We would like to thank Jyoti Mishra for useful discussions regarding the paradigm. This research was supported by NIH grants R33DA026109 and R21MH096329 to MSC.

注：この試験プロトコールは、カリフォルニアロサンゼルスの大学の治験審査委員会によって承認された倫理ガイドラインに従って開発されました。 聴覚と視覚刺激の作製<ol><li>視覚画像を生成することができるソフトウェアを使用して、2つのグレースケールの正弦波格子を作成し、直径約5.7インチ及び任意の周波数（視角例えば 、1.36サイクル/度）の。画像は、100ミリ秒の画面上の時間を持つことになります。 <ol><li>中央値はオフ右に10度程度の視覚格子の1を傾けて、格子の左に同じ量の格子他を傾けます。 </li><li>傾斜の程度は、参加者は推測に頼ることなく、右の傾斜から左傾斜を区別することを可能にするのに十分であることを確認してください。 </li></ol></li><li>聴覚トーンを生成することができるソフトウェアを使用して、100ミリ秒の持続時間の2つの純粋な音を作り出します。 <ol><li> M高いピッチのトーンの1と低いピッチの他のAKE。例えば、一つのピッチは750 Hzで、その他の900ヘルツとすることができます。 </li><li>視覚刺激として、トーンは、参加者は推測に頼ることなく、それらを区別することができるように十分に異なっていることを確認してください。 </li></ol></li></ol>刺激提示の2プログラミング<ol><li>プレゼンテーションソフトを使用して、実験中に聴覚と視覚刺激の提示を制御するコンピュータコードを作成します。 <ol><li>最初に提示される刺激の数を選択します。実験条件ごとに視覚と聴覚刺激のそれぞれの存在は、少なくとも150、信頼性の神経生理学的応答のための十分な繰り返しがあることを確実にします。 </li><li>参加者が快適な視距離で座ってと、グレーの背景の中央に視覚刺激を提示します。がれの両側に配置スピーカーから聴覚刺激を提示N。 注：視覚刺激のために我々は正弦波の生成に使用される白と黒で、純粋な白（255,255,255）と純粋な黒（0,0,0）との間の中間点（128,128,128）でのRGB値と、灰色の背景をお勧めします刺激。これは、背景と刺激の平均輝度が同等であることを保証し、コントラストが刺激と背景の任意の点の間で一定です。 </li><li>聴覚と視覚刺激のそれぞれについて、独立して刺激のタイミングを選択します。 注：これは、2つのストリーム間の時間的関係に基づいて、刺激を予想するから参加者を防ぐことができます。 </li><li>同じモダリティからの刺激の連続プレゼンテーションの間に約1秒の刺激間間隔（ISIS）を使用します。 ISISは警戒のタスクがより厳しいようになります遅い、速いISISは、それが不可能参加者が時間内にその応答をするのかもしれません。 </li><li>に、このような0.7〜2秒のように、範囲内でランダムに正確なISIを変えます期待に関連する神経応答を防止、参加者への刺激は予測不可能にします。 </li><li>クロスモーダル相互作用が刺激21,22を発表し、同時に又はほぼ同時にから発生する可能性があるため、300ミリ秒を下回らない2つの異なるストリームからの刺激の間にISIを保ちます。 </li></ol></li><li>聴覚と視覚刺激が参加者にインターリーブが発生するように見えることを確認しますが、決して共起ません。 </li><li>最後の25枚のセグメントに刺激を分割します。これらのセグメントは、次のセクションで説明した3つのランダムに選択されたタスク命令、のいずれかによって先行されます。 </li></ol> 3.タスク命令<ol><li>オリエント脳活動の神経生理学的措置を収集する前にタスクに参加。 <ol><li>出席し、聴覚トーンに対応し、命令が「聞く」のときに視覚刺激を無視するよう参加者に指示します。この命令bを提示オーディオとビジュアル手段を通じてOTH。 </li><li>各トーンに対する応答を行うために、参加者のための2つのボタンを割り当てます。命令は、「聞く」である場合、例えば、「プレストーンが高い場合、左矢印、右矢印トーンが低い場合」。 </li><li>同様に、出席し、視覚的な格子に対応し、命令が「見て」である場合に聴覚刺激を無視するよう参加者に指示します。 </li><li>視覚格子への対応をするために、参加者のための2つのボタンを割り当てます。例えば、「プレス格子を左に傾いている場合には格子は、左、右矢印に傾いている場合は、左矢印」。 <ol><li>モダリティとのでご注意制御メカニズムを採用する必要性との間の干渉を強化するために聴覚刺激用として視覚刺激のために同じ2つのボタンを使用します。 </li></ol></li><li>最後に、命令が「受動的」であるときに応答をしないよう参加者に指示し、それを確実に参加者は、彼らの目を開いておくと、画面に焦点を当てました。 </li></ol></li><li>タスクセッションを通じて、「聞く」とは無関係であることに、以前に出席したモダリティを切り替えるには、セグメント間の「見て」、従って強力な伸延させるための命令を交互に。 </li><li>画面の中央、または視覚刺激の位置に提示小さなドットまたは十字線に固執彼らの目を保つために、そして実験を通して彼らの目を開いた保つために、参加者を思い出させます。 </li><li>参加者は彼らの目を休ませることができ、同様に長い1〜2分の休憩など、すべての6-8分、疲労の影響を緩和するために、セグメント間の八から十二休憩にビルドします。 </li><li>最後に、彼らは正確にタスクを実行していることを確実にするために十分な練習で、各参加者を提供しています。それは私に提示出席ストリームと視覚と聴覚のタスクを実施するために、特に注意の難しさを持っている参加者のために、有益であり得ますゾル化、伸延ストリームを同時に提示せず。 </li></ol> 4.神経生理学的データ収集<ol><li>参加者は、タスクに精通しているしたら、IMATの間に出席し、無視信号に神経生理学的応答の収集を開始。 </li><li>製造者の指示に従って、脳波（EEG）キャップと記録装置を用意し、脳波の研究26,27のための現在の方法論と出版基準に準拠して。 注：EEG記録のための重要なEEG記録パラメータをIMATの間、それはユーザが指定することができ、含まれる：（a）に、128-1,024ヘルツのサンプリングレートERP信号の低周波をキャプチャします。 （b）は低速ドリフトを最小限に抑えるために交流（AC）の記録を交互に。 （c）は頭皮全体のサンプリングと、ソース画像解析を実行する場合は、センサー64の最低とネット。 </li><li>参加者の頭皮にキャップを適用し、信号インピーダンスを確認し、各センサで高品質。記録電極のインピーダンスが均一でメーカーが推奨する範囲内にあることを確実にするために特別な注意を払ってください。 注：このような呼吸や脈拍などの非神経生理学的信号を収集したい場合は、この時点では、また、任意の追加の生理学的測定デバイスを追加します。 </li><li>製造元の指示に従って、刺激呈示ソフトウェアおよび神経生理学的記録ソフトウェアと神経生理学的記録を同期させます。 </li><li>参加者がレコーディングソフトウェアは、各刺激とその後の分析のための応答のタイミングの正確な記録を持っていることを確認して、タスクを実行しながら、神経生理学的信号を記録。 </li></ol> 5.オフラインデータ解析<ol><li>解析ソフトを用いた統計分析のための神経生理学的データを準備します。 </li><li>まず、neurophyに変動を貢献する非神経信号成分を除去します脳応答のsiological録音。 <ol><li>このようなセンサのインピーダンスの変化によるものと遅いドリフトを除去するために、0.1〜1ヘルツの高域通過フィルタを使用してください。 </li><li>電気的ノイズによって導入高周波成分を除去するために、30〜50ヘルツの低域通過フィルタを使用します。 </li><li>信頼性のないデータを表示センサーを特定し、これらを除外したり、信号を補間します。 </li><li>このような顎の収縮や額、及びそのような眼球運動などの体系的、非神経の貢献、の運動から筋アーチファクトのような大きな頻度の低いノイズ成分を特定し、排除します。 注：非神経成分を除去する典型的なアルゴリズムは、独立成分分析や回帰、ならびに明示的な選択基準（閾値を超え例えば 、電圧変化）に基づく反復アルゴリズムを含みます。利用可能な解析ソフトウェアのガイドラインに従ってください、とのEEG研究26,27の現在の基準に準拠して進行します。 </li></ol></li><li&gt;神経生理学的データの主要な非神経成分が除去されたら、再参照各センサからのすべての他のセンサ全体の平均または左右の乳様突起のチャネルにわたる平均値を減算することにより、各電極でのデータ。 注：このステップは、ゼロの神経信号を含むと仮定されている中性基準に各センサの相対での影響を再発現します。 注：まばらな電極モンタージュはこの技術26,27の仮定を満たすのに十分なサンプリングがない可能性があります。後者の場合、左右の乳様突起の平均値は、より正確な基準を提供することができます。 </li><li>次に、各聴覚と視覚示した各イベントを囲む約1秒の時間エポックを抽出します。刺激開始以下のベースラインの間隔と、少なくとも600ミリ秒として機能するように、刺激開始の前に100ミリ秒を含めます。 </li><li>同じ状態に入る全てのエポックからのデータを平均化 - 、出席無視され、受動的に知覚刺激＆＃8212;平均値を計算するためには、応答の可能性や「ERP」を誘発しました。前刺激信号に対する相対的な変化として、ERPの振幅を再表明することに刺激前ベースラインのデータの平均値を減算します。 </li><li>プロセスに出席の時間経過を同定するために、受動的状態の間のものに対して、振幅とタイミング、並びに出席し、刺激後のERP応答の空間分布を比較します。 </li><li>無視するの経時変化を同定するために、受動的状態の間のものに対して、振幅とタイミング、並びに無視刺激後のERP応答の空間分布を比較します。 </li></ol>

