The research reported in this article was supported by a grant of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft to Christian Frings (FR 2133/1-2).

プロトコルは、アメリカ心理学会と世界医師会（ヘルシンキ、1989年の改訂宣言）の倫理指針に従っています。 1。一般的な実験のセットアップ<ol><li>コンピュータを介して反応時間の実験で、伸延応答結合の影響については、データを収集する。 </li></ol>実験2。準備<ol><li>実験をプログラムするための標準的な実験的なソフトウェアを使用してください。これまでの研究のほとんどは、E-総理を使用していました。 </li><li>刺激材料を決定します。結合伸延反応は、単一の文字、数字、カラードット、アイコン、および場所で示されている。 </li><li>両方のターゲットとディストラクタを描画元となる1刺激セットを作成します。例えば、このセットには、8文字S、D、F、G、H、J、K、およびLを含むことができ<ol><li> 4つのグループに刺激セットを分離し、各グループに1の応答を割り当てます。例えば、ボタンにSとDを割り当てる右中指で右人差し指でボタンが押されに左中指で押します、F、Gの左人差し指でボタンを押すと、H、Jは、Kの、ボタンを押しはL。 </li><li>刺激の配置を決定します。グループ化された方法で、ターゲットとディストラクタ刺激を提示してください。ゲシュタルト原則は刺激のグループ化を実装するために役立ちます。例えば水平に存在する文字ではなく、縦線。 </li><li>ターゲット選択の基準を決定します。これは、実験全体を通して変わらないことができるが、それはまた、各ディスプレイの前に示すことができる。例えば、本ターゲットとディストラクタ水平ライン、および（ディストラクタなどのターゲットとDとKで、 例えば 「DKDKD」）は、ターゲットを含むように特定の場所を定義します。実験を通してすべてのディスプレイに同じ刺激装置を使用してください。 </li></ol></li><li>試作型の6種類（ すなわち 、プライムプローブ配列）を準備するか、thogonally（応答変化対異なるターゲットと応答の繰り返し対同じターゲットと応答の繰り返し）反応関係と伸延関係（伸延チェンジ対伸延繰り返し）を変化させる。各素数と各プローブ配置では、異なる応答にマッピングされている正解の選択肢と目標を組み合わせるように注意してください。 <ol><li>試作型RRiは-DRについては、主なターゲットに対応して、プライムとプローブディスプレイに同じ標的刺激のIDを提示することによってプローブ対象に対する応答間の応答の繰り返しを実装します。プライムとプローブのディスプレイに同じディストラクタ刺激を提示することによって伸延繰り返しを実装します。 </li><li>試作型RRiは直流の場合は、プライムとプローブ·ディスプレイで同じ標的刺激のIDを提示することによって、応答の繰り返しを実装します。プライムとプローブのディスプレイに異なるディストラクタ刺激を提示することによって、伸延の変更を実装します。 </li><li>トライアル系RR-DR、応答REPEを実装プライムで同じ応答カテゴリとプローブディスプレイから標的刺激を提示することによってtition。プライムとプローブのディスプレイに同じディストラクタ刺激を提示することによって伸延繰り返しを実装します。 </li><li>トライアルタイプRR-DCの場合は、プライムとプローブディスプレイに同じ応答カテゴリから標的刺激を提示することによって、応答の繰り返しを実装します。プライムとプローブのディスプレイに異なるディストラクタ刺激を提示することによって、伸延の変更を実装します。 </li><li>トライアルタイプRC-DRの場合は、プライムとプローブのディスプレイに異なる応答カテゴリーから標的刺激を提示することによって応答変化を実装します。