We would like to thank Richie Davidson, Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, for his guidance and support.

<html>すべての参加者は、手続きについて説明を受け、および研究開始前に同意書に署名しました。マクマスター大学健康科学とセントジョセフヘルスケア研究倫理ボードは、すべての手順を承認しました。 注：このプロトコルでは、16と24歳の47右利きの女性が使用されています。このうち、15の参加者は、MDD（医師確定診断）に苦しみ、調査時のうつ病エピソードを経験しています。個人のこのグループは、「MDD群」と表記されています。このプロトコルでは、リスクのグループには、MDDと診断された第一度近親者（親または兄弟）を持っていますが、精神障害と診断され、現在押されていない16の参加者で構成されています。このプロトコルで、対照群は、精神障害のない寿命診断がなく、現在押されていない、うつ病と第一度近親を持っていない16の参加者で構成されています。 _title &quot;&gt; 1。参加者の選択<ol><li>地域社会でのインターネットと印刷広告を通じて健全な制御と、リスクのある女性の参加者を募集し、心理学科を経て、神経科学と地元の大学で行動。地元の病院で気分障害クリニックを通じて落ち込んで参加者を募集。 注：予選患者は、彼らが女性であるとDSM-IV基準27に従って、プライマリ気分障害と診断されており、ベックうつ病インベントリ·バージョンII（BDI-IIの臨床的に有意な標準化されたカットオフスコアを持っている場合は参加する資格があります）とハミルトンうつ病評価尺度（HAM-D）アンケート、到着時にこれらの措置の完了によって決定されます。 </li><li>適格性を確立するために興味を持って参加者との最初の電話や対面インタビューを行っています。アット、MDD用スキャナ安全要件、または適格性基準を満たしていない参加者を除外するリスクまたは対照群、および精神病、躁病または全般性不安障害（GAD）の現在または過去の歴史を持つ、すべての参加者。また、無意識につながる頭部外傷を経験している、または電気ショック療法や経頭蓋磁気刺激を用いた以前の治療を受けた参加者を除外します。 </li><li> 160スライス（厚さ1mm） - 132：広範なテストのための個人の選択されたグループ、および以下のパラメータ[3T、とT1強調SPGR軸取得を使用して機能的磁気共鳴画像（fMRI）スキャンを招待して下さい。 fMRIのは、（厚さ4mm、ギャップなし）31の軸方向のスライスを8チャンネルヘッドコイルをスキャンし、TR / TE = 2,500 / 35ミリ秒、FOV = 24センチ、マトリックス=×64 64、フリップ角90°]。 注：それは彼らが集中し、タスクへの準拠を妨害する、研究のMRI走査部の間に不安の高いレベルを経験する可能性があることが予想されるとして、GADと参加者を除外します。 </li><li>最初の12の間に参加者をスキャンホルモンの変動の潜在的な影響を低減するために彼らの月経周期（卵胞期）の日。 </li></ol> 2.ビルド思考抑制のタスク<ol><li>スキャナの参加者によって閲覧されるミッチェルと同僚18で説明した抑圧パラダイムの修正版をビルドします。パラダイムは4ブロック、新たに提示画面でマークされた各構成されています。 </li><li>パラダイムをプログラムするために心理学のパラダイムの構築ソフトウェアを使用してください。ソフトウェアを使用して、ミリ秒のタイミングで収集応答に、シリアルに提示されるテキストとイメージのスライドを組み立てます。最初のブロックは、12.5秒間画面上のターゲット文を提示します。 3色交通信号が後続のすべての画面の左側に存在するようにパラダイムをフォーマットします。 </li><li>次の画面で30秒間赤信号信号を提示するパラダイムを設定します。プログラムNEXで30秒間緑の交通信号を提示するパラダイムT画面を提示します。 <ol><li>点滅する黄色光を提示する最後の画面を設定します。 2,500ミリ秒離れて - 1,500間の擬似ランダム間隔で光4回点滅。画面のこのシリーズを12回繰り返します。 </li><li>訪問者の間のパラダイムへのターゲット文を挿入し、したがって、それは容易に修正になりますようにパラダイムを構築します。参加者が訪問時には、ターゲットを抑制するために、参加者に指示する赤色光が提示されたときに緑色の光が提示され、たびに、黄色のライトが点滅を応答ボタンを押したときに考える解放するために、と思いました。 MRIスキャナでこのタスクを完了すると、各指示タスクの実行中に神経活動の違いの評価を可能にします。 </li></ol></li></ol> 3.参加者を訪問<ol><li>到着すると、うつ病の重症度とBDI-II、HAM-Dとミニ国際神経精神インベントリ（MINI）を持つすべての参加者の精神状態を評価アンケート。投薬状況と学歴に関する情報を収集します。 注：これらのアンケートは、ここに記載されていない他の措置を含む、より大きな調査の一環として完成しました。 </li><li>彼らは繰り返し、過去数週間にわたって、彼らは振ることができなかったことを再訪されている厄介な考えや懸念を一覧表示するには、参加者を確認して下さい。参加者とそれらを議論しながら、これらの口述を記録します。参加者と協力して、文を言い換え、7に短縮 - 長さが10の単語と感情的に有意であると明示的に参加者にターゲット文の意味を伝える重要な単語を識別します。 </li><li>スキャンの前に、パラダイム全体画面に交通信号を観測するため、参加者に指示します。赤色光が提示される提示ターゲット文を抑制するために、参加者に指示します。何でも自由に考えることを参加者に依頼してみましょう緑色の光が提示されたときに彼らの心をさまよいます。 </li><li>スキャナ応答ボックスに思考抑制と自由思想期間の両方の間に再出現するターゲットが考えたびにボタンを押して、参加者に指示します。最後に、レスポンスボックスボタンを点滅黄色の光が提示されるたびに押すように、参加者に依頼してください。 注：以下のように各機能の実行中のブロックの順序は次のとおりである：a）ターゲット文プレゼンテーション期間b）個人情報やディストラクターが抑制期間は、c）の自由思想の期間、およびd）運動応答期間が中に誘導運動野の活性化を制御すると考えられ思考抑制と自由思想ブロック内のボタンを押します。このパターンは、3回のそれぞれで12回、4回繰り返します。 </li><li>パラダイムに個人的に相対して伸延ターゲット文とキーワードを挿入します。各ランの中で、最初のブロックは、2つの個人的な思考抑制ブロックと2つのディストラクタ思考SUPPで構成を確認してくださいressionブロック（ 図1を参照してください）。 <ol><li>その後のために短縮文とキーワードを提示し、1TRごとに、目標書類の表示期間の残りのトラフィック光信号が続きます。 3のfMRIスキャンのそれぞれの中で、参加者全体で期間を考え、個人およびディストラクターの順序を相殺します。 注：（：「大学に取得していないについて考えてみよう」など）、および例えばノーレン-Hoeksema（によって作製した電池から採取された中性伸延文目標文とキーワードは、両方の参加者が提供する個人的に関連した負の黙想的な思考で構成されます：）2「ディスプレイのシャンプーボトルの行について考えてみよう」。 </li></ol></li><li>三つの機能MRIスキャンで、各参加者をスキャンします。 </li></ol> 4.機能的磁気共鳴イメージングデータ収集と解析<ol><li> 3T全体BOのイメージングを行います8チャンネル並列受信機のヘッドコイルとDY短いボアスキャナ。 T1強調を行う3次元SPGR軸解剖学的スキャン132と - 160スライス（厚さ1mm）。取得3機能的MRI 31の軸方向のスライスで構成される勾配エコーEPIシーケンス使用して実行されます（厚さ4mmを、隙間なく）脳の頂点で始まり、全体の大脳を包含する（TR / TE = 2,500 / 35ミリ秒、FOV = 24センチ、 = 64×64マトリックス、フリップ角90°）。 </li><li>ワークステーションに取得された画像を転送します。 <ol><li>合成画像を生成する機能、データ·セットの平均に同時登録を実行するタライラッハ空間28内に解剖学的MRIデータセットを変換します。 </li><li>一時的に機能的なデータは29を設定し、修正してください。 3Dモーションは、機能データは29を設定し、修正してください。各ラン29の5フレームに機能的なデータ·セットを再編成。 6ミリメートルのガウスカーネルを使用して滑らかにし、タライラッハ空間29に正規化します。 </li></ol></li><li> - 関連するイベントを使用D分析方法は、データを分析するとき。下記のように思考抑制に関連する時間の間隔を抽出し、分析プロトコルを構築し、再出現し、成功した再抑制を考えました。 </li><li>思考抑制や自由な発想のブロックの間に、間隔のボタンを押して（前ボタン押下すると考えられての再登場）の前に500ミリ秒を開始し、ボタンを押してから2000ミリ秒の継続として再出現イベントを定義します。除外再出現のイベントと思考抑制ブロックにまたがる時間は、解析プロトコルに思考抑制を定義することです。 注：再抑制イベント次の1 TR内で、侵入イベントなしで、維持抑制などの分析プロトコルに再抑制に成功を定義します。黄色の光は、モータの応答期間中に点滅する場合、イベント時間などのプロトコルにモータ制御を定義します。 </li><li>ニューロイメージングソフトウェアを使用して、一般的なリチウムを使用して活性化マップを対比モデルの近くの間およびグループ内のコントラストに関連する活動のクラスタを識別します。先験的仮説検定とランダム効果分析（3×2）を実施します。グループとの間で行うには、制御/アット·リスク対落ち込んで、落ち込んで、制御対アット·リスク、およびリスクのある対落ち込ん対制御のための再抑制対再出現をモータ制御対思考抑制のために対照的であると考えられグループ。 </li><li>ニューロイメージングソフトウェアで実装方法（P = 0.05に設定FDR）偽発見率を用いて多重比較のための正しいコントラスト。 </li></ol>