<ol>
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M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Committee+Report:+Publication+guidelines+and+recommendations+for+studies+using+electroencephalography+and+magnetoencephalography.">Committee Report: Publication guidelines and recommendations for studies using electroencephalography and magnetoencephalography.</a> Psychophysiology. 51 (1), 1-21 (2014).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

出席にと注意制御に無視に関連するプロセスは、異なる神経経路と時間のコースを含むことができます。したがって、別途のプロセスを測定するために価値があります。 IMATは1つが持続的注意に、同時に出席し、別々に無視するの神経生理学的信号を捕捉するが、可能性があることにより、ツールです。聴覚や視覚のいずれか - 参加者が出席したときの重要なステップは、無視または受動的?...

アテンション制御は、他の信号へのアクセスを制限しながら、与えられた行動目標1に基づいて、選択入力信号に向かって私たちの神経および認知資源を向けることによって動作を案内します。このような隣の部屋にはテレビなど - - 伸延信号が減衰されることになる本を読むときにたとえば、ブックに対応する視覚信号は、他の感覚信号は、一方のターゲット信号は、強化されることになります。ヒトおよび非ヒト霊長類1-4の両方での録音は、脳内の感覚入力の強度がどうかの関数として変調されていることを示す、感覚皮質の神経応答が選択的注意時に無視不正解の選択肢に比べて出席したターゲット用に拡張されていることを示しています彼らは、ターゲットまたは不正解の選択肢5-7に分類されます。注目変調効果として無視対出席する場合我々は、信号強度の違いを参照してください。 増加の関心があります無視の神経プロセスとは別に、アテンション制御とその障害に寄与する出席のかどうか、神経プロセスの質問。それは気晴らしを無視する機能がターゲットに出席する当社の能力とは独立して損なわれることができることがますます明らかです。例えば、伸延抑制は、標的増強を減少することなく、増加した作業負荷8、認知加齢9と睡眠不足10で損なわれる可能性が。ターゲットの強化で減少が伸延抑制の赤字なしでも存在できるかどうかは現在不明です。おそらくもっと重要なのは、それが解決されていない参加したり無視して、両方ではなく、注意制御が損なわれた神経精神状態を解明することができますいずれかの赤字か。このように、それはよりよい出席し、どのように彼らは、神経ダイナミクスが異なる場合、分離皮質経路から生じる無視するかどうかを理解することが重要です。出席し測定することにより別々のプロセスを無視して、このような問題に対処することができます。 ここでは、持続的注意に、同時に出席し、別々に無視するの神経生理学的信号を測定する方法を説明しますが、。個人がその感覚ストリームに刺激に無視して対通っている神経感覚応答の振幅の差：この手法は注目変調効果に基づいています。注目変調効果は、感覚信号の上に注意変調を検出するための強力なツールですが、それはプロセスに出席し、無視しての個別の動態を評価する能力を妨げます。すなわち、神経感覚応答の違いは注目のプロセスは、感覚対象となる信号を強化するため、発生する可能性が無視対出席する場合、または減衰を感覚伸延信号を無視し、あるいはその両方のため。これらの選択肢の間でテストするには、追加の制御条件の使用は、一つはstrengtを定量化するに必要とされます彼らはどちらも出席したことも、無視され、それらの天然のベースライン時の感覚入力の時間。これは、車の完全にぎやかな通りを歩いてに似ていますが、どちらも積極的に（タクシーを、 例えば ）見ていないにも積極的に（ 例えば 、非タクシー車やバス）を通過する車を無視します。出席または無視され、受動的な基準条件を基準にしている感覚信号を評価することによって、プロセスに出席し、無視するの大きさとタイミングが別々に定量することができます。 プロセスに出席し、無視して測定する際に、このような受動制御の効果的な使用法は、予期注目の研究11-13およびメモリ注意インタラクション9,10,14-17で以前に報告されています。ここでは、非頭出し、連続、インターモーダル（ すなわち 、聴覚·ビジュアル）注目タスク（IMAT）18で、持続的注意のコンテキストで、この手法の使用を記載しています。言い換えれば、この方法は、進行中のラースの研究に適切です時間全体でこれらのプロセスの追跡を可能にする準備制御処理よりもER、。この方法は、このように特定の感覚やコンテンツドメイン内に特化されていないプロセスに焦点を当て、（視覚対すなわち 、聴覚）は、異なる感覚モダリティ全体の感覚応答を調節する制御プロセスを定量化します。 15,19,20以前の機能的磁気共鳴イメージング研究とは異なり、この方法でトラックは、このようにプロセスに出席し、無視しての時間プロファイルのミリ秒の分解能を提供し、時間的に解決神経生理学的信号（脳波、EEG）を使用しているプロセスに出席し、無視します。当社の代表的な結果は、分離皮質ソースと出席と無視の神経プロセスの時間的ダイナミクス、注目変調効果に固有の貢献のための直接的な証拠を特定するのに技術の使用を示します。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>NetStation Software</td>
			<td>Electrical Geodesic, Inc.</td>
