Name: derivation of cardiac progenitor cells from embryonic stem cells
Uploaded: 2015-01-12T13:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 8 min
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Derivation of Cardiac Progenitor Cells from Embryonic Stem Cells at JoVE.com

We thank Dr. Leonid Gnatovskiy for his carefully and critical reading of the paper. This work was supported in part by grants from the National Institutes of Health (HL109054) and the Samuel and Jean Frankel Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan (Inaugural Fund) to WZ and from the Leon H Charney Division of Cardiology, New York University School of Medicine to BL.

マウスのESCからマウス胚性CPCの1導出<ol><li>マウス胚性線維芽細胞（MEF）フィーダー層を準備します。 <ol><li>暖かいMEF培地を37℃まで（DMEM中10％FBS）。 </li><li>ゼラチンでコーティングしたプレートを準備します。 <ol><li> 10cmディッシュに6ウェルプレートのウェルまたは5中への水の0.1％ゼラチンを1ml加える。 </li><li>少なくとも30分間37°Cまたは室温でプレートや食器のままにしておきます。使用前にゼラチンを熱望。 </li></ol></li><li>融解は、穏やかに振盪しながら、37℃の水浴中で迅速にMEFを照射。 </li><li> 15ミリリットルまたは50ミリリットルコニカルチューブに静かに細胞を移す。予め温めMEF培地5mlを追加します。ゆっくり細胞を旋回し、5分間200×gで遠心する。 </li><li> MEF培地中の細胞を再懸濁し、生存細胞を数える。 6ウェルプレートからウェルあたりの細胞のための2ミリリットルと10cmディッシュから細胞について10ミリリットル：MEF培地の以下のボリュームを使用してください。 </li><li> 1-2で6ウェルプレートまたは10cmの皿にプレート細胞プレート/皿当たり×10 6。 </li><li> 37℃でのMEFプレート/皿をインキュベートし、5％CO 2の少なくとも24時間前に使用する。 注：週より古いMEFプレート/皿を捨てる。 </li></ol></li><li>マウスのESCを準備<ol><li>文化ISL1-CRE。 Rosa26YFP / MEF2C-CRE。 90％のコンフルエントまでMEF上Rosa26YFPマウスのESC。使用ES細胞培地は、410ミリリットルDMEM、75ミリリットルのFBS、0.1mMのMEM NEAA、2mMのL-グルタミン、0.1mMのピルビン酸、100 Uペニシリン/ストレプトマイシン、および0.1mMのβメルカプトエタノールからなる。 </li><li> 1.1.2で説明したように、ゼラチンコーティングした6ウェルプレートを準備します。 </li><li>プレートから培地を吸引し、DPBSで細胞をすすいでください。 <ol><li>吸引しDPBSと6ウェルプレートの1ウェルに0.4ミリリットル0.25％トリプシンを追加します。 5分間37℃、5％CO 2で細胞をインキュベートする。トリプシン反応を停止するために1ミリリットル予め温めたES培地を追加します。 </li></ol></li><li> 200 XGと吸引媒体での収穫細胞と遠心細胞。 1ミリリットルのES細胞培地中で細胞を再懸濁し、細胞をカウントします。&lt;/ LI&gt; <li> 3×10 4 / cm 2の密度でゼラチンコートプレート上プレートのESC。 ESCは約90％コンフルエントに達したときに、約2日間、37℃、5％CO 2でインキュベートする。メディア毎日を変更します。 </li><li> ESCは、90％コンフルエントである場合には、完全にMEFフィーダーを削除する手順1.2.2-1.2.5を繰り返します。 </li></ol></li><li> EB形成によってCPCの分化を誘導する<ol><li>続くように分化培地を準備します36ミリリットルIMDM、12ミリリットルハムF12、2mMのL-グルタミン、0.34ミリリットルBSA（7.5％）、0.25ミリリットルN2、0.5ミリリットルのB27、50μg/ mlのAA、および0.45 mMの1-チオグリセロールを。 </li><li>吸引し細胞からの培地およびDPBSですすぐ。吸引しDPBSと6ウェルプレートの1ウェルに0.4ミリリットル0.25％トリプシンを追加します。 5分間37℃でインキュベートする。 </li><li>単一細胞に細胞クラスターを分散させるために上下に反応し、ピペットを中止する1ミリリットルの分化培地を追加します。 </li><li> 200×gで遠心したESC 5分間、中を捨てる。 <ol><li>再懸 ​​濁し、1×10 6 &lt;/商標&gt; 1ミリリットル分化培地中のESC。第EBの凝集のための細胞、培養37℃で分化培地中で1×10 5細胞/ mlの濃度の低い剥離ペトリ皿で細胞を数える。 </li></ol></li><li>二日EB形成した後、50ミリリットルチューブに皿からのEBを転送する。 1分間200×gでスピン。培地を除去およびCa 2+およびMg 2+なしで10ミリリットルのDPBSでのEBをすすぐ。 </li><li>吸引しDPBSと1ミリリットル0.25％トリプシンを追加します。 5分間37℃でインキュベートする。反応を停止する4.5ミリリットル分化培地を加える。上下にピペットで単一細胞にしたEBを解離する。 </li><li> 5分間200×gで細胞を遠心します。 1ミリリットルの分化培地で培地を吸引し、細胞を再懸濁。 </li><li>細胞をカウントし、分化培地中で1×10 5細胞/ mlに2×10 6個の細胞を希釈する。