This work performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory under Contract DE-AC52-07NA27344 within the LDRD program.

ポリッシャー、スラリーの調製まず、収束研磨システム（特にというC onvergent、 私は独立した、Sイングルイテレーションは、R ogue粒子-無料ポリッシャーまたはCISR（発音は「ハサミ」）は、 表面nitial）パッド＆セプタムをインストールすることで、7,17を 、コンディショニングパッドを作製希釈すると、化学的に、スラリーを安定化し、ろ過システム内のスラリーを組み込む。 <ol><li> CISRポリッシャーでは、花崗岩のラップベース上にポリウレタンパッドを接着する。第1のパッドつのエッジを接着し、空隙を最小限にするために、対向するエッジに向かう方向に圧力を加える。張り出しパッドをトリミングして、穿刺し、必要に応じて気泡を除去するためにカミソリの刃とローラーを使用しています。 </li><li>最初の時間の使用のため、すべての〜100時間後（0.6 psiの圧力を適用し、25mmの間隔刻みで各ラジアル周位置での5分間の滞留、ラップ回転を25rpmで直径50mm）流動DI水でCMPダイヤモンドコンディショナを使用してパッド、ダイヤモンド研磨条件のrは。 </li><li> 、流れるDI水で、研磨の繰り返しの間に、 その場での超音波洗浄機（ラップ回転5回転〜各半径位置で2分間の滞留）を使用して、パッドから残留スラリーとガラス製品を削除。 </li><li>ユニークな形状セプタム重量に対して、両面フォームテープ、次に隔壁材料（ たとえば 、プレカットガラスまたは他の非摩耗材料）を接着する。隔壁材料の形状や重さに一致するようにオーバーハングフォームテープをトリミング。セプタムのデザイン（形状と重量の両方）、ワークピースとラップ7,17の異なるサイズの変更に注意してください。 </li><li>ボリュームによってミックス（具体的ボーム4濃度に研磨スラリーの準備〜11のL BUで1部の酸化セリウム研磨スラリーと〜9部の脱イオン（DI）水cket）。ボームフロートを使用してボームを確認してください。 pHを9.5に調整し、独自の界面活性剤19〜120ミリリットル（1体積％）を追加するKOHの約5ミリリットル（10 M）を加える。 pHとボーム研磨の24時間毎に再調整します。 </li><li>ろ過システムに調製したスラリーでバケツをインストールします。その後、ろ過システムへの所望のCMP粒子フィルタをインストールしてください。数時間ろ過システム内のスラリーの再循環をしてみましょう。 </li><li>スラリーの尺度粒子サイズ分布は、（ 例えば 、単一粒子光学検知技法を使用して）分布のテールエンドを確保することが十分に不正無粒子9,20である。 </li></ol>ワーク（エッチングおよびブロッキング）の調製研磨の前に、化学的にサブ表面研削損傷21を除去するために必要な材料除去の量を減らすために、受信された微細なアースワークをエッチングする。アスペクト比（長さ/厚み）は&gt; 1であれば、次に、（工作物をブロック0）をブロックし、22を研磨中に曲げからワークを防止するために、新規なピッチボタンブロッキング（PBB）技術を使用して。 <ol><li>取り外し6時間：（1緩衝酸化物エッチング（BOE）DI水で希釈した3×6）、NH 4 F：HFを入れた槽の中に微細なアースワークを（フラット特に265 xは265×8 mm 3の溶融シリカガラス）エッチング加工物の表面からガラスの10μmである。注意！ BOEは非常に危険です。適切な個人保護具（P​​PE）を着用。エッチタンクからワークを取り出して、積極的にDI水で工作物をすすぎ、空気に工作物を垂直方向に乾燥できます。 </li><li>暗い部屋で明るい光の検査を使用して粉砕工程の間に深いダメージのための工作物を検査します。何深いダメージが見つからない場合は、他の再研削用バックワークを送信、次のステップに進みます。 </li><li>の面にピッチ（〜0.06グラム）のグルーガンへ〜95ºCと場所滴（またボタンと呼ばれる）でピッチをブロックヒートアップ9×9配列内の遮光板（26ミリメートル間隔で81のボタン）。異なるサイズの工作物については、理想的な数、サイズ、及びピッチボタン22の間隔のためのルールを設計することを参照してください。適用ボタンが70で予備加熱したオーブンに表向きでブロッキングプレートを置き ºC。 </li><li>研磨されるべきではない工作物の面にテープを適用する。気泡を発生させるか、過剰にテープを延伸する避ける。 </li><li>オーブンで遮蔽板上のボタンの上に下にテープ側面と加工物を置きます。対流を最小限に抑えるために、ワーク·ボタン·ブロックをカバーしています。 1.5時間後、室温に10ºC/時を冷却するためにオーブンセット。冷却後、ブロックされ、ワー​​ク上のピッチの厚さは、〜1ミリメートルであるべきである。 </li></ol> 3.収束研磨<ol><li>研磨中の乾燥からのスラリーを防ぐためにCISRポリッシャーの環境チャンバー内の湿度システムの電源をオンにし、ワークに傷をつけ不正な粒子を最小限にするために。 </li><li>イン背が高く、研磨に特別に設計され、準備中隔をマウントします。工作物を保持するためにCISRポリッシャーと下ブームにPBBワークをインストールしてください。 </li><li> 〜75ミリメートルの半径方向ストロークと1ガロン/分のろ過システムからのスラリーの流れと25 rpmで一致したラップとワークの回転速度で4時間CISRにポーランドの工作物。 注：0.6 psiの対応するワークピース上積載重量が圧力を適用した遮蔽板を兼ねている。 </li><li>ラップとワーク回転、スラリーの流れをオフにします。 CISRポリッシャーからPBBワークを削除し、DI水満たされた槽にそれを沈める。水没しながら、クリーンルーム布でワーク表面を拭きます。浴からPBBワークを削除し、DI水ですすぎスプレー。 </li><li>ワークブロックの界面でのシムを挿入することにより、デブロックワーク。ワーク表面からテープを外します。積極的にDI水と空気乾燥で工作物をすすぐ。 </li><li> PBBその後、POを繰り返して第2節で説明したように、工作物の対向面第3節で説明したように手順をlishing。 </li></ol> 4.計量·検査<ol><li>測定値は、干渉計を用いてワークの両面の波面（ すなわち 、表面形状）ならびに透過波面を反映している。 </li><li>明るい光検査ステーションのマウントワークと光造形標準方法を使用してスクラッチ/ディグ特性を測定する。工作物の短いBOEエッチングは、ステップ2.1で説明したように、高フルエンスのレーザ用途で使用されるワークの隠れた傷を露出させるために使用することができる。ワーク上の微細な傷や粗さを測定するために、標準的な光学顕微鏡または白色光干渉法を用いてもよい。 </li><li>ストアは、工作物の顔を持つコンテナ最小化接触してワークを完成。 </li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