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M., Tatham, E. L., MacQueen, G. M., Hall, G. B. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neural+Systems+underlying+thought+suppression+in+young+women+with,+and+at-risk,+for+depression.">Neural Systems underlying thought suppression in young women with, and at-risk, for depression.</a> Behavioural Brain Research. 257, 13-24 (2013).</li><li>Jenkins, A. C., Macrae, C. N., Mitchell, J. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Repetition+suppression+of+ventromedial+prefrontal+activity+during+judgment+of+self+and+others.">Repetition suppression of ventromedial prefrontal activity during judgment of self and others.</a> PNAS. 105, 4507-4512 (2008).</li><li>Anderson, M. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neural+systems+underlying+the+suppression+of+unwanted+memories.">Neural systems underlying the suppression of unwanted memories.</a> Science. 303, 232-235 (2004).</li><li>Halari, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reduced+activation+in+lateral+prefrontal+cortex+and+anterior+cingulate+during+attention+and+cognitive+control+functions+in+medication-naive+adolescents+with+depression+compared+to+controls.">Reduced activation in lateral prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate during attention and cognitive control functions in medication-naive adolescents with depression compared to controls.</a> J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 50, 307-316 (2009).</li><li>Mannie, Z. N., Norbury, R., Murphy, S. E., Inkster, B., Harmer, C. J., Cowen, P. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Affective+modulation+of+anterior+cingulate+cortex+in+young+people+at+increased+familial+risk+of+depression.">Affective modulation of anterior cingulate cortex in young people at increased familial risk of depression.</a> Br J Psychiatry. 192, 356-361 (2008).</li><li>Koenigs, M., Huey, E. D., Calamia, M., Raymont, V., Tranel, D., Grafman, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Distinct+regions+of+prefrontal+cortex+mediate+resistance+and+vulnerability+to+depression.">Distinct regions of prefrontal cortex mediate resistance and vulnerability to depression.</a> J Neurosci. 28, 12341-12348 (2008).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose

うつ病15,16,25で破壊神経回路の要素は、意識的思考17,18の調節に関連しています。アット·リスクと落ち込んで参加者に抑制関連の神経処理を調べることによって、我々は、うつ病と現在のうつ病エピソードに対する遺伝的素因との両方の個体に共通している脳の活性化パターンの変化があるかどうかを調べることができました。 我々の仮説と健常対照に?...

