate critical movement features. Finally, the sequence must rendered into an individual clip for presentation. Although there are other adaptable techniques, this particular method had been demonstrated to be effective in eliciting both conspicuous and social responses in staged interactions.

Computer-generated stimuli using the Jacky dragon as a model.

コンピュータによって生成された動物モデルの刺激

Communication between animals is diverse and complex. Animals may communicate using auditory, seismic, chemosensory, electrical, or visual signals. In ...

Isolation and Genetic Manipulation of Adult Cardiac Myocytes for Confocal Imaging

Cardiac myocytes isolated from adult hearts are widely accepted as a model somewhere half way between embryonic and neonatal muscle cells on one side and a working heart on the other. Thus, cardiomyocytes serve as good models for cardiac cellular physiology and pathophysiology, for pharmaceutical investigations as well as for the exploration of transgenic animal models. Here we describe a method of isolating the cells from the heart. Furthermore we show how a genetic manipulation on cardiac myocytes can be performed without breeding a transgenic animal: This is the combination of long term culture (1 week) and adenoviral gene transfer. The latter one is described from the construction of the virus to the transduction of the cells. It can be used for the expression of genetically encoded biosensors (GEBs), fluorescent fusion proteins, but also for protein over expression and down regulation, e.g. using RNAi. Here we provide an example for the expression of a fusion protein staining a subcellular structure (Golgi). Such protein expression can be visualized by confocal imaging of z-stacks for a 3D-reconstruction of subcellular structures. The protocol comprises state-of-the-art in cell culture, molecular biology and biophysics and thus provides an approach for exploring new horizons in cellular cardiology.

Adult cardiac myocytes are primary cells that can be isolated from animal hearts and cultured for several days. Within this culture period adenoviral gene transfer can be used to express genetically encoded biosensors (GEBs) or fluorescent fusion proteins. Both approaches allow cellular investigations by means of confocal microscopy.

共焦点イメージングのための成人心筋細胞の単離と遺伝子操作

Cardiac myocytes isolated from adult hearts are widely accepted as a model somewhere half way between embryonic and neonatal muscle cells on one side and ...

Single-Molecule Imaging of Nuclear Transport

The utility of single molecule fluorescence microscopy approaches has been proven to be of a great avail in understanding biological reactions over the last decade. The investigation of molecular interactions with high temporal and spatial resolutions deep within cells has remained challenging due to the inherently weak signals arising from individual molecules. Recent works by Yang et al. demonstrated that narrow-field epifluorescence microscopy allows visualization of nucleocytoplasmic transport at the single molecule level. By the single molecule approach, important kinetics, such as nuclear transport time and efficiency, for signal-dependent and independent cargo molecules have been obtained. Here we described a protocol for the methodological approach with an improved spatiotemporal resolution of 0.4 ms and 12 nm. The improved resolution enabled us to capture transient active transport and passive diffusion events through the nuclear pore complexes (NPC) in semi-intact cells. We expect this method to be used in elucidating other binding and trafficking events within cells.

Single molecule microscopy approch provided novel insights into nuclear transport.

核輸送の1分子イメージング

The utility of single molecule fluorescence microscopy approaches has been proven to be of a great avail in understanding biological reactions over the ...

Single-molecule Imaging of Gene Regulation In vivo Using Cotranslational Activation by Cleavage (CoTrAC)

We describe a fluorescence microscopy method, Co-Translational Activation by Cleavage (CoTrAC) to image the production of protein molecules in live cells with single-molecule precision without perturbing the protein's functionality. This method makes it possible to count the numbers of protein molecules produced in one cell during sequential, five-minute time windows. It requires a fluorescence microscope with laser excitation power density of ~0.5 to 1 kW/cm2, which is sufficiently sensitive to detect single fluorescent protein molecules in live cells. The fluorescent reporter used in this method consists of three parts: a membrane targeting sequence, a fast-maturing, yellow fluorescent protein and a protease recognition sequence. The reporter is translationally fused to the N-terminus of a protein of interest. Cells are grown on a temperature-controlled microscope stage. Every five minutes, fluorescent molecules within cells are imaged (and later counted by analyzing fluorescence images) and subsequently photobleached so that only newly translated proteins are counted in the next measurement.
Fluorescence images resulting from this method can be analyzed by detecting fluorescent spots in each image, assigning them to individual cells and then assigning cells to cell lineages. The number of proteins produced within a time window in a given cell is calculated by dividing the integrated fluorescence intensity of spots by the average intensity of single fluorescent molecules. We used this method to measure expression levels in the range of 0-45 molecules in single 5 min time windows. This method enabled us to measure noise in the expression of the &lambda; repressor CI, and has many other potential applications in systems biology.

