本研究は、トランスレーショナル科学を進めるための国立センターからの助成金R01-MH090127、国立精神衛生研究所のP30-MH089868と受賞番号UL1TR001120によってサポートされていました。内容はもっぱら著者の責任であり、必ずしもNIMHまたはNCATSの公式見解を示すものではありません。さらに、我々は感謝の早期メソッド開発を導くの彼の貴重な専門知識のためにデビッドMorilakを承認したいと思います。

注：この研究で使用した動物を、最適な結果のために生後4ヶ月および6ヶ月の間の雄のC57Bl / 6Jマウスである。マウスは、便利に活動（暗）期中にそれらをテストするために、逆の光サイクルで維持されている。動作は、ハウジングとは別の部屋で行われた場合、マウスを試験室への輸送を以下順応するために、少なくとも1時間に許可される。行動試験は、まだ視覚的に試験セッションを監視する実験十分な照明を可能にしながら、できるだけ少ないマウスの通常の活動の中断を最小限に赤色光条件下で行われる。 注：すべての明細書​​に記載の実験手順の態様は実験動物の管理と使用に関する指針と一致して行われた、第8版（NRC）とテキサス大学健康科学における施設内動物管理使用委員会によって承認されたサンアントニオでのセンター。 <ol><li> 「（下から約1）培地を掘って、インナーリムに、（深さ×2.5 &quot;直径セラミックramekins 1.5非多孔性）」​​を記入。ろ紙ラウンドを半分に切断し、ラメキンの背面の内側にテープで（ 図1A） </li><li>順化、トレーニングとテストの段階のために約20mgの断片に、ハニーナッツや砂糖コーティングされた品種 - 軽く加糖ドライ朝食用シリアル（食品報酬）をブレーク。 </li><li>注意セットタスクをシフト（AST）室（ 図1B）を作る：列車順応し、個々のチャンバ内の各マウスをテストする。少なくとも8室の生産をお勧めします。 <ol><li> &quot;×8&quot;×7 &quot;AST室12を構築する。 70％エタノールできれいに簡単である乳白色アクリル製の壁やスタートゲート。ギロチンスタイルは、取り外し可能な出発ゲートは待機エリア（5 &quot;×8&quot;）とテストエリア（7 &quot;×8&quot;）にチャンバーを分離する。 </li><li>クリア5を含める221;均等に検査領域の両側を分離×7 &quot;リムーバブルパーティション。パーティション（ 図1C）の正面から「離れて」1間隔をあけ、アクセスをスニッフィングできるように、仕切りの底部分に直径の穴」と1 3 1/4カット。 </li></ol></li></ol> 2.手順の概要（図2） <ol><li>個別AST、ハツカネズミの前に、それらを少なくとも1週間逆光サイクルに調整することができます。 </li><li>順化、電車、個々の検査室で各動物をテストします。テストの最終日を終えた後1マウスと70％エタノールできれいに各チャンバを割り当てます。これは「ホーム·ケージ」または「自己」のような室内の臭いを行うことで、テスト中にストレスを最小限に抑えることができます。 </li><li>香りが放散することができるように2日、試験前に試験のポットを香り。マウスは、非常に強い臭気を持っているポットで掘ることはありません。 25 G針を注射器を用いて、約0.1mlをを追加ろ紙のトップにエッセンシャルオイル。 </li></ol> 3.取り扱い（日1-8） <ol><li>食物制限の最初の日に先立って8日を開始するマウスを処理します。これは、テスト中の取り扱いに関連したストレスを減らすことができます。 </li><li>計量し、処理の記録体重を毎日。一日あたりの各マウス2〜3分を処理します。 </li><li>複数の実験者はマウスのセットをテストに関与していることがある場合は、各実験者は実験者に親しみを高め、ストレスや不安はトレーニングやテストの日に経験した削減する処理プロセスに参加することを確認してください。 </li><li>テストの期間を通じて取り扱いと記録の重みを続けます。 </li></ol> 4.食物制限（日9-12） <ol><li>制限食での場所のマウスは彼らの自由摂食体重の80から85パーセントでマウスを維持するために、事前の順化の先頭に4日から開始。一日あたりマウスあたりの食品の1グラムを与える。体重を下回る場合彼らが適切な範囲に戻るまで、指定された範囲は、1日あたり2グラムを与える。 </li><li>マウスは、試験ポットに順応できるようにするために、各ホームケージの前面にある2 ramekinsを置きます。これらは、食品の報酬のために掘るためにマウスを訓練するために使用されるのと同じスポットである。 </li><li> 4日間毎日ramekinsで食品の2グラムと食品の報酬（各穀物の半分一片）の1枚を追加します。 </li><li>動作は、トランスポート·マウスができるように、収容室に戻る前の日に少なくとも1時間試験室に、食物制限の1日目に開始し、マウスが収容された1以上の別々の部屋で行う場合それらは、試験室に順応。 </li><li>食物制限の最終日には、順化の開始前に、ホームケージの寝具を変更。ケージの寝具は、テストは（絶対に必要な場合を除き）トレーニングおよびテスト中に経験したストレスや不安を軽減するために完了するまで、再び変更​​されることはありません。 </li><li>維持する検査が終了するまで食事制限でマウス。日13-17日、消費された食品の報酬（食品ペレットの一般&lt;1グラム）の量の推定値に基づいて、順化、トレーニング、またはテスト後のマウスの食べ物を与える。 </li></ol> 5.順化（日13-14） <ol><li> 2日前に訓練を開始し始めて、赤色光下での暗サイクルの間、順化を行う。 </li><li> （同一チャンバがされる、これは検査室におなじみの「ホーム·ケージ」または「自己」匂いを導入することによって、新しい環境であることのストレスを軽減し、チャンバー内のホームケージから汚れた寝具少量のスプレッドトレーニングとテスト）の間、単一のマウスに使用する。 </li><li>室の待合室で水ときれいなラメキンを配置。マウスは、それらが水へのアクセスを持っていない場合食べない傾向がある。 </li><li>食品の報酬（〜20で検査領域に食物制限のために使用されている2 ramekinsを配置各MG穀物ピース）。 </li><li>待機エリアにマウスを置きます。スタートゲートを除去し、マウスは1時間のチャンバを探索することを可能にする。 </li><li>継続的に頻繁にテストエリアとポットを探索するマウスを奨励するために、空のramekinsに食糧報酬（〜20 mgの穀物ピース）を追加します。 </li><li>実験者の存在が試験中に追加されたストレス要因にならないように、マウスが順応期間を通して実験者を見ることができることを確認してください。 </li></ol> 6.トレーニング（15日目） <ol><li>待機エリアにマウスを置きます。 </li><li>各テスト領域に、食品の報酬（〜20 mgの穀物ピース）を含む、空のramekinsを置き、スタートゲートを持ち上げる。マウス3分の両方の食物報酬を取得することができます。この手順を数回繰り返します。 </li><li> 徐々に後続の試験におけるポットにおがくず/マウスケージの寝具を追加します。マウス3分がトライを終了する前に、各ポットからの食品の報酬を取得することを許可するアル。マウスは各ポットからの食品の報酬を取得した後は、次の試行に進みます。マウスは、食物報酬が部分的に覆われると、ヒントはすなわち、食品の報酬の領域の上に穀物ほこりを振りかける（提供することができる、食品の報酬の領域にわたっておがくずにインデントを作る掘りでの試みをしていない場合は、その一部を発見食品の報酬）。 </li><li>食品の報酬が完全に覆われるまで各試行の後におがくず/寝具の追加を続け、マウスを確実食品の報酬を見つけるために、完全な鍋で掘るする能力を示しています。 </li><li>マウスが確実に訓練の開始の2時間以内に完全な鍋の食糧報酬を見つけるための能力を実証していない場合は、訓練の二日目に進みます。食物制限の上でマウスを維持し、次の日、この手順を繰り返します。 </li><li>マウスは2日連続の後、食品の報酬のために掘るために失敗した場合はEXPで「掘ることができなかった」として、実験の残りからそれを除外して、注釈を付けるerimental記録。 </li></ol> 7.テスト（日16-17）： <ol><li>初日には、単純な差別（SD）、複合差別（CD）、逆転（R1）、およびイントラ次元シフト（IDS）をテスト。 </li><li> （;オプションのR2）、余分な次元シフト（EDS）2日目に、内寸法シフト2（IDS2）、内寸法シフト3（IDS3）、逆転2をテストします。 </li><li>ペアメディアと香りを表1に示す。 </li><li>試験日の取り扱いの際には、マウスを飢餓によるテスト中に焦点の欠如を避けるために1食の報酬を与える。この時点から試験日の終わりまで、正しい選択のための報酬以外の任意の食べ物を提供していません。 </li><li>テストの開始時に、鉗子を（ポット間の香りの広がりを制限する）を使用して、正しい選択を示している鍋の食糧報酬の一部を配置します。食物報酬を完全培地（ 図3参照）によってカバーされるべきである。食物報酬から香りキューを回避するために、穀物粉塵oを振りかける段階の開始時にすべてのポットVER。 </li><li>スタートゲートを閉じた状態で待機エリアにマウスを置きます。検査室の両側にポットを置きます。スタートゲートが除去され、タイマーが開始されると試験が開始されます。トライアルあたりの各マウス3分の選択をするようにします。マウスは各試行のための選択をしたまでは（正しいか正しくない）選択肢と時間を記録します。 注：「選択は」のいずれか鍋で掘るしようとする試みで示されます。マウスがメディアを避難し、それが食品の報酬または食品の報酬を発見するメディアの避難に十分なを見つけるために作成する空間で十分その鼻を突いたかどうDIGは唯一の選択肢として記録されている。マウスは3分以内に選択を行っていない場合、これは選択の余地（誤った）として記録されている。 </li><li>選択は鍋のどちらかのために作られた後、検査室から選ばれませんでした鍋を削除します。正しい選択が行われた場合、マウスは後ろにマウスを置く前に、食品の報酬を完了することができます待合室。誤った選択が行われた場合、マウスが待合室にマウスを返す前に、その選択のための食物報酬がないことを示すためにポットを探索することを可能にする。 </li><li>各試験の終了時に、待機エリアにはマウスを置き、スタートゲートを交換してください。 </li><li>マウスはASTの次の段階に進めるために連続して8正しい試験の基準を満たしていることを確認します。マウスが50試行中で連続して8正しい選択を取得しない場合は、その段階を失敗し、テストを完了するために移動することはできません。 6連続しない選択肢（選択肢なしの3分）が参加する失敗せず、次の段階に移動するマウスを禁止しています。 </li></ol>