大うつ病性障害（MDD）を有する個体において共通の特徴は、黙想的な思考1に従事する傾向があることです。それは解像度2-5でない試みと否定的な考えやイベントの受動的固定を必要な場合にこの対処メカニズムは不適応であると考えられます。反芻は抑うつ1,6-9とうつ病エピソード10の長さの増加と重症度を発症するリスクの増加と関連しています。 定期的に反芻個人は、多くの場合、積極的に11を抑制することにより、これらの否定的な思考の頻度を低減しようとします。しかし、思考抑制に関与することは、そのような考えはよりアクセスし、迅速に個々の思考12で再出現する可能性を高めることができます。積極的思考を抑制する能力が損なわれる可能性があるので、これは押さ個体においてより頻繁に見られます。さらに、抑制がOTの可能性を増加させることが示されていると考えられ不快個人13の彼女の否定的な考え。したがって、落ち込んで個人のために黙想的な思考の抑制は、症状の悪化につながる可能性があり、黙想的な侵入の増加サイクリング、高めマイナス思考の産物。 うつ病の神経病理学的モデルは、大脳辺縁系の調節不全、線条体、視床、皮質脳回路14を断定します。地域代謝や血流の安静時の混乱は、一貫して扁桃体で観察された高め基礎レベル、眼窩前頭皮質、腹内側前頭前皮質と内側視床で、MDDに報告されています。また、低下したレベルは、背外側前頭前皮質で発見され、膝下と背側前帯状皮質は、健常対照15,16と比較します。これらの観​​察は、MDDが背側領域の活性の低下を伴うという考えにつながった、より腹側braiに感情的な大脳辺縁系の活性を高めていますN領域。 思考の規制に関する認知理論は思考抑制に2つの独立したメカニズムの役割を同定しました。これは、コントロールの最初のメカニズムは常に一過性に活性化された思考の抑制と第二のメカニズムのベースラインレベルを維持するために従事していることが示唆され、このベースライン17の上方に侵入するために管理し、不要な考えを再抑制する。機能的MRIデータは、背外側前頭前野と腹外側皮質18,19を含むこれらの方法で脳領域の数を巻き込みます 思考抑制のメンテナンス時に島19,20、前帯状皮質20、および背内側前頭前皮質19,21。さらに、抑制思考の再出現は、具体的には前帯状皮質18の締結に関連しています。したがって、脳領域の間にかなりの重複があるように思われます背外側前頭前皮質、島、前帯状皮質、背内側前頭前皮質22と思考抑制に関与するものを含む凹部に無調節することが示されました。これは、思考抑制と抑うつとの間神経生理学だけではなく、行動のリンクが、存在することを示唆しています。 黙想的な思考に従事する若い女性は、うつ病23を開発するためのより大きな危険にさらされています。うつ病のリスクも遺伝的に付与されます。うつ病の親または兄弟を持つ個人は、多くの障害24の家族歴を有する個体よりも、うつ病を発症する可能性が高いです。この研究は、うつ病の家族のリスク、現在うつ病を経験し、若い女性のグループ、および健常対照群と若い女性のグループで思考抑制に関与神経システムを探求するために行きました。私たちは、調べるために、新規な黙想的な思考抑制パラダイムを開発しました中立と個人的に関連した思考の両方の持続的かつ一過思考抑制と関連する神経活動の変化。このデザインは、私たちは中立の考えに比べて個人的に関連した思考の抑制のための神経活動に差があったかどうかを調査することができました。また、リスクのあるグループのテストはうつ病のリスクがうつ病に関与する領域の血中酸素レベル依存（BOLD）信号の大きさと関連しているかどうかを判定することによって、うつ病の潜在的な脆弱性マーカーを探索する機会を提供しました。 うつ病15,16に神経活動を取り巻く文学、反芻の研究に基づいて、それが思考の抑制が対照と比較して、MDDと参加者に背外側前頭前皮質の低減係に関連するであろうことが予想された抑制25,26を考えました。これは、DEPに大きな脆弱性が予想されましたアット·リスク群ではressionは、コントロールと抑うつ群の間に入る背外側皮質活動のレベルに反映されることになります。さらに、それは抑制思考の再出現は、前帯状皮質の活性化に関連し、この活性化は、リスクの群よりもコントロールが大きいであろうとすることが予想されました。さらに、それは抑制思考の再出現時の制御と、リスクのある参加者の両方に比べて落ち込んで参加者において有意に少ない前帯状皮質の活性化を観察することが期待されました。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" >
	<tbody>
		<tr >
			<td >Magnetic Resonance Imaging Scanner</td>