プライムとプローブのディスプレイに同じディストラクタ刺激を提示することによって伸延繰り返しを実装します。 </li><li>トライアルタイプRC-DCの場合は、プライムとプローブのディスプレイに異なる応答カテゴリーから標的刺激を提示することによって応答変化を実装します。上の別のディストラクタ刺激を提示することによってディストラクタ変更を実装プライムとプローブが表示されます。 </li></ol></li><li>それぞれの試験のタイプによって定義された制限の下では、ランダムにプライム対象、プライム伸延、プローブ標的とプローブ伸延の役割に刺激セットから刺激を割り当てます。各プライムとターゲットレスポンスとは異なるにマップされている正解の選択肢を使用するように各プローブ配置に注意することを忘れないでください。各試行の種類の割り当てを行うと、180試験で、その結果、この30倍を繰り返します。 </li><li> 180試験の順番をランダムにします。 </li><li>練習ブロック60の試験のランダムなサンプルを使用してください。 </li></ol> 3。実験方法<ol><li>ようこそ参加者（S）とコンピュータを割り当てる。グループでのテストが可能です。個々の防音室で参加者をテストすることが望ましい。 </li><li>まず、年齢、性別、不良ビジョンなどの追加データを収集します。 </li><li>タスクの記述を含む書面による指示を与える（常にTAに割り当てられたボタンを押してくださいディストラクタ刺激）との誤差を加えることなく、可能な限り高速に応答するよう催促を無視して刺激をrget。命令は、コンピュータ画面を介して与えることができる。 </li><li>各試行では次のように表示を提示する（ 図1を参照）。一文字は0.5°、1°の間の水平および垂直方向の視野角を持つ必要があります。互いに隣接して存在する各素数でターゲットとディストラクタ刺激および各プローブディスプレイ（刺激のグルーピングを最大にする）。 <ol><li>次の試験は、スペースバーを押すことで起動することができ、参加者に通知したキュー（ たとえばアスタリスク）を提示。改行はスペースバーを押す前に、試験間、この時点で撮影することができます。 （代わりに、1500ミリ秒の試行間間隔を使用）。 </li><li> 500ミリ秒間画面中央に固定マーカー（ 例えばプラス記号）を提示。 </li><li>参加者がPRすることで応答するまで、画面の中央にプライムディスプレイを発表応答ボタンのいずれかをディエッサー。 </li><li>プライムレスポンスタイム（応答までの素数の発症）、プライム応答の正確さをログに記録します。 </li><li>不正確な応答の場合、可能な限り速く、また正しい反応するように参加者を連想させる1500ミリの警告を提示する。 </li><li> 500ミリ秒間画面中央に固定マーカー（ 例えばプラス記号）を提示。プライム応答とプローブ千ミリより短い発症との間のこの時間を維持するように注意してください。 </li><li>参加者が応答ボタンを押すことによって応答するまで、画面の中央にプローブの表示を提示する。 </li><li>プローブ応答時間（応答開始までのプローブ）およびプローブ応答の正確さを記録。 </li><li>不正確な応答の場合、可能な限り高速に反応する参加者を連想させる1500用ミリが、エラーをせず、警告を提示する。 </li></ol></li><li>ターゲットのIDの繰り返しで、応答の繰り返し試験を省略した（ つまり、RRiを試行）が目標アイデンティティ繰り返し効果の影響を除外する。 </li><li>プローブ応答時間の分析のために、唯一のプライムとプローブへの正しい応答との比較試験を検討し、（200ミリ秒未満）先行し、外れ値応答時間（ 例えばテューキー26）を除外。 </li><li> ×2（ディストラクタの関係：変化対繰り返し）分散分析：2（変化対繰り返し応答関係）にプローブ応答時間を入力してください。同じANOVAは、プローブエラー率を分析するために使用することができる。 </li></ol>