それぞれ5 / mlの、0.8 ng / mlであり、5 / mlの、の最終濃度で培地にVEGF、BMP4とアクチビンAを追加する。 Cultu37℃での第EB形成のためのペトリ皿で​​細胞を再。 </li><li>第二EB形成後に40時間、50ミリリットルチューブにEBを転送します。 5分間37℃で1ミリリットル0.25％トリプシンでのEBを解離、DPBSで一度すすぎます。上下にピペットで単一細胞にしたEBを解離する。 </li><li> 5 / mlのVEGF、10ng / mlのbFGFおよび12.5 / mlのFGF10とStempro-34培地中の細胞を懸濁します。ゼラチンコートプレートに2×10 5 / cm 2の細胞をプレート。 CPCの分離前に約32時間、37℃のインキュベーターで培養。 </li></ol></li><li> mCPCsを分離<ol><li>培地を吸引し、DPBSですすぐ。 5分間37℃で培養プレートに0.5ミリリットルの0.25％トリプシンを加える。反応を停止する4.5ミリリットル分化培地を加える。上下にピペットで単一細胞にしたEBを解離する。 FACS-精製のために、2％FBS / PBSで遠心分離し、再懸濁細胞によって細胞を回収します。 </li><li>陰性対照として選別機に未分化のESCを実行します。スキャットを楽しみに調整する変更電圧TER（FSC）および側方散乱（SSC）は、所望の人口を選択します。破片とダブレットを排除するために側方散乱と幅対前方散乱の高さ対飛散楽しみにしてください。選択されたサブ集団において、ESCコントロールの分布に応じて、細胞の自家蛍光を排除するためにヒストグラムに正のYFPのゲートを描く。 YFP +ゲーティングからYFP +のCPCを収集します。 </li><li>分化培地（1.3.1）を6ウェルプレート中で精製したクリック単価（YFP +細胞）プレート。心筋細胞および平滑筋細胞へのCPCの分化のために、37℃で培養追加の3〜5日。 </li></ol></li></ol>ヒトESCからのヒト胚性CPCの2導出<ol><li>フィーダを準備<ol><li> 2×10 4個 / cm 2の密度で、上記のように、マウス胚性線維芽細胞（MEF）フィーダー層を準備します。 </li></ol></li><li>ヒトESCを維持<ol><li> CRE; M上の日常のpCAG-FLOX-STOP-FLOX-GFPまたはRFPのESC：人間ISL1を維持正規のhESC培地を用いてEF（ノックアウトDMEM / F-12 385ミリリットル、ノックアウトSR 100mlの2mMのL-グルタミン、0.1mMのNEAA、0.1mMのβメルカプトエタノール、10ng / mlの塩基性FGF）。心臓分化する前に、少なくとも2継代のフィーダーフリーの状態でヒトESCを転送する。 </li></ol></li><li>フィーダーフリーの状態でヒトESCを準備<ol><li>ヒトESC培養のためのコーティングされたプレートを準備します。 <ol><li> 4℃で一晩マトリゲルを解凍する。氷上で50ミリリットルチューブを入れ、チューブに30ミリリットルの冷DMEM / F12培地を追加。 </li><li>冷たい培地に1ミリリットルマトリゲルを加え、よく混ぜる。 10cmディッシュに6ウェルプレートのウェルまたは5ミリリットルに1ミリリットルの冷マトリゲル-DMEM / 12培地を追加します。 </li><li> 2時間4℃で一晩または室温でプレート/皿のままにしておきます。使用前に培地を吸引。 </li></ol></li><li> MEFプレートから培地を吸引し、DPBSでヒトESCをすすぎ：人間のプレート上のESCを分割。その後、6ウェルプレートのウェルに1ミリリットルのディスパーゼ（1mg / ml）を加える。 37℃で細胞をインキュベートインキュベータは、コロニーの縁が剥離し始めるまで。 </li><li>ディスパーゼ溶液を除去。 DPBSで2回すすぎ、その後プレートによくmTeSR培地またはMEF馴化培地あたり2.5ミリリットルを追加/。 </li><li>セルスクレーパーを用いて細胞をこすり、慎重にピペッティング上下小さな塊に人間のESCコロニーを破る。 </li><li> ESC塊を移し、1を希釈：3をコーティングしたプレートに。 </li><li> 2ミリリットル/ウェルmTeSR培地またはMEF馴化培地を追加し、毎日培地交換。 </li><li> mTeSR媒体または少なくとも2継代のためにコーティングされたプレート上のMEF馴化培地中での培養ヒトESC。 </li></ol></li><li>ヒトESCからのCPCの分化を誘導<ol><li>細胞が約90％コンフルエントである場合には、培地を吸引し、DPBSですすぐ。その後、20分間、37℃で0.5 mg / mlのディスパーゼでのhESCを培養する。 </li><li>セルリフターでプレートから細胞を除去し、DPBSで2回のhESCをすすぎ、その後DMEM / F12は、18％のFBS、0.1 mMのNEAA、2 mMのを含む（分化培地中の細胞クランプを再懸濁L-グルタミン、0.1mMのβメルカプトエタノールおよび50μg/ mlのアスコルビン酸）。 </li><li> EB形成のために、6ウェルの超低付着性プレートに細胞を移す。 </li><li>翌日分化培地を変更します。 </li><li> 3日ごとに培地を交換し、懸濁培養でのEBを維持する。 </li></ol></li><li> HCPCSを分離<ol><li>遅くとも人間CPC分離のための分化の9日目よりのEBを収集しません。 </li><li>培地を吸引し、DPBSで2回のEBをすすぐ。 5分間37℃で6ウェル培養プレートの各ウェルに0.5ミリリットルの0.25％トリプシンを加える。 </li><li>反応を停止し、分化培地の等量を加える。上下にピペットで単一細胞にしたEBを解離する。 2％FBS / DPBS中で5分間再懸濁細胞を200×gで遠心分離して細胞を回収します。 40μmのセルストレーナーおよび1.4.3に記載のようにFACS精製RFP + CPC細胞とフィルタセル。 </li><li>プレートはgeltin被覆プレート上にHCPCSを選別した。 7のための分化培地で培養HCPCS-9心筋細胞および平滑筋細胞に分化する日数。 7日めっき後、培養物は、DMEM / F12培地中で5％のノックアウトSRで細胞を分化した。 </li></ol></li></ol>

