We thank Hongjae Sunwoo for helpful advice for oligonucleotide design in RNA FISH. We also thank Serenity Curtis for editing the manuscript. N.Y. was supported by a Postdoctoral Fellowship for Research Abroad of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS). This work was supported by the NIH (RO1-GM102184), the March of Dimes Research Foundation (#6-FY12-337), and the Developmental Fund and Trustee Grant at Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center to Y.O.

1.プローブの準備<ol><li> 5&#39;-アミノ修飾を有する複数の固有のXistにおけるオリゴヌクレオチド（20〜30ヌクレオチド長のオリゴヌクレオチド、63-65ºCの融解温度、 表1）を取得し、水に一時停止。 </li><li> 5&#39;-アミ​​ノ修正（合計4.5μgの）、製造業者の指示以下のアミン反応性蛍光色素で標識を用いてオリゴヌクレオチドのプール等モル量。 <ol><li>ヌクレアーゼを含まない水の最終5μlのプールされたオリゴヌクレオチドを​​溶解し、オリゴヌクレオチド溶液に、1M重炭酸ナトリウムの3μlを添加する。 </li><li>簡単にアミン反応性染料と渦のバイアルに2μlのDMSOを追加します。 </li><li> DMSO中の反応性染料をオリゴヌクレオチド溶液を混合し、暗所で1時間室温で混合物をインキュベートする。 </li></ol></li><li>エタノール沈殿に続くG-25カラムで蛍光標識されたオリゴヌクレオチドプローブを精製する。 <ol><li過剰保存バッファーを除去するために1分間750×gで&gt;遠心機G-25カラム。 </li><li>ステップ1.2.3で生産ラベリング混合物に40μlのヌクレアーゼフリー水を追加し、G-25カラムに適用されます。 2分間750×gで遠心分離する。 </li><li>ステップ1.3.2から精製されたプローブを、50μlのヌクレアーゼフリー水、10μlの3M酢酸ナトリウム（pH5.2）および250μlのエタノールを加える。 4℃で15分間21000×gで30分間の遠心のため-80℃で保存。 </li><li> 70％エタノール1mlで一回沈殿させたオリゴヌクレオチドを​​洗ってください。 </li><li> 50μl中に再懸濁ヌクレアーゼフリー水またはTE（10mMのトリス-HCl、pH7.5; 1mMのEDTA）、約10μMの最終濃度。 </li></ol></li><li>ハイブリダイゼーション緩衝液（; 2×SSC [300mMのNaCl、30mMのクエン酸ナトリウム]; 2mg / mlのBSA、10％硫酸デキストラン、10％ホルムアミド）を用いて250nMでの最終濃度に蛍光標識されたオリゴヌクレオチドプローブを希釈する。 注：このクイックFISHプロトコルで、オリゴヌクレオチドPXistの中のローブを設計し、ハイブリダイゼーションのためのインキュベーション時間を短縮するためにオリゴヌクレオチドプローブを使用して、通常のFISHプロトコルよりも高い濃度で使用した。 </li></ol> 2.スライドさせて準備注：スライドをマウス胚性幹（ES）または胚様体（EB）を用いた免疫FISH用に調製することができるポリ-リジンで処理したスライド上に直接成長または細胞懸濁液をサイトスピンを用いて、セル20、21を微分する。ここで、サイトスピンによりスライドの準備を示している。 <ol><li> 6ウェルディッシュ中の培地を吸引除去する。 PBSで洗浄し（室温）、そして徹底的に吸引除去する。 </li><li> 37℃で5〜10分間インキュベート、6ウェルディッシュにトリプシンの0.5ミリリットルを追加します。 </li><li>培地の5ミリリットルを加え、穏やかに数回ピペッティングして細胞を分散させる。 </li><li>室温で200×gで5分間、15mlチューブに遠心し、細胞を移す。 </li><li>メディアのANを破棄優しく2mlのPBSで細胞を懸濁dは。 </li><li>血球計数器を用いて細胞をカウントし、PBSによる4×10 5細胞/ mlで細胞懸濁液を希釈する。 </li><li>クリップでスライド、フィルタカードとチャンバーを組み立て、サイトスピンのローターで適切なスロットに入れます。