章で説明したように、表面形状に対する研磨収束の実装を成功さが原因ワーク形状にワークピース - ラップミスマッチのことを除いて空間的な材料の不均一性に影響を与えるすべての現象を排除または最小化することが含まれます。これらの現象のいずれかが適切なプロセス制御を介して、または研磨の適切な技術のいずれかを介して、軽減されていない場合は、所望の収束点を達成または?...

典型的な光製造プロセスの主な手順は、シェーピング、研削、全開口研磨、及び1-3の研磨時々小さなツールが含まれています。イメージングとレーザーシステムのための高品質の光学部品の需要の増加により、過去数十年にわたって、光学製造において重要な進歩があった。たとえば、精度については、決定論的な材料除去は（CNC）ガラスの成形機制御コンピュータ数値の進歩と整形及び研削工程中にできるようになりました。同様に、技術は（ 例えば 、コンピュータ制御光学浮上（CCOS）、イオン考え出す、及び磁気流動仕上げ（MRF））を研磨小さなツールは、このように強く、光製造産業に影響を与え、決定論的な材料除去と表面形状制御につながっている。しかし、仕上げ工程、全開口研磨の中間段階では、まだ一般的に熟練したopticiaを必要とする、高い決定論を欠いている所望の表面図1-3に達成するために、複数のプロセスの変更で複数の、しばしば長い反復サイクルを実施するためのナノ。 研磨する方法は、プロセス変数、及び複雑な化学及びワーク、ラップ、スラリー3-4との間の機械的相互作用の大多数は、それが困難な科学への「アート」から光学研磨を変換するために行った。決定論的な全開口研磨を達成するために、材料除去速度が十分に理解されなければならない。歴史的に、材料除去速度が広く用いプレストン方程式5により記載されている<img alt="式1" fo:content-width="1in" fo:src="/files/ftp_upload/51965/51965eqn1.jpg" src="/files/ftp_upload/51965/51965eqn1.jpg" width="100px" /> （1） dhの/ dtは、平均厚さ除去速度であり、kはpはプレストン定数であり、σOで加えられる圧力、およびV rは、ワークピースとラップとの間の平均相対速度である。 図1は、速度および圧力の空間的および時間的変動を含むプレストン方程式は、説明した材料除去速度に影響を与える物理的な概念を示している、との違い加えられた圧力と圧力分布ワーク経験、および摩擦効果6-8。具体的には、被加工物が経験する実際の圧力分布が強く加工物の表面形状を得られる影響を及ぼす（詳細他所6-8に記載される）現象の数によって支配される。また、プレストン方程式において、微視的な分子レベルの影響が大きく、全体的な材料除去速度、マイクロラフネス、さらにワークに引っかき傷に影響巨視的プレストン定数（k p）は 、に折り畳まれている。様々な研究が口座にプレストンのモデルを拡大している<html>微細なスラリー粒子パッドワーク相互作用が材料除去速度及びマイクロラフネス9-16を説明するため。 全開口研磨時の表面形状の決定論的制御を達成するために、上述の現象の各々は、理解を定量化した後、制御する必要がある。収束研磨背後の戦略は、不均一な材料の除去の望ましくない原因を排除または最小化するために、操作された研磨装置の設計を介して、またはプロセス制御のいずれかによって、そのようなその除去により、ワーク形状にのみワークピース-ラップミスマッチによって駆動される7,17- 18。 図2に、ワーク形状がワークピース-ラップミスマッチのコンセプトに基づいて、収束につながる方法を示しています。平らなラップと左上に示す複雑な形状の仮想的なワークを考えてみましょう。 （ギャップ、ΔhはOLとも呼ばれる）界面高さのミスマッチは、界面圧分布（σ）が影響する。 コンテンツ &quot;FO：キープtogether.withinページ=&quot;常に &quot;&gt; <img alt="式2" fo:content-width="1in" fo:src="/files/ftp_upload/51965/51965eqn2.jpg" src="/files/ftp_upload/51965/51965eqn2.jpg" width="100px" /> （2） Hは、圧力がギャップΔhはOL 6の増加に伴って低下する速度を一定に記述される。この例では、被加工物（ 図2の左下を参照）、中心で最も局所的な圧力を有するため、この位置は、研磨中に最も初期の材料除去率を観察する。材料が除去されるように、ワークピースを横切る圧力差は、ワークピース - ラップミスマッチの減少に起因する減少し、工作物は、ラップの形状に収束する。収束ワーク圧力分布、したがって、材料除去に、（ 図2の右側参照）、ワーク全体で均一である。この例はhowev、フラットラップのために例示されているえー、同じ概念が球状のラップ（凹面または凸面のいずれか）に適用されます。空間的な材料の不均一性に影響を与え、他のすべての現象が解消されている場合でも、この収束プロセスにのみ機能します。収束研磨プロトコル内で実現された特定の手続きやエンジニアリングの対応策は、ディスカッションに記載されています。 以下の研究に記載されているプロトコルは、特に微細な地面から始まる26.5センチメートル平方溶融シリカガラス工作物用の収束研磨プロセスである。研磨の8時間（4時間/表面）には、このワークは、非常に高い表面品質（ すなわち 、低スクラッチ密度）で〜λ/ 2の研磨平坦性を達成することができます。