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Q., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chemically+defined+medium+supporting+cardiomyocyte+differentiation+of+human+embryonic+stem+cells.">Chemically defined medium supporting cardiomyocyte differentiation of human embryonic stem cells.</a> Differentiation: Research in Biological Diversity. 76 (9), 958-970 (2008).</li><li>Lian, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Robust+cardiomyocyte+differentiation+from+human+pluripotent+stem+cells+via+temporal+modulation+of+canonical+Wnt+signaling.">Robust cardiomyocyte differentiation from human pluripotent stem cells via temporal modulation of canonical Wnt signaling.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 109 (27), E1848-1857 (2012).</li><li>Bizy, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Myosin+light+chain+2-based+selection+of+human+iPSC-derived+early+ventricular+cardiac+myocytes.">Myosin light chain 2-based selection of human iPSC-derived early ventricular cardiac myocytes.</a> Stem Cell Research. 11 (3), 1335-1347 (2013).</li></ol>

The authors declare no competing financial interests.

This protocol combines a method using growth factors to guide mESCs differentiation and spontaneous differentiation of human ESCs into CPCs. CPC lineage marked with fluorescent reporter is used to efficiently identify and isolate CPCs by FACS. The FACS-purified CPCs retain the capacity to differentiate into cardiomyocytes, smooth muscle, and endothelial cells and have a comparable expression profile to the in vivo cells. Thus, these CPCs can serve as a great resource for cell based heart therapy because of their ability ...

A correction to the author list was made to: <a href="http://www.jove.com/video/52047/derivation-of-cardiac-progenitor-cells-from-embryonic-stem-cells">Derivation of Cardiac Progenitor Cells from Embryonic Stem Cells</a>.
The following author is now listed as a co-corresponding author:
Lei Bu

A correction to the author list was made to: Derivation of Cardiac Progenitor Cells from Embryonic Stem Cells.

Erratum: Derivation of Cardiac Progenitor Cells from Embryonic Stem Cells

心臓疾患は、今日の世界で主要な原因のままであり、死亡率は、過去20年間（米国心臓協会）に事実上変わっていない。効果的に、心不全を予防または逆転するための新規な治療戦略を開発するための重要な必要性がある。一つの有望な戦略は、幹細胞生物学1の急速な発展以下の細胞ベースの治療である。この点では、多能性のCPCは増殖だけ心臓系統への分化にコミットする能力のために、治療のための優れた細胞源である可能性があります。したがって、クリック単価を生成し、単離するための効率的かつロバストな方法は、心臓の細胞療法の研究のために非常に重要である。 このプロトコルは、初期胚発生とどのように彼らの世代のESCからの間に識別胚のCPCに焦点を当てています。各種のCPCにも骨髄2から、胚および成体の心臓から単離されている。胚発生時には、骨のmorphoge電磁タンパク質（BMP）、ウィングレス型MMTV組込み部位ファミリーメンバー（のWnt）と節点の信号がMesp1 +多分化中胚葉3のコミットメントを誘導する。 Mesp1 +細胞はその後、胚のCPC 4に分化する。これらのCPCは、一般的にHCN4でマーク、NK2ホメオボックス5（Nkx2-5）、カルチのLIMホメオボックス1（ISL1）、T-ボックス5（TBX5）、及び筋細胞エンハンサー因子2C（MEF2C）、一次および第二の心臓フィールドを形成されており、心臓発生5-10の間に心臓の主要な部分に貢献しています。 Nkx2-5 +及びISL1 + / MEF2C +両方のCPCは、心筋細胞に分化することができる、平滑筋細胞（SMC）、および内皮細胞5-8。したがって、これらのCPCは、心臓血管系、ならびに心臓組織を生じさせると細胞ベースの心臓療法のための理想的な細胞源であるであろう。その結果、in vitroでのCPCを生成する心血管研究における主要な研究の焦点となっている。 ESCは、無制限の拡張容量aを有しているのでND胚盤胞段階でICM細胞を表し、自然の胚発生以下の胚のCPCへのESCの分化は、クリック単価を取得するために論理的かつ効果的なアプローチと考えられている。 ESCのからのCPCを得るための1つの広く適用のアプローチは、EBを11にESCのを集約することです。分化効率を向上させるために、心臓の開発の知識に基づいて定義された化学的および成長因子は12-14使用されてきた。しかし、広く分野で受け入れられている明確なCPCマーカー、特に無細胞表面マーカーは、存在しない。この問題に対処するために、ESCのはISL1 +またはMEF2C +クリック単価とのCre / loxPシステムを用いた蛍光レポーターとその誘導体をマークするために設計されている。 CreリコンビナーゼはISL1 / MEF2Cプロモーター/エンハンサーの制御下で落札された。構成的プロモーターによって駆動される修正された蛍光タンパク質RFPまたはYFP遺伝子のcreリコンビナーゼでFLOX停止コドンの切除により活性化され得る（ISL1：CRE;-のpCAG-FLOX-STOP-FLOX GFPまたはRFP / ISL1-CRE。Rosa26YFP / MEF2C-CRE。Rosa26YFP）5,6。 ESCは第二の心臓フィールドのCPCに分化されると、ISL1 / MEF2Cプロモーター/エンハンサー駆動CREは蛍光レポーターを活性化するとのCPCをFACS-精製によって濃縮することができる。簡単に説明すると、EB凝集法は、ESCの分化を開始するために使用される。分化効率を高めるために、分化した細胞は、アスコルビン酸（AA）およびBMP4、アクチビンAとのVegf 13,15などの増殖因子で処理される。このプロトコルは、マウスおよびヒトESCの両方を使用して、堅牢で効率的なCPCの分化を可能にする。

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derivation of cardiac progenitor cells from embryonic stem cells

Cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs) have the capacity to differentiate into cardiomyocytes, smooth muscle cells (SMC), and endothelial cells and hold great promise in cell therapy against heart disease. Among various methods to isolate CPCs, differentiation of embryonic stem cell (ESC) into CPCs attracts great attention in the field since ESCs can provide unlimited cell source. As a result, numerous strategies have been developed to derive CPCs from ESCs. In this protocol, differentiation and purification of embryonic CPCs from both mouse and human ESCs is described. Due to the difficulty of using cell surface markers to isolate embryonic CPCs, ESCs are engineered with fluorescent reporters activated by CPC-specific cre recombinase expression. Thus, CPCs can be enriched by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). This protocol illustrates procedures to form embryoid bodies (EBs) from ESCs for CPC specification and enrichment. The isolated CPCs can be subsequently cultured for cardiac lineage differentiation and other biological assays. This protocol is optimized for robust and efficient derivation of CPCs from both mouse and human ESCs.

プロトコルは、いくつかのES細胞株からのCPCの導出を示す。 ESCのは、CPCのに分化するのEBを形成するために集約されます。 ESCは、日常的MEFフィーダー（ 図1A、F）に維持され、フィーダは、分化前に削除されます。分化培地中のEB（ 図1B、G）へのESCの凝集の際に、第二形成EBをマウス細胞株（ 図1C）における中胚葉分化を増強するために、BMP4とアクチビン...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Derivation of Cardiac Progenitor Cells from Embryonic Stem Cells at JoVE.com

Derivation of Cardiac Progenitor Cells from Embryonic Stem Cells

In this protocol, derivation of cardiac progenitor cells from both mouse and human embryonic stem cells will be illustrated. A major strategy in this protocol is to enrich cardiac progenitor cells with flow cytometry using fluorescent reporters engineered into the embryonic stem cell lines.