			<td>version 4.5.1</td>
			<td>Alternate recording software may be used.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Matlab Software</td>
			<td>The MathWorks, Inc.</td>
			<td>7.10.0 (R2010a)</td>
			<td>Alternate analysis and presentation software may be used.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PsychToolbox Software</td>
			<td>http://psychtoolbox.org/</td>
			<td>v3.0.8 (2010-03-06)</td>
			<td>Open-source software. Alternate stimulus presentation software may be used.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Netstation Amplifier</td>
			<td>Electrical Geodesic, Inc.</td>
			<td>300</td>
			<td>Alternate amplifier may be used.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EEG Net</td>
			<td>Electrical Geodesic, Inc.</td>
			<td>HCGSN130</td>
			<td>Alternate EEG cap may be used.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Saline-Based Electrolyte (Potassium Chloride)</td>
			<td>Electrical Geodesic, Inc.</td>
			<td>n/a</td>
			<td>Electrolyte used in soaking of net for this high-impedance EEG system. Alternate electrolyte mediate can be used.</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

measurement of neurophysiological signals of ignoring and attending processes in attention control

Attention control is the ability to selectively attend to some sensory signals while ignoring others. This ability is thought to involve two processes: enhancement of sensory signals that are to be attended and the attenuation of sensory signals that are to be ignored. The overall strength of attentional modulation is often measured by comparing the amplitude of a sensory neural response to an external input when attended versus when ignored. This method is robust for detecting attentional modulation, but precludes the ability to assess the separate dynamics of attending and ignoring processes. Here, we describe methodology to measure independently the neurophysiological signals of attending and ignoring using the intermodal attention task (IMAT). This task, when combined with electroencephalography, isolates neurophysiological sensory responses in auditory and visual modalities, when either attending or ignoring, with respect to a passive control. As a result, independent dynamics of attending and of a ignoring can be assessed in either modality. Our results using this task indicate that the timing and cortical sources of attending and ignoring effects differ, as do their contributions to the attention modulation effect, pointing to unique neural trajectories and demonstrating sample utility of measuring them separately.