<ol>
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利害の衝突が宣言されていない。

PFCにより媒介される認知柔軟性の欠損は、神経学的および精神神経疾患の様々な関連した重大な障害を表しており、成果及びこれらの障害に罹患している個人の生活の質に大きな影響を持つことができます。マウスでの使用のためのASTの最適化は、皮質介在認知機能障害を前頭前野に結合された疾患の遺伝的基礎を調査するために不可欠である。我々は、上記の方法は、特定の認知障害、認...

タスク（AST）をシフトする注意のセットは前に1,2十年間ラットでの注意と認知の柔軟性の尺度として開発されました。 ASTは、ヒトおよび非ヒト霊長類3,4における認知機能障害を識別するために使用されているケンブリッジ神経心理テスト自動バッテリー（CANTAB）のextradimensional / intradimensionalコンポーネントをモデルにしています。簡単なルールを学習する能力はそのまま残りますが、ルールが変更されたときの応答を変更するために学習の欠損は神経精神障害の多様な（ すなわち、統合失調症、強迫性障害、うつ病）を患っている患者で発見され、神経変性疾患（ すなわち、パーキンソン病）および前前頭皮質5に病変を有する患者である。より一般的には、これらの患者は、認知の柔軟性に欠損を有すると記載されている。類似の赤字は、ヒト以外の霊長類とげっ歯類病変tの両方で示されている前頭前皮質oを1,6-8を誘導した。これらの赤字は、認知硬直または注意セットをシフトする能力の障害の状態を示している。 被験者がルールのセットが無関係手がかりから関連区別するために、複雑な刺激を適用することができることを知ったとき、注目セットが形成されている。たとえば、ASTで、動物は媒体と食品の報酬をペアで、無関係のキュー（ すなわち、臭いを）注意を払うし、関連するキュー（ すなわち、掘り媒体）に対応し、無視することを学びます。メディアや臭いの変化を掘るのタイプが、メディアと報酬の間に対に関連がままであるこの関連は、その後、後続のタスクで補強されている。この強化されたルールは、認知セットを形成している。 認知柔軟性のASTプロトコル対策の面内の二つの段階：反転し、余分な次元シフト。 1 dimensio内の反転段階では、以前に否定的な刺激n個（この例では、媒体）は、前のステージからの正の刺激を無視するために動物に挑戦れ、現在は正である。感じた掘り媒体は前段の正の刺激だった場合、たとえば、紙は今は逆が真である、ネガティブな刺激だった。これは、ルールがディメンション内の刺激と報酬ペアに学ん変化させながら、それが注意セット（ すなわち、培地は、関連する次元である）維持しなければならないという点で、動物の柔軟性に挑戦。注意セットの形成は無関係の次元（この例では、臭気）は、関連する寸法になったときに、余分な次元の変速段でチャレンジされる。固執応答は、以前に学習したルールを使用して、継続的な選択肢で示したように、いずれかの段階で認知柔軟性の赤字を反映している。 非ヒト霊長類および齧歯類の両方における病変の研究がPERFする能力に起因する可能性が前頭前皮質の特定の領域を示しているAST 1,9の特定の段階をORM。眼窩前頭皮質（OFC）の病変は、前頭前皮質（PFC）の部分領域は、AST 8に学習逆転の欠損を誘導することが示されている。さらに、内側前頭前野（MPFC）に病変が余分な次元シフトを行う際の具体的な難しさにつながる。 ASTを使用した多くの研究が、ラットおよび非ヒト霊長類において行われているが、比較的少数のマウスにおける認知機能の尺度としてASTを利用している。マウスでの遺伝子操作の容易さ、および様々な障害を研究中前頭前野の機能を測定するための重要なニーズを考えると、マウスではこの行動措置を適応し、検証することPFC機能不全に関連する疾患の研究するための重要な追加です。ここで詳細なプロトコルは、マウスではアプリケーション用に最適化されてビレルとブラウン1による手順の変形例であるおよびマウス-納入仕様の多くを反映している以前に2,6,10-13を報告されているC言語の適応。

