この作品は、私たちは技術的なサポートのためにAyele Tsedeke Taddeseに感謝したい、ドイツ学術振興（DFG）によってサポートされていました。

1。ガラス針の作製（図1） <ol><li>注射針（ 図1A）を調製するために直径0.75mmのガラスキャピラリーを使用する。 </li><li>ニードルプラーにガラスキャピラリーを置き、次のパラメータを指定して針を引く：加熱サイクル値：463;サイクル値を引っ張っ：230;速度：150ミリ秒;時間：150ミリ秒（ 図1B）。 </li><li>マイクロメータ接眼レンズでステレオスコープの下に直径20μmの針を生産する時計メーカーピンセットで引っ張らガラスキャピラリーを破る。 </li><li>針をシャープにし、20μmのベベル（ 図1Cおよび1D）を生成するために湿ったゴム製の糸車で旋盤を使用してください。注：シャープ、面取りされた針は、心室への挿入の容易さを改善し、したがって、組織への損傷を最小限にし、有孔筋肉針（ 図1E-G）を除去した後に再シールすることを可能にする。 </li></ol> 2。た準備モルホリノソリューションのATION <ol><li> 7.5mmの最終濃度に1Xリン酸緩衝食塩水（PBS）中で凍結乾燥されたモルホリノを溶解することによってモルホリノの在庫を準備します。 [詳細については、メーカーの説明書（材料表）を参照してください]。 </li><li>の3.5mmモルホリノおよび0.5 mMの遠藤ポーターの最終濃度は2.8μL遠藤ポーター原液（1 mM）を（材料表を参照）2.5μlのホリノストック溶液（7.5 mm）を混合することにより、モルホリノ注射液を準備します。 </li></ol> 3。モルホリノ注射の調製（図2） <ol><li> 10μLmicroloaderピペットチップをマイクロピペットを用いて、この溶液5μlと面取りガラス針をロードします。 </li><li>空気圧ピコポンプ（ 図2A-C）に接続されているマイクロマニピュレータの針ホルダーにガラス針を挿入します。 </li><li>針のみが必要となるよう顕微鏡の隣に針ホルダを配置幼虫（ 図2A）の心室に挿入する1つの平面方向に移動させることができる。 </li><li>約45℃で注射の角度を調整します。 </li><li>保持圧力：次のようにマイクロインジェクター値を設定平方インチあたり20ポンド（PSI）を;吐出圧：15 PSI;ゲーティング、1.9の周期値（10.9ミリ秒に相当）の100ミリ秒の範囲。 </li><li> 1.5％（w / v）のゲルを20mlを生成するために、標準的なマイクロ波を用いて1×PBS中でアガロース融解する。 10センチメートルペトリ皿に融解したゲルを注ぐ。一度硬化、アガロースが鎮静幼虫が11（ 図2D及び2E）に配置されている畝を有するように、暖かいアガロースに溝付きの注射フォームを配置します。 </li></ol> 4。注射（図3） <ol><li>彼らは触れないように応答を停止するまで、20 mg / Lのトリカイン（1 - エチルM-アミノ安息香酸エチルメタンスルホネート）で水槽の水100mlに幼虫を麻酔。 </li><li>プラスチックパスツールpipettを使用腹側の溝（ 図3A）の垂直アガロース壁に直面しているように、慎重に、ウェットアガロース金型の溝に鎮静幼虫を転送するE。 </li><li>心室が離れて注射針（ 図3A）から向くように実体顕微鏡下でアガロースプレートを置きます。 </li><li>心臓の心室に挿入し、針を下げます。わずか1〜2ミクロン深く針（ 図3Bおよび3C）を挿入しないように注意しながら心室に針を挿入します。 </li><li>針が挿入されると、心臓（ 図3Dと3E）のクリアを可能にするために間隔を待っていると、4〜6パルス、溶液の各提供3 NLと心室にホリノソリューションを注入する。 </li><li>注射後、針（挿入の平面に平行）を削除してから、慎重に、E3媒体BACで満たされたプラスチック製パスツールピペットを用いて幼虫を転送新鮮E3培地を含むペトリ皿にkである。 </li><li>注入された幼虫を転送する際に、針の乾燥を防ぐために、1X PBSを含むペトリ皿に針を入れます。 </li><li>繰り返して実験期間中4.1から4.6毎に12から24時間を繰り返します。注：注射を繰り返すこと、細胞内のモルホリノの取り込みと維持を確実にします。 </li></ol> 5。注射の分析（図4） <ol><li>彼らは触れないように応答を停止するまで、20 mg / Lのトリカインで水槽の水100mlに魚を麻酔。 </li><li>平坦なウェット1.5％横方向に幼虫を置きE3培地で覆われ（w / v）アガロースプレート。 </li><li>明視野および蛍光イメージングと実体顕微鏡を用いた画像の幼虫。注意：幼虫が透明であるため、フルオレセインタグ付きモルホリノ直接注射した後、動物を通して血管内に蛍光グリーンなどの表示されるはずです。この蛍光は、さらにによって血管組織に分散する15分（ 図4A〜4C）。 </li></ol>回生伸長の6。​​評価<ol><li>フィジー画像Jフリーソフトウェア（http://fiji.sc/Fiji）を使用して撮影した画像を評価する。再生を調査するための、制御、およびモルホリノを注射幼虫で発生した回生成長の量を決定するために、ライントレースツールを使用します。 </li><li>メインフィジーウィンドウにファイルをドラッグ＆ドロップで画像、フィジーで元の画像ファイルのオープン1をキャリブレーションする。 </li><li>以下のすべての画像の縮尺を設定するには、メインメニューの「分析」に進みます。 </li><li> 「設定スケール」メニューをクリックしてドロップダウン。 </li><li>このウィンドウでは、チェックボックスをクリックして「グローバル」オプションをオンにします。 </li><li>今（ステップ6.1を参照）ドラッグ＆ドロップで再び再生成長量を測定するために画像を開く。 </li><li>ツールバーの「フリーハンドの選択」ツールを選択します。 </li><li>測定部位（FIを取り囲むgures 4J-4L）。 </li><li> Ctrlキーを押しながら+ Mこれは、正方形ピクセルで囲まれた領域の値を示す新たな「結果」ウィンドウが開きます。 </li></ol>