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著者らは、開示することは何もありません。

伸延応答結合のパラダイムは、応答実行のための標的刺激と競合正解の選択肢の影響を調査することは有用である。特に、選択タスクのパフォーマンスに影響を与えることが提案されている特定のメカニズムを区別することができる。すなわち、ディストラクタ刺激に関する検索および阻害効果の両方を別々に分析することができます。また、このパラダイムにおいて別々に結合伸延応答の?...

私たちの周りの世界で行動することはほぼ無限の可能性を提供し、知覚する情報の無限のストリームを介して我々の方法を操縦するために、私たちの脳は、簡単で効率的なプロセスやメカニズムの限られた数に依存する必要があります。一つの重要なメカニズムは、それは、関連すると無関係な情報を区別する機能があり、選択的注意である。刺激は無関係であると識別されると、阻害は、伸延表現1又は2ブロックの干渉を低減する応答システムへのアクセスの活性化を減衰させる。伸延阻害は、認知制御3の中核となる概念の一つである。 人間の行動のもう一つの重要な特徴は、私たちの行動ではなく、一人ひとりの側面は、意図的に制御できることである。他のメカニズムは、情報技術の制御されたリソース要求の厳しい処理の結果、意図的な行動を翻訳することが必要であるN、効率的な行動ルーチンに。以前の行動のエピソードの検索は、行動のような自動化のための重要な役割を果たしている可能性があります。最新のインスタンスベースのモデルによると、特定の刺激は、刺激の発生に時間的に近接して実行されたレスポンスと統合になることができます。刺激と反応の化合物は、その後、エピソード記憶にある「インスタンス」4または「イベントファイル」5,6として格納されます。再遭遇、イベントファイルの刺激が関連する応答4-8を含むメモリからの全エピソードの取得、につながる。前のアクションのこの検索は、刺激駆動型の行動ルーチンを確立することによって、行動の制御を効率的にボトムアップ発揮、迅速かつ自動的に動作します。最近の証拠は、このメカニズムはまた、不正解の選択肢によってトリガすることができることを示唆している、すなわち、以前のエピソードと応答のディストラクタベース検索は、人間の行動に影響を与える同様に9を制御します。 結合伸延応答のパラダイムは具体的には、応答のために標的刺激と競合行動制御に与える影響の不正解の選択肢を調査するために開発されました。特に、この技術は、伸延処理に関連して説明された2つの機構、すなわち、伸延阻害および応答の伸延ベース検索を解きほぐすことを可能にする。 ディストラクタ-応答結合パラダイム（レビューフォックス10を参照してください）負のプライミングパラダイムを用いた研究に由来する。負のプライミングパラダイムでは、プライム（ すなわち負のプライミング効果）に表示されていなかったターゲットへの応答を調べるために比較してより遅い応答時間以上のエラーにプローブ·リード上のターゲットとして繰り返して、プライム正解の選択肢。このパラダイムの一つの難しさは、少なくとも二つの異なる機構が負プリミンを占めることができることであったG効果。一方では、主なターゲットに応答できるようにするために、素数が素数伸延プレゼンテーションで阻害することが提案されている。欠点の旧ディストラクタ刺激の結果の残留阻害この抑制された刺激に反応し、プローブ1,11に必要とされる場合。一方、負のプライミングは、検索メカニズム12,13の結果である場合もあります。例えば、ニールは、プライムディストラクターは、その後、それがプローブ対象14として繰り返されている場合は、この刺激に応答して検索され、今度の競合にあり、プライムでのDO-NOT-応答タグと一緒に符号化されているもの。 さらに最近では、刺激応答取得理論（SRR 15）が正解の選択肢はと統合されていると応答の取得をトリガすることができますと仮定した。これは個別にディストラクターの繰り返しによる検索の影響を調査するための新しい可能性を開きます。コー​​ディングイベントの理論に基づく<sup&gt; 16、SRRはそのターゲット、伸延を提案し、応答機能は、1一時エピソード記憶トレースまたはイベントファイルにエンコードされます。次の出会いに、これらの刺激（ すなわちまた、ディストラクタ刺激）のいずれかが目標応答を含む全体のイベントファイルの検索をトリガすることができます。伸延の繰り返しに起因するこれらの検索の効果は結合伸延応答と呼ばれている。伸延応答結合は、人間の視覚での反応、聴覚、及び触覚モダリティ17-19に性能に影響することが示されている。また、ロケーション選択20における応答を調節する。ディストラクタ-反応結合のみ、一定の条件の下で21〜23完全自動しかし影響振る舞いではないことを効果的証拠の様々な変調の要因。 効果は影響伸延の繰り返しにより順次選択タスクで証明され、パフォーマンスに応じて繰り返しに依存しています。同じ応答が素数とプローブについて説明する必要がある場合伸延が互換性の応答を取得しているため、ディストラクタの繰り返しが伸延変化に比較してより高いパフォーマンスにつながります。応答の変更が必要な場合とは対照的に、伸延を繰り返すこと伸延が互換性のない応答を取得するように応答を阻害する。このように、ディストラクタベースの検索が伸延繰り返し×応答の繰り返しの相互作用効果によって示されます。 負のプライミングパラダイムにわたる一つの利点は、ディストラクタ-反応の結合のパラダイムが伸延阻害および応答の取得24の影響を区別することができるということです。検索効果は、応答の繰り返しとディストラクタの繰り返しの相互作用によって証明されていますが、伸延阻害は伸延の繰り返しの主な効果として測定される。つまり、行SHに同じ刺激を2回を阻害すること、阻害アカウント1,25が予測する、あるプライムに伸延阻害の影響の後に、プローブ上の伸延阻害を促進する必要があるため、常にメリットにつながるウルド。繰り返される正解の選択肢のこの利益効果は、応答の繰り返しとは独立して抑制理論によると、しかし、である。 さらに前提条件を分析し、ディストラクタ - 反応結合効果の要因を調節することは、私たちの日常生活に影響を与える人間の反応でオブジェクトを無視する方法をよりよく理解することが重要です。本稿では、ディストラクタベースの検索および伸延阻害を分析するために使用されるパラダイムを詳細に説明しています。