IMATプロトコルは、出席と持続的注意18の間の応答速度にプロセスを無視する固有の寄与を同定するために以前に使用されてきました。その研究では、35の健康な右利きの人を試験した（22の女性、年齢：X = 21.0、σ= 5.4）、カリフォルニア大学ロサンゼルス校で心理学部門の対象プールを介して募集。すべての参加者は、先行研究に参加に書面によるインフォームドコンセントを提供し...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Measurement of Neurophysiological Signals of Ignoring and Attending Processes in Attention Control at JoVE.com

Measurement of Neurophysiological Signals of Ignoring and Attending Processes in Attention Control

Attention control comprises enhancement of target signals and attenuation of distractor signals. We describe an approach to measure separately but concurrently, the neurophysiology of attending and ignoring in sustained intermodal attention, utilizing a passive control condition during which neither process is continuously engaged.

注目のコントロール内のプロセスを無視し、出席の神経生理学的信号の測定

Attention control is the ability to selectively attend to some sensory signals while ignoring others. This ability is thought to involve two processes: ...

measurement-neurophysiological-signals-ignoring-attending-processes

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

9.0K ビュー.  University of California Los Angeles. Attention control comprises enhancement of target signals and attenuation of distractor signals. We describe an approach to measure separately but concurrently, the neurophysiology of attending and ignoring in sustained intermodal attention, utilizing a passive control condition during which neither process is continuously engaged. 

ビデオ: Measurement of Neurophysiological Signals of Ignoring and Attending Processes in Attention Control

Methods to Explore the Influence of Top-down Visual Processes on Motor Behavior

Kinesthetic awareness is important to successfully navigate the environment. When we interact with our daily surroundings, some aspects of movement are deliberately planned, while others spontaneously occur below conscious awareness. The deliberate component of this dichotomy has been studied extensively in several contexts, while the spontaneous component remains largely under-explored. Moreover, how perceptual processes modulate these movement classes is still unclear. In particular, a currently debated issue is whether the visuomotor system is governed by the spatial percept produced by a visual illusion or whether it is not affected by the illusion and is governed instead by the veridical percept. Bistable percepts such as 3D depth inversion illusions (DIIs) provide an excellent context to study such interactions and balance, particularly when used in combination with reach-to-grasp movements. In this study, a methodology is developed that uses a DII to clarify the role of top-down processes on motor action, particularly exploring how reaches toward a target on a DII are affected in both deliberate and spontaneous movement domains.

It is unclear how top-down signals from the ventral visual stream affect movement. We developed a paradigm to test motor behavior towards a target on a 3D depth inversion illusion. Significant differences are reported in both deliberate, goal-directed movements and automatic actions under illusory and veridical viewing conditions.

運動行動上のトップダウン視覚プロセスの影響を探索する方法

Kinesthetic awareness is important to successfully navigate the environment. When we interact with our daily surroundings, some aspects of movement are ...

行動学

The 5-Choice Serial Reaction Time Task: A Task of Attention and Impulse Control for Rodents

This protocol describes the 5-choice serial reaction time task, which is an operant based task used to study attention and impulse control in rodents. Test day challenges, modifications to the standard task, can be used to systematically tax the neural systems controlling either attention or impulse control. Importantly, these challenges have consistent effects on behavior across laboratories in intact animals and can reveal either enhancements or deficits in cognitive function that are not apparent when rats are only tested on the standard task. The variety of behavioral measures that are collected can be used to determine if other factors (i.e., sedation, motivation deficits, locomotor impairments) are contributing to changes in performance. The versatility of the 5CSRTT is further enhanced because it is amenable to combination with pharmacological, molecular, and genetic techniques.