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			<td colspan="2">Fabricated in-house, specifications can be found in protocol</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">3 0z. Ramekins</td>
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			<td colspan="2">Purchased on http://www.frontiercoop.com/prodlist.php?ct=anpceoeo</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Filter Paper, 9.0 cm diameter</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">VWR International</td>
			<td>28310-048</td>
			<td>Purchased on https://us.vwr.com/</td>
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			<td>Ashland 8 oz Raffia</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">n/a</td>
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			Cut into 1/2&#34; to 1&#34; strips</td>
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			<td>Creatology Basic Felt Forest/Dark Green 36 in x 36 in&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">n/a</td>
			<td>Purchased on http://www.michaels.com/ 
			cut into 1 cm x 1 cm squares</td>
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			<td>Creatology Fun Foam 18 x 12 in sheets (light brown/tan)</td>
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			cut into 1/2 cm x 2 cm rectangles</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Crepe paper (yellow)</td>
			<td>Celebrate It Paper Crinkle 4 oz yellow jumbo</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">n/a</td>
			<td>Purchased on http://www.michaels.com/ 
			Cut into 1/2&#34; to 1&#34; strips</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Ribbon (turqoise)</td>
			<td>Celebrate It Wide Ribbon 4 in x 10 yd 100% polyester&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">n/a</td>
			<td>Purchased on http://www.michaels.com/ 
			cut into 1 cm x 1 cm squares</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Metallic&#160;</td>
			<td>Celebrate It Metallic Crinkle Gold 2 oz</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">n/a</td>
			<td>Purchased on http://www.michaels.com/ 
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Googly Eyes, 4 mm</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Black Sequins, 3 mm</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Pink Pom Poms, 1/4 inch</td>
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			<td style="width:159px;">1018221</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Pipe Cleaners, red</td>
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			<td style="width:159px;">108430</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Bedding material/sawdust</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Timer</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Control Company</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:159px;">5000</td>
			<td colspan="2">Purchased on http://www.control3.com/5000p.htm</td>
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			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Lightly sweetened dry breakfast cereal loops</td>
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			<td colspan="2">Honey nut toasted oats used in the protocol described, any lightly sweet coated breakfast cereal is recommended</td>
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the attentional set shifting task: a measure of cognitive flexibility in mice

Cognitive impairment, particularly involving dysfunction of circuitry within the prefrontal cortex (PFC), represents a core feature of many neuropsychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders, including depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorder. Deficits in cognitive function also represent the most difficult symptom domain&#160;to successfully treat, as serotonin reuptake inhibitors and tricyclic antidepressants have only modest effects. Functional neuroimaging studies and postmortem analysis of human brain tissue implicate the PFC as being a primary region of dysregulation in patients with these disorders. However, preclinical behavioral assays used to assess these deficits in mouse models which can be readily manipulated genetically and could provide the basis for studies of new treatment avenues have been underutilized. Here we describe the adaptation of a behavioral assay, the attentional set shifting task (AST), to be performed in mice to assess prefrontal cortex mediated cognitive deficits. The neural circuits underlying behavior during the AST are highly conserved across humans, nonhuman primates and rodents, providing excellent face, construct and predictive validity.

この試験では、典型的な依存指標が基準（または8正しい連続した選択肢）を満たすために、ステージごとの試行回数である。 図4（a）は、ASTを使用して未処理C57BL / 6Jの各段階での基準を満たすために試行の平均数を示しています。マウスは、関連するキュー寸法（臭いやメディア）上の注意のセットを形成したように、連続intradimensional交代で基準を満たすために臨床試験の減?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about The Attentional Set Shifting Task: A Measure of Cognitive Flexibility in Mice at JoVE.com

The Attentional Set Shifting Task: A Measure of Cognitive Flexibility in Mice

このプロトコルの目的は、マウスにおける前頭前野媒介認知の柔軟性を評価するためにタスク（AST）をシフト注目セットとして行動アッセイを実施することである。

注意のセットシフトタスク：マウスにおける認知の柔軟性の測定

Cognitive impairment, particularly involving dysfunction of circuitry within the prefrontal cortex (PFC), represents a core feature of many ...