<table><tbody><tr><td>MHN 50 mil Polyurethane Pad&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Eminess Technologies</td><td>PF-MHN15A050L-56</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cerium oxide polishing slurry</td><td>Universal Photonics</td><td>HASTILITE PO</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Septum Glass (waterjet cut)</td><td>Borofloat ; Schott&amp;nbsp;</td><td>NA</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Diamond conditioner</td><td>Morgan Advanced Ceramics&amp;nbsp;</td><td>CMP-25035-SFT</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ultrasonic Cleaner</td><td>Advanced Sonics Processing System</td><td>URC4</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Purification Optima Filter cartridge</td><td>3M</td><td>CMP560P10FC</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Blocking Pitch</td><td>Universal Photonics</td><td>BP1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Blocking Tape</td><td>3M</td><td>#4712</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cleanroom Cloth</td><td>ITW Texwipe</td><td>AlphaWipe TX1013</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Single Particle Optical Sensing</td><td>Paritcle Sizing Systems</td><td>Accusizer 780 AD</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

convergent polishing: a simple, rapid, full aperture polishing process of high quality optical flats &amp; spheres

収束研磨は、その最初の形状（ すなわち 、表面形状）の独立したワークは、一定不変のセットの下で優れた表面品質を有する最終的な表面形状に収束するもので平坦かつ球状ガラス光学素子を終了するための新規の研磨システム及び方法であるシングル研磨の繰り返しでパラメータを研磨する。対照的に、従来の全開口の研磨方法は、所望の表面形状を達成するために、研磨、計測およびプロセス変化を含む、複数の、しばしば長い反復サイクルを必要とする。収束研磨プロセスは、ラップの形状に収束するワークで除去し、その結果に伴って減少する圧力差が生じるワークピース - ラップ高さの不一致の概念に基づいている。収束研磨プロセスの実装を成功させるには、ワークピース - ラップを除いて不均一な空間材料の除去（のすべてのソースを除去するための多くの技術の組み合わせの結果である表面形状の収束ミスマッチ）と低スクラッチ密度および低い粗システムに不正粒子の数を減少させる。収束研磨プロセスは、各種ガラス材料の両方のフラット様々な形状、大きさの球、およびアスペクト比の製造のために実証されている。実際的な影響は、高品質の光学部品がより低い単位コストをもたらし、より少ない計測と、より少ない労力で、より多く繰り返して、より迅速に製造することができることである。本研究では、収束研磨プロトコルは、特に正方形の81センチメートル直径研磨面につき4時間研磨後の研磨〜λ/ 2の表面形状の微地表面からシリカフラットを融合した26.5センチメートルを製造するために記載されている。