This protocol describes the 5-choice serial reaction time task, which is an operant based task used to study attention and impulse control in rodents. Test day challenges, which are modifications of the standard task, increase flexibility of the task and can be combined with other manipulations to more fully characterize behavior.

5  - 選択肢シリアル反応時間タスク：げっ歯類のための注意のタスクや衝動調節

This protocol describes the 5-choice serial reaction time task, which is an operant based task used to study attention and impulse control in rodents. ...

Methods to Test Visual Attention Online

Online data collection methods have particular appeal to behavioral scientists because they offer the promise of much larger and much more representative data samples than can typically be collected on college campuses. However, before such methods can be widely adopted, a number of technological challenges must be overcome &#8211; in particular in experiments where tight control over stimulus properties is necessary. Here we present methods for collecting performance data on two tests of visual attention. Both tests require control over the visual angle of the stimuli (which in turn requires knowledge of the viewing distance, monitor size, screen resolution, etc.) and the timing of the stimuli (as the tests involve either briefly flashed stimuli or stimuli that move at specific rates). Data collected on these tests from over 1,700 online participants were consistent with data collected in laboratory-based versions of the exact same tests. These results suggest that with proper care, timing/stimulus size dependent tasks can be deployed in web-based settings.

To replicate laboratory settings, online data collection methods for visual tasks require tight control over stimulus presentation. We outline methods for the use of a web application to collect performance data on two tests of visual attention.

オンライン視覚的注意をテストする方法

Online data collection methods have particular appeal to behavioral scientists because they offer the promise of much larger and much more representative ...

Assessing the Multiple Dimensions of Engagement to Characterize Learning: A Neurophysiological Perspective

In a recent theoretical synthesis on the concept of engagement, Fredricks, Blumenfeld and Paris1 defined engagement by its multiple dimensions: behavioral, emotional and cognitive. They observed that individual types of engagement had not been studied in conjunction, and little information was available about interactions or synergy between the dimensions; consequently, more studies would contribute to creating finely tuned teaching interventions. Benefiting from the recent technological advances in neurosciences, this paper presents a recently developed methodology to gather and synchronize data on multidimensional engagement during learning tasks. The technique involves the collection of (a) electroencephalography, (b) electrodermal, (c) eye-tracking, and (d) facial emotion recognition data on four different computers. This led to synchronization issues for data collected from multiple sources. Post synchronization in specialized integration software gives researchers a better understanding of the dynamics between the multiple dimensions of engagement. For curriculum developers, these data could provide informed guidelines for achieving better instruction/learning efficiency. This technique also opens up possibilities in the field of brain-computer interactions, where adaptive learning or assessment environments could be developed.

This paper aims to describe the techniques involved in the collection and synchronization of the multiple dimensions (behavioral, affective and cognitive) of learners&#8217; engagement during a task.

神経生理学の視点：学習を特徴づけるために、エンゲージメントの複数の次元を評価します

In a recent theoretical synthesis on the concept of engagement, Fredricks, Blumenfeld and Paris1 defined engagement by its multiple dimensions: ...

Force and Position Control in Humans - The Role of Augmented Feedback

During motor behaviour, humans interact with the environment by for example manipulating objects and this is only possible because sensory feedback is constantly integrated into the central nervous system and these sensory inputs need to be weighted in order meet the task specific goals. Additional feedback presented as augmented feedback was shown to have an impact on motor control and motor learning. A number of studies investigated whether force or position feedback has an influence on motor control and neural activation. However, as in the previous studies the presentation of the force and position feedback was always identical, a recent study assessed whether not only the content but also the interpretation of the feedback has an influence on the time to fatigue of a sustained submaximal contraction and the (inhibitory) activity of the primary motor cortex using subthreshold transcranial magnetic stimulation. This paper describes one possible way to investigate the influence of the interpretation of feedback on motor behaviour by investigating the time to fatigue of submaximal sustained contractions together with the neuromuscular adaptations that can be investigated using surface EMG. Furthermore, the current protocol also describes how motor cortical (inhibitory) activity can be investigated using subthreshold TMS, a method known to act solely on the cortical level. The results show that when participants interpret the feedback as position feedback, they display a significantly shorter time to fatigue of a submaximal sustained contraction. Furthermore, subjects also displayed an increased inhibitory activity of the primary cortex when they believed to receive position feedback compared when they believed to receive force feedback. Accordingly, the results show that interpretation of feedback results in differences on a behavioural level (time to fatigue) that is also reflected in interpretation-specific differences in the amount of inhibitory M1 activity.