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著者らは、開示することは何もありません。

脳室内注射は、胚発生の間の遺伝子機能に影響を与えることなく、現像または身体の恒常性の後期段階での遺伝子機能を試験するための迅速かつ信頼性のある評価方法を提供する。この技術の成功を確実にするためには、4つの重要な点に注意する必要があります。針のうち1）針のサイズ、2）乾燥、3）音量を最小にし、鎮静溶液中の4）最小限の露光時間。大きすぎる針が心室に損傷を与え?...

臓器や付属の再生は、生存と健康のために根本的に重要である。しかし、ヒトを含むいくつかの脊椎動物は、再生能力が限られている。いくつかの動物モデルは大規模な再生能力を持っている存在するが、臓器及び付属器再生中に遺伝子機能を評価するために、遺伝子技術を逆に非常に限られたまたは存在しないままである。したがって、新たなアプローチがこれらのモデル生物において再生の分子生物学を分析する必要がある。 ゼブラフィッシュは、いくつかのトランスジェニックフィッシュ系統が細胞を追跡するために存在しているため、セルと、その重要な複数の臓器、組織、および付属の再生する能力だけでなく、だけでなく、臓器及び付属器の再生1、の分子生物学を理解するための十分に確立されたモデルであり、遺伝子構築物2、3を過剰発現する。しかし、幼虫ゼブラフィッシュにおける遺伝子阻害は主にoverexpreに制限されていますその導入遺伝子産物の遺伝子の内因性活性を反映していない機能獲得効果を得ることができ、すべての関心のある遺伝子または使用できませんドミナントネガティブ構築物のssion。したがって、具体的ノックアウトまたはノックダウンすることにより遺伝子発現を除去するための代替方法は、これらの問題を克服するために必要とされる。 遺伝子特異的TALENSを用いて標的遺伝子機能をノックアウトするための逆遺伝学的手段として存在する;遺伝子の最初の要件は、胚発生のさらなる進行を防ぐため、しかしながら、このノックアウト戦略は、非常に頻繁に初期の胚発生の間の機能的評価に限定されるものである。したがって、そのようなTALENSを使用して、現像後の再生または臓器の恒常性として、後の現象を研究することは5,4を妨げている。したがって、代替の遺伝子除去戦略は、完全に形成され器官および構造遺伝子の要件を評価するために開発初期に遺伝子機能を標的とすることが必要である。 </P&gt; モルホリノ注射は、いくつかの成体器官において遺伝子を標的と大人のフィン6-8の再生に有効であることが示されているが、これらの方法は、エレクトロポレーションを必要とし、多くの内臓が、それらの場所またはによる電気に対する感受性のいずれかに電気穿孔することが困難である混乱。直接注入​​は、それらの構造的完全性を破壊する可能性があるため、又はそれらの大きさが制限されているのでさらに、幼虫の一部の組織は、直接注入することが困難である。 finfoldへの直接注入ができないため、幼虫の尾鰭は、そのような構造です。従って、エレクトロポレーションおよび直接注入する代わりどちらかを注入するには小さすぎる、またはエレクトロポレーションすることができない組織における遺伝子を標的化するために必要であった。 幼虫の尾びれの再生中に特定の遺伝子の機能を標的とし、阻害するために、我々は既存の許可モルホリノ技術を修正したA後期段階の幼虫での尾びれ再生中の遺伝子機能のssessment。この方法は、一緒に遠藤·ポータートランスフェクション試薬10とフルオレセインタグ付きモルフォリノの脳室内配達9を採用しています。一度心室内、モルホリノ - エンド - ポーター混合物を速やかに血管系を経由して幼虫全体に広がり、ターゲットに、以前には不可能だった組織に入る。この注入方法は、特定の組織中の遺伝子を標的とするように修飾することができ、恐らく、現在、遺伝子機能を阻害するために逆遺伝学的方法を欠いている他の動物モデルに適用することができる。このように、すぐに幼虫の段階で一般的な臓器の恒常性と再生の間に遺伝子機能を研究するため、広範な用途の可能性を迅速かつ簡単な方法を提供しています。

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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Reagent/Material</td>
			<td style="width:171px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Morpholino with 3&#180;fluorescein tag</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Gene Tools Inc.&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Customized</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">More information on www.genetools.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Endo-Porter</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Gene Tools Inc.&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;">More information on www.genetools.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">Agarose</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Serva</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">120623</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">For pouring plates to place the fish during injections and imaging</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Tricane (L-Ethyl-m-amino-benzate-methane sulfonate)</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Applichem</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;">For anesthesia</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">E3 medium (5 mM NaCl; 0.17 mM KCl; 0.33 mM CaCl2; 0.33 mM MgSo4)</td>
			<td style="width:171px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;">For larval husbandry</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">Petri Dishes</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Sarstedt</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">821.472</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">For placing the fish during injections and imaging</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">&#160;Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:171px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Thin Wall Glass Capillaries</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">World Precision Instruments, Inc.&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">TW100F-3</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">For preparing injection needles</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Microloader pipette tips</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Eppendorf</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">5,242,956,003</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">For loading the needle</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Pasteur Pipettes (3 ml/1 ml)</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Brand</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">747760/ 74775</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">For transfering larva</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Flaming / Brown&#160; needle puller&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Sutter</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;">More information on www.sutter.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Watchmaker (Dumont) Tweezers (size 5)</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">World Precision Instruments, Inc.&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">501985</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">To brake the needle before sharpening</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Dissecting microscope</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Olympus, Leica, Zeiss</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Varies with the manufacturer</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Part of the whole injection setup</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">Fluorescence camera</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Olympus, Leica, Zeiss</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Varies with the manufacturer</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">To image the fluorescence after injeciton</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">PicoNozzle kit (microinjector holder)</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">5430-12</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">For microinjections</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Pneumatic PicoPump (microinjector)</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SYS-PV820</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">For microinjections</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

reverse genetic morpholino approach using cardiac ventricular injection to transfect multiple difficult-to-target tissues in the zebrafish larva