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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Standard PC</td>
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			<td style="width:167px;">Various different models have been used in experiments investigating distractor-response binding</td>
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			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">E-Prime</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">Psychology Software Tools</td>
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			<td>Both version 1.0 and version 2.0 have been used</td>
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irrelevant stimuli and action control: analyzing the influence of ignored stimuli via the distractor-response binding paradigm

単純な刺激（ 例えば文字）が提示され、標的刺激は、1つ以上のディストラクタ刺激に対して選択されなければならない選択されたタスクは、しばしば人間の行動制御の研究に使用される。これらの設定における一つの重要な問題は、行動に影響を与え、応答を標的刺激と競合する、どのように伸延刺激である。伸延応答結合パラダイムは、この影響を調べるために使用することができる。別途応答の取得および伸延抑制効果を分析するために特に有用である。コンピュータベースの実験データ（反応時間およびエラー率）を収集するために使用される。ディストラクタ刺激を無視して刺激アレイ（プライムプローブ設計）の順に提示ペアの数では、参加者がターゲットに応答します。重要なのは、要因は、各ペア（変化対反復）とディストラクタの関係（変化対反復）の配列に関係応答が直角に変えられる。同じものの繰り返し伸延はその後アレイ間の応答関係（変化対反復）に応じて、異なる効果があります。この結果パターンは、伸延繰り返しに応答して検索によって説明することができる。また、伸延抑制効果が伸延繰り返しに起因する一般的な利点で示されている。記載パラダイムは、人間の行動に応答して検索効果に関連するパラメータを決定するために有用であることがわかった。

×2（ディストラクタの関係：変化対繰り返し）：2（変化対繰り返し応答関係）でプローブ応答時間への分散分析、応答関係と伸延関係の有意な交互作用は、伸延応答結合の効果を示す。伸延の繰り返しの利点は、応答変更試験におけるよりも応答の繰り返しの方が大きい。すなわち、RR-DCおよびRR-DRの試行間の平均応答時間の差がRC-DCおよびRC-DRの試行間の平均応答時間の差よりも有意に大き...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Irrelevant Stimuli and Action Control: Analyzing the Influence of Ignored Stimuli via the Distractor-Response Binding Paradigm at JoVE.com

Irrelevant Stimuli and Action Control: Analyzing the Influence of Ignored Stimuli via the Distractor-Response Binding Paradigm

The distractor-response binding paradigm is described. It can be used to shed light on the influence irrelevant stimuli, competing with targets for a response, can have on human action. Both response retrieval effects and distractor inhibition effects can be analyzed within the paradigm.

無関係な刺激と行動制御：ディストラクタ - 応答パラダイムを結合することにより無視された刺激の影響を分析

Selection tasks in which simple stimuli (e.g. letters) are presented and a target stimulus has to be selected against one or more distractor stimuli are ...

irrelevant-stimuli-action-control-analyzing-influence-ignored-stimuli

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

9.6K ビュー.  Trier University. The distractor-response binding paradigm is described. It can be used to shed light on the influence irrelevant stimuli, competing with targets for a response, can have on human action. Both response retrieval effects and distractor inhibition effects can be analyzed within the paradigm.