サイトスピンで組み立てられたユニットの各チャンバーにステップ2.6で調製した各サンプルを250μlを追加。室温で10分間、1500rpmで遠心する。 </li><li> 40ミリリットルの氷冷PBS、CSKバッファーのそれぞれと氷上で3コプリンジャーフィル（10mMのPIPES、pHが6.8、100mMのNaCl、300mMのスクロース; 3のMgCl 2）、およびCSKTバッファー（0.5％トリトンとCSKバッファーX-100）、それぞれ。 </li><li>サイトスピンが終了した後、すぐに氷冷したPBS中にスライドを転送し、5分間インキュベートする。 </li><li>氷のように冷たいCSKバッファにスライドを移し、1分間インキュベートする。 </li><li>氷のように冷たいCSKTバッファにスライドを移し、5分間インキュベートする。 </li><li>バック氷のように冷たいCSK bufにスライド移動する。FERと1分間インキュベートする。 </li><li> PBS中の4％パラホルムアルデヒド中にスライドを移し、室温で10分間インキュベートする。 </li></ol> 3.免疫蛍光<ol><li>いくつかの秒（0.1％のTween-20を1×PBS）PBSTでコプリンジャーにスライドを置きます。 </li><li>残りのバッファがスライドダウン流れることを可能に斜めにスライドを置きます。慎重にスライドから余分な液体を拭き取り、水と空のピペットチップボックスに入れてください。静かにカバースリップを置き、ブロッキング溶液を40μl（1×PBS、1％BSA、0.1％のTween-20）を用いてスライドをオーバーレイし、室温で10分間インキュベートする。 </li><li>カバースリップを外し、ブロッキング溶液を除去し、1の濃度に希釈し、ヒストンH3K27me3一次抗体40μlの追加：ブロッキング溶液で500を。バックスライド上にカバースリップを置き、室温で30分間インキュベートする。 注：ブロッキング溶液中のRNase阻害剤は、このRNA FIS中のRNAを保存するために役立つかもしれないポリクローナル抗体が使用されているHプロトコル。 </li><li>ウォッシュを優しく洗いながら揺れ、5分ごとに、PBSTで満たされたコプリンジャーに2回スライドさせます。 </li><li>残りのバッファがスライドダウン流れることを可能に斜めにスライドを置きます。慎重に余分な液体を拭き取り、バック先端ボックスにスライドを置く。二次抗体（1：500）の40μlのオーバーレイブロッキング溶液中で希釈し、カバースリップを置き、暗所で15分間インキュベートする。以下の手順については、すべての回で暗闇でスライドを保つ。 </li><li>ステップ3.4のように、PBSTでjarをコプリンで2回洗浄する。 </li></ol>オリゴヌクレオチドプローブ4. RNA FISH <ol><li>ステップ4.3でのRNA FISH 37℃での乾燥からスライドを防ぐために、下部の水と空のピペットチップボックスを事前に温める。 </li><li>残りのバッファがスライドダウン流れることを可能に斜めにスライドを置きます。慎重にステップ3.6からスライドから余分な液体を拭き、ワットとピペットチップボックスにスライドを置く下部のER。スライド上のFISH洗浄緩衝液（2×SSCで10％ホルムアミド）の500μLを加え、室温で5分間インキュベートする。 </li><li> FISH洗浄溶液を外し、スライド上にオリゴヌクレオチドプローブの8μlを添加、カバースリップを配置し、下部の水と予め温めピペットチップボックスにスライドを転送する。 1〜2時間、37℃でインキュベートする。 </li><li> FISH洗浄緩衝液、DAPIによるFISH洗浄緩衝液、および2×SSCで37℃の水浴中で3予め温めコプリンジャーを置き。 </li><li> RNA FISH 1-2時間インキュベートした後、予め温めFISH洗浄緩衝液中にスライドを置く。 </li><li>カバースリップ、スライドの外に低下するまで数分間スライドをインキュベートします。 </li><li>バック洗浄バッファーにスライドを置き、5分間のインキュベーションを続ける。 </li><li> 0.5 / mlのDAPIで予め温めFISH洗浄緩衝液で別のコプリンジャーにスライドを移し、5分間インキュベートする。 </li><li>予め温め2X SSCで別のコプリンジャーにスライドを移し、5マイルインキュベートN。 </li><li>残りのバッファがスライドダウン流れることを可能に斜めにスライドを置きます。慎重に余分な液体を拭き取り、乾いた先端ボックスにバックスライドを置く。スライド上にDAPIで退色防止の4μLを追加し、カバースリップを配置。 </li><li>マニキュアでカバースリップを密封し、顕微鏡下で観察する。スライドは、数ヶ月間暗所で4℃で保存することができる。 </li></ol>