胚性幹細胞から心臓前駆細胞の誘導

Cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs) have the capacity to differentiate into cardiomyocytes, smooth muscle cells (SMC), and endothelial cells and hold great ...

derivation-of-cardiac-progenitor-cells-from-embryonic-stem-cells

Research

JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

8.1K ビュー.  University of Michigan. In this protocol, derivation of cardiac progenitor cells from both mouse and human embryonic stem cells will be illustrated. A major strategy in this protocol is to enrich cardiac progenitor cells with flow cytometry using fluorescent reporters engineered into the embryonic stem cell lines.

ビデオ: Derivation of Cardiac Progenitor Cells from Embryonic Stem Cells

Derivation of Hematopoietic Stem Cells from Murine Embryonic Stem Cells

A stem cell is defined as a cell with the capacity to both self-renew and generate multiple differentiated progeny.  Embryonic stem cells (ESC) are derived from the blastocyst of the early embryo and are pluripotent in differentiative ability.  Their vast differentiative potential has made them the focus of much research centered on deducing how to coax them to generate clinically useful cell types.  The successful derivation of hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) from mouse ESC has recently been accomplished and can be visualized in this video protocol.  HSC, arguably the most clinically exploited cell population, are used to treat a myriad of hematopoietic malignancies and disorders.  However, many patients that might benefit from HSC therapy lack access to suitable donors.  ESC could provide an alternative source of HSC for these patients.  The following protocol establishes a baseline from which ESC-HSC can be studied and inform efforts to isolate HSC from human ESC.  In this protocol, ESC are differentiated as embryoid bodies (EBs) for 6 days in commercially available serum pre-screened for optimal hematopoietic differentiation.  EBs are then dissociated and infected with retroviral HoxB4.  Infected EB-derived cells are plated on OP9 stroma, a bone marrow stromal cell line derived from the calvaria of  M-CSF-/- mice, and co-cultured in the presence of hematopoiesis promoting cytokines for ten days.  During this co-culture, the infected cells expand greatly, resulting in the generation a heterogeneous pool of 100s of millions of cells.  These cells can then be used to rescue and reconstitute lethally irradiated mice.

This protocol details the derivation of transplantable hematopoietic stem cells from mouse embryonic stem cells (ESC) and their subsequent injection into lethally irradiated recipient mice. Briefly, ESC are differentiated as embryoid bodies, which are then infected with retroviral HoxB4 and co-cultured with OP9 stromal cells and hematopoietic cytokines.

マウス胚性幹細胞から造血幹細胞の導出

A stem cell is defined as a cell with the capacity to both self-renew and generate multiple differentiated progeny.  Embryonic stem cells (ESC) are ...

生物学

Differentiation of Atrial Cardiomyocytes from Pluripotent Stem Cells Using the BMP Antagonist Grem2

Protocols for generating populations of cardiomyocytes from pluripotent stem cells have been developed, but these generally yield cells of mixed phenotypes. Researchers interested in pursuing studies involving specific myocyte subtypes require a more directed differentiation approach. By treating mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells with Grem2, a secreted BMP antagonist that is necessary for atrial chamber formation in vivo, a large number of cardiac cells with an atrial phenotype can be generated. Use of the engineered Myh6-DSRed-Nuc pluripotent stem cell line allows for identification, selection, and purification of cardiomyocytes. In this protocol embryoid bodies are generated from Myh6-DSRed-Nuc cells using the hanging drop method and kept in suspension until differentiation day 4 (d4). At d4 cells are treated with Grem2 and plated onto gelatin coated plates. Between d8-d10 large contracting areas are observed in the cultures and continue to expand and mature through d14. Molecular, histological and electrophysiogical analyses indicate cells in Grem2-treated cells acquire atrial-like characteristics providing an in vitro model to study the biology of atrial cardiomyocytes and their response to various pharmacological agents.

Generating cardiomyocytes from pluripotent stem cells in vitro allows access to large amounts of cardiac tissue in vitro for basic science and clinical applications. This protocol uses the atrializing factor Grem2 to both increase the numbers of cardiomyocytes obtained and to generate cardiomyocytes with an atrial phenotype.

BMPアンタゴニストGrem2を使用した多能性幹細胞から心房心筋細胞の分化

Protocols for generating populations of cardiomyocytes from pluripotent stem cells have been developed, but these generally yield cells of mixed ...

発生生物学

Assessing Stem Cell DNA Integrity for Cardiac Cell Therapy

Stem and stem-cell-derived cells have immense potential as a regenerative therapy for various degenerative diseases. DNA is the storehouse of genetic data in all cells, including stem cells, and its integrity is fundamental to its regenerative ability. Stem cells undergo rapid propagation in labs to achieve the necessary numbers for transplantation. Accelerated cell growth leads to the loss of DNA integrity by accumulated metabolites, such as reactive oxygen, carbonyl, and alkylating agents. Transplanting these cells would result in poor engraftment and regeneration of the deteriorating organ. Moreover, transplanting DNA-damaged cells leads to mutations, DNA instability, cellular senescence, and possibly, life-threatening diseases such as cancer. Therefore, there is an immediate need for a quality control method to evaluate the cell's suitability for transplantation. Here, we provide step-by-step protocols for the assessment of the DNA integrity of stem cells prior to cell transplantation.