ビデオ: Irrelevant Stimuli and Action Control: Analyzing the Influence of Ignored Stimuli via the Distractor-Response Binding Paradigm

Electrophysiological Motor Unit Number Estimation (MUNE) Measuring Compound Muscle Action Potential (CMAP) in Mouse Hindlimb Muscles

Compound muscle action potential (CMAP) and motor unit number estimation (MUNE) are electrophysiological techniques that can be used to monitor the functional status of a motor unit pool in vivo. These measures can provide insight into the normal development and degeneration of the neuromuscular system. These measures have clear translational potential because they are routinely applied in diagnostic and clinical human studies. We present electrophysiological techniques similar to those employed in humans to allow recordings of mouse sciatic nerve function. The CMAP response represents the electrophysiological output from a muscle or group of muscles following supramaximal stimulation of a peripheral nerve. MUNE is an electrophysiological technique that is based on modifications of the CMAP response. MUNE is a calculated value that represents the estimated number of motor neurons or axons (motor control input) supplying the muscle or group of muscles being tested. We present methods for recording CMAP responses from the proximal leg muscles using surface recording electrodes following the stimulation of the sciatic nerve in mice. An incremental MUNE technique is described using submaximal stimuli to determine the average single motor unit potential (SMUP) size. MUNE is calculated by dividing the CMAP amplitude (peak-to-peak) by the SMUP amplitude (peak-to-peak). These electrophysiological techniques allow repeated measures in both neonatal and adult mice in such a manner that facilitates rapid analysis and data collection while reducing the number of animals required for experimental testing. Furthermore, these measures are similar to those recorded in human studies allowing more direct comparisons.

Electrophysiological Motor Unit Number Estimation MUNE Measuring Compound Muscle Action Potential CMAP in Mouse Hindlimb Muscles

We present refined protocols that allow in vivo monitoring of motor unit function in the mouse. Techniques to measure compound muscle action potential (CMAP) and motor unit number estimation (MUNE) in the mouse hind limb muscles innervated by the sciatic nerve are described.

電気生理学的運動単位数の推定（MUNE）マウス後肢の筋肉に複合筋活動電位（CMAP）の測定

Compound muscle action potential (CMAP) and motor unit number estimation (MUNE) are electrophysiological techniques that can be used to monitor the ...

行動学

Eliciting and Analyzing Male Mouse Ultrasonic Vocalization (USV) Songs

Mice produce ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) in a variety of social contexts throughout development and adulthood. These USVs are used for mother-pup retrieval1, juvenile interactions2, opposite and same sex interactions3,4,5, and territorial interactions6. For decades, the USVs have been used by investigators as proxies to study neuropsychiatric and developmental or behavioral disorders7,8,9, and more recently to understand mechanisms and evolution of vocal communication among vertebrates10. Within the sexual interactions, adult male mice produce USV songs, which have some features similar to courtship songs of songbirds11. The use of such multisyllabic repertoires can increase potential flexibility and information they carry, as they can be varied in how elements are organized and recombined, namely syntax. In this protocol a reliable method to elicit USV songs from male mice in various social contexts, such as exposure to fresh female urine, anesthetized animals, and estrus females is described. This includes conditions to induce a large amount of syllables from the mice. We reduce recording of ambient noises with inexpensive sound chambers, and present a quantification method to automatically detect, classify and analyze the USVs. The latter includes evaluation of call-rate, vocal repertoire, acoustic parameters, and syntax. Various approaches and insight on using playbacks to study an animal&#39;s preference for specific song types are described. These methods were used to describe acoustic and syntax changes across different contexts in male mice, and song preferences in female mice.

Eliciting and Analyzing Male Mouse Ultrasonic Vocalization USV Songs

Mice produce a complex multisyllabic repertoire of ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs). These USVs are widely used as readouts for neuropsychiatric disorders. This protocol describes some of the practices we learned and developed to consistently induce, collect, and analyze the acoustic features and syntax of mouse songs.

雄マウス超音波発声（USV）曲の抽出と分析

Mice produce ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) in a variety of social contexts throughout development and adulthood. These USVs are used for mother-pup ...

A Method for Manipulating Blood Glucose and Measuring Resulting Changes in Cognitive Accessibility of Target Stimuli

Much research in social psychology has investigated the impact of bodily energy need on cognition and decision-making. As such, blood glucose, the body's primary energy source, has been of special interest to researchers for years. Fluctuations in blood glucose have been linked to a variety of changes in cognitive and behavioral processes, such as self-control, political attitudes, and eating behavior. To help meet growing interest in the links between bodily energy need and these processes, this manuscript offers a simple methodology to experimentally manipulate blood glucose using a fasting procedure followed by administration of a sugar-sweetened, unsweetened, or artificially-sweetened beverage. This is followed by presentation of a method for measuring resulting changes in implicit cognition using a lexical decision-task. In this task, participants are asked to identify whether strings of letters are words or non-words and response latencies are recorded. Sample results from a recent publication are presented as an example of the applications for the experimental manipulation of blood glucose and the lexical decision task measures.