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No conflicts of interest declared.

本稿では、H3K27me3ためのスライドの準備、XistのRNA FISH、および免疫蛍光を完了するために、5未満の時間がかかる迅速な免疫FISHプロトコルを提示している。通常RNA FISHのための一晩のインキュベーションを必要とするXist RNA検出のための一般的な免疫FISH法と比較して、このプロトコルは、有意に費やされる時間を減少させるだけでなく、オリゴヌクレオチドプローブを使用して免疫FISHの感度を...

哺乳類のX染色体不活性化（XCI）は、雌では二つのX染色体の1が1転写不活性化され、XXとXY間のX連鎖遺伝子量のアンバランスを補償するための戦略である。 X染色体不活性化は、長い非コードRNA（lncRNA）研究のための優れたモデルシステムです。 X染色体不活性化は、複数のlncRNAsによって調節され、広範にlncRNAs、転写、クロマチン構造および核組織2,3間のクロストークメカニズムを解明するために、過去数十年にわたって研究されてきた。 X染色体上に位置するX不活性化センター（XIC）は、非コードRNA 4を産生する遺伝子の数で構成される複雑な遺伝子座である。 X-非アクティブな特定の転写産物（のXist）lncRNA真獣類哺乳動物においては、X染色体不活性化5,6に重要な役割を果たしているそのようなlncRNAです。 Xistの転写物のfuの位置を囲むトゥーレXiはX染色体不活性化を開始し、RNA FISHを用いて可視化するとき雲のように表示される。この形成は、「Xistのクラウド」7と呼ばれている。のXist RNAは、様々なクロマチン修飾酵素と相互作用するので、サイレントクロマチンと抑圧的な転写のための別のエピジェネティック修飾とXistの雲の共局在は、X染色体不活性化8の間に観察されている。例えば、XistのRNAはH3K27me3を担当し、抑圧的なクロマチン状態9を誘導するポリコーム抑制複合体2（PRC2）と対話します。 Xiと集中的なH3K27me3の修正との共局在上のXistの雲の発生は、西10,11の通性ヘテロクロマチン風景を表している。 そのようなDNA / RNA FISHなどの細胞遺伝学的技術は、強化された感度で最近、高度な技術を放射性標識したプローブ12を用いた従来の方法から長い道のりを歩んでいると複数のオリゴヌクレオチドプローブ13,14を用いた蛍光イメージング。免疫蛍光と連結DNA / RNAのFISHは、日常的に、時空間核組織、RNAの局在化、クロマチン構造および修正を理解するために、細胞学的ツールとして使用されてきた。 RNA FISHのための最も標準的なプローブの調製は、プラスミドまたは細菌人工染色体（BAC）クローンおよびニックトランスレーションまたはランダムプライミング15のいずれかそれらのその後の標識の使用を含む。しかし、ヒトにおけるマウスの遺伝子の約70％の遺伝子の40％は、したがって、センスおよびアンチセンス転写物を区別するために、鎖特異的FISH法を必要とする、センスおよびアンチセンス転写物16の重なりを示している。 インビトロ転写されたRNAプローブ（リボプローブ）は、多くの場合、鎖特異的RNA FISH 17,18のために使用される。しかしながら、これは、T7、SP6又はT3プロモータープラスミドクローンまたはPCR産物を調製し、リボプローブを合成することを含む。さらに、リボプローブはGENOMから派生icをDNAまたはcDNAは、多くの場合、高いバックグラウンドノイズを生じる​​非特異的領域および反復エレメントを含む。別の問題は、長さが数百ヌクレオチドであり、複数のフルオロフォアを含むリボプローブは、効率的に核内に浸透することができないということである。これを回避するために、終了時の単一のフルオロフォアで標識された複数の短いオリゴヌクレオチドプローブは、良好な感度、均一な信号強度、精製および取り扱い14の容易さを有するように開発されてきた。また、DNAオリゴヌクレオチドは、一般的にRNAよりも安定である。我々は、X染色体不活性化の過程のXist lncRNAによって誘発される西のエピジェネティックなダイナミクスを理解するために、免疫蛍光でのXist RNA FISH 19のオリゴヌクレオチドを用いて、同様の戦略を適用した。このプロトコルは、オリゴヌクレオチドプローブおよび適切な細胞の調製、ならびに免疫蛍光およびRNA FISHの利用の作成を記載している。複数oligonucleを使用してのXist RNA FISHotidesのXist RNA FISHは自分の研究室で日常的に行われた場合、長期的に費用対効果の高いアプローチです。この技術は、同時にエピジェネティック修飾または因子との共局在をマッピングしながら、細胞内でlncRNAsを同定するために用いることができる。プロトコルの1つの主な利点は、簡単に自分の研究関心に合わせてそれを変更する機能です。

<table><tbody><tr><td>oligonucleotides with 5&amp;rsquo;-amino modification</td><td>IDT</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Alexa Fluor 488 Reactive Dye</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>A32750</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>MicroSpin G-25 columns</td><td>GE Healthcare</td><td>27-5325-01</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cytospin 2</td><td>Shandon</td><td>59900102</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Bovine Serum Albumin, Molecular Biology Grade (for hybridization buffer)</td><td>Roche</td><td>10715859103</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Histone H3K27me3 antibody</td><td>Active Motif</td><td>61017</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Alexa Fluor 555 Goat Anti-Mouse, highly cross-adsorbed</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>A21424</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>ProLong Gold antifade reagent</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>P36931</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

quick fluorescent in situ hybridization protocol for xist rna combined with immunofluorescence of histone modification in x-chromosome inactivation