収束研磨プロトコルは、前述の山から谷までの平坦度に、表面あたり4時間の単一の反復で、研磨される（この場合は26.5センチ角）を地面溶融シリカワークを可能に〜λ/ 2（〜低アスペクト比の加工物及び高アスペクト比の加工物のため〜1λ（〜633 nm）のために330 nm）を（ 図3参照）。再び、このプロセスを繰り返し、研磨パラメータを変更することなく同一の最終表面形状に加?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Convergent Polishing: A Simple, Rapid, Full Aperture Polishing Process of High Quality Optical Flats & Spheres at JoVE.com

Convergent Polishing: A Simple, Rapid, Full Aperture Polishing Process of High Quality Optical Flats & Spheres

A novel optical polishing process, called &#8220;Convergent Polishing&#8221;, which enables faster, lower cost polishing, is described. Unlike conventional polishing processes, Convergent Polishing allows a glass workpiece to be polished in a single iteration and with high surface quality to its final surface figure without requiring changes to polishing parameters.

収束研磨：高品質の光学フラット＆球のシンプル、迅速、全開口研磨プロセス

Convergent Polishing is a novel polishing system and method for finishing flat and spherical glass optics in which a workpiece, independent of its initial ...

convergent-polishing-simple-rapid-full-aperture-polishing-process

Research

JoVE Journal

Engineering

Convergent Polishing: A Simple, Rapid, Full Aperture Polishing Process of High Quality Optical Flats &amp; Spheres

11.0K ビュー.  Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. A novel optical polishing process, called “Convergent Polishing”, which enables faster, lower cost polishing, is described. Unlike conventional polishing processes, Convergent Polishing allows a glass workpiece to be polished in a single iteration and with high surface quality to its final surface figure without requiring changes to polishing parameters.

ビデオ: Convergent Polishing: A Simple, Rapid, Full Aperture Polishing Process of High Quality Optical Flats & Spheres

Fabrication of Silica Ultra High Quality Factor Microresonators

Whispering gallery resonant cavities confine light in circular orbits at their periphery.1-2 The photon storage lifetime in the cavity, quantified by the quality factor (Q) of the cavity, can be in excess of 500ns for cavities with Q factors above 100 million. As a result of their low material losses, silica microcavities have demonstrated some of the longest photon lifetimes to date1-2. Since a portion of the circulating light extends outside the resonator, these devices can also be used to probe the surroundings. This interaction has enabled numerous experiments in biology, such as single molecule biodetection and antibody-antigen kinetics, as well as discoveries in other fields, such as development of ultra-low-threshold microlasers, characterization of thin films, and cavity quantum electrodynamics studies.3-7
The two primary silica resonant cavity geometries are the microsphere and the microtoroid. Both devices rely on a carbon dioxide laser reflow step to achieve their ultra-high-Q factors (Q&gt;100 million).1-2,8-9 However, there are several notable differences between the two structures. Silica microspheres are free-standing, supported by a single optical fiber, whereas silica microtoroids can be fabricated on a silicon wafer in large arrays using a combination of lithography and etching steps. These differences influence which device is optimal for a given experiment.
Here, we present detailed fabrication protocols for both types of resonant cavities. While the fabrication of microsphere resonant cavities is fairly straightforward, the fabrication of microtoroid resonant cavities requires additional specialized equipment and facilities (cleanroom). Therefore, this additional requirement may also influence which device is selected for a given experiment.
Introduction
An optical resonator efficiently confines light at specific wavelengths, known as the resonant wavelengths of the device. 1-2 The common figure of merit for these optical resonators is the quality factor or Q. This term describes the photon lifetime (&tau;o) within the resonator, which is directly related to the resonator's optical losses. Therefore, an optical resonator with a high Q factor has low optical losses, long photon lifetimes, and very low photon decay rates (1/&tau;o). As a result of the long photon lifetimes, it is possible to build-up extremely large circulating optical field intensities in these devices. This very unique property has allowed these devices to be used as laser sources and integrated biosensors.10
A unique sub-class of resonators is the whispering gallery mode optical microcavity. In these devices, the light is confined in circular orbits at the periphery. Therefore, the field is not completely confined within the device, but evanesces into the environment. Whispering gallery mode optical cavities have demonstrated some of the highest quality factors of any optical resonant cavity to date.9,11 Therefore, these devices are used throughout science and engineering, including in fundamental physics studies and in telecommunications as well as in biodetection experiments. 3-7,12
Optical microcavities can be fabricated from a wide range of materials and in a wide variety of geometries. A few examples include silica and silicon microtoroids, silicon, silicon nitride, and silica microdisks, micropillars, and silica and polymer microrings.13-17 The range in quality factor (Q) varies as dramatically as the geometry. Although both geometry and high Q are important considerations in any field, in many applications, there is far greater leverage in boosting device performance through Q enhancement. Among the numerous options detailed previously, the silica microsphere and the silica microtoroid resonator have achieved some of the highest Q factors to date.1,9 Additionally, as a result of the extremely low optical loss of silica from the visible through the near-IR, both microspheres and microtoroids are able to maintain their Q factors over a wide range of testing wavelengths.18 Finally, because silica is inherently biocompatible, it is routinely used in biodetection experiments.
In addition to high material absorption, there are several other potential loss mechanisms, including surface roughness, radiation loss, and contamination loss.2 Through an optimization of the device size, it is possible to eliminate radiation losses, which arise from poor optical field confinement within the device. Similarly, by storing a device in an appropriately clean environment, contamination of the surface can be minimized. Therefore, in addition to material loss, surface scattering is the primary loss mechanism of concern.2,8
In silica devices, surface scattering is minimized by using a laser reflow technique, which melts the silica through surface tension induced reflow. While spherical optical resonators have been studied for many years, it is only with recent advances in fabrication technologies that researchers been able to fabricate high quality silica optical toroidal microresonators (Q&gt;100 million) on a silicon substrate, thus paving the way for integration with microfluidics.1
The present series of protocols details how to fabricate both silica microsphere and microtoroid resonant cavities. While silica microsphere resonant cavities are well-established, microtoroid resonant cavities were only recently invented.1 As many of the fundamental methods used to fabricate the microsphere are also used in the more complex microtoroid fabrication procedure, by including both in a single protocol it will enable researchers to more easily trouble-shoot their experiments.

We describe the use of a carbon dioxide laser reflow technique to fabricate silica resonant cavities, including free-standing microspheres and on-chip microtoroids. The reflow method removes surface imperfections, allowing long photon lifetimes within both devices. The resulting devices have ultra high quality factors, enabling applications ranging from telecommunications to biodetection.

シリカ超高品質ファクターMicroresonatorsの作製

Whispering gallery resonant cavities confine light in circular orbits at their periphery.1-2 The photon storage lifetime in the cavity, quantified by the ...

工学

Development of Whispering Gallery Mode Polymeric Micro-optical Electric Field Sensors

Optical modes of dielectric micro-cavities have received significant attention in recent years for their potential in a broad range of applications. The optical modes are frequently referred to as "whispering gallery modes" (WGM) or "morphology dependent resonances" (MDR) and exhibit high optical quality factors. Some proposed applications of micro-cavity optical resonators are in spectroscopy1, micro-cavity laser technology2, optical communications3-6 as well as sensor technology. The WGM-based sensor applications include those in biology7, trace gas detection8, and impurity detection in liquids9. Mechanical sensors based on microsphere resonators have also been proposed, including those for force10,11, pressure12, acceleration13 and wall shear stress14. In the present, we demonstrate a WGM-based electric field sensor, which builds on our previous studies15,16. A candidate application of this sensor is in the detection of neuronal action potential.
The electric field sensor is based on polymeric multi-layered dielectric microspheres. The external electric field induces surface and body forces on the spheres (electrostriction effect) leading to elastic deformation. This change in the morphology of the spheres, leads to shifts in the WGM. The electric field-induced WGM shifts are interrogated by exciting the optical modes of the spheres by laser light. Light from a distributed feedback (DFB) laser (nominal wavelength of ~ 1.3 &mu;m) is side-coupled into the microspheres using a tapered section of a single mode optical fiber. The base material of the spheres is polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). Three microsphere geometries are used: (1) PDMS sphere with a 60:1 volumetric ratio of base-to-curing agent mixture, (2) multi layer sphere with 60:1 PDMS core, in order to increase the dielectric constant of the sphere, a middle layer of 60:1 PDMS that is mixed with varying amounts (2% to 10% by volume) of barium titanate and an outer layer of 60:1 PDMS and (3) solid silica sphere coated with a thin layer of uncured PDMS base. In each type of sensor, laser light from the tapered fiber is coupled into the outermost layer that provides high optical quality factor WGM (Q ~ 106). The microspheres are poled for several hours at electric fields of ~ 1 MV/m to increase their sensitivity to electric field.

A high-sensitivity photonic micro sensor was developed for electric field detection. The sensor exploits the optical modes of a dielectric sphere. Changes in the external electric field perturb the sphere morphology leading to shifts in its optical modes. The electric field strength is measured by monitoring these optical shifts.

ギャラリーモード高分子マイクロ光電界センサを囁くの開発

Optical modes of dielectric micro-cavities have received significant attention in recent years for their potential in a broad range of applications. The ...

Microwave Photonics Systems Based on Whispering-gallery-mode Resonators

Microwave photonics systems rely fundamentally on the interaction between microwave and optical signals. These systems are extremely promising for various areas of technology and applied science, such as aerospace and communication engineering, sensing, metrology, nonlinear photonics, and quantum optics. In this article, we present the principal techniques used in our lab to build microwave photonics systems based on ultra-high Q whispering gallery mode resonators. First detailed in this article is the protocol for resonator polishing, which is based on a grind-and-polish technique close to the ones used to polish optical components such as lenses or telescope mirrors. Then, a white light interferometric profilometer measures surface roughness, which is a key parameter to characterize the quality of the polishing. In order to launch light in the resonator, a tapered silica fiber with diameter in the micrometer range is used. To reach such small diameters, we adopt the "flame-brushing" technique, using simultaneously computer-controlled motors to pull the fiber apart, and a blowtorch to heat the fiber area to be tapered. The resonator and the tapered fiber are later approached to one another to visualize the resonance signal of the whispering gallery modes using a wavelength-scanning laser. By increasing the optical power in the resonator, nonlinear phenomena are triggered until the formation of a Kerr optical frequency comb is observed with a spectrum made of equidistant spectral lines. These Kerr comb spectra have exceptional characteristics that are suitable for several applications in science and technology. We consider the application related to ultra-stable microwave frequency synthesis and demonstrate the generation of a Kerr comb with GHz intermodal frequency.

The customized techniques developed in our lab to build microwave photonics systems based on ultra-high Q whispering gallery mode resonators are presented. The protocols to obtain and characterize these resonators are detailed, and an explanation of some of their applications in microwave photonics is given.

ウィスパリングギャラリーモード共振器に基づいたマイクロ波フォトニクスシステム

Microwave photonics systems rely fundamentally on the interaction between microwave and optical signals. These systems are extremely promising for various ...

The Generation of Higher-order Laguerre-Gauss Optical Beams for High-precision Interferometry

Thermal noise in high-reflectivity mirrors is a major impediment for several types of high-precision interferometric experiments that aim to reach the standard quantum limit or to cool mechanical systems to their quantum ground state. This is for example the case of future gravitational wave observatories, whose sensitivity to gravitational wave signals is expected to be limited in the most sensitive frequency band, by atomic vibration of their mirror masses. One promising approach being pursued to overcome this limitation is to employ higher-order Laguerre-Gauss (LG) optical beams in place of the conventionally used fundamental mode. Owing to their more homogeneous light intensity distribution these beams average more effectively over the thermally driven fluctuations of the mirror surface, which in turn reduces the uncertainty in the mirror position sensed by the laser light.
We demonstrate a promising method to generate higher-order LG beams by shaping a fundamental Gaussian beam with the help of diffractive optical elements. We show that with conventional sensing and control techniques that are known for stabilizing fundamental laser beams, higher-order LG modes can be purified and stabilized just as well at a comparably high level. A set of diagnostic tools allows us to control and tailor the properties of generated LG beams. This enabled us to produce an LG beam with the highest purity reported to date. The demonstrated compatibility of higher-order LG modes with standard interferometry techniques and with the use of standard spherical optics makes them an ideal candidate for application in a future generation of high-precision interferometry.

Large laser-interferometers are being constructed to create a new type of astronomy based on gravitational waves. Their sensitivities, as for many other high-precision experiments, are approaching fundamental noise limits such as the atomic vibration of their components. We are pioneering technologies to overcome these limits using novel laser beam shapes.

高精度の干渉のための高次ラゲールガウス光ビームの生成

Thermal noise in high-reflectivity mirrors is a major impediment for several  types of high-precision interferometric experiments that aim to reach the  ...

Fabrication and Characterization of Disordered Polymer Optical Fibers for Transverse Anderson Localization of Light

We develop and characterize a disordered polymer optical fiber that uses transverse Anderson localization as a novel waveguiding mechanism. The developed polymer optical fiber is composed of 80,000 strands of poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and polystyrene (PS) that are randomly mixed and drawn into a square cross section optical fiber with a side width of 250 &mu;m. Initially, each strand is 200 &mu;m in diameter and 8-inches long. During the mixing process of the original fiber strands, the fibers cross over each other; however, a large draw ratio guarantees that the refractive index profile is invariant along the length of the fiber for several tens of centimeters. The large refractive index difference of 0.1 between the disordered sites results in a small localized beam radius that is comparable to the beam radius of conventional optical fibers. The input light is launched from a standard single mode optical fiber using the butt-coupling method and the near-field output beam from the disordered fiber is imaged using a 40X objective and a CCD camera. The output beam diameter agrees well with the expected results from the numerical simulations. The disordered optical fiber presented in this work is the first device-level implementation of 2D Anderson localization, and can potentially be used for image transport and short-haul optical communication systems.

We develop and characterize a disordered polymer optical fiber that uses transverse Anderson localization as a novel waveguiding mechanism. This microstructured fiber can transport a small localized beam with a radius that is comparable to the beam radius of conventional optical fibers.

ライトの横アンダーソン局在のために無秩序ポリマー光ファイバの作製と評価

We develop and characterize a disordered polymer optical fiber that uses transverse Anderson localization as a novel waveguiding mechanism. The developed ...

Stimulated Stokes and Antistokes Raman Scattering in Microspherical Whispering Gallery Mode Resonators

Dielectric microspheres can confine light and sound for a length of time through high quality factor whispering gallery modes (WGM). Glass microspheres can be thought as a store of energy with a huge variety of applications: compact laser sources, highly sensitive biochemical sensors and nonlinear phenomena. A protocol for the fabrication of both the microspheres and coupling system is given. The couplers described here are tapered fibers. Efficient generation of nonlinear phenomena related to third order optical non-linear susceptibility &#935;(3) interactions in triply resonant silica microspheres is presented in this paper. The interactions here reported are: Stimulated Raman Scattering (SRS), and four wave mixing processes comprising Stimulated Anti-stokes Raman Scattering (SARS). A proof of the cavity-enhanced phenomenon is given by the lack of correlation among the pump, signal and idler: a resonant mode has to exist in order to obtain the pair of signal and idler. In the case of hyperparametric oscillations (four wave mixing and stimulated anti-stokes Raman scattering), the modes must fulfill the energy and momentum conservation and, last but not least, have a good spatial overlap.

Efficient generation of nonlinear phenomena related to third order optical non-linear susceptibility &#935;(3) interactions in triply resonant silica microspheres is presented in this paper. The interactions here reported are: Stimulated Raman Scattering (SRS), and four wave mixing processes comprising Stimulated Anti-stokes Raman Scattering (SARS).

微小球ウィスパリングギャラリーモード共振器で刺激ストークスとAntistokesラマン散乱

Dielectric microspheres can confine light and sound for a length of time through high quality factor whispering gallery modes (WGM). Glass microspheres ...

Fabrication of Polymer Microspheres for Optical Resonator and Laser Applications

This paper describes three methods of preparing fluorescent microspheres comprising &#960;-conjugated or non-conjugated polymers: vapor diffusion, interface precipitation, and mini-emulsion. In all methods, well-defined, micrometer-sized spheres are obtained from a self-assembling process in solution. The vapor diffusion method can result in spheres with the highest sphericity and surface smoothness, yet the types of the polymers able to form these spheres are limited. On the other hand, in the mini-emulsion method, microspheres can be made from various types of polymers, even from highly crystalline polymers with coplanar, &#960;-conjugated backbones. The photoluminescent (PL) properties from single isolated microspheres are unusual: the PL is confined inside the spheres, propagates at the circumference of the spheres via the total internal reflection at the polymer/air interface, and self-interferes to show sharp and periodic resonant PL lines. These resonating modes are so-called "whispering gallery modes" (WGMs). This work demonstrates how to measure WGM PL from single isolated spheres using the micro-photoluminescence (&#181;-PL) technique. In this technique, a focused laser beam irradiates a single microsphere, and the luminescence is detected by a spectrometer. A micromanipulation technique is then used to connect the microspheres one by one and to demonstrate the intersphere PL propagation and color conversion from coupled microspheres upon excitation at the perimeter of one sphere and detection of PL from the other microsphere. These techniques, &#181;-PL and micromanipulation, are useful for experiments on micro-optic application using polymer materials.

Protocols for the synthesis of microspheres from polymers, the manipulation of microspheres, and micro-photoluminescence measurements are presented.

光共振器およびレーザ応用のためのポリマーマイクロスフェアの作製

This paper describes three methods of preparing fluorescent microspheres comprising &#960;-conjugated or non-conjugated polymers: vapor diffusion, ...

Demonstration of a Hyperlens-integrated Microscope and Super-resolution Imaging

The use of super-resolution imaging to overcome the diffraction limit of conventional microscopy has attracted the interest of researchers in biology and nanotechnology. Although near-field scanning microscopy and superlenses have improved the resolution in the near-field region, far-field imaging in real-time remains a significant challenge. Recently, the hyperlens, which magnifies and converts evanescent waves into propagating waves, has emerged as a novel approach to far-field imaging. Here, we report the fabrication of a spherical hyperlens composed of alternating silver (Ag) and titanium oxide (TiO2) thin layers. Unlike a conventional cylindrical hyperlens, the spherical hyperlens allows for two-dimensional magnification. Thus, incorporation into conventional microscopy is straightforward. A new optical system integrated with the hyperlens is proposed, allowing for a sub-wavelength image to be obtained in the far-field region in real time. In this study, the fabrication and imaging setup methods are explained in detail. This work also describes the accessibility and possibility of the hyperlens, as well as practical applications of real-time imaging in living cells, which can lead to a revolution in biology and nanotechnology.

The use of a hyperlens has been regarded as a novel super-resolution imaging technique due to its advantages in real-time imaging and its simple implementation with conventional optics. Here, we present a protocol describing the fabrication and imaging applications of a spherical hyperlens.

ハイパー レンズ一体型顕微鏡と超解像イメージングのデモ

The use of super-resolution imaging to overcome the diffraction limit of conventional microscopy has attracted the interest of researchers in biology and ...

Rapid Optical Clearing for Semi-High-Throughput Analysis of Tumor Spheroids

Tumor spheroids are fast becoming commonplace in basic cancer research and drug development. Obtaining data regarding protein expression within the spheroid at the cellular level is important for analysis, yet existing techniques are often expensive, laborious, use non-standard equipment, cause significant size distortion, or are limited to relatively small spheroids. This protocol presents a new method of mounting and clearing spheroids that address these issues while allowing for confocal analysis of the inner structure of spheroids. In contrast to existing approaches, this protocol provides for rapid mounting and clearing of a large number of spheroids using standard equipment and laboratory supplies. Mounting spheroids in a pH-neutral agarose-PBS gel solution before introducing a refractive-index-matched clearing solution minimizes size distortion common to other similar techniques. This allows for detailed quantitative and statistical analysis where the accuracy of size measurements is paramount. Furthermore, compared to liquid clearing solutions, the agarose gel technique keeps spheroids fixed in place, allowing for the collection of three-dimensional (3D) confocal images. The present article elaborates how the method yields high-quality two- and 3D images that provide information about inter-cell variability and inner spheroid structure.

Tumor spheroids are becoming increasingly utilized to assess tumor cell-microenvironment interactions and therapy response. The present protocol describes a robust but simple method for semi-high-throughput imaging of 3D tumor spheroids using rapid optical clearing.

腫瘍スフェロイドの半ハイスループット分析のための迅速な光学的クリアリング

Tumor spheroids are fast becoming commonplace in basic cancer research and drug development. Obtaining data regarding protein expression within the ...

がん研究

微量ガス分光法への応用のためのファブリペロエタロンの作製

Fabrication of a Low-Cost, Fiber-Coupled, and Air-Spaced Fabry-P&#233;rot Etalon

Fabry-P&#233;rot etalons (FPE) have found their way into many applications. In fields such as spectroscopy, telecommunications, and astronomy, FPEs are used for their high sensitivity as well as their exceptional filtering capability. However, air-spaced etalons with high finesse are usually built by specialized facilities. Their production requires a clean room, special glass handling, and coating machinery, meaning commercially available FPEs are sold for a high price. In this article, a new and cost-effective method to fabricate fiber-coupled FPEs with standard photonic laboratory equipment is presented. The protocol should serve as a step-by-step guide for the construction and characterization of these FPEs. We hope this&#160;will enable researchers to conduct fast and cost-effective prototyping of FPEs for various fields of application. The FPE, as presented here, is used for spectroscopic applications. As shown in the representative results section via proof of principle measurements of water vapor in ambient air, this FPE has a finesse of 15, which is sufficient for the photothermal detection of trace concentrations of gases.

著者スポットライト:低コスト、ファイバー結合、空気間隔のファブリペロエタロンの製造  

This protocol describes the construction of a low-cost, discrete, fiber-coupled, and air-spaced Fabry-Perot etalon with various applications, such as in trace-gas spectroscopy. The fabrication is possible in any facility with standard optical laboratory equipment available.

低コスト、ファイバー結合、空隙ファブリペローエタロンの製造

Fabry-P&#233;rot etalons (FPE) have found their way into many applications. In fields such as spectroscopy, telecommunications, and astronomy, FPEs are ...

収束研磨：高品質の光学フラット＆球のシンプル、迅速、全開口研磨プロセス

要約

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この動画の章

シリカ超高品質ファクターMicroresonatorsの作製

ギャラリーモード高分子マイクロ光電界センサを囁くの開発

ウィスパリングギャラリーモード共振器に基づいたマイクロ波フォトニクスシステム

高精度の干渉のための高次ラゲールガウス光ビームの生成

ライトの横アンダーソン局在のために無秩序ポリマー光ファイバの作製と評価

微小球ウィスパリングギャラリーモード共振器で刺激ストークスとAntistokesラマン散乱

光共振器およびレーザ応用のためのポリマーマイクロスフェアの作製

ハイパーレンズ一体型顕微鏡と超解像イメージングのデモ

腫瘍スフェロイドの半ハイスループット分析のための迅速な光学的クリアリング

低コスト、ファイバー結合、空隙ファブリペローエタロンの製造

収束研磨：高品質の光学フラット＆球のシンプル、迅速、全開口研磨プロセス

要約

さらに動画を探す

この動画の章

シリカ超高品質ファクターMicroresonatorsの作製

ギャラリーモード高分子マイクロ光電界センサを囁くの開発

ウィスパリングギャラリーモード共振器に基づいたマイクロ波フォトニクスシステム

高精度の干渉のための高次ラゲールガウス光ビームの生成

ライトの横アンダーソン局在のために無秩序ポリマー光ファイバの作製と評価

微小球ウィスパリングギャラリーモード共振器で刺激ストークスとAntistokesラマン散乱

光共振器およびレーザ応用のためのポリマーマイクロスフェアの作製

ハイパー レンズ一体型顕微鏡と超解像イメージングのデモ

腫瘍スフェロイドの半ハイスループット分析のための迅速な光学的クリアリング

低コスト、ファイバー結合、空隙ファブリペローエタロンの製造

ハイパーレンズ一体型顕微鏡と超解像イメージングのデモ