the-attentional-set-shifting-task-measure-cognitive-flexibility

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

27.0K ビュー.  University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio. このプロトコルの目的は、マウスにおける前頭前野媒介認知の柔軟性を評価するためにタスク（AST）をシフト注目セットとして行動アッセイを実施することである。 

ビデオ: The Attentional Set Shifting Task: A Measure of Cognitive Flexibility in Mice

The Crossmodal Congruency Task as a Means to Obtain an Objective Behavioral Measure in the Rubber Hand Illusion Paradigm

The rubber hand illusion (RHI) is a popular experimental paradigm. Participants view touch on an artificial rubber hand while the participants' own hidden hand is touched. If the viewed and felt touches are given at the same time then this is sufficient to induce the compelling experience that the rubber hand is one's own hand. The RHI can be used to investigate exactly how the brain constructs distinct body representations for one's own body. Such representations are crucial for successful interactions with the external world. To obtain a subjective measure of the RHI, researchers typically ask participants to rate statements such as "I felt as if the rubber hand were my hand". Here we demonstrate how the crossmodal congruency task can be used to obtain an objective behavioral measure within this paradigm.
The variant of the crossmodal congruency task we employ involves the presentation of tactile targets and visual distractors. Targets and distractors are spatially congruent (i.e. same finger) on some trials and incongruent (i.e. different finger) on others. The difference in performance between incongruent and congruent trials - the crossmodal congruency effect (CCE) - indexes multisensory interactions. Importantly, the CCE is modulated both by viewing a hand as well as the synchrony of viewed and felt touch which are both crucial factors for the RHI.
The use of the crossmodal congruency task within the RHI paradigm has several advantages. It is a simple behavioral measure which can be repeated many times and which can be obtained during the illusion while participants view the artificial hand. Furthermore, this measure is not susceptible to observer and experimenter biases. The combination of the RHI paradigm with the crossmodal congruency task allows in particular for the investigation of multisensory processes which are critical for modulations of body representations as in the RHI.

We demonstrate how an objective measure can be employed in the widely employed rubber hand illusion paradigm. This measure is obtained by modifying the well-established crossmodal congruency task. This task allows the investigation of multisensory processes which are critical for modulations of body representations as in the rubber hand illusion.

ラバーハンドイリュージョンパラダイムにおける客観行動測定値を得るための手段としてクロスモーダル一致タスク

The rubber hand illusion (RHI) is a popular experimental paradigm. Participants view touch on an artificial rubber hand while the participants' own hidden ...

行動学

A Dual Task Procedure Combined with Rapid Serial Visual Presentation to Test Attentional Blink for Nontargets

When viewers search for targets in a rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) stream, if two targets are presented within about 500 msec of each other, the first target may be easy to spot but the second is likely to be missed. This phenomenon of attentional blink (AB) has been widely studied to probe the temporal capacity of attention for detecting visual targets. However, with the typical procedure of AB experiments, it is not possible to examine how the processing of non-target items in RSVP may be affected by attention. This paper describes a novel dual task procedure combined with RSVP to test effects of AB for nontargets at varied stimulus onset asynchronies (SOAs). In an exemplar experiment, a target category was first displayed, followed by a sequence of 8 nouns. If one of the nouns belonged to the target category, participants would respond &#8216;yes&#8217; at the end of the sequence, otherwise participants would respond &#8216;no&#8217;. Two 2-alternative forced choice memory tasks followed the response to determine if participants remembered the words immediately before or after the target, as well as a random word from another part of the sequence. In a second exemplar experiment, the same design was used, except that 1) the memory task was counterbalanced into two groups with SOAs of either 120 or 240 msec and 2) three memory tasks followed the sequence and tested remembrance for nontarget nouns in the sequence that could be anywhere from 3 items prior the target noun position to 3 items following the target noun position. Representative results from a previously published study demonstrate that our procedure can be used to examine divergent effects of attention that not only enhance targets but also suppress nontargets. Here we show results from a representative participant that replicated the previous finding.&#160;

This paper describes a novel dual task procedure combined with Rapid Serial Visual Presentation to look at attentional blink at varied stimulus onset asynchronies. This experimental procedure differed from others in that it tested attentional blink for nontargets.

非ターゲットのための注意の瞬きをテストするために迅速なシリアルビジュアルプレゼンテーションと組み合わせることで、デュアルタスク手順

When viewers search for targets in a rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) stream, if two targets are presented within about 500 msec of each other, the ...