			<td >General Electric</td>
			<td ></td>
			<td >3T, whole body, short bore scanner, Milwaukee, WI</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Brain Voyageur, QX, V2.1</td>
			<td >Brain Innovation (B.V.)</td>
			<td ></td>
			<td>Maastricht, The Netherlands</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >E-prime&#160;</td>
			<td >Psychology Software Tools</td>
			<td ></td>
			<td>Pennsylvania, USA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D)</td>
			<td colspan="3">Hamilton M (1967) Development of a rating scale for primary depressive illness. The British journal of social and clinical psychology 6: 278&#8211;296&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Rosenberg Self-Esteem Questionnaire (RSE)</td>
			<td colspan="3">Rosenberg M (1965). Society and the Adolescent Self-Image. Princeton University Press : Princeton, NJ.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ)</td>
			<td colspan="3">Bernstein DP, Stein JA, Newcomb M, et al. (2003) Development and validation of a brief screening version of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire. Child Abuse &#38; Neglect 27: 169&#8211;190.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >NEO-FFI Neuroticism questionnaire</td>
			<td colspan="3">Costa, P. T., &#38; McCrae, R. R. (1992). Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO&#8208;PI&#8208;R) and NEO Five&#8208;Factor Inventory (NEO&#8208;FFI) professional manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Mini International Neuropsychiatric Inventory (MINI)</td>
			<td colspan="3">Folstein, M. F., Folstein, S. E., &#38; McHugh, P. R. (1975). &#8220;Mini-mental state.&#8221; Journal of Psychiatric Research, 12(3), 189&#8211;198.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Beck Depression Inventory-Version II (BDI-II)</td>
			<td colspan="3">Beck AT, Ward CH, Mendelson M, Mock J, Erbaugh J (1961) An inventory for measuring depression Archives of General Psychiatry 4:561 - 571</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