免疫蛍光（免疫FISH）、 インサイチュハイブリダイゼーション （FISH） で RNA蛍光を組み合わせることにより、タンパク質の局在に同時洞察、エピジェネティックな改変およびその他の詳細とRNAの局在化の空間的なダイナミックスを検出するために、単一細胞レベルで使用することができる技術を作成その免疫蛍光によって強調することができる。 X染色体不活性化は、長い非コードRNA（lncRNA）媒介遺伝子サイレンシングのためのパラダイムである。哺乳類の雌の二つのX染色体の1のX非アクティブな特定の転写産物（Xistの雲と呼ばれる）（のXist）lncRNAの蓄積は、X染色体不活性化を開始する重要なステップです。のXist RNAは、直接または間接的に、様々なクロマチン修飾酵素と相互作用し、不活性X染色体（XI）に明確なエピジェネティックな風景を紹介します。 xiの一つの既知のエピジェネティックな特徴は、ヒストンH3のトリメチルリジン27（H3K27me3）変形例である。ここでは、簡単かつ迅速免疫FISHを記述のXist RNAおよび関連するエピジェネティック修飾の局在を調べるためにH3K27me3の免疫蛍光に結合された複数のオリゴヌクレオチドプローブとのRNA FISHを使用してのXist RNAを検出するためのプロトコル。 インビトロ転写されたRNAプローブ（リボプローブ）と比較して、より短いインキュベーション時間とのXist RNAのより高感度な検出オリゴヌクレオチドプローブの結果を使用して。このプロトコルは、lncRNAsのダイナミクスとそれに関連するエピジェネティックな修飾、クロマチン構造、原子力組織と転写調節を理解するための強力なツールを提供します。

迅速な免疫FISHの代表的な画像を図1Aに示されている。 Xiの上のXist RNAクラウドとH3K27me3信号の共局在は、女性の細胞を分化で検出された。分化の際に12日目に、EB細胞の90％以上は、Xistの雲（ 図1B）を有していた。短いオリゴヌクレオチドプローブを効率のXist RNA（; 97％はn = 150、図1C）と共局在し、ほぼすべてのH3K27me3信号の可視化をもたらす、核内に侵入...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Quick Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization Protocol for Xist RNA Combined with Immunofluorescence of Histone Modification in X-chromosome Inactivation at JoVE.co

Quick Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization Protocol for Xist RNA Combined with Immunofluorescence of Histone Modification in X-chromosome Inactivation

We developed an easily customized strand-specific fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) protocol combined with immunofluorescence. This allows for a detailed examination of RNA dynamics with simultaneous insight into the chromatin structure, nuclear organization, and transcriptional regulation at the single cell level.

クイック蛍光<em&gt;その場で</emX染色体不活性化におけるヒストン修飾の免疫蛍光とのXist RNA複合のための&gt;ハイブリダイゼーションプロトコル

Combining RNA fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) with immunofluorescence (immuno-FISH) creates a technique that can be employed at the single cell ...

quick-fluorescent-situ-hybridization-protocol-for-xist-rna-combined

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Quick Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization Protocol for Xist RNA Combined with Immunofluorescence of Histone Modification in X-chromosome Inactivation

13.9K ビュー.  Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center. We developed an easily customized strand-specific fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) protocol combined with immunofluorescence. This allows for a detailed examination of RNA dynamics with simultaneous insight into the chromatin structure, nuclear organization, and transcriptional regulation at the single cell level. 

ビデオ: Quick Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization Protocol for Xist RNA Combined with Immunofluorescence of Histone Modification in X-chromosome Inactivation

Using Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH) to Monitor the State of Arm Cohesion in Prometaphase and Metaphase I Drosophila Oocytes

In humans, chromosome segregation errors in oocytes are responsible for the majority of miscarriages and birth defects. Moreover, as women age, their risk of conceiving an aneuploid fetus increases dramatically and this phenomenon is known as the maternal age effect. One requirement for accurate chromosome segregation during the meiotic divisions is maintenance of sister chromatid cohesion during the extended prophase period that oocytes experience. Cytological evidence in both humans and model organisms suggests that meiotic cohesion deteriorates during the aging process. In addition, segregation errors in human oocytes are most prevalent during meiosis I, consistent with premature loss of arm cohesion. The use of model organisms is critical for unraveling the mechanisms that underlie age-dependent loss of cohesion. Drosophila melanogaster offers several advantages for studying the regulation of meiotic cohesion in oocytes. However, until recently, only genetic tests were available to assay for loss of arm cohesion in oocytes of different genotypes or under different experimental conditions. Here, a detailed protocol is provided for using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) to directly visualize defects in arm cohesion in prometaphase I and metaphase I arrested Drosophila oocytes. By generating a FISH probe that hybridizes to the distal arm of the X chromosome and collecting confocal Z stacks, a researcher can visualize the number of individual FISH signals in three dimensions and determine whether sister chromatid arms are separated. The procedure outlined makes it possible to quantify arm cohesion defects in hundreds of Drosophila oocytes. As such, this method provides an important tool for investigating the mechanisms that contribute to cohesion maintenance as well as the factors that lead to its demise during the aging process.