An Operant Intra-/Extra-dimensional Set-shift Task for Mice

Alterations in executive control and cognitive flexibility, such as attentional set-shifting abilities, are core features of several neuropsychiatric diseases. The most widely used neuropsychological tests for the evaluation of attentional set-shifting in human subjects are the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) and the CANTAB Intra-/Extra-dimensional set shift task (ID/ED). These tasks have proven clinical relevance and have been modified and successfully adapted for research in animal models. However, currently available tasks for rodents present several limitations, mainly due to their manual-based testing procedures, which are hampering translational advances in psychiatric medicine. To overcome these limitations and to better mimic the original version in primates, we present the development of a novel operant-based two-chamber ID/ED "Operon" task for rodents. We demonstrated the effectiveness of this novel task to measure different facets of cognitive flexibility in mice including attentional set formation and shifting, and reversal learning. Moreover, we show the high flexibility of this task in which three different perceptual dimensions can be manipulated with a high number of stimuli cues for each dimension. This novel ID/ED Operon task can be an effective preclinical tool for drug testing and/or large genetic screening relevant to the study of executive dysfunction and cognitive symptoms found in psychiatric disorders.

Attentional set-shifting cognitive abnormalities are a core feature of many psychiatric diseases. Here, we present the development of a novel automatic system for the effective study of attentional set-shifting abilities, executive functions and other cognitive abilities in mice with high translational validity to human studies.

マウス用オペラントイントラ/エクストラ次元セットシフトタスク

Alterations in executive control and cognitive flexibility, such as attentional set-shifting abilities, are core features of several neuropsychiatric ...

The Emotional Stroop Task: Assessing Cognitive Performance under Exposure to Emotional Content

The emotional Stroop effect (ESE) is the result of longer naming latencies to ink colors of emotion words than to ink colors of neutral words. The difference shows that people are affected by the emotional content conveyed by the carrier words even though they are irrelevant to the color-naming task at hand. The ESE has been widely deployed with patient populations, as well as with non-selected populations, because the emotion words can be selected to match the tested pathology. The ESE is a powerful tool, yet it is vulnerable to various threats to its validity. This report refers to potential sources of confounding and includes a modal experiment that provides the means to control for them. The most prevalent threat to the validity of existing ESE studies is sustained effects and habituation wrought about by repeated exposure to emotion stimuli. Consequently, the order of exposure to emotion and neutral stimuli is of utmost importance. We show that in the standard design, only one specific order produces the ESE.

The emotional Stroop effect (ESE) is the result of longer naming latencies to ink colors of emotion words than those of neutral words. This report refers to potential sources of confounding and includes a modal experiment that provides the means to control for them.

情動ストループ課題：感情的なコンテンツへの曝露下での認知能力を評価します

The emotional Stroop effect (ESE) is the result of longer naming latencies to ink colors of emotion words than to ink colors of neutral words. The ...

The Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) Task: A Simple Cognitive Paradigm to Investigate False Memories in the Laboratory

The Deese,&#160;Roediger and McDermott&#160;(DRM) task is a false memory paradigm in which subjects are presented with lists of semantically related words (e.g., nurse, hospital, etc.) at encoding. After a delay, subjects are asked to recall or recognize these words. In the recognition memory version of the task, subjects are asked whether they remember previously presented words, as well as related (but never presented) critical lure words (&#39;doctor&#39;). Typically, the critical word is recognized with high probability and confidence. This false memory effect has been robustly demonstrated across short (e.g., immediate, 20 min) and long (e.g., 1, 7, 60 d) delays between encoding and memory testing. A strength of using this task to study false memory is its simplicity and short duration. If encoding and retrieval components of the task occur in the same session, the entire task can take as little as 2 - 30 min. However, although the DRM task is widely considered a &#39;false memory&#39; paradigm, some researchers consider DRM illusions to be based on the activation of semantic memory networks in the brain, and argue that such semantic gist-based false memory errors may actually be useful in some scenarios (e.g., remembering the forest for the trees; remembering that a word list was about &#34;doctors&#34;, even though the actual word &#34;doctor&#34; was never presented for study). Remembering the gist of experience (instead of or along with individual details) is arguably an adaptive process and this task has provided a great deal of knowledge about the constructive, adaptive nature of memory. Therefore, researchers should use caution when discussing the overall reach and implications of their experiments when using this task to study &#39;false memory&#39;, as DRM memory errors may not adequately reflect false memories in the real world, such as false memory in eyewitness testimony, or false memories of sexual abuse.