The authors introduce a method for manipulating blood glucose and measuring resulting changes in cognitive accessibility of target words using a lexical decision task.

血糖の操作とターゲット刺激の認知アクセシビリティにおける測定結果の変化のための方法

Much research in social psychology has investigated the impact of bodily energy need on cognition and decision-making.  As such, blood glucose, the body's ...

The Modified Temptation Resistance Task: A Paradigm to Elicit Children's Strategic Lie-telling

The protocol for the temptation resistance paradigm was designed to elicit 2- to 8-year-old children's strategic lie-telling behaviors. The reward of transgression was intended to be too tempting to resist, so that children's spontaneous lie-telling behavior in the presence of irreversible evidence due to the transgression could be observed. Conducted in a developmental psychology laboratory behind a one-way mirror and video recorded with a hidden camcorder, the protocol starts with a guessing game where the child is given three trials to guess the identities of hidden objects under an upside down cup. The experimenter gives hints in the first two trials to make sure the child "guess" them correctly. At the beginning of the final trial, the experimenter leaves the room briefly and asks the child not to peek under the cup. If the child could not resist the temptation and peeks, small particles previously filled in the cup would scatter on a grooved surface. Upon the experimenter's return, the child is asked if he/she has peeked. If he/she denies transgression contrary to the presence of the physical evidence, he/she is asked to explain why the particles are on the table. Three responses could be observed in the procedure, including the initial transgression, truth-telling or lie-telling behavior if the child peeked, and the strategic lie-telling behavior in the presence of the physical evidence.

The Modified Temptation Resistance Task: A Paradigm to Elicit Children&#039;s Strategic Lie-telling

The protocol for the temptation resistance paradigm was designed to elicit 2- to 8-year-old children&#39;s strategic lie-telling behaviors. The reward of transgression was intended to be too tempting to resist, so that children&#39;s spontaneous lie-telling behavior in the presence of irreversible evidence due to the transgression could be observed.

変更された誘惑抵抗タスク: 子供の戦略的な嘘を引き出すためにパラダイム

The protocol for the temptation resistance paradigm was designed to elicit 2- to 8-year-old children's strategic lie-telling behaviors. The reward of ...

Using Eye Movements Recorded in the Visual World Paradigm to Explore the Online Processing of Spoken Language

In a typical eye tracking study using the visual world paradigm, participants' eye movements to objects or pictures in the visual workspace are recorded via an eye tracker as the participant produces or comprehends a spoken language describing the concurrent visual world. This paradigm has high versatility, as it can be used in a wide range of populations, including those who cannot read and/or who cannot overtly give their behavioral responses, such as preliterate children, elderly adults, and patients. More importantly, the paradigm is extremely sensitive to fine grained manipulations of the speech signal, and it can be used to study the online processing of most topics in language comprehension at multiple levels, such as the fine grained acoustic phonetic features, the properties of words, and the linguistic structures. The protocol described in this article illustrates how a typical visual world eye tracking study is conducted, with an example showing how the online processing of some semantically complex statements can be explored with the visual world paradigm.

The visual world paradigm monitors participants' eye movements in the visual workspace as they are listening to or speaking a spoken language. This paradigm can be used to investigate the online processing of a wide range of psycholinguistic questions, including semantically complex statements, such as disjunctive statements.

眼球運動の視覚世界のパラダイムに記録を使用して話されていた言語のオンライン処理を探索するには

In a typical eye tracking study using the visual world paradigm, participants' eye movements to objects or pictures in the visual workspace are recorded ...

Driving Under the Influence: How Music Listening Affects Driving Behaviors

Car driving is a daily activity for many individuals in modern societies. Drivers often listen to music while driving. The method presented here investigates how listening to music influences driving behaviors. A driving simulation was selected because it offers both a well-controlled environment and a good level of ecological validity. Driving behaviors were assessed through a car-following task. In practice, participants were instructed to follow a lead vehicle as they would do in real life. The lead vehicle speed changed over time requiring constant speed adjustments for the participants. The inter-vehicular time was used to assess driving behaviors. To complement the driving behaviors, the subjective mood and physiological level of arousal were also collected. As such, the results collected using this method offer insights on both the human internal state (i.e., subjective mood and physiological arousal) and driving behaviors in the car following task.