Here, we provide a detailed description of an experimental setup for an analysis of the assessment of DNA integrity in stem cells prior to cell transplantation.

心臓の細胞治療幹細胞 DNA の完全性を評価します。

Stem and stem-cell-derived cells have immense potential as a regenerative therapy for various degenerative diseases. DNA is the storehouse of genetic data ...

遺伝学

In Vitro Differentiation of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells into Functional Cardiomyocyte-like Cells

Myocardial infarction and the subsequent ischemic cascade result in the extensive loss of cardiomyocytes, leading to congestive heart failure, the leading cause of mortality worldwide. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are a promising option for cell-based therapies to replace current, invasive techniques. MSCs can differentiate into mesenchymal lineages, including cardiac cell types, but complete differentiation into functional cells has not yet been achieved. Previous methods of differentiation were based on pharmacological agents or growth factors. However, more physiologically relevant strategies can also enable MSCs to undergo cardiomyogenic transformation. Here, we present a differentiation method using MSC aggregates on cardiomyocyte feeder layers to produce cardiomyocyte-like contracting cells.
Human umbilical cord perivascular cells (HUCPVCs) have been shown to have a greater differentiation potential than commonly investigated MSC types, such as bone marrow MSCs (BMSCs). As an ontogenetically younger source, we investigated the cardiomyogenic potential of first-trimester (FTM) HUCPVCs compared to older sources. FTM HUCPVCs are a novel, rich source of MSCs that retain their in utero immunoprivileged properties when cultured in vitro. Using this differentiation protocol, FTM and term HUCPVCs achieved significantly increased cardiomyogenic differentiation compared to BMSCs, as indicated by the increased expression of cardiomyocyte markers (i.e., myocyte enhancer factor 2C, cardiac troponin T, heavy chain cardiac myosin, signal regulatory protein &#945;, and connexin 43). They also maintained significantly lower immunogenicity, as demonstrated by their lower HLA-A expression and higher HLA-G expression. Applying aggregate-based differentiation, FTM HUCPVCs showed increased aggregate formation potential and generated contracting cells clusters within 1 week of co-culture on cardiac feeder layers, becoming the first MSC type to do so. 
Our results demonstrate that this differentiation strategy can effectively harness the cardiomyogenic potential of young MSCs, such as FTM HUCPVCs, and suggests that in vitro pre-differentiation could be a potential strategy to increase their regenerative efficacy in vivo.

In Vitro Differentiation of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells into Functional Cardiomyocyte-like Cells

Here, we present a method to efficiently harness the cardiac differentiation potential of young sources of human mesenchymal stem cells in order to generate functional, contracting, cardiomyocyte-like cells in vitro.

体外ヒト間葉系幹細胞の心筋細胞のような細胞への分化

Myocardial infarction and the subsequent ischemic cascade result in the extensive loss of cardiomyocytes, leading to congestive heart failure, the leading ...

Generation of First Heart Field-like Cardiac Progenitors and Ventricular-like Cardiomyocytes from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells

The generation of large amounts of functional human pluripotent stem cells-derived cardiac progenitors and cardiomyocytes of defined heart field origin is a pre-requisite for cell-based cardiac therapies and disease modeling. We have recently shown that Id genes are both necessary and sufficient to specify first heart field progenitors during vertebrate development. This differentiation protocol leverages these findings and uses Id1 overexpression in combination with Activin A as potent specifying cues to produce first heart field-like (FHF-L) progenitors. Importantly, resulting progenitors efficiently differentiate (~70&#8211;90%) into ventricular-like cardiomyocytes. Here we describe a detailed method to 1) generate Id1-overexpressing hPSCs and 2) differentiate scalable quantities of cryopreservable FHF-L progenitors and ventricular-like cardiomyocytes.

Here we describe a scalable method, using a simple combination of Activin A and lentivirus-mediated Id1-overexpression, to generate first heart field-like cardiac progenitors and ventricular-like cardiomyocytes from human pluripotent stem cells.

最初心臓フィールドのような心臓前駆細胞およびひと多能性幹細胞からのような心室心筋細胞の生成

The generation of large amounts of functional human pluripotent stem cells-derived cardiac progenitors and cardiomyocytes of defined heart field origin is ...