The Deese-Roediger-McDermott DRM Task: A Simple Cognitive Paradigm to Investigate False Memories in the Laboratory

Here we present the Deese,&#160;Roediger and McDermott&#160;(DRM) task, a tool to study false memories in the laboratory. Subjects study lists of semantically related words (e.g.,&#160;nurse, sick, etc.), and later falsely remember an unstudied word (doctor) that represents the gist, or theme, of the word list.

ディーズ-Roediger-マクダーモット（DRM）タスク：実験室で偽の思い出を調査するためのシンプルな認知パラダイム

The Deese,&#160;Roediger and McDermott&#160;(DRM) task is a false memory paradigm in which subjects are presented with lists of semantically related words ...

New Variations for Strategy Set-shifting in the Rat

Behavioral flexibility is crucial for survival in changing environments. Broadly defined, behavioral flexibility requires a shift of behavioral strategy based on a change in governing rules. We describe a strategy set-shifting task that requires an attentional shift from one stimulus dimension to another. The paradigm is often used for testing cognitive flexibility in primates. However, the rodent version has not been as extensively developed. We have recently extended an established set-shifting task in the rat1 by requiring attention to different stimuli according to context. All the experimental conditions required animals to choose either a left or right lever. Initially, all animals had to choose on the basis of the location of the lever. Subsequently, a change in the rule occurred, which required a shift in set from location-based rule to a rule in which the correct lever was indicated by a light cue. We compared performance on three different versions of the task, in which the light stimulus was either novel, previously relevant, or previously irrelevant. We found that specific neurochemical lesions selectively impaired the ability to make particular types of set shift as measured by the performance on the different versions of the task.

Set-shifting, a form of behavioral flexibility, requires an attentional shift from one stimulus dimension to another. We extended an established rodent set-shifting task1 by requiring attention to different stimuli according to context. The task was combined with specific lesions to identify neuron subtypes underlying a successful shift.

ラットにおける戦略セット・シフトのための新しいバリエーション

Behavioral flexibility is crucial for survival in changing environments. Broadly defined, behavioral flexibility requires a shift of behavioral strategy ...

Introducing Clicker Training as a Cognitive Enrichment for Laboratory Mice

Establishing new refinement strategies in laboratory animal science is a central goal in fulfilling the requirements of Directive 2010/63/EU. Previous research determined a profound impact of gentle handling protocols on the well-being of laboratory mice. By introducing clicker training to the keeping of mice, not only do we promote the amicable treatment of mice, but we also enable them to experience cognitive enrichment. Clicker training is a form of positive reinforcement training using a conditioned secondary reinforcer, the "click" sound of a clicker, which serves as a time bridge between the strengthened behavior and an upcoming reward. The effective implementation of the clicker training protocol with a cohort of 12 BALB/c inbred mice of each sex proved to be uncomplicated. The mice learned rather quickly when challenged with tasks of the clicker training protocol, and almost all trained mice overcame the challenges they were given (100% of female mice and 83% of male mice). This study has identified that clicker training for mice strongly correlates with reduced fear in the mice during human-mice interactions, as shown by reduced anxiety-related behaviors (e.g., defecation, vocalization, and urination) and fewer depression-like behaviors (e.g., floating). By developing a reliable protocol that can be easily integrated into the daily routine of the keeping of laboratory mice, the lifetime experience of welfare in the mice can be improved substantially.

The development of new refinement strategies for laboratory mice is a challenging task that contributes towards fulfilling the 3R principle. This protocol introduces clicker training as a cognitive enrichment program for laboratory mice.

実験用マウスのための認知エンリッチメントとしてクリッカートレーニングの紹介

Establishing new refinement strategies in laboratory animal science is a central goal in fulfilling the requirements of Directive 2010/63/EU. Previous ...

The "Motor" in Implicit Motor Sequence Learning: A Foot-stepping Serial Reaction Time Task

This protocol describes a modified serial reaction time (SRT) task used to study implicit motor sequence learning. Unlike the classic SRT task that involves finger-pressing movements while sitting, the modified SRT task requires participants to step with both feet while maintaining a standing posture. This stepping task necessitates whole body actions that impose postural challenges. The foot-stepping task complements the classic SRT task in several ways. The foot-stepping SRT task is a better proxy for the daily activities that require ongoing postural control, and thus may help us better understand sequence learning in real-life situations. In addition, response time serves as an indicator of sequence learning in the classic SRT task, but it is unclear whether response time, reaction time (RT) representing mental process, or movement time (MT) reflecting the movement itself, is a key player in motor sequence learning. The foot-stepping SRT task allows researchers to disentangle response time into RT and MT, which may clarify how motor planning and movement execution are involved in sequence learning. Lastly, postural control and cognition are interactively related, but little is known about how postural control interacts with learning motor sequences. With a motion capture system, the movement of the whole body (e.g., the center of mass (COM)) can be recorded. Such measures allow us to reveal the dynamic processes underlying discrete responses measured by RT and MT, and may aid in elucidating the relationship between postural control and the explicit and implicit processes involved in sequence learning. Details of the experimental set-up, procedure, and data processing are described. The representative data are adopted from one of our previous studies. Results are related to response time, RT, and MT, as well as the relationship between the anticipatory postural response and the explicit processes involved in implicit motor sequence learning.