Here, we present a protocol to assess driving behaviors while following a vehicle in a simulated driving environment. The presented protocol is used to compare the impact of different auditory backgrounds on driving behaviors.

影響下の運転: 運転行動のしくみ音楽を聴く

Car driving is a daily activity for many individuals in modern societies. Drivers often listen to music while driving. The method presented here ...

Simultaneous Recordings of Cortical Local Field Potentials and Electrocorticograms in Response to Nociceptive Laser Stimuli from Freely Moving Rats

Electrocortical responses, elicited by laser heat pulses that selectively activate nociceptive free nerve endings, are widely used in many animal and human studies to investigate the cortical processing of nociceptive information. These laser-evoked brain potentials (LEPs) consist of several transient responses that are time-locked to the onset of laser stimuli. However, the functional properties of the LEP responses are still largely unknown, due to the lack of a sampling technique that can simultaneously record neural activities at the surface of the cortex (i.e., electrocorticogram [ECoG] and scalp electroencephalogram [scalp EEG]) and inside the brain (i.e., local field potential [LFP]). To address this issue, we present here an animal protocol using freely moving rats. This protocol is composed of three main procedures: (1) animal preparation and surgical procedures, (2) a simultaneous recording of ECoG and LFP in response to nociceptive laser stimuli, and (3) data analysis and feature extraction. Specifically, with the help of a 3D-printed protective shell, both ECoG and LFP electrodes implanted on the rat&#39;s skull were securely held together. During data collection, laser pulses were delivered on the rat&#39;s forepaws through gaps in the bottom of the chamber when the animal was in spontaneous stillness. Ongoing white noise was played to avoid the activation of the auditory system by the laser-generated ultrasounds. As a consequence, only nociceptive responses were selectively recorded. Using the standard analytical procedures (e.g., band-pass filtering, epoch extraction, and baseline correction) to extract stimulus-related brain responses, we obtained results showing that LEPs with a high signal-to-noise ratio were simultaneously recorded from ECoG and LFP electrodes. This methodology makes the simultaneous recording of ECoG and LFP activities possible, which provides a bridge of electrocortical signals at the mesoscopic and macroscopic levels, thereby facilitating the investigation of nociceptive information processing in the brain.

We developed a technique that simultaneously records both electrocorticography and local field potentials in response to nociceptive laser stimuli from freely moving rats. This technique helps establish a direct relationship of electrocortical signals at the mesoscopic and macroscopic levels, which facilitates the investigation of nociceptive information processing in the brain.

大脳皮質の局所電界電位と自由行動ラットから侵害受容のレーザー刺激への応答で Electrocorticograms の同時録音

Electrocortical responses, elicited by laser heat pulses that selectively activate nociceptive free nerve endings, are widely used in many animal and ...

The HoneyComb Paradigm for Research on Collective Human Behavior

Collective human behavior such as group movement frequently shows surprising patterns and regularities, such as the emergence of leadership. Recent literature has revealed that these patterns, often visible at the global level of the group, are based on self-organized, individual behaviors that follow several simple local parameters. Understanding the dynamics of human collective behavior can help to improve coordination and leadership in group and crowd scenarios, such as identifying the ideal placement and number of emergency exits in buildings.
In this article, we present the experimental paradigm HoneyComb, which can be used to systematically investigate conditions and effects of human collective behavior. This paradigm uses a computer-based multi-user platform, providing a setting that can be shaped and adapted to various types of research questions. Situational conditions (e.g., cost-benefit ratios for specific behavior, monetary incentives and resources, various degrees of uncertainty) can be set by experimenters, depending on the research question. Each participant's motions are recorded by the server as hexagonal coordinates with timestamps at an accuracy of 50 ms and with individual IDs. Thus, a metric can be defined on the playfield, and movement parameters (e.g., distances, velocity, clustering, etc.) of participants can be measured over time. Movement data can in turn be combined with non-computerized data from questionnaires garnered within the same experiment setup.
The HoneyComb paradigm is paving the way for new types of human movement experiments. We demonstrate here that these experiments can render results with sufficient internal validity to meaningfully deepen our understanding of human collective behavior.

Here, we present the computer-based, multi-agent game HoneyComb, which enables experimental investigations of collective human movement behavior via black-dot-avatars on a virtual 2D hexagonal playfield. Different experimental conditions, like variable&#160;incentives on goal fields or vision radius, can be set, and their effects on human movement behavior can be investigated.