Using Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization FISH to Monitor the State of Arm Cohesion in Prometaphase and Metaphase I Drosophila Oocytes

This manuscript presents a detailed method for generating X-chromosome arm probes and performing fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) to examine the state of sister chromatid cohesion in prometaphase and metaphase I arrested Drosophila oocytes. This protocol is suitable for determining whether meiotic arm cohesion is intact or disrupted in different genotypes.

Prometaphase の腕凝集度と中期の状態を監視する蛍光In Situハイブリダイゼーション (魚) を使用して私はショウジョウバエの卵母細胞

In humans, chromosome segregation errors in oocytes are responsible for the majority of miscarriages and birth defects. Moreover, as women age, their risk ...

発生生物学

Zebrafish Whole Mount High-Resolution Double Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization

Whole mount in situ hybridization is one of the most widely used techniques in developmental biology. Here, we present a high-resolution double fluorescent in situ hybridization protocol for analyzing the precise expression pattern of a single gene and for determining the overlap of the expression domains of two genes. The protocol is a modified version of the standard in situ hybridization using alkaline phosphatase and substrates such as NBT/BCIP and Fast Red 1,2. This protocol utilizes standard digoxygenin and fluorescein labeled probes along with tyramide signal amplification (TSA) 3. The commercially available TSA kits allow flexible experimental design as fluorescence emission from green to far-red can be used in combination with various nuclear stains, such as propidium iodide, or fluorescence immunohistochemistry for proteins. TSA produces a reactive fluorescent substrate that quickly covalently binds to moieties, typically tyrosine residues, in the immediate vicinity of the labeled antisense riboprobe. The resulting staining patterns are high resolution in that subcellular localization of the mRNA can be observed using laser scanning confocal microscopy 3,4. One can observe nascent transcripts at the chromosomal loci, distinguish nuclear and cytoplasmic staining and visualize other patterns such as cortical localization of mRNA. Studies in Drosophila indicate that roughly 70% of mRNAs exhibit specific patterns of subcellular localization that frequently correlate with the function of the encoded protein 5. When combined with computer-aided reconstruction of 3D confocal datasets, our protocol allows the detailed analysis of mRNA distribution with sub-cellular resolution in whole vertebrate embryos.

Zebrafish Whole Mount High-Resolution Double Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization

Whole mount in situ hybridization is one of the most widely used techniques in developmental biology. Here, we present a high-resolution double fluorescent in situ hybridization protocol for analyzing the precise expression pattern of a single gene and for determining the overlap of the expression domains of two genes. We include a propidium iodide nuclear counter-stain to highlight tissue organization.

ゼブラフィッシュの全マウント高分解能二重蛍光上皮内ハイブリダイゼーション

Whole mount in situ hybridization is one of the most widely used techniques in developmental biology.  Here, we present a high-resolution double ...

生物学

Exploring X Chromosomal Aberrations in Ovarian Cells by Using Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization

Millions of people worldwide deal with issues concerning fertility. Reduced fertility, or even infertility, may be due to many different causes, including genetic disorders, of which chromosomal abnormalities are the most common. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) is a well-known and frequently used method to detect chromosomal aberrations in humans. FISH is mainly used for the analysis of chromosomal abnormalities in the spermatozoa of males with numerical or structural chromosomal aberrations. Furthermore, this technique is also frequently applied in females to detect X chromosomal aberrations that are known to cause ovarian dysgenesis. However, information on the X chromosomal content of ovarian cells from females with X chromosomal aberrations in lymphocytes and/or buccal cells is still lacking.
The aim of this study is to advance basic research regarding X chromosomal aberrations in females, by presenting two methods based on FISH to identify the X chromosomal content of ovarian cells. First, a method is described to determine the X chromosomal content of isolated ovarian cells (oocytes, granulosa cells, and stromal cells) in non-grafted ovarian cortex tissue from females with X chromosomal aberrations. The second method is directed at evaluating the effect of chromosomal aberrations on folliculogenesis by determining the X chromosomal content of ovarian cells of newly formed secondary and antral follicles in ovarian tissue, from females with X chromosomal aberrations after long-term grafting into immunocompromised mice. Both methods could be helpful in future research to gain insight into the reproductive potential of females with X chromosomal aberrations.