ゼブラフィッシュは、細胞や臓器や付属物再生の分子生物学を理解するための重要なモデルである。しかしながら、逆遺伝学を採用する分子戦略はまだ十分にゼブラフィッシュ胚形成後の幼虫の段階の間に再生または組織の恒常性における遺伝子機能を評価するために開発されておらず、ゼブラフィッシュの幼生内のいくつかの組織が標的とすることは困難である。遺伝子特異的モルフォリノの脳室内注射は、ゲノムこれらの段階で、時間的に制御された方法でゼブラフィッシュの遺伝子を標的とする現在の無力のための別の方法を提供します。この方法は、以前はこのような幼虫尾鰭、多くの場合、非侵襲的に組織再生を研究するために使用される構造のものと到達することは不可能だった構造を含む全身の様々な組織、に完全に分散し、モルホリノのその後の取り込みが可能になります。幼虫finfold再生中に活性化されるいくつかの遺伝子も、プレゼンしている大人の脊椎動物の組織を再生中のTは、その幼虫は成人で再生を理解するための有用なモデルである。このモルホリノ分散法は、幼虫組織の再生だけでなく、胚発生後の組織恒常性を調節する他の生理現象に必要な遺伝子の迅速かつ容易な同定を可能にする。したがって、この配送方法は胚発生の後、遺伝子機能の評価に時間的制御のために現在必要な戦略を提供しています。

背側（ 図3A）に近づいたときに鋭く、ベベル注射針を簡単にゼブラフィッシュ幼生の心臓の心室に配置されます。心臓がポンピング続け、血流が針（ 図3Bおよび3C）の存在にもかかわらず維持される。慎重な注射は心臓（ 図3E）へのモルホリノの注入にもかかわらず、心室や心臓の収縮（ 図3D）の形態を妨げることはありません?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Reverse Genetic Morpholino Approach Using Cardiac Ventricular Injection to Transfect Multiple Difficult-to-target Tissues in the Zebrafish Larva at JoVE.com

Reverse Genetic Morpholino Approach Using Cardiac Ventricular Injection to Transfect Multiple Difficult-to-target Tissues in the Zebrafish Larva

そのような遺伝子特異モルホリノの脳室内注射を用いた組織再生などの開発および生理学的恒常性の後期段階の間に遺伝子機能を評価するためのゼブラフィッシュに適応逆遺伝学的方法。

ゼブラフィッシュの幼虫の複数の困難な標的組織をトランスフェクションするために心室インジェクションを用いた遺伝子モルホリノアプローチを逆転

The zebrafish is an important model to understand the cell and molecular biology of organ and appendage regeneration. However, molecular strategies to ...

reverse-genetic-morpholino-approach-using-cardiac-ventricular

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

10.5K ビュー.  Technische Universität Dresden. そのような遺伝子特異モルホリノの脳室内注射を用いた組織再生などの開発および生理学的恒常性の後期段階の間に遺伝子機能を評価するためのゼブラフィッシュに適応逆遺伝学的方法。 

ビデオ: Reverse Genetic Morpholino Approach Using Cardiac Ventricular Injection to Transfect Multiple Difficult-to-target Tissues in the Zebrafish Larva

Microinjection of mRNA and Morpholino Antisense Oligonucleotides in Zebrafish Embryos.

An essential tool for investigating the role of a gene during development is the ability to perform gene knockdown, overexpression, and misexpression studies. In zebrafish (Danio rerio), microinjection of RNA, DNA, proteins, antisense oligonucleotides and other small molecules into the developing embryo provides researchers a quick and robust assay for exploring gene function in vivo. In this video-article, we will demonstrate how to prepare and microinject in vitro synthesized EGFP mRNA and a translational-blocking morpholino oligo against pkd2, a gene associated with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD), into 1-cell stage zebrafish embryos. We will then analyze the success of the mRNA and morpholino microinjections by verifying GFP expression and phenotype analysis. Broad applications of this technique include generating transgenic animals and germ-line chimeras, cell-fate mapping and gene screening. Herein we describe a protocol for overexpression of EGFP and knockdown of pkd2 by mRNA and morpholino oligonucleotide injection.

Microinjection is a well-established and effective method for introducing foreign substances into fertilized zebrafish embryos. Here, we demonstrate a robust microinjection technique for performing mRNA overexpression, and morpholino oligonucleotide gene knockdown studies in zebrafish.