Controlling an identical movement with position or force feedback results in different neural activation and motor behavior. This protocol describes how to investigate behavioral changes by looking at neuromuscular fatigue and how to evaluate motor cortical (inhibitory) activity using subthreshold TMS with respect to the interpretation of augmented feedback.

人間の力と位置制御 - 増補フィードバックの役割

During motor behaviour, humans interact with the environment by for example manipulating objects and this is only possible because sensory feedback is ...

Combined Invasive Subcortical and Non-invasive Surface Neurophysiological Recordings for the Assessment of Cognitive and Emotional Functions in Humans

In spite of the success in applying non-invasive electroencephalography (EEG), magneto-encephalography (MEG) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) for extracting crucial information about the mechanism of the human brain, such methods remain insufficient to provide information about physiological processes reflecting cognitive and emotional functions at the subcortical level. In this respect, modern invasive clinical approaches in humans, such as deep brain stimulation (DBS), offer a tremendous possibility to record subcortical brain activity, namely local field potentials (LFPs) representing coherent activity of neural assemblies from localized basal ganglia or thalamic regions. Notwithstanding the fact that invasive approaches in humans are applied only after medical indication and thus recorded data correspond to altered brain circuits, valuable insight can be gained regarding the presence of intact brain functions in relation to brain oscillatory activity and the pathophysiology of disorders in response to experimental cognitive paradigms. In this direction, a growing number of DBS studies in patients with Parkinson&#39;s disease (PD) target not only motor functions but also higher level processes such as emotions, decision-making, attention, memory and sensory perception. Recent clinical trials also emphasize the role of DBS as an alternative treatment in neuropsychiatric disorders ranging from obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) to chronic disorders of consciousness (DOC). Consequently, we focus on the use of combined invasive (LFP) and non-invasive (EEG) human brain recordings in assessing the role of cortical-subcortical structures in cognitive and emotional processing trough experimental paradigms (e.g. speech stimuli with emotional connotation or paradigms of cognitive control such as the Flanker task), for patients undergoing DBS treatment.

The present protocol aims at assessing cognitive-emotional functions in the basal ganglia by simultaneous neurophysiological recording of local field potentials and non-invasive brain cortical activity (EEG). The procedure is exemplified by the use of paradigms involving speech stimuli with emotional connotation or the Flanker task involving cognitive control.

認知の評価とヒトにおける感情的な関数の組み合わせ侵襲性皮質下および非侵襲性の面神経生理学レコーディング

In spite of the success in applying non-invasive electroencephalography (EEG), magneto-encephalography (MEG) and functional magnetic resonance imaging ...

Investigating Motor Skill Learning Processes with a Robotic Manipulandum

Skilled reaching tasks are commonly used in studies of motor skill learning and motor function under healthy and pathological conditions, but can be time-intensive and ambiguous to quantify beyond simple success rates. Here, we describe the training procedure for reach-and-pull tasks with ETH Pattus, a robotic platform for automated forelimb reaching training that records pulling and hand rotation movements in rats. Kinematic quantification of the performed pulling attempts reveals the presence of distinct temporal profiles of movement parameters such as pulling velocity, spatial variability of the pulling trajectory, deviation from midline, as well as pulling success. We show how minor adjustments in the training paradigm result in alterations in these parameters, revealing their relation to task difficulty, general motor function or skilled task execution. Combined with electrophysiological, pharmacological and optogenetic techniques, this paradigm can be used to explore the mechanisms underlying motor learning and memory formation, as well as loss and recovery of function (e.g. after stroke).

A paradigm is presented for training and analysis of an automated skilled reaching task in rats. Analysis of pulling attempts reveals distinct subprocesses of motor learning.

ロボットマニピュランダムに運動スキルの学習過程を調査

Skilled reaching tasks are commonly used in studies of motor skill learning and motor function under healthy and pathological conditions, but can be ...