Single-molecule Imaging of Gene Regulation In vivo Using Cotranslational Activation by Cleavage CoTrAC

We describe a fluorescence microscopy method, Co-Translational Activation by Cleavage (CoTrAC), to image the production of protein molecules in live cells with single-molecule precision without perturbing the protein's functionality. This method has been used to follow the stochastic expression dynamics of a transcription factor, the &lambda; repressor CI 1.

遺伝子調節の1分子蛍光イメージング<emインビボ&gt;</em&gt;開裂により同時翻訳アクティベーションの使用（CoTrAC）

We describe a fluorescence microscopy method, Co-Translational Activation by Cleavage (CoTrAC) to image the production of protein molecules in live cells ...

Budding Yeast Protein Extraction and Purification for the Study of Function, Interactions, and Post-translational Modifications

Homogenization by bead beating is a fast and efficient way to release DNA, RNA, proteins, and metabolites from budding yeast cells, which are notoriously hard to disrupt. Here we describe the use of a bead mill homogenizer for the extraction of proteins into buffers optimized to maintain the functions, interactions and post-translational modifications of proteins. Logarithmically growing cells expressing the protein of interest are grown in a liquid growth media of choice. The growth media may be supplemented with reagents to induce protein expression from inducible promoters (e.g. galactose), synchronize cell cycle stage (e.g. nocodazole), or inhibit proteasome function (e.g. MG132). Cells are then pelleted and resuspended in a suitable buffer containing protease and/or phosphatase inhibitors and are either processed immediately or frozen in liquid nitrogen for later use. Homogenization is accomplished by six cycles of 20 sec&#160;bead-beating (5.5 m/sec), each followed by one minute incubation on ice. The resulting homogenate is cleared by centrifugation and small particulates can be removed by filtration. The resulting cleared whole cell extract (WCE) is precipitated using 20% TCA for direct analysis of total proteins by SDS-PAGE followed by Western blotting. Extracts are also suitable for affinity purification of specific proteins, the detection of post-translational modifications, or the analysis of co-purifying proteins. As is the case for most protein purification protocols, some enzymes and proteins may require unique conditions or buffer compositions for their purification and others may be unstable or insoluble under the conditions stated. In the latter case, the protocol presented may provide a useful starting point to empirically determine the best bead-beating strategy for protein extraction and purification. We show the extraction and purification of an epitope-tagged SUMO E3 ligase, Siz1, a cell cycle regulated protein that becomes both sumoylated and phosphorylated, as well as a SUMO-targeted ubiquitin ligase subunit, Slx5.

The preparation of high quality yeast cell extracts is a necessary first step in the analysis of individual proteins or entire proteomes. Here we describe a fast, efficient, and reliable homogenization protocol for budding yeast cells that has been optimized to preserve protein functions, interactions, and post-translational modifications.

機能の研究、相互作用、および翻訳後修飾のため出芽酵母タンパク質の抽出と精製

Homogenization by bead beating is a fast and efficient way to release DNA, RNA, proteins, and metabolites from budding yeast cells, which are notoriously ...

Chromatin Immunoprecipitation Assay for the Identification of Arabidopsis Protein-DNA Interactions In Vivo

Intricate gene regulatory networks orchestrate biological processes and developmental transitions in plants. Selective transcriptional activation and silencing of genes mediate the response of plants to environmental signals and developmental cues. Therefore, insights into the mechanisms that control plant gene expression are essential to gain a deep understanding of how biological processes are regulated in plants. The chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) technique described here is a procedure to identify the DNA-binding sites of proteins in genes or genomic regions of the model species Arabidopsis thaliana. The interactions with DNA of proteins of interest such as transcription factors, chromatin proteins or posttranslationally modified versions of histones can be efficiently analyzed with the ChIP protocol. This method is based on the fixation of protein-DNA interactions in vivo, random fragmentation of chromatin, immunoprecipitation of protein-DNA complexes with specific antibodies, and quantification of the DNA associated with the protein of interest by PCR techniques. The use of this methodology in Arabidopsis has contributed significantly to unveil transcriptional regulatory mechanisms that control a variety of plant biological processes. This approach allowed the identification of the binding sites of the Arabidopsis chromatin protein EBS to regulatory regions of the master gene of flowering FT. The impact of this protein in the accumulation of particular histone marks in the genomic region of FT was also revealed through ChIP analysis.

Chromatin Immunoprecipitation Assay for the Identification of Arabidopsis Protein-DNA Interactions In Vivo

Chromatin immunoprecipitation is a powerful technique for the identification of DNA binding sites of Arabidopsis proteins in vivo. This procedure includes chromatin cross-linking and fragmentation, immunoprecipitation with selective antibodies against the protein of interest, and qPCR analysis of bound DNA. We describe a simple ChIP assay optimized for Arabidopsis plants.