ゼブラフィッシュ胚におけるmRNAおよびモルホリノアンチセンスオリゴヌクレオチドのマイクロインジェクション。

An essential tool for investigating the role of a gene during development is the ability to perform gene knockdown, overexpression, and misexpression ...

生物学

Zebrafish Brain Ventricle Injection

Proper brain ventricle formation during embryonic brain development is required for normal brain function.  Brain ventricles are the highly conserved cavities within the brain that are filled with cerebrospinal fluid.  In zebrafish, after neural tube formation, the neuroepithelium undergoes a series of constrictions and folds while it fills with fluid resulting in brain ventricle formation.  In order to understand the process of ventricle formation, and the neuroepithelial shape changes that occur at the same time, we needed a way to visualize the ventricle space in comparison to the brain tissue.  However, the nature of transparent zebrafish embryos makes it difficult to differentiate the tissue from the ventricle space.  Therefore, we developed a brain ventricle injection technique where the ventricle space is filled with a fluorescent dye and imaged by brightfield and fluorescent microscopy.  The brightfield and the fluorescent images are then processed and superimposed in Photoshop.  This technique allows for visualization of the ventricle space with the fluorescent dye, in comparison to the shape of the neuroepithelium in the brightfield image.  Brain ventricle injection in zebrafish can be employed from 18 hours post fertilization through early larval stages.  We have used this technique extensively in our studies of brain ventricle formation and morphogenesis as well as in characterizing brain morphogenesis mutants (1-3).

After neural tube formation, the neuroepithelium constricts and folds while the tube fills with embryonic cerebrospinal fluid (eCSF) to form the embryonic brain ventricles. We developed this ventricle injection technique to better visualize the fluid filled space in contrast to the neuroepithelial shape in a live embryo.

ゼブラフィッシュの脳室注入

Proper brain ventricle formation during embryonic brain development is required for normal brain function.  Brain ventricles are the highly conserved ...

Retro-orbital Injection in Adult Zebrafish

Drug treatment of whole animals is an essential tool in any model system for pharmacological and chemical genetic studies. Intravenous (IV) injection is often the most effective and noninvasive form of delivery of an agent of interest. In the zebrafish (Danio rerio), IV injection of drugs has long been a challenge because of the small vessel diameter. This has also proved a significant hurdle for the injection of cells during hematopoeitic stem cell transplantation. Historically, injections into the bloodstream were done directly through the heart. However, this intra-cardiac procedure has a very high mortality rate as the heart is often punctured during injection leaving the fish prone to infection, massive blood loss or fatal organ damage. Drawing on our experience with the mouse, we have developed a new injection procedure in the zebrafish in which the injection site is behind the eye and into the retro-orbital venous sinus. This retro-orbital (RO) injection technique has been successfully employed in both the injection of drugs in the adult fish as well as transplantation of whole kidney marrow cells. RO injection has a much lower mortality rate than traditional intra-cardiac injection. Fish that are injected retro-orbitally tend to bleed less following injection and are at a much lower risk of injury to a major organ like the heart. Further, when performed properly, injected cells and/or drugs quickly enter the bloodstream allowing compounds to exert their effect on the whole fish and kidney cells to easily home to their niche. Thus, this new injection technique minimizes mortality while allowing efficient delivery of material into the bloodstream of adult fish. Here we exemplify this technique by retro-orbital injection of Tg(globin:GFP) cells into adult casper fish as well as injection of a red fluorescent dye (dextran, Texas Red ) into adult casper fish. We then visualize successful injections by whole animal fluorescence microscopy.

Here we show how to do retro-orbital injection in adult zebrafish.

アダルトゼブラフィッシュにおける眼窩インジェクション

Drug treatment of whole animals is an essential tool in any model system for pharmacological and chemical genetic studies. Intravenous (IV) injection is ...

Using the Gene Pulser MXcell Electroporation System to Transfect Primary Cells with High Efficiency

It is becoming increasingly apparent that electroporation is the most effective way to introduce plasmid DNA or siRNA into primary cells. The Gene Pulser MXcell electroporation system and Gene Pulser electroporation buffer (Bio-Rad) were specifically developed to easily transfect nucleic acids into mammalian cells and difficult-to-transfect cells, such as primary and stem cells. We will demonstrate how to perform a simple experiment to quickly identify the best electroporation conditions. We will demonstrate how to run several samples through a range of electroporation conditions so that an experiment can be conducted at the same time as optimization is performed. We will also show how optimal conditions identified using 96-well electroporation plates can be used with standard electroporation cuvettes, facilitating the switch from electroporation plates to electroporation cuvettes while maintaining the same electroporation efficiency. In the video, we will also discuss some of the key factors that can lead to the success or failure of electroporation experiments.