Exploring X Chromosomal Aberrations in Ovarian Cells by Using Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization

This article presents two methods based on fluorescence in situ hybridization to determine the X chromosomal content of ovarian cells in non-grafted and grafted ovarian cortex tissue from females with X chromosomal aberrations.

蛍光 In situ ハイブリダイゼーションを用いた卵巣細胞のX染色体異常の探索

Millions of people worldwide deal with issues concerning fertility. Reduced fertility, or even infertility, may be due to many different causes, including ...

遺伝学

Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) Protocol in Human Sperm

Aneuploidies are the most frequent chromosomal abnormalities in humans. Most of these abnormalities result from meiotic errors during the gametogenic process in the parents. In human males, these errors can lead to the production of spermatozoa with numerical chromosome abnormalities which represent an increased risk of transmitting these anomalies to the offspring.
For this reason, the technique of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) on sperm nuclei has become a protocol widely incorporated in the context of clinical diagnosis. This practice provides an estimate of the frequencies of numerical chromosome abnormalities in the gametes of the patients that seek for genetic reproductive advice.
To date, the chromosomes most frequently included in sperm FISH analysis are chromosomes X, Y, 13, 18 and 21.
This video-article describes, step by step, how to process and fix a human semen sample, how to decondense and denature the sperm chromatin, how to proceed to obtain sperm FISH preparations, and how to visualize the results at the microscope. Special remarks of the most relevant steps are given to achieve the best results.

Fluorescence in situ hybridization FISH Protocol in Human Sperm

This video-article describes, step by step, how to process a semen sample to achieve good-quality fluorescence in situ hybridization on human spermatozoa. Preparations obtained can be used for aneuploidy screening in the context of clinical diagnosis.

蛍光その場で</emヒト精子の>ハイブリダイゼーション（FISH）プロトコル

Aneuploidies are the most frequent chromosomal abnormalities in humans. Most of these abnormalities result from meiotic errors during the gametogenic ...

Fluorescent Calcium Imaging and Subsequent In Situ Hybridization for Neuronal Precursor Characterization in Xenopus laevis

Spontaneous intracellular calcium activity can be observed in a variety of cell types and is proposed to play critical roles in a variety of physiological processes. In particular, appropriate regulation of calcium activity patterns during embryogenesis is necessary for many aspects of vertebrate neural development, including proper neural tube closure, synaptogenesis, and neurotransmitter phenotype specification. While the observation that calcium activity patterns can differ in both frequency and amplitude suggests a compelling mechanism by which these fluxes might transmit encoded signals to downstream effectors and regulate gene expression, existing population-level approaches have lacked the precision necessary to further explore this possibility. Furthermore, these approaches limit studies of the role of cell-cell interactions by precluding the ability to assay the state of neuronal determination in the absence of cell-cell contact. Therefore, we have established an experimental workflow that pairs time-lapse calcium imaging of dissociated neuronal explants with a fluorescence in situ hybridization assay, allowing the unambiguous correlation of calcium activity pattern with molecular phenotype on a single-cell level. We were successfully able to use this approach to distinguish and characterize specific calcium activity patterns associated with differentiating neural cells and neural progenitor cells, respectively; beyond this, however, the experimental framework described in this article could be readily adapted to investigate correlations between any time-series activity profile and expression of a gene or genes of interest.

Fluorescent Calcium Imaging and Subsequent In Situ Hybridization for Neuronal Precursor Characterization in Xenopus laevis

We present a two-part protocol that combines fluorescent calcium imaging with in situ hybridization, allowing the experimenter to correlate patterns of calcium activity with gene expression profiles on a single-cell level.

ゼノプス・ラエビスにおける神経前駆体特性評価のための蛍光カルシウムイメージングとその後のその後の位置ハイブリダイゼーション

Spontaneous intracellular calcium activity can be observed in a variety of cell types and is proposed to play critical roles in a variety of physiological ...

Combining Double Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization with Immunolabelling for Detection of the Expression of Three Genes in Mouse Brain Sections

Detection of gene expression in different types of brain cells e.g., neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, oligodendrocyte precursors and microglia, can be hampered by the lack of specific primary or secondary antibodies for immunostaining. Here we describe a protocol to detect the expression of three different genes in the same brain section using double fluorescence in situ hybridization with two gene-specific probes followed by immunostaining with an antibody of high specificity directed against the protein encoded by a third gene. The Aspartoacyclase (ASPA) gene, mutations of which can lead to a rare human white matter disease - Canavan disease - is thought to be expressed in oligodendrocytes and microglia but not in astrocytes and neurons. However, the precise expression pattern of ASPA in the brain has yet to be established. This protocol has allowed us to determine that ASPA is expressed in a subset of mature oligodendrocytes and it can be generally applied to a wide range of gene expression pattern studies.