design and implementation of an fmri study examining thought suppression in young women with, and at-risk, for depression

Ruminative brooding is associated with increased vulnerability to major depression. Individuals who regularly ruminate will often try to reduce the frequency of their negative thoughts by actively suppressing them. We aim to identify the neural correlates underlying thought suppression in at-risk and depressed individuals. Three groups of women were studied; a major depressive disorder group, an at-risk group (having a first degree relative with depression) and controls. Participants performed a mixed block-event fMRI paradigm involving thought suppression, free thought and motor control periods. Participants identified the re-emergence of &#8220;to-be-suppressed&#8221; thoughts (&#8220;popping&#8221; back into conscious awareness) with a button press. During thought suppression the control group showed the greatest activation of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, followed by the at-risk, then depressed group. During the re-emergence of intrusive thoughts compared to successful re-suppression of those thoughts, the control group showed the greatest activation of the anterior cingulate cortices, followed by the at-risk, then depressed group. At-risk participants displayed anomalies in the neural regulation of thought suppression resembling the dysregulation found in depressed individuals. The predictive value of these changes in the onset of depression remains to be determined.

ブロック状態の解析：モータ制御対思考抑制 ANOVA分析は、モータ制御に比べて（削除侵入付き）思考抑制のブロック期間に関連する脳の活性化を決定しました。制御用と、リスクのMDDコントラスト対結果、MDD対コントロールは、アット·リスク、およびリスクのあるMDD対対照対表1に詳述されている。何の間、または個人的に関連した思考の抑制に関連する活動?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Design and Implementation of an fMRI Study Examining Thought Suppression in Young Women with, and At-risk, for Depression at JoVE.com

Design and Implementation of an fMRI Study Examining Thought Suppression in Young Women with, and At-risk, for Depression

我々は、神経は、基礎となる持続的かつ過渡的思考抑制を相関し、アット·リスクと落ち込んで個人、コントロールに再出現を考え識別することを目指しています。活性化は、思考の再出現時の思考抑制と前帯状皮質中の背外側前頭前皮質のアットリスクと落ち込ん群と比較対照のために最大でした。

fMRIの研究は、うつ病のため、と若い女性に思考抑制を調べると、アットリスクの設計と実装

Ruminative brooding is associated with increased vulnerability to major depression. Individuals who regularly ruminate will often try to reduce the ...

design-implementation-an-fmri-study-examining-thought-suppression

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

10.4K ビュー.  McMaster University. 我々は、神経は、基礎となる持続的かつ過渡的思考抑制を相関し、アット·リスクと落ち込んで個人、コントロールに再出現を考え識別することを目指しています。活性化は、思考の再出現時の思考抑制と前帯状皮質中の背外側前頭前皮質のアットリスクと落ち込ん群と比較対照のために最大でした。 

ビデオ: Design and Implementation of an fMRI Study Examining Thought Suppression in Young Women with, and At-risk, for Depression

Assessment and Evaluation of the High Risk Neonate: The NICU Network Neurobehavioral Scale

There has been a long-standing interest in the assessment of the neurobehavioral integrity of the newborn infant. The NICU Network Neurobehavioral Scale (NNNS) was developed as an assessment for the at-risk infant. These are infants who are at increased risk for poor developmental outcome because of insults during prenatal development, such as substance exposure or prematurity or factors such as poverty, poor nutrition or lack of prenatal care that can have adverse effects on the intrauterine environment and affect the developing fetus. The NNNS assesses the full range of infant neurobehavioral performance including neurological integrity, behavioral functioning, and signs of stress/abstinence. The NNNS is a noninvasive neonatal assessment tool with demonstrated validity as a predictor, not only of medical outcomes such as cerebral palsy diagnosis, neurological abnormalities, and diseases with risks to the brain, but also of developmental outcomes such as mental and motor functioning, behavior problems, school readiness, and IQ. The NNNS can identify infants at high risk for abnormal developmental outcome and is an important clinical tool that enables medical researchers and health practitioners to identify these infants and develop intervention programs to optimize the development of these infants as early as possible. The video shows the NNNS procedures, shows examples of normal and abnormal performance and the various clinical populations in which the exam can be used.

The NICU Network Neurobehavioral Scale (NNNS) was developed as an assessment for the at-risk infant. The purpose of this article is to describe the NNNS, provide video examples of the NNNS procedures and discuss the ways in which the exam has been used.

NICUネットワーク神経行動スケール：ハイリスク新生児の評価と評価

There has been a long-standing interest in the assessment of the neurobehavioral integrity of the newborn infant.  The NICU Network Neurobehavioral Scale ...

行動学

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) with Auditory Stimulation in Songbirds

The neurobiology of birdsong, as a model for human speech, is a pronounced area of research in behavioral neuroscience. Whereas electrophysiology and molecular approaches allow the investigation of either different stimuli on few neurons, or one stimulus in large parts of the brain, blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) allows combining both advantages, i.e. compare the neural activation induced by different stimuli in the entire brain at once. fMRI in songbirds is challenging because of the small size of their brains and because their bones and especially their skull comprise numerous air cavities, inducing important susceptibility artifacts. Gradient-echo (GE) BOLD fMRI has been successfully applied to songbirds 1-5 (for a review, see 6). These studies focused on the primary and secondary auditory brain areas, which are regions free of susceptibility artifacts. However, because processes of interest may occur beyond these regions, whole brain BOLD fMRI is required using an MRI sequence less susceptible to these artifacts. This can be achieved by using spin-echo (SE) BOLD fMRI 7,8 . In this article, we describe how to use this technique in zