この研究は、ウィスコンシン医科大学（RLG）はNIH 4R00HL094708-03、MCW研究委員会の新学部賞、カーン財団（スタートアップファンド）によってサポートされていました。香港のテーマに基づく研究スキームT13-706 / 11（KRB）の研究助成評議会; U01 HL099776、CIRM TR3-05556、CIRM DR2A-05394、とAHAは研究者賞（JCW）を設立。 AHAポストドクトラルフェローシップ12POST12050254（PWB）。私たちは、データ収集と原稿を慎重に審査の支援のためのウィスコンシンの血液研究所のフローサイトメトリーのコアでホープキャンベルに感謝します。

著者らは、開示することは何もない。

分化プロトコルの成功に重要分化の開始前に少なくとも5継代のために単一細胞レベルで継代されているhPSCsの高品質な培養物の使用である。それらは細胞系の独立した分化の開始時に、100％コンフルエントである場合にも、同様の分化効率は、日常的に、さまざまなHPSCライン間で観察されている。分化の開始時に、細胞の集密度が≤95％または&gt; 100％である場合、次善の効率が観察される?...

ヒトES細胞およびhiPSC含むhPSCsから心筋細胞の生成は、機械論的研究のための他の方法でアクセスすることはできませんのステージへの洞察を提供する、非常に初期のヒトの心臓の発生過程のin vitroモデルとして機能することができる。このモデルシステムは、心臓系統のコミットメントと細胞運命の仕様を制御する分子経路を研究するためのユニークな機会を提供しています。近年、効率的hPSCsから心筋細胞を生成する能力が大幅1-15を改善した。しかしながら、プロトコルの中の細胞がチャンバ特異的マーカー（ 例えば 、心室および心房）を発現れる心筋細胞およびタイミングを生成する効率に対する細胞株の変動がある。理想的には、このモデルシステムの将来の応用のために、機能的に定義された細胞のより均一な集団が望まれている。以前の方法とは対照的に、ここで説明する心筋細胞分化プロトコルは、CEのを必要としないロバストLL集約またはアクチビンAまたは骨形成タンパク質4（BMP4）の添加とは、これまでに試験されたすべてのhESCおよびhiPSC行に渡って10日までに細胞TNNI3、TNNT2、IRX4、MLC2v、およびMLC2aための非常に肯定的な文化を生成します。戦略は、特に三次元の文化、大衆文化、または胚様体ベースの戦略4-9と比較して、実装するのは技術的に簡単であり、最近ではhPSCsに対する選択的な毒性を有する小分子（Boheler らを記述する研究で定義した。 ）65。このプロトコルの特徴は、Wntシグナル伝達（同様の、まだ1,2,7,13とは異なる）を調節するために小分子を用いて修飾されたhESCマトリックス（マトリゲル）の単層を用いて単層培養におけるhPSCsの分化、十分に規定された培地を含み、かつ分化効率及びセル識別の評価のための染色方法、最適化フローサイトメトリー。要約すると、これまでの報告に比べて、このプロトコルの利点は、その費用対effectivを含むeness、再現性、ヒトES細胞およびhiPSCラインを含む複数のHPSC線のうち心筋細胞を生成するための高効率。 フローサイトメトリー、培養中の細胞の質を評価し、亜集団の均一性を決定するための強力な分析ツールであり、適切な実験計画で、定量的測定を提供することができる。すべての抗体ベースの戦略と同様に、実験結果の正確な解釈は、準最適条件が著しく抗体の効率に影響を与えるような抗体濃度と固定および透過処理条件（細胞内抗原を標的とする）を含む、アッセイ設計の要素を慎重に各抗体について試験することを必要と、結果の解釈を結合し、したがって。定量が必要な場合、ポリクローナル抗体は、複数のエピトープを認識し、バッチ間の変動を受けやすいことができるように重要なのは、モノクローナル抗体は、不可欠である。現在、抗体の多様性（経口lyclonalおよびモノクローナル）および染色プロトコルが困難プロトコル1,2,9,11間の心筋の効率を比較すること、in vitroでの分化の評価のために記載されている。そのため、モノクローナル抗体は、すべてのフローサイトメトリー分析のために利用可能な場合に使用される。今後は、特に定量に関して、これらの染色プロトコルの標準化が、より良い差別化戦略間で比較を可能にするはずであることが期待される。 in vitroでの心筋の純度を評価するために使用されるマーカーの選択、およびその対応する抗体は、レポート間で変化する。 TNNT2は心筋運命にコミットした細胞の指標とみなされており、日常的に心臓分化プロトコルの効率を評価するために使用される。しかし、TNNT2も早くニワトリおよびラットの開発16,17の間に骨格筋で発現され、それはヒト平滑筋18中に存在する</sup&gt;。このように、TNNT2は必ずしもインビトロでヒト心筋の特異的なマーカーではありません。 MLC2vとMLC2a、日常それぞれ、心室と心房のサブタイプの代理マーカーとして使用されている。しかし、in vitroでの分化との関連で心筋細胞サブタイプを決定するために、MLC2vとMLC2aに頼るとの課題はこれらの遺伝子産物が心臓チューブから成人を通して、心臓の開発を通じて特定の室に限定されないかもしれないという事実から生じる。げっ歯類では心をループし、MLC2a mRNAは、心房/流入路エリアで支配的とMLC2v mRNAは心室/流出路領域において支配的である。ループ状の中心部に位置し、MLC2aとMLC2v mRNAの共発現は、流入管、房室運河、および流出路19,20において観察される。生後3日までに、MLC2v mRNAは、脳室に制限され、生後10日までに、MLC2aは新生児ラット心臓19の心房に制限されています。したがって、解釈心筋効率とサブタイプのアイデンティティに関するデータの参照マーカーレベルの存在と量を考慮しなければならないだけでなく、分析される分化の時点で対応するに発達段階（複数可）を考慮する必要があります。これはhPSCs のin vitro分化によって生成された心筋細胞の成熟段階が最も密接に、胚/胎児発生21〜25のものに類似していることを考えると、特に重要である。このように、出生後の心臓におけるマーカーの空間表現に頼ることは、少なくともいくつかのケースでは、HPSC由来細胞の評価に適しているとは限りません。 それは、ニワトリとゼブラフィッシュ15,20に胚発生を通して心筋に制限されているように、in vitroで心筋細胞のアイデンティティを定義するためのより具体的な基準の開発を促進するための努力では、TNNI3は、インビトロで心筋を評価するための貴重なマーカーであると考えられているそしてヒト胎児骨格筋26には存在しない。 TNNI1が人間の胎児の心臓に存在しているが、TNNI3は正常な成体心臓27,28で唯一TNNIアイソフォームが存在する。心筋細胞サブタイプの同一性に関して、IRX4 29-31は、心室の運命を有する細胞の有益なマーカーである。タンパク質レベルで、IRX4は最近、マウス32における新生児の段階を経て直線状の心臓チューブから心室に限定されることが示されている。従って、フローサイトメトリーによるTNNI3とIRX4の分析のための最適化された染色プロトコルが記載されている。われわれの知る限り、これはフローサイトメトリーによるヒト心筋細胞におけるIRX4レベルの効率的な抗体ベースの染色および分析のための方法の最初の記述である。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="922">
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		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;width:431px;">Name of Reagent / Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:231px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:431px;"></td>
			<td style="width:152px;"></td>
			<td style="width:111px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:431px;">Cell Culture</td>
			<td style="width:152px;"></td>
			<td style="width:111px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:431px;">BD Matrigel, hESC-qualified matrix</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">BD Biosciences</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">354277</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:431px;">Accutase cell detachment solution</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Stem Cell Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">7920</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;width:431px;">Dubelcco&#39;s phosphate buffered saline (DPBS), no calcium, no magnesium</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">14190-136</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:431px;">Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO, Hybri-Max, sterile-filtered)</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">D2650</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:431px;">Sodium bicarbonate</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">53817</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:431px;">Citric acid</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">C2404-100G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:431px;">Y-27632 dihydrochloride selective p160ROCK inhibitor</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">R&#38;D Systems</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">1254</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:431px;">L-ascorbic acid-2-phosphate sesquimagnesium salt hydrate</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">A8960-5G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:431px;">Sodium selenite</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">S5261-10G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:431px;">Transferrin (Optiferrin &#8211; Defined, Animal-free, Recombinant Human)</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Invitria</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">777TRF029</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:431px;">Fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2)</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">R&#38;D Systems</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">4144-TC-01M</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:431px;">Transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF&#946;1)</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Peprotech</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">100-21</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:431px;">DMEM/F12 with L-Glutamine and 15 mM HEPES</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">11330-032</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:431px;">Insulin</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">I9278-5ML</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:431px;">CHIR-99021 HCl</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Sellekchem</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">S2924</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:431px;">IWR-1</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">I0161</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:431px;">RPMI 1640 with L-Glutamine</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">11875-093</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">B-27 Supplement Minus Insulin</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">A1895601</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">B-27 Supplement (with Insulin)</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">17504-044</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:431px;">Fetal bovine serum</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">10437</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:431px;"></td>
			<td style="width:152px;"></td>
			<td style="width:111px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:431px;">Flow cytometry reagents</td>
			<td style="width:152px;"></td>
			<td style="width:111px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:431px;">Phosphate buffered saline (10X)</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Quality Biological Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">119-069-151</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="19">
			<td height="19" style="height:19px;width:431px;">Hank&#39;s balanced salt solution without Ca2+ and Mg2+</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">14175-095</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:431px;">BD Cytofix</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">BD Biosciences</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">554655</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:431px;">BD Phosflow perm buffer III</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">BD Biosciences</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">558050</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:431px;">16% Paraformaldehyde</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">28906</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:431px;">Methanol</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">179957-4L</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:431px;">Acetone</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Mallenckrodt Chemicals&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">2440-16</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:431px;">Triton X-100</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Amresco</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">M236-10ML</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:431px;">Goat serum</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">16210-064</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:431px;">Trypan blue solution, 0.4%</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">15250-061</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:431px;">Materials</td>
			<td style="width:152px;"></td>
			<td style="width:111px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:431px;">5 ml round bottom polystyrene tube (without cap)</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">352008</td>
			<td>for preparation of cells for flow cytometry</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:431px;">5 ml round bottom polystyrene tube (with 35 &#181;M cell strainer snap cap)</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">352235</td>
			<td>for preparation of cells for flow cytometry</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:431px;">2 ml rubber bulbs</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Fischer Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">03-448-24</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:431px;">9&#34; borosilicate unplugged glass Pasteur pipets</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">BioExpress</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">P-2904-2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:431px;">0.65 mL microcentrifuge tubes, graduated, green</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">GeneMate</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">C-3259-G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:431px;">1.5 mL microcentrifuge tubes, graduated, red</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">GeneMate</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">C-3260-R</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:431px;">TC20 automated cell counter</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">BioRad</td>
			<td>145-0102</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:431px;">Counting slides for TC20</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">BioRad</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">145-0011</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:431px;">6 well flat bottom tissue-culture treated plate</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">353046</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:431px;">20 mL syringes</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">BD Plastipak</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">300613</td>
			<td>For filter sterilization of aliquots</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:431px;">Sterile syringe filters, 0.2 &#181;m polyethersulfone</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">28145-501</td>
			<td>For filter sterilization of aliquots</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:431px;">250 mL filter system, 0.22 &#181;m polyethersulfone, sterilizing, low binding&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">431096</td>
			<td>For filter sterilization of bulk media&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:431px;">500 mL filter system, 0.22 &#181;m polyethersulfone, sterilizing, low binding&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">431097</td>
			<td>For filter sterilization of bulk media&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:431px;">Antibodies and Isotype Controls</td>
			<td style="width:152px;"></td>
			<td style="width:111px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:431px;">Anti-TNNI3 (clone: 284 (19C7))</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Abcam</td>
			<td>ab19615</td>
			<td>Primary antibody</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Anti-TNNT2 (clone: 1C11)</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>MA1-16687</td>
			<td>Primary antibody</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Anti-MYL2 (MLC2v, clone: 330G5)</td>
			<td>Synaptic Systems</td>
			<td>310111</td>
			<td>Primary antibody</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Anti-MYL7 (MLC2a, clone: 4E7)</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>AB131661</td>
			<td>Primary antibody</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Anti-IRX4&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>Bioss</td>
			<td>BS-9464R</td>
			<td>Primary antibody</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:431px;">Alexa Fluor 488 Goat anti-mouse IgG1&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td>A21121</td>
			<td>Secondary antibody</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:431px;">Alexa Fluor 647 Goat anti-mouse IgG2a</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td>A21241</td>
			<td>Secondary antibody</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:431px;">Alexa Fluor 488 Goat anti-mouse IgG2b</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td>A21141</td>
			<td>Secondary antibody</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:431px;">Phycoerythrin(PE) Goat anti-rabbit IgG</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">R&#38;D Systems</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">F0110</td>
			<td>Secondary antibody</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Mouse IgG1</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>557273</td>
			<td>Isotype Control</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Mouse IgG2a</td>
			<td>eBiosciences</td>
			<td>16-4724-81</td>
			<td>Isotype Control</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Rabbit IgG-PE</td>
			<td>R&#38;D Systems</td>
			<td>IC105P</td>
			<td>Isotype Control</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:431px;"></td>
			<td style="width:152px;"></td>
			<td style="width:111px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:431px;">TaqMan Probesets for qRT-PCR</td>
			<td style="width:152px;"></td>
			<td style="width:111px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">ACTB</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>Hs01060665</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Brachyury T</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>Hs00610080</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">CASQ2</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>Hs00154286</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">IRX4</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>Hs01100809</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">ISL1</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>Hs00158126</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">MESP1</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>Hs01001283</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">MYH11 (SMMHC)</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>Hs00224610</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:431px;">MYH6</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>Hs01101425</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">MYL2 (MLC2v)</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>Hs00166405</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">MYL7 (MLC2a)</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>Hs01085598</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">MYOG</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>Hs01072232</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">NKX2.5</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>Hs00231763</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">NPPA</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>Hs01081097</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">POU5F1</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>Hs04260367</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">SOX17</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>HS00751752</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">TNNI1</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>Hs00913333</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">TNNI2</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>Hs00268536</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">TNNI3</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>HS00165957</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">TNNT2</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>Hs00165960</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

high efficiency differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells to cardiomyocytes and characterization by flow cytometry

、損傷した心臓を修復する心臓毒性作用を持っていない新しい治療薬を発見し、かつ正確に心臓病をモデル化するための戦略を改善するためのアプローチを開発する緊急の必要性がある。これらのアプリケーションのための「皿に「心臓の筋肉を生成するために、人間の人工多能性幹細胞（hiPSC）技術を悪用する可能性が高い熱意を生成し続ける。近年、効率的にヒト多能性幹細胞（hPSCs）から心筋細胞を生成する能力が大幅にくれないそうでなければアクセス可能な人間の心臓の開発の非常に初期段階をモデル化するための新たな機会を提供し、改善された。多くの以前の方法とは対照的に、心筋細胞分化プロトコルは、ここに記載した細胞凝集またはアクチビンAまたはBMP4の添加を必要とし、確実に心臓トロポニンIとT（TNNI3、TNNT2）のために非常に陽性である細胞の培養物を生成し、iroquois-ていませんクラスホメオドメインタンパク質IRX-4（IRX4）、ミオシン調節軽鎖2、心室/心筋アイソフォーム（MLC2v）とミオシン調節軽鎖2、すべてのヒト胚性幹細胞（hESCの）とhiPSC系統全体で一日10による心房アイソフォーム（MLC2aは）まで試験日付。細胞は、培養中で90日以上継代し、維持することができる。戦略は、技術的に実施が簡単で費用効果的である。多能性細胞由来の心筋細胞の特徴付けは、多くの場合、mRNAおよびタンパク質レベルの両方で、基準マーカーの分析を含む。タンパク質分析のために、フローサイトメトリー、培養中の細胞の質を評価し、亜集団の均一性を決定するための強力な分析ツールである。しかし、試料調製技術的変化が大幅にフローサイトメトリーデータの品質に影響を与えることができる。このように、染色プロトコルの標準化は、さまざまな差別化戦略間で比較を容易にするはずである。したがって、IRX4、MLC2v、MLC2a、TNNI3、およびTNNの分析のための染色プロトコルを最適化フローサイトメトリーによるT2が記載されている。

0日目に、細胞は、コンパクト形態および最小の細胞破片100％コンフルエントである。 1-2日間で、それは有意な細胞死（40-50％）を観察することが一般的であるが、付着した細胞は、コンパクトな形態（ 図1A）を保持する。この間、培地は、オレンジ、濁っている。ピンク色のメディアは、過剰な細胞死を示し、この場合には、トリパンブルーで確認し、細胞死が70％を超える場?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about High Efficiency Differentiation of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells to Cardiomyocytes and Characterization by Flow Cytometry at JoVE.com

High Efficiency Differentiation of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells to Cardiomyocytes and Characterization by Flow Cytometry

物品を効率よく選択的に集団の均質性および同一性を評価するための基準マーカーのフローサイトメトリー分析を行っWnt経路を変調することにより、心筋細胞へのヒト多能性幹細胞を分化するための詳細な方法論を記載している。

フローサイトメトリーによる高効率心筋細胞へのヒト多能性幹細胞の分化と特性

There is an urgent need to develop approaches for repairing the damaged heart, discovering new therapeutic drugs that do not have toxic effects on the ...

high-efficiency-differentiation-human-pluripotent-stem-cells-to

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

30.0K ビュー.  Medical College of Wisconsin. 物品を効率よく選択的に集団の均質性および同一性を評価するための基準マーカーのフローサイトメトリー分析を行っWnt経路を変調することにより、心筋細胞へのヒト多能性幹細胞を分化するための詳細な方法論を記載している。 

ビデオ: High Efficiency Differentiation of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells to Cardiomyocytes and Characterization by Flow Cytometry

Differentiation of Embryonic Stem Cells into Oligodendrocyte Precursors

Oligodendrocytes are the myelinating cells of the central nervous system. For regenerative cell therapy in demyelinating diseases, there is significant interest in deriving a pure population of lineage-committed oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) for transplantation. OPCs are characterized by the activity of the transcription factor Olig2 and surface expression of a proteoglycan NG2. Using the GFP-Olig2 (G-Olig2) mouse embryonic stem cell (mESC) reporter line, we optimized conditions for the differentiation of mESCs into GFP+Olig2+NG2+ OPCs. In our protocol, we first describe the generation of embryoid bodies (EBs) from mESCs. Second, we describe treatment of mESC-derived EBs with small molecules: (1) retinoic acid (RA) and (2) a sonic hedgehog (Shh) agonist purmorphamine (Pur) under defined culture conditions to direct EB differentiation into the oligodendroglial lineage. By this approach, OPCs can be obtained with high efficiency (&gt;80%) in a time period of 30 days. Cells derived from mESCs in this protocol are phenotypically similar to OPCs derived from primary tissue culture. The mESC-derived OPCs do not show the spiking property described for a subpopulation of brain OPCs in situ. To study this electrophysiological property, we describe the generation of spiking mESC-derived OPCs by ectopically expressing NaV1.2 subunit. The spiking and nonspiking cells obtained from this protocol will help advance functional studies on the two subpopulations of OPCs.

We describe a small molecule-based protocol for differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells into oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs). This protocol generates Olig2+NG2+ OPCs with high efficiency by 30 days of differentiation. We also describe a method to generate "spiking" OPCs that can fire action potentials.

オリゴデンドロサイト前駆体に胚性幹細胞の分化

Oligodendrocytes are the myelinating cells of the central nervous system. For regenerative cell therapy in demyelinating diseases, there is significant ...

生物学

Flow Cytometry Purification of Mouse Meiotic Cells

The heterogeneous nature of cell types in the testis and the absence of meiotic cell culture models have been significant hurdles to the study of the unique differentiation programs that are manifest during meiosis. Two principal methods have been developed to purify, to varying degrees, various meiotic fractions from both adult and immature animals: elutriation or Staput (sedimentation) using BSA and/or percoll gradients. Both of these methods rely on cell size and density to separate meiotic cells1-5. Overall, except for few cell populations6, these protocols fail to yield sufficient purity of the numerous meiotic cell populations that are necessary for detailed molecular analyses. Moreover, with such methods usually one type of meiotic cells can be purified at a given time, which adds an extra level of complexity regarding the reproducibility and homogeneity when comparing meiotic cell samples.
Here, we describe a refined method that allows one to easily visualize, identify, and purify meiotic cells, from germ cells to round spermatids, using FACS combined with Hoechst 33342 staining7,8. This method provides an overall snapshot of the entire meiotic process and allows one to highly purify viable cells from most stage of meiosis. These purified cells can then be analyzed in detail for molecular changes that accompany progression through meiosis, for example changes in gene expression9,10and the dynamics of nucleosome occupancy at hotspots of meiotic recombination11.

An efficient method to obtain highly purified viable meiotic fractions from mouse testis is described, which combines a refined cell dissociation protocol with fluorescent activated cell sorting (FACS). This method takes advantage of differences in the DNA content and nuclear density of discrete meiotic fractions.

マウス減数分裂細胞のフローサイトメトリーの精製

The heterogeneous nature of cell types in the testis and the absence of meiotic cell culture models have been significant hurdles to the study of the ...

Transfecting and Nucleofecting Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Genetic modification is continuing to be an essential tool in studying stem cell biology and in setting forth potential clinical applications of human embryonic stem cells (HESCs)1. While improvements in several gene delivery methods have been described2-9, transfection remains a capricious process for HESCs, and has not yet been reported in human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). In this video, we demonstrate how our lab routinely transfects and nucleofects human iPSCs using plasmid with an enhanced green fluorescence protein (eGFP) reporter. Human iPSCs are adapted and maintained as feeder-free cultures to eliminate the possibility of feeder cell transfection and to allow efficient selection of stable transgenic iPSC clones following transfection. For nucleofection, human iPSCs are pre-treated with ROCK inhibitor11, trypsinized into small clumps of cells, nucleofected and replated on feeders in feeder cell-conditioned medium to enhance cell recovery. Transgene-expressing human iPSCs can be obtained after 6 hours. Antibiotic selection is applied after 24 hours and stable transgenic lines appear within 1 week. Our protocol is robust and reproducible for human iPSC lines without altering pluripotency of these cells.

Despite recent advancements in genetic modification, transfection of human embryonic stem cells (HESCs) remains a capricious process. To our knowledge, systematic and efficient methods to transfect human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have not been reported. Here, we describe robust protocols to efficiently transfect and nucleofect human iPSCs.

ヒト人工多能性幹細胞をトランスフェクトしNucleofecting

Genetic modification is continuing to be an essential tool in studying stem cell biology and in setting forth potential clinical applications of human ...

Efficient Derivation of Human Cardiac Precursors and Cardiomyocytes from Pluripotent Human Embryonic Stem Cells with Small Molecule Induction

To date, the lack of a suitable human cardiac cell source has been the major setback in regenerating the human myocardium, either by cell-based transplantation or by cardiac tissue engineering1-3. Cardiomyocytes become terminally-differentiated soon after birth and lose their ability to proliferate. There is no evidence that stem/progenitor cells derived from other sources, such as the bone marrow or the cord blood, are able to give rise to the contractile heart muscle cells following transplantation into the heart1-3. The need to regenerate or repair the damaged heart muscle has not been met by adult stem cell therapy, either endogenous or via cell delivery1-3. The genetically stable human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) have unlimited expansion ability and unrestricted plasticity, proffering a pluripotent reservoir for in vitro derivation of large supplies of human somatic cells that are restricted to the lineage in need of repair and regeneration4,5. Due to the prevalence of cardiovascular disease worldwide and acute shortage of donor organs, there is intense interest in developing hESC-based therapies as an alternative approach. However, how to channel the wide differentiation potential of pluripotent hESCs efficiently and predictably to a desired phenotype has been a major challenge for both developmental study and clinical translation. Conventional approaches rely on multi-lineage inclination of pluripotent cells through spontaneous germ layer differentiation, resulting in inefficient and uncontrollable lineage-commitment that is often followed by phenotypic heterogeneity and instability, hence, a high risk of tumorigenicity6-8 (see a schematic in Fig. 1A). In addition, undefined foreign/animal biological supplements and/or feeders that have typically been used for the isolation, expansion, and differentiation of hESCs may make direct use of such cell-specialized grafts in patients problematic9-11. To overcome these obstacles, we have resolved the elements of a defined culture system necessary and sufficient for sustaining the epiblast pluripotence of hESCs, serving as a platform for de novo derivation of clinically-suitable hESCs and effectively directing such hESCs uniformly towards clinically-relevant lineages by small molecules12 (see a schematic in Fig. 1B). After screening a variety of small molecules and growth factors, we found that such defined conditions rendered nicotinamide (NAM) sufficient to induce the specification of cardiomesoderm direct from pluripotent hESCs that further progressed to cardioblasts that generated human beating cardiomyocytes with high efficiency (Fig. 2). We defined conditions for induction of cardioblasts direct from pluripotent hESCs without an intervening multi-lineage embryoid body stage, enabling well-controlled efficient derivation of a large supply of human cardiac cells across the spectrum of developmental stages for cell-based therapeutics.

We have established a protocol for induction of cardioblasts direct from pluripotent human embryonic stem cells maintained under defined conditions with small molecules, which enables derivation of a large supply of human cardiac progenitors and functional cardiomyocytes for cardiovascular repair.

小分子の誘導と多能性ヒト胚性幹細胞からヒト心筋前駆体と心筋細胞の効率的な導出

To date, the lack of a suitable human cardiac cell source has been the major setback in regenerating the human myocardium, either by cell-based ...

Generation of Human Cardiomyocytes: A Differentiation Protocol from Feeder-free Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

In order to investigate the events driving heart development and to determine the molecular mechanisms leading to myocardial diseases in humans, it is essential first to generate functional human cardiomyocytes (CMs). The use of these cells in drug discovery and toxicology studies would also be highly beneficial, allowing new pharmacological molecules for the treatment of cardiac disorders to be validated pre-clinically on cells of human origin. Of the possible sources of CMs, induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells are among the most promising, as they can be derived directly from readily accessible patient tissue and possess an intrinsic capacity to give rise to all cell types of the body 1. Several methods have been proposed for differentiating iPS cells into CMs, ranging from the classical embryoid bodies (EBs) aggregation approach to chemically defined protocols 2,3. In this article we propose an EBs-based protocol and show how this method can be employed to efficiently generate functional CM-like cells from feeder-free iPS cells.

Pluripotent stem cells, either embryonic or induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells, constitute a valuable source of human differentiated cells, including cardiomyocytes. Here, we will focus on cardiac induction of iPS cells, showing how to use them to obtain functional human cardiomyocytes through an embryoid bodies-based protocol.

ヒト心筋細胞の生成：フィーダーフリーヒト人工多能性幹細胞からの分化プロトコル

In order to investigate the events driving heart development and to determine the molecular mechanisms leading to myocardial diseases in humans, it is ...

Analysis of Cell Suspensions Isolated from Solid Tissues by Spectral Flow Cytometry

Flow cytometry has been used for the past 40 years to define and analyze the phenotype of lymphoid and other hematopoietic cells. Initially restricted to the analysis of a few fluorochromes, currently there are dozens of different fluorescent dyes, and up to 14-18 different dyes can be combined at a time. However, several limitations still impair the analytical capabilities. Because of the multiplicity of fluorescent probes, data analysis has become increasingly complex due to the need of large, multi-parametric compensation matrices. Moreover, mutant mouse models carrying fluorescent proteins to detect and trace specific cell types in different tissues have become available, so the analysis (by flow cytometry) of auto-fluorescent cell suspensions obtained from solid organs is required. Spectral flow cytometry, which distinguishes the shapes of emission spectra along a wide range of continuous wavelengths, addresses some of these problems. The data is analyzed with an algorithm that replaces compensation matrices and treats auto-fluorescence as an independent parameter. Thus, spectral flow cytometry should be capable of discriminating fluorochromes with similar emission peaks and can provide a multi-parametric analysis without compensation requirements.
This protocol describes the spectral flow cytometry analysis, allowing for a 21-parameter (19 fluorescent probes) characterization and the management of an auto-fluorescent signal, providing high resolution in minor population detection. The results presented here show that spectral flow cytometry presents advantages in the analysis of cell populations from tissues difficult to characterize in conventional flow cytometry, such as the heart and the intestine. Spectral flow cytometry thus demonstrates the multi-parametric analytical capacity of high-performing conventional flow cytometry without the requirement for compensation and enables auto-fluorescence management.

This article describes spectral cytometry, a new approach in flow cytometry that uses the shapes of emission spectra to distinguish fluorochromes. An algorithm replaces compensations and can treat auto-fluorescence as an independent parameter. This new approach allows for the proper analysis of cells isolated from solid organs.

スペクトラルフローサイトメトリーにより固形組織から単離された細胞懸濁液の分析

Flow cytometry has been used for the past 40 years to define and analyze the phenotype of lymphoid and other hematopoietic cells. Initially restricted to ...

Measurement of Mitochondrial Mass and Membrane Potential in Hematopoietic Stem Cells and T-cells by Flow Cytometry

A fine balance of quiescence, self-renewal, and differentiation is key to preserve the hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) pool and maintain lifelong production of all mature blood cells. In recent years cellular metabolism has emerged as a crucial regulator of HSC function and fate. We have previously demonstrated that modulation of mitochondrial metabolism influences HSC fate. Specifically, by chemically uncoupling the electron transport chain we were able to maintain HSC function in culture conditions that normally induce rapid differentiation. However, limiting HSC numbers often precludes the use of standard assays to measure HSC metabolism and therefore predict their function. Here, we report a simple flow cytometry assay that allows reliable measurement of mitochondrial membrane potential and mitochondrial mass in scarce cells such as HSCs. We discuss the isolation of HSCs from mouse bone marrow and measurement of mitochondrial mass and membrane potential post ex vivo culture. As an example, we show the modulation of these parameters in HSCs via treatment with a metabolic modulator. Moreover, we extend the application of this methodology on human peripheral blood-derived T cells and human tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), showing dramatic differences in their mitochondrial profiles, possibly reflecting different T cell functionality. We believe this assay can be employed in screenings to identify modulators of mitochondrial metabolism in various cell types in different contexts.

Here we describe a reliable method to measure mitochondrial mass and membrane potential in ex vivo cultured hematopoietic stem cells and T cells.

造血幹細胞とT細胞におけるミトコンドリア質量と膜電位の測定

A fine balance of quiescence, self-renewal, and differentiation is key to preserve the hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) pool and maintain lifelong production ...

Single Extracellular Vesicle Transmembrane Protein Characterization by Nano-Flow Cytometry

Single particle characterization has become increasingly relevant for research into extracellular vesicles, progressing from bulk analysis techniques and first-generation particle analysis to comprehensive multi-parameter measurements such as nano-flow cytometry (nFCM). nFCM is a form of flow cytometry that utilizes instrumentation specifically designed for nano-particle analysis, allowing for thousands of EVs to be characterized per minute both with and without the use of staining techniques. High resolution side scatter (SS) detection allows for size and concentration to be determined for all biological particles larger than 45 nm, while simultaneous fluorescence (FL) detection identifies the presence of labeled markers and targets of interest. Labeled subpopulations can then be described in quantitative units of particles/mL or as a percentage of the total particles identified by side scatter.
Here, EVs derived from conditioned cell culture media (CCM) are labeled with both a lipid dye, to identify particles with a membrane, and antibodies specific for CD9, CD63, and CD81 as common EV markers. Measurements of comparison material, a concentration standard and a size standard of silica nanospheres, as well as labeled sample material are analyzed in a 1-minute analysis. The software is then used to measure the concentration and size distribution profile of all particles, independent of labeling, before determining the particles that are positive for each of the labels.
Simultaneous SS and FL detection can be utilized flexibly with many different EV sources and labeling targets, both external and internal, describing EV samples in a comprehensive and quantitative manner.

The latest generation of EV characterization tools are capable of single EV analysis across multiple parameters simultaneously. Nano-flow cytometry measures all biological particles larger than 45 nm without labeling and identifies specific characteristics of subpopulations by a variety of fluorescent labeling techniques.

ナノフローサイトメトリーによる単一細胞外小胞膜貫通タンパク質の特性評価

Single particle characterization has become increasingly relevant for research into extracellular vesicles, progressing from bulk analysis techniques and ...

hiPSC駆動MSCにおける表面抗原と増殖能の特性評価

Comparison of Two Representative Methods for Differentiation of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells into Mesenchymal Stromal Cells

Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are adult pluripotent stem cells which have been widely used in regenerative medicine. As somatic tissue-derived MSCs are restricted by limited donation, quality variations, and biosafety, the past 10 years have seen a great rise in efforts to generate MSCs from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs). Past and recent efforts in the differentiation of hiPSCs into MSCs have been centered around two culture methodologies: (1) the formation of embryoid bodies (EBs) and (2) the use of monolayer culture. This protocol describes these two representative methods in deriving MSC from hiPSCs. Each method presents its advantages and disadvantages, including time, cost, cell proliferation ability, the expression of MSC markers, and their capability of differentiation in vitro. This protocol demonstrates that both methods can derive mature and functional MSCs from hiPSCs. The monolayer method is characterized by lower cost, simpler operation, and easier osteogenic differentiation, while the EB method is characterized by lower time consumption.

著者スポットライト:iPS細胞と遺伝性疾患研究の進歩 

This protocol describes and compares two representative methods for differentiating hiPSCs into mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs). The monolayer method is characterized by lower cost, simpler operation, and easier osteogenic differentiation. The embryoid bodies (EBs) method is characterized by lower time consumption.

ヒト人工多能性幹細胞から間葉系間質細胞への分化のための2つの代表的な方法の比較

Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are adult pluripotent stem cells which have been widely used in regenerative medicine. As somatic tissue-derived MSCs are ...