Central and Divided Visual Field Presentation of Emotional Images to Measure Hemispheric Differences in Motivated Attention

Two dominant theories on lateralized processing of emotional information exist in the literature. One theory posits that unpleasant emotions are processed by right frontal regions, while pleasant emotions are processed by left frontal regions. The other theory posits that the right hemisphere is more specialized for the processing of emotional information overall, particularly in posterior regions.
Assessing the different roles of the cerebral hemispheres in processing emotional information can be difficult without the use of neuroimaging methodologies, which are not accessible or affordable to all scientists. Divided visual field presentation of stimuli can allow for the investigation of lateralized processing of information without the use of neuroimaging technology. 
This study compared central versus divided visual field presentations of emotional images to assess differences in motivated attention between the two hemispheres. The late positive potential (LPP) was recorded using electroencephalography (EEG) and event-related potentials (ERPs) methodologies to assess motivated attention. Future work will pair this paradigm with a more active behavioral task to explore the behavioral impacts on the attentional differences found.

This study compared central versus divided visual field presentations of emotional images to assess differences in motivated attention between the two hemispheres. The late positive potential (LPP) was recorded using electroencephalography (EEG) and event-related potentials (ERPs) methodologies to assess motivated attention.

やる気のある注目の大脳半球機能差を測定する感情的な画像の中央と分かれて視野プレゼンテーション

Two dominant theories on lateralized processing of emotional information exist in the literature. One theory posits that unpleasant emotions are processed ...

Gaze in Action: Head-mounted Eye Tracking of Children's Dynamic Visual Attention During Naturalistic Behavior

Young children's visual environments are dynamic, changing moment-by-moment as children physically and visually explore spaces and objects and interact with people around them. Head-mounted eye tracking offers a unique opportunity to capture children's dynamic egocentric views and how they allocate visual attention within those views. This protocol provides guiding principles and practical recommendations for researchers using head-mounted eye trackers in both laboratory and more naturalistic settings. Head-mounted eye tracking complements other experimental methods by enhancing opportunities for data collection in more ecologically valid contexts through increased portability and freedom of head and body movements compared to screen-based eye tracking. This protocol can also be integrated with other technologies, such as motion tracking and heart-rate monitoring, to provide a high-density multimodal dataset for examining natural behavior, learning, and development than previously possible. This paper illustrates the types of data generated from head-mounted eye tracking in a study designed to investigate visual attention in one natural context for toddlers: free-flowing toy play with a parent. Successful use of this protocol will allow researchers to collect data that can be used to answer questions not only about visual attention, but also about a broad range of other perceptual, cognitive, and social skills and their development.

Gaze in Action: Head-mounted Eye Tracking of Children&#039;s Dynamic Visual Attention During Naturalistic Behavior

Young children do not passively observe the world, but rather actively explore and engage with their environment. This protocol provides guiding principles and practical recommendations for using head-mounted eye trackers to record infants' and toddlers' dynamic visual environments and visual attention in the context of natural behavior.

アクションの視線: 自然主義的な行動の中に子供の動的視覚的注意のヘッド マウント型の目の追跡

Young children's visual environments are dynamic, changing moment-by-moment as children physically and visually explore spaces and objects and interact ...

Measurement of Spatial Stability in Precision Grip

The purpose of the protocol is to indirectly evaluate the direction of the finger force during manipulation of a handheld object based on the biomechanical relationships in which deviated force direction causes center of pressure (COP) replacement. To evaluate this, a thin, flexible, and high spatial resolution pressure sensor sheet is used. The system allows measurement of the COP trajectory in addition to the force amplitude and its temporal regulation. A series of experiments found that increased trajectory length reflected a sensorimotor deficit in stroke patients, and that decreased COP trajectory reflects a compensatory strategy to avoid an object slipping from the hand grip in the elderly. Moreover, the COP trajectory could also be decreased by dual task interference. This article describes the experimental procedure and discusses how finger COP contributes to an understanding of the physiology and pathophysiology of grasping.

The goal of this protocol is to measure the center of pressure (COP) replacement using a high spatial resolution sensor sheet to reflect the spatial stability in a precision grip. The use of this protocol could contribute to greater understanding of the physiology and pathophysiology of grasping.