The &quot;Motor&quot; in Implicit Motor Sequence Learning: A Foot-stepping Serial Reaction Time Task

We introduce the foot-stepping serial reaction time (SRT) task. This modified SRT task, complementing the classic SRT task that involves only finger-pressing movement, better approximates daily sequenced activities and allows researchers to study the dynamic processes underlying discrete response measures and disentangle the explicit process operating in implicit sequence learning.

暗黙的なモーターで「モーター」シーケンス学習: 足ステップのシリアル反応時間のタスク

This protocol describes a modified serial reaction time (SRT) task used to study implicit motor sequence learning. Unlike the classic SRT task that ...

Eye Tracking During Visually Situated Language Comprehension: Flexibility and Limitations in Uncovering Visual Context Effects

The present work is a description and an assessment of a methodology designed to quantify different aspects of the interaction between language processing and the perception of the visual world. The recording of eye-gaze patterns has provided good evidence for the contribution of both the visual context and linguistic/world knowledge to language comprehension. Initial research assessed object-context effects to test&#160;theories of modularity in language processing. In the introduction, we describe how subsequent investigations have taken the role of the wider visual context in language processing as a research topic in its own right, asking questions such as how our visual perception of events and of speakers contributes to&#160;comprehension informed by&#160;comprehenders&#39; experience. Among the examined aspects of the visual context are actions, events, a speaker&#39;s gaze, and emotional facial expressions, as well as spatial object configurations. Following an overview of the eye-tracking method and its different applications, we list the key steps of the methodology in the protocol, illustrating how to successfully use it to study visually-situated language comprehension. A final section presents three sets of representative results and illustrates the benefits and limitations of eye tracking for investigating the interplay between the perception of the visual world and language comprehension.

The present article reviews an eye-tracking methodology for studies on language comprehension. To obtain reliable data, key steps of the protocol must be followed. Among these are the correct set-up of the eye tracker (e.g., ensuring good quality of the eye and head images) and accurate calibration.

視覚的に位置の言語理解の中に目の追跡: 柔軟性の視覚的文脈の発見の効果の制限

The present work is a description and an assessment of a methodology designed to quantify different aspects of the interaction between language processing ...

Using Rapid Serial Visual Presentation to Measure Set-Specific Capture, a Consequence of Distraction While Multitasking

This method uses a rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) paradigm to measure the cost of distraction when participants maintain multiple search goals. The protocol identifies two types of distraction within a single task - contingent attentional capture and set-specific capture - that represent different types of limitations of cognitive processing. Participants search for letters in two or more &#34;target&#34; ink colors (e.g., green and orange) within a continuous RSVP stream of heterogeneously colored letters, while ignoring two peripheral RSVPs of letters. Upon detecting a target, participants are to identify the letter. On some trials, target-colored distractors appear in the periphery just prior to the presentation of a target, causing a drop in target identification performance. Contingent attentional capture is observed by examining performance on trials in which the peripheral distractor is the same color as the target on that trial (e.g., both orange). Set-specific capture is represented by performance on trials in which the peripheral distractor is target-colored (e.g., orange), but not the same color as the target on that trial (e.g., green.) By varying the amount of time (i.e., the number of stimuli appearing) between the presentation of the distractor and the target, researchers can observe how participants recover from these distraction costs over time. As compared to static displays that are often used to measure contingent attentional capture, the dynamic display produces much larger effects, allowing the researcher to identify subtle effects of smaller manipulations. An unusual aspect of our design is that it employs a continuous display; &#34;filler&#34; stimuli connect one trial to the next seamlessly, and participants respond during this interval whenever they detect a target. The continuous display reduces chance performance to near-zero levels (rather than 50%) and provides researchers with a more sensitive measure of performance differences across trial types.

This method uses a dynamic visual display to index costs of distraction during visual search, including both &#34;contingent attentional capture&#34; and &#34;set-specific capture,&#34; which is a cost of distraction that occurs when the participants maintain multiple search goals simultaneously. This method has revealed basic mechanisms and limitations of visual attention.

気晴らしの結果セットに固有のキャプチャを測定する急速な連続視覚的なプレゼンテーションを使用して、マルチタスクをしながら

This method uses a rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) paradigm to measure the cost of distraction when participants maintain multiple search goals. ...