Induction of Endothelial Differentiation in Cardiac Progenitor Cells Under Low Serum Conditions

Cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs) may have therapeutic potential for cardiac regeneration after injury. In the adult mammalian heart, intrinsic CPCs are extremely scarce, but expanded CPCs could be useful for cell therapy. A prerequisite for their use is their ability to differentiate in a controlled manner into the various cardiac lineages using defined and efficient protocols. In addition, upon in vitro expansion, CPCs isolated from patients or preclinical disease models may offer fruitful research tools for the investigation of disease mechanisms.
Current studies use different markers to identify CPCs. However, not all of them are expressed in humans, which limits the translational impact of some preclinical studies. Differentiation protocols that are applicable irrespective of the isolation technique and marker expression will allow for the standardized expansion and priming of CPCs for cell therapy purpose. Here we describe that the priming of CPCs under a low fetal bovine serum (FBS) concentration and low cell density conditions facilitates the endothelial differentiation of CPCs. Using two different subpopulations of mouse and rat CPCs, we show that laminin is a more suitable substrate than fibronectin for this purpose under the following protocol: after culturing for 2 - 3 days in medium including supplements that maintain multipotency and with 3.5% FBS, CPCs are seeded on laminin at &#60;60% confluence and cultured in supplement-free medium with low concentrations of FBS (0.1%) for 20 - 24 hours before differentiation in endothelial differentiation medium. Because CPCs are a heterogeneous population, serum concentrations and incubation times may need to be adjusted depending on the properties of the respective CPC subpopulation. Considering this, the technique can be applied to other types of CPCs as well and provides a useful method to investigate the potential and mechanisms of differentiation and how they are affected by disease when using CPCs isolated from respective disease models.

This protocol describes an endothelial differentiation technique for cardiac progenitor cells. It particularly focuses on how serum concentration and cell-seeding density affect the endothelial differentiation potential.

低血清条件下で心臓前駆細胞の内皮への分化の誘導

Cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs) may have therapeutic potential for cardiac regeneration after injury. In the adult mammalian heart, intrinsic CPCs are ...

In Vitro Generation of Heart Field-specific Cardiac Progenitor Cells

Pluripotent stem cells offer great potential for understanding heart development and disease and for regenerative medicine. While recent advances in developmental cardiology have led to generating cardiac cells from pluripotent stem cells, it is unclear if the two cardiac fields - the first and second heart fields (FHF and SHF) &#8212; are induced in pluripotent stem cells systems. To address this, we generated a protocol for in vitro specification and isolation of heart field-specific cardiac progenitor cells. We used embryonic stem cells lines carrying Hcn4-GFP and Tbx1-Cre; Rosa-RFP reporters of the FHF and the SHF, respectively, and live cell immunostaining of the cell membrane protein Cxcr4, a SHF marker. With this approach, we generated progenitor cells which recapitulate the functional properties and transcriptome of their in vivo counterparts. Our protocol can be utilized to study early specification and segregation of the two heart fields and to generate chamber-specific cardiac cells for heart disease modelling. Since this is an in vitro organoid system, it may not provide precise anatomical information. However, this system overcomes the poor accessibility of gastrulation-stage embryos and can be upscaled for high-throughput screens.

The purpose of this method is to generate heart field-specific cardiac progenitor cells in vitro in order to study the progenitor cell specification and functional properties, and to generate chamber specific cardiac cells for heart disease modelling.

マウス心臓分野特異的心臓前駆細胞のインビトロ生成

Pluripotent stem cells offer great potential for understanding heart development and disease and for regenerative medicine. While recent advances in ...

Efficient Derivation of Human Cardiac Precursors and Cardiomyocytes from Pluripotent Human Embryonic Stem Cells with Small Molecule Induction

To date, the lack of a suitable human cardiac cell source has been the major setback in regenerating the human myocardium, either by cell-based transplantation or by cardiac tissue engineering1-3. Cardiomyocytes become terminally-differentiated soon after birth and lose their ability to proliferate. There is no evidence that stem/progenitor cells derived from other sources, such as the bone marrow or the cord blood, are able to give rise to the contractile heart muscle cells following transplantation into the heart1-3. The need to regenerate or repair the damaged heart muscle has not been met by adult stem cell therapy, either endogenous or via cell delivery1-3. The genetically stable human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) have unlimited expansion ability and unrestricted plasticity, proffering a pluripotent reservoir for in vitro derivation of large supplies of human somatic cells that are restricted to the lineage in need of repair and regeneration4,5. Due to the prevalence of cardiovascular disease worldwide and acute shortage of donor organs, there is intense interest in developing hESC-based therapies as an alternative approach. However, how to channel the wide differentiation potential of pluripotent hESCs efficiently and predictably to a desired phenotype has been a major challenge for both developmental study and clinical translation. Conventional approaches rely on multi-lineage inclination of pluripotent cells through spontaneous germ layer differentiation, resulting in inefficient and uncontrollable lineage-commitment that is often followed by phenotypic heterogeneity and instability, hence, a high risk of tumorigenicity6-8 (see a schematic in Fig. 1A). In addition, undefined foreign/animal biological supplements and/or feeders that have typically been used for the isolation, expansion, and differentiation of hESCs may make direct use of such cell-specialized grafts in patients problematic9-11. To overcome these obstacles, we have resolved the elements of a defined culture system necessary and sufficient for sustaining the epiblast pluripotence of hESCs, serving as a platform for de novo derivation of clinically-suitable hESCs and effectively directing such hESCs uniformly towards clinically-relevant lineages by small molecules12 (see a schematic in Fig. 1B). After screening a variety of small molecules and growth factors, we found that such defined conditions rendered nicotinamide (NAM) sufficient to induce the specification of cardiomesoderm direct from pluripotent hESCs that further progressed to cardioblasts that generated human beating cardiomyocytes with high efficiency (Fig. 2). We defined conditions for induction of cardioblasts direct from pluripotent hESCs without an intervening multi-lineage embryoid body stage, enabling well-controlled efficient derivation of a large supply of human cardiac cells across the spectrum of developmental stages for cell-based therapeutics.

We have established a protocol for induction of cardioblasts direct from pluripotent human embryonic stem cells maintained under defined conditions with small molecules, which enables derivation of a large supply of human cardiac progenitors and functional cardiomyocytes for cardiovascular repair.

小分子の誘導と多能性ヒト胚性幹細胞からヒト心筋前駆体と心筋細胞の効率的な導出

To date, the lack of a suitable human cardiac cell source has been the major setback in regenerating the human myocardium, either by cell-based ...

Generation of Human Cardiomyocytes: A Differentiation Protocol from Feeder-free Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

In order to investigate the events driving heart development and to determine the molecular mechanisms leading to myocardial diseases in humans, it is essential first to generate functional human cardiomyocytes (CMs). The use of these cells in drug discovery and toxicology studies would also be highly beneficial, allowing new pharmacological molecules for the treatment of cardiac disorders to be validated pre-clinically on cells of human origin. Of the possible sources of CMs, induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells are among the most promising, as they can be derived directly from readily accessible patient tissue and possess an intrinsic capacity to give rise to all cell types of the body 1. Several methods have been proposed for differentiating iPS cells into CMs, ranging from the classical embryoid bodies (EBs) aggregation approach to chemically defined protocols 2,3. In this article we propose an EBs-based protocol and show how this method can be employed to efficiently generate functional CM-like cells from feeder-free iPS cells.

Pluripotent stem cells, either embryonic or induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells, constitute a valuable source of human differentiated cells, including cardiomyocytes. Here, we will focus on cardiac induction of iPS cells, showing how to use them to obtain functional human cardiomyocytes through an embryoid bodies-based protocol.

ヒト心筋細胞の生成：フィーダーフリーヒト人工多能性幹細胞からの分化プロトコル

In order to investigate the events driving heart development and to determine the molecular mechanisms leading to myocardial diseases in humans, it is ...

High Efficiency Differentiation of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells to Cardiomyocytes and Characterization by Flow Cytometry

There is an urgent need to develop approaches for repairing the damaged heart, discovering new therapeutic drugs that do not have toxic effects on the heart, and improving strategies to accurately model heart disease. The potential of exploiting human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) technology to generate cardiac muscle &#8220;in a dish&#8221; for these applications continues to generate high enthusiasm. In recent years, the ability to efficiently generate cardiomyogenic cells from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) has greatly improved, offering us new opportunities to model very early stages of human cardiac development not otherwise accessible. In contrast to many previous methods, the cardiomyocyte differentiation protocol described here does not require cell aggregation or the addition of Activin A or BMP4 and robustly generates cultures of cells that are highly positive for cardiac troponin I and T (TNNI3, TNNT2), iroquois-class homeodomain protein IRX-4 (IRX4), myosin regulatory light chain 2, ventricular/cardiac muscle isoform (MLC2v) and myosin regulatory light chain 2, atrial isoform (MLC2a) by day 10 across all human embryonic stem cell (hESC) and hiPSC lines tested to date. Cells can be passaged and maintained for more than 90 days in culture. The strategy is technically simple to implement and cost-effective. Characterization of cardiomyocytes derived from pluripotent cells often includes the analysis of reference markers, both at the mRNA and protein level. For protein analysis, flow cytometry is a powerful analytical tool for assessing quality of cells in culture and determining subpopulation homogeneity. However, technical variation in sample preparation can significantly affect quality of flow cytometry data. Thus, standardization of staining protocols should facilitate comparisons among various differentiation strategies. Accordingly, optimized staining protocols for the analysis of IRX4, MLC2v, MLC2a, TNNI3, and TNNT2 by flow cytometry are described.

The article describes the detailed methodology to efficiently differentiate human pluripotent stem cells into cardiomyocytes by selectively modulating the Wnt pathway, followed by flow cytometry analysis of reference markers to assess homogeneity and identity of the population.

フローサイトメトリーによる高効率心筋細胞へのヒト多能性幹細胞の分化と特性

There is an urgent need to develop approaches for repairing the damaged heart, discovering new therapeutic drugs that do not have toxic effects on the ...