Combining Double Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization with Immunolabelling for Detection of the Expression of Three Genes in Mouse Brain Sections

Localizing gene expression to specific cell types can be challenging due to the lack of specific antibodies. Here we describe a protocol for simultaneous triple detection of gene expression by combining double fluorescence RNA in situ hybridization with immunostaining.

ダブル蛍光を組み合わせます<em&gt;その場で</em&gt;マウス脳切片の3遺伝子の発現を検出するための免疫標識とのハイブリダイゼーション

Detection of gene expression in different types of brain cells e.g., neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, oligodendrocyte precursors and microglia, can ...

神経科学

Chromosome Replicating Timing Combined with Fluorescent In situ Hybridization

Mammalian DNA replication initiates at multiple sites along chromosomes at different times during S phase, following a temporal replication program. The specification of replication timing is thought to be a dynamic process regulated by tissue-specific and developmental cues that are responsive to epigenetic modifications. However, the mechanisms regulating where and when DNA replication initiates along chromosomes remains poorly understood. Homologous chromosomes usually replicate synchronously, however there are notable exceptions to this rule. For example, in female mammalian cells one of the two X chromosomes becomes late replicating through a process known as X inactivation1. Along with this delay in replication timing, estimated to be 2-3 hr, the majority of genes become transcriptionally silenced on one X chromosome. In addition, a discrete cis-acting locus, known as the X inactivation center, regulates this X inactivation process, including the induction of delayed replication timing on the entire inactive X chromosome. In addition, certain chromosome rearrangements found in cancer cells and in cells exposed to ionizing radiation display a significant delay in replication timing of &gt;3 hours that affects the entire chromosome2,3. Recent work from our lab indicates that disruption of discrete cis-acting autosomal loci result in an extremely late replicating phenotype that affects the entire chromosome4. Additional 'chromosome engineering' studies indicate that certain chromosome rearrangements affecting many different chromosomes result in this abnormal replication-timing phenotype, suggesting that all mammalian chromosomes contain discrete cis-acting loci that control proper replication timing of individual chromosomes5.
Here, we present a method for the quantitative analysis of chromosome replication timing combined with fluorescent in situ hybridization. This method allows for a direct comparison of replication timing between homologous chromosomes within the same cell, and was adapted from6. In addition, this method allows for the unambiguous identification of chromosomal rearrangements that correlate with changes in replication timing that affect the entire chromosome. This method has advantages over recently developed high throughput micro-array or sequencing protocols that cannot distinguish between homologous alleles present on rearranged and un-rearranged chromosomes. In addition, because the method described here evaluates single cells, it can detect changes in chromosome replication timing on chromosomal rearrangements that are present in only a fraction of the cells in a population.

Chromosome Replicating Timing Combined with Fluorescent In situ Hybridization

A quantitative method for the analysis of chromosome replication timing is described. The method utilizes BrdU incorporation in combination with fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) to assess replication timing of mammalian chromosomes. This technique allows for the direct comparison of rearranged and un-rearranged chromosomes within the same cell.

蛍光灯と組み合わせることで染色体の複製タイミング<em&gt;その場</em&gt;ハイブリダイゼーション

Mammalian DNA replication initiates at multiple sites along chromosomes at different times during S phase, following a temporal replication program. The ...

Combined Immunofluorescence and DNA FISH on 3D-preserved Interphase Nuclei to Study Changes in 3D Nuclear Organization

Fluorescent in situ hybridization using DNA probes on 3-dimensionally preserved nuclei followed by 3D confocal microscopy (3D DNA FISH) represents the most direct way to visualize the location of gene loci, chromosomal sub-regions or entire territories in individual cells. This type of analysis provides insight into the global architecture of the nucleus as well as the behavior of specific genomic loci and regions within the nuclear space. Immunofluorescence, on the other hand, permits the detection of nuclear proteins (modified histones, histone variants and modifiers, transcription machinery and factors, nuclear sub-compartments, etc). The major challenge in combining immunofluorescence and 3D DNA FISH is, on the one hand to preserve the epitope detected by the antibody as well as the 3D architecture of the nucleus, and on the other hand, to allow the penetration of the DNA probe to detect gene loci or chromosome territories 1-5. Here we provide a protocol that combines visualization of chromatin modifications with genomic loci in 3D preserved nuclei.

Here we describe a protocol for simultaneous detection of histone modifications by immunofluorescence and DNA sequences by DNA FISH followed by 3D microscopy and analyses (3D immuno-DNA FISH).

3D原子力組織の変化を研究するために3D保存状態間期核に組み合わさ免疫やDNA FISH

Fluorescent in situ hybridization using DNA probes  on 3-dimensionally preserved nuclei followed by 3D confocal microscopy (3D DNA  FISH) represents the ...