This procedure shows how to use the Gene Pulser MXcell electroporation system to rapidly and easily identify the best electroporation conditions for mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) or other primary cells. Considerations for troubleshooting are also discussed in the associated video.

高効率で初代培養細胞をトランスフェクトするためにジーンパルサーMXcellのエレクトロポレーションシステムの使用

It is becoming increasingly apparent that electroporation is the most effective way to introduce plasmid DNA or siRNA into primary cells. The Gene Pulser ...

A Practical Approach to Genetic Inducible Fate Mapping: A Visual Guide to Mark and Track Cells In Vivo

Fate maps are generated by marking and tracking cells in vivo to determine how progenitors contribute to specific structures and cell types in developing and adult tissue. An advance in this concept is Genetic Inducible Fate Mapping (GIFM), linking gene expression, cell fate, and cell behaviors in vivo, to create fate maps based on genetic lineage.
GIFM exploits X-CreER lines where X is a gene or set of gene regulatory elements that confers spatial expression of a modified bacteriophage protein, Cre recombinase (CreERT). CreERT contains a modified estrogen receptor ligand binding domain which renders CreERT sequestered in the cytoplasm in the absence of the drug tamoxifen. The binding of tamoxifen releases CreERT, which translocates to the nucleus and mediates recombination between DNA sequences flanked by loxP sites. In GIFM, recombination typically occurs between a loxP flanked Stop cassette preceding a reporter gene such as GFP.
Mice are bred to contain either a region- or cell type-specific CreER and a conditional reporter allele. Untreated mice will not have marking because the Stop cassette in the reporter prevents further transcription of the reporter gene. We administer tamoxifen by oral gavage to timed-pregnant females, which provides temporal control of CreERT release and subsequent translocation to the nucleus removing the Stop cassette from the reporter. Following recombination, the reporter allele is constitutively and heritably expressed. This series of events marks cells such that their genetic history is indelibly recorded. The recombined reporter thus serves as a high fidelity genetic lineage tracer that, once on, is uncoupled from the gene expression initially used to drive CreERT.
We apply GIFM in mouse to study normal development and ascertain the contribution of genetic lineages to adult cell types and tissues. We also use GIFM to follow cells on mutant genetic backgrounds to better understand complex phenotypes that mimic salient features of human genetic disorders.
This video article guides researchers through experimental methods to successfully apply GIFM. We demonstrate the method using our well characterized Wnt1-CreERT;mGFP mice by administering tamoxifen at embryonic day (E)8.5 via oral gavage followed by dissection at E12.5 and analysis by epifluorescence stereomicroscopy. We also demonstrate how to micro-dissect fate mapped domains for explant preparation or FACS analysis and dissect adult fate-mapped brains for whole mount fluorescent imaging. Collectively, these procedures allow researchers to address critical questions in developmental biology and disease models.

A Practical Approach to Genetic Inducible Fate Mapping: A Visual Guide to Mark and Track Cells In Vivo

Genetic Inducible Fate Mapping (GIFM) marks and tracks cells with fine spatial and temporal control in vivo and elucidates how cells from a specific genetic lineage contribute to developing and adult tissues. Demonstrated here are the techniques required to fate map E12.5 mouse embryos for epifluorescent and explant analysis.

遺伝子誘導の運命のマッピングへの実践的アプローチ：マークとトラックの細胞へのビジュアルガイドインビボでの</em

Fate maps are generated by marking and tracking cells in vivo to determine how progenitors contribute to specific structures and cell types in developing ...