シロイヌナズナタンパク質-DNA相互作用の同定のための免疫沈降アッセイクロマチン<em&gt;インビボ</em

Intricate gene regulatory networks orchestrate biological processes and developmental transitions in plants. Selective transcriptional activation and ...

The ChIP-exo Method: Identifying Protein-DNA Interactions with Near Base Pair Precision

Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) is an indispensable tool in the fields of epigenetics and gene regulation that isolates specific protein-DNA interactions. ChIP coupled to high throughput sequencing (ChIP-seq) is commonly used to determine the genomic location of proteins that interact with chromatin. However, ChIP-seq is hampered by relatively low mapping resolution of several hundred base pairs and high background signal. The ChIP-exo method is a refined version of ChIP-seq that substantially improves upon both resolution and noise. The key distinction of the ChIP-exo methodology is the incorporation of lambda exonuclease digestion in the library preparation workflow to effectively footprint the left and right 5&#39; DNA borders of the protein-DNA crosslink site. The ChIP-exo libraries are then subjected to high throughput sequencing. The resulting data can be leveraged to provide unique and ultra-high resolution insights into the functional organization of the genome. Here, we describe the ChIP-exo method that we have optimized and streamlined for mammalian systems and next-generation sequencing-by-synthesis platform.

Here, we present a protocol to achieve near base pair resolution of protein-DNA interactions. This is obtained by exonuclease treatment of DNA fragments selectively enriched by chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP-exo) followed by high throughput sequencing.

ChIP-エキソ方法：近く塩基対の精度でタンパク質 -  DNA相互作用を同定します

Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) is an indispensable tool in the fields of epigenetics and gene regulation that isolates specific protein-DNA ...

Study of Protein-protein Interactions in Autophagy Research

Protein-protein interactions are important for understanding cellular signaling cascades and identifying novel pathway components and protein dynamics. The majority of cellular activities require physical interactions between proteins. To analyze and map these interactions, various experimental techniques as well as bioinformatics tools were developed. Autophagy is a cellular recycling mechanism that allows the cells to cope with different stressors, including nutrient deprivation, chemicals, and hypoxia. In order to better understand autophagy-related signaling events and to discover novel factors that regulate protein complexes in autophagy, we performed protein-protein interaction screens. Validation of these screening results requires the use of immunofluorescence and immunoprecipitation techniques. In this system, specific autophagy-related protein-protein interactions that we discovered were tested in Neuro2A (N2A) and HEK293T cell lines. Details of the technical procedures used are explained in this visualized experiment paper.

Presented here are two antibody-based protein-protein interaction research techniques: immunofluorescence and immunoprecipitation. These techniques are suitable for studying physical interactions between proteins for the discovery of novel components of cellular signaling pathways and for understanding protein dynamics.

オートファジー研究でタンパク質間相互作用の研究

Protein-protein interactions are important for understanding cellular signaling cascades and identifying novel pathway components and protein dynamics. ...

Combining 3D Magnetic Force Actuator and Multi-Functional Fluorescence Imaging to Study Nucleus Mechanobiology

A fundamental question in mechanobiology is how living cells sense extracellular mechanical stimuli in the context of cell physiology and pathology. The cellular mechano-sensation of extracellular mechanical stimuli is believed to be through the membrane receptors, the associated protein complex, and the cytoskeleton. Recent advances in mechanobiology demonstrate that the cell nucleus in cytoplasm itself can independently sense mechanical stimuli simultaneously. However, a mechanistic understanding of how the cell nucleus senses, transduces, and responds to mechanical stimuli is lacking, mainly because of the technical challenges in accessing and quantifying the nucleus mechanics by conventional tools. This paper describes the design, fabrication, and implementation of a new magnetic force actuator that applies precise and non-invasive 3D mechanical stimuli to directly deform the cell nucleus. Using CRISPR/Cas9-engineered cells, this study demonstrates that this tool, combined with high-resolution confocal fluorescent imaging, enables the revelation of the real-time dynamics of a mechano-sensitive yes-associated protein (YAP) in single cells as a function of nucleus deformation. This simple method has the potential to bridge the current technology gap in the mechanobiology community and provide answers to the knowledge gap that exists in the relation between nucleus mechanotransduction and cell function.

This study presents a new protocol to directly apply mechanical force on the cell nucleus through magnetic microbeads delivered into the cytoplasm and to conduct simultaneous live-cell fluorescent imaging.

3D磁力アクチュエータと多機能蛍光イメージングを組み合わせて核メカノバイオロジーを研究

A fundamental question in mechanobiology is how living cells sense extracellular mechanical stimuli in the context of cell physiology and pathology. The ...