Combining Multiplex Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization with Fluorescent Immunohistochemistry on Fresh Frozen or Fixed Mouse Brain Sections

Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) is a molecular technique that identifies the presence and spatial distribution of specific RNA transcripts within cells. Neurochemical phenotyping of functionally identified neurons usually requires concurrent labelling with multiple antibodies (targeting protein) using immunohistochemistry (IHC) and optimization of in situ hybridization (targeting RNA), in tandem. A &#34;neurochemical signature&#34; to characterize particular neurons may be achieved however complicating factors include the need to verify FISH and IHC targets before combining the methods, and the limited number of RNAs and proteins that may be targeted simultaneously within the same tissue section.
Here we describe a protocol, using both fresh frozen and fixed mouse brain preparations, which detects multiple mRNAs and proteins in the same brain section using RNAscope FISH followed by fluorescence immunostaining, respectively. We use the combined method to describe the expression pattern of low abundance mRNAs (e.g., galanin receptor 1) and high abundance mRNAs (e.g., glycine transporter 2), in immunohistochemically identified brainstem nuclei.
Key considerations for protein labelling downstream of the FISH assay extend beyond tissue preparation and optimization of FISH probe labelling. For example, we found that antibody binding and labelling specificity can be detrimentally affected by the protease step within the FISH probe assay. Proteases catalyze hydrolytic cleavage of peptide bonds, facilitating FISH probe entry into cells, however they may also digest the protein targeted by the subsequent IHC assay, producing off target binding. The subcellular location of the targeted protein is another factor contributing to IHC success following FISH probe assay. We observed IHC specificity to be retained when the targeted protein is membrane bound, whereas IHC targeting cytoplasmic protein required extensive troubleshooting. Finally, we found handling of slide-mounted fixed frozen tissue more challenging than fresh frozen tissue, however IHC quality was overall better with fixed frozen tissue, when combined with RNAscope.

Combining Multiplex Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization with Fluorescent Immunohistochemistry on Fresh Frozen or Fixed Mouse Brain Sections

This protocol describes a method for combining fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and fluorescence immunohistochemistry (IHC) in both fresh frozen and fixed mouse brain sections, with the goal of achieving multilabel FISH and fluorescence IHC signal. IHC targeted cytoplasmic and membrane attached proteins.

マルチプレックス蛍光 In Situ ハイブリダイゼーションと蛍光免疫組織化学の融合による新鮮、凍結、または固定マウスの脳切片の結合(英語)

Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) is a molecular technique that identifies the presence and spatial distribution of specific RNA transcripts within ...

Combined DNA-RNA Fluorescent In situ Hybridization (FISH) to Study X Chromosome Inactivation in Differentiated Female Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells

Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) is a molecular technique which enables the detection of nucleic acids in cells. DNA FISH is often used in cytogenetics and cancer diagnostics, and can detect aberrations of the genome, which often has important clinical implications. RNA FISH can be used to detect RNA molecules in cells and has provided important insights in regulation of gene expression. Combining DNA and RNA FISH within the same cell is technically challenging, as conditions suitable for DNA FISH might be too harsh for fragile, single stranded RNA molecules. We here present an easily applicable protocol which enables the combined, simultaneous detection of Xist RNA and DNA encoded by the X chromosomes. This combined DNA-RNA FISH protocol can likely be applied to other systems where both RNA and DNA need to be detected.

Combined DNA-RNA Fluorescent In situ Hybridization FISH to Study X Chromosome Inactivation in Differentiated Female Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells

Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) allows the detection of nucleic acids in their native environment within cells. We here describe a protocol for the combined, simultaneous detection of RNA and DNA by means of FISH, which can be used to study X chromosome inactivation in mouse embryonic stem cells.

クイック蛍光

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Prometaphase の腕凝集度と中期の状態を監視する蛍光In Situハイブリダイゼーション (魚) を使用して私はショウジョウバエの卵母細胞

ゼブラフィッシュの全マウント高分解能二重蛍光上皮内ハイブリダイゼーション

蛍光 In situ ハイブリダイゼーションを用いた卵巣細胞のX染色体異常の探索

蛍光その場でハイブリダイゼーション（FISH）プロトコル

ゼノプス・ラエビスにおける神経前駆体特性評価のための蛍光カルシウムイメージングとその後のその後の位置ハイブリダイゼーション

ダブル蛍光を組み合わせます

蛍光灯と組み合わせることで染色体の複製タイミング

3D原子力組織の変化を研究するために3D保存状態間期核に組み合わさ免疫やDNA FISH

マルチプレックス蛍光 In Situ ハイブリダイゼーションと蛍光免疫組織化学の融合による新鮮、凍結、または固定マウスの脳切片の結合(英語)

組み合わせたDNA-RNA蛍光