A Reverse Genetic Approach to Test Functional Redundancy During Embryogenesis

Gene function during embryogenesis is typically defined by loss-of-function experiments, for example by targeted mutagenesis (knockout) in the mouse. In the zebrafish model, effective reverse genetic techniques have been developed using microinjection of gene-specific antisense morpholinos. Morpholinos target an mRNA through specific base-pairing and block gene function transiently by inhibiting translation or splicing for several days during embryogenesis (knockdown). However, in vertebrates such as mouse or zebrafish, some gene functions can be obscured by these approaches due to the presence of another gene that compensates for the loss. This is especially true for gene families containing sister genes that are co-expressed in the same developing tissues. In zebrafish, functional compensation can be tested in a relatively high-throughput manner, by co-injection of morpholinos that target knockdown of both genes simultaneously. Likewise, using morpholinos, a genetic interaction between any two genes can be demonstrated by knockdown of both genes together at sub-threshold levels. For example, morpholinos can be titrated such that neither individual knockdown generates a phenotype. If, under these conditions, co-injection of both morpholinos causes a phenotype, a genetic interaction is shown. Here we demonstrate how to show functional redundancy in the context of two related GATA transcription factors. GATA factors are essential for specification of cardiac progenitors, but this is revealed only by the loss of both Gata5 and Gata6. We show how to carry out microinjection experiments, validate the morpholinos, and evaluate the compensated phenotype for cardiogenesis.

Gene function can be obscured in loss-of-function experiments if there is compensation by another gene. The zebrafish model provides a relatively high-throughput means to reveal such functional redundancy in living embryos.

胚形成の間に機能的な冗長性をテストするための逆遺伝学的アプローチ

Gene function during embryogenesis is typically defined by loss-of-function experiments, for example by targeted mutagenesis (knockout) in the mouse. In ...

Intraperitoneal Injection into Adult Zebrafish

A convenient method for chemically treating zebrafish is to introduce the reagent into the tank water, where it will be taken up by the fish. However, this method makes it difficult to know how much reagent is absorbed or taken up per fish. Some experimental questions, particularly those related to metabolic studies, may be better addressed by delivering a defined quantity to each fish, based on weight. Here we present a method for intraperitoneal (IP) injection into adult zebrafish. Injection is into the abdominal cavity, posterior to the pelvic girdle. This procedure is adapted from veterinary methods used for larger fish. It is safe, as we have observed zero mortality. Additionally, we have seen bleeding at the injection site in only 5 out of 127 injections, and in each of those cases the bleeding was brief, lasting several seconds, and the quantity of blood lost was small. Success with this procedure requires gentle handling of the fish through several steps including fasting, weighing, anesthetizing, injection, and recovery. Precautions are required to minimize stress throughout the procedure. Our precautions include using a small injection volume and a 35G needle. We use Cortland salt solution as the vehicle, which is osmotically balanced for freshwater fish. Aeration of the gills is maintained during the injection procedure by first bringing the fish into a surgical plane of anesthesia, which allows slow operculum movements, and second, by holding the fish in a trough within a water-saturated sponge during the injection itself. We demonstrate the utility of IP injection by injecting glucose and monitoring the rise in blood glucose level and its subsequent return to normal. As stress is known to increase blood glucose in teleost fish, we compare blood glucose levels in vehicle-injected and non-injected adults and show that the procedure does not cause a significant rise in blood glucose.

We demonstrate intraperitoneal injection into adult zebrafish. We use a 10 &mu;l NanoFil microsyringe controlled by a Micro4 controller and UltraMicroPump III. This demonstration includes the use of cold water as an anesthetic.

アダルトゼブラフィッシュへの腹腔内注射

A convenient method for chemically treating zebrafish is to introduce the reagent into the tank water, where it will be taken up by the fish. However, ...

Gavaging Adult Zebrafish

The zebrafish has become an important in vivo model in biomedical research. Effective methods must be developed and utilized to deliver compounds or agents in solutions for scientific research. Current methods for administering compounds orally to adult zebrafish are inaccurate due to variability in voluntary consumption by the fish. A gavage procedure was developed to deliver precise quantities of infectious agents to zebrafish for study in biomedical research. Adult zebrafish over 6 months of age were anesthetized with 150 mg/L of buffered MS-222 and gavaged with 5 &mu;l of solution using flexible catheter implantation tubing attached to a cut 22-G needle tip. The flexible tubing was lowered into the oral cavity of the zebrafish until the tip of the tubing extended past the gills (approximately 1 cm). The solution was then injected slowly into the intestinal tract. This method was effective 88% of the time, with fish recovering uneventfully. This procedure is also efficient as one person can gavage 20-30 fish in one hour. This method can be used to precisely administer agents for infectious diseases studies, or studies of other compounds in adult zebrafish.

The increasing use of zebrafish as an animal model requires the development of effective methods for the delivery of known quantities of compounds and solutions. The gavage procedure described below allows for the oral delivery of precise volumes of solution reliably, safely and efficiently to adult zebrafish.

Gavagingアダルトゼブラフィッシュ

The zebrafish has become an important in vivo model in biomedical research. Effective methods must be developed and utilized to deliver compounds or ...

Nephrotoxin Microinjection in Zebrafish to Model Acute Kidney Injury

The kidneys are susceptible to harm from exposure to chemicals they filter from the bloodstream. This can lead to organ injury associated with a rapid decline in renal function and development of the clinical syndrome known as acute kidney injury (AKI). Pharmacological agents used to treat medical circumstances ranging from bacterial infection to cancer, when administered individually or in combination with other drugs, can initiate AKI. Zebrafish are a useful animal model to study the chemical effects on renal function in vivo, as they form an embryonic kidney comprised of nephron functional units that are conserved with higher vertebrates, including humans. Further, zebrafish can be utilized to perform genetic and chemical screens, which provide opportunities to elucidate the cellular and molecular facets of AKI and develop therapeutic strategies such as the identification of nephroprotective molecules. Here, we demonstrate how microinjection into the zebrafish embryo can be utilized as a paradigm for nephrotoxin studies.

Renal injuries incurred from nephrotoxins, which include drugs ranging from antibiotics to chemotherapeutics, can result in complex disorders whose pathogenesis remains incompletely understood. This protocol demonstrates how zebrafish can be used for disease modeling of these conditions, which can be applied to the identification of renoprotective measures.

ゼブラフィッシュにおける腎毒素マイクロインジェクションは急性腎障害をモデルに

The kidneys are susceptible to harm from exposure to chemicals they filter from the bloodstream. This can lead to organ injury associated with a rapid ...

A Multi-hole Cryovial Eliminates Freezing Artifacts when Muscle Tissues are Directly Immersed in Liquid Nitrogen

Studies on skeletal muscle physiology face the technical challenge of appropriately processing the specimens to obtain sections with clearly visible cytoplasmic compartments. Another hurdle is the tight apposition of myofibers to the surrounding tissues. Because the process of tissue fixation and paraffin embedding leads to the shrinkage of muscle fibers, freezing is an optimal means of hardening muscle tissue for sectioning. However, a commonly encountered issue, the formation of ice crystals, occurs during the preparation of frozen sections because of the high water content of muscle. The protocol presented here first describes a simple and efficient method for properly freezing muscle tissues by immersing them in liquid nitrogen. The problem with using liquid nitrogen alone is that it causes the formation of a nitrogen gas barrier next to the tissue, which acts as an insulator and inhibits the cooling of the tissues. To avoid this "vapor blanket" effect, a new cryovial was designed to increase the speed of liquid flow around the tissue surface. This was achieved by punching a total of 14 inlet holes in the wall of the vial. According to bubble dynamics, a higher rate of liquid flow results in smaller bubbles and fewer chances to form a gas barrier. When liquid nitrogen flows into the cryovial through the inlet holes, the flow velocity around the tissue is fast enough to eliminate the gas barrier. Compared to the method of freezing muscle tissues using pre-chilled isopentane, this protocol is simpler and more efficient and can be used to freeze muscle in a throughput manner. Furthermore, this method is optimal for institutions that do not have access to isopentane, which is extremely flammable at room temperature.

This protocol describes a procedure to freeze muscle tissues by plunging them directly into liquid nitrogen. This protocol also highlights a new cryovial that can avoid the &#34;blanket effect&#34; of nitrogen gas when liquid nitrogen contacts the tissue surface of a specimen.

筋肉組織を直接液体窒素中に浸漬されたときにアーティファクトを凍結マルチホールクライオバイアルが不要

Studies on skeletal muscle physiology face the technical challenge of appropriately processing the specimens to obtain sections with clearly visible ...