人間の集団行動の研究のためのハニカム パラダイム

Collective human behavior such as group movement frequently shows surprising patterns and regularities, such as the emergence of leadership. Recent ...

Multi-Modal Signals for Analyzing Pain Responses to Thermal and Electrical Stimuli

The assessment of pain relies mostly on methods that require a person to communicate. However, for people with cognitive and verbal impairments, existing methods are not sufficient as they lack reliability and validity. To approach this problem, recent research focuses on an objective pain assessment facilitated by parameters of responses derived from physiology, and video and audio signals. To develop reliable automated pain recognition systems, efforts have been made in creating multimodal databases in order to analyze pain and detect valid pain patterns. While the results are promising, they only focus on discriminating pain or pain intensities versus no pain. In order to advance this, research should also consider the quality and duration of pain as they provide additional valuable information for more advanced pain management. To complement existing databases and the analysis of pain regarding quality and length, this paper proposes a psychophysiological experiment to elicit, measure, and collect valid pain reactions. Participants are subjected to painful stimuli that differ in intensity (low, medium, and high), duration (5 s / 1 min), and modality (heat / electric pain) while audio, video (e.g., facial expressions, body gestures, facial skin temperature), and physiological signals (e.g., electrocardiogram [ECG], skin conductance level [SCL], facial electromyography [EMG], and EMG of M. trapezius) are being recorded. The study consists of a calibration phase to determine a subject&#8217;s individual pain range (from low to intolerable pain) and a stimulation phase in which pain stimuli, depending on the calibrated range, are applied. The obtained data may allow refining, improving, and evaluating automated recognition systems in terms of an objective pain assessment. For further development of such systems and to investigate pain reactions in more detail, additional pain modalities such as pressure, chemical, or cold pain should be included in future studies. Recorded data of this study will be released as the &#8220;X-ITE Pain Database&#8221;.

This article focuses on the experimental elicitation of pain through heat (thermal) and electrical stimulation while recording physiological, visual, and paralinguistic responses. It aims at collecting valid multimodal data for analyzing pain based on its intensity, quality, and duration.&#160;

熱および電気刺激に対する痛みの反応を分析するためのマルチ モーダル信号

The assessment of pain relies mostly on methods that require a person to communicate. However, for people with cognitive and verbal impairments, existing ...

Generating Strictly Controlled Stimuli for Figure Recognition Experiments

This protocol introduces a method for generating strictly controlled and objectively defined stimuli for figure recognition experiments. A (6, n) figure consists of n line segments that are spanned between n pairs of points located at the vertices of an invisible regular hexagon. The structural properties (graph invariants) and superficial features (non-graph invariants) of each (6, n) figure with n values ranging from 1 to 6 are calculated and stored in a database. Using this database, experimenters can systematically extract appropriate figures depending on the purpose of the experiment. Furthermore, if the database does not contain necessary information, new feature values can sometimes be calculated ad hoc from the formation of a specific (6, n) figure. Let us call a mirror-reflected pair of figures an axisymmetric (Ax) pair. An Ax pair of figures is known to be more difficult to discriminate than a non-identical pair in the decision of whether the shapes of a given pair are rotated-to-be-identical (Idr). The purpose of the present experiment is to examine whether the sameness of line lengths between two figures in a pair causes the discrimination of the pair to be as difficult as that of an Ax pair. Mutually isomorphic figures share common structural properties despite differences in shape. Ax pairs and Idr pairs are special cases of isomorphic pairs. Furthermore, an Ax pair and Idr pair share most of the superficial feature values, except the relative direction from one location to another location across an axis of symmetry is opposite for an Ax pair. Three types of mutually isomorphic (6, 4) figure pairs were generated: Idr; Ax; and non-identical, non-axisymmetric, isomorphic (Nd) pairs. Nd pairs were further classified into three subcategories according to the superficial feature values of the degree of line length differences.

This protocol describes a method for an experiment that examines whether specific graph and non-graph properties (features) are relevant to the recognition of figures. The method uses a database that stores various feature values of respective figures called (6 point, n line) figures.

図認識実験のための刺激を生成する厳重に

This protocol introduces a method for generating strictly controlled and objectively defined stimuli for figure recognition experiments. A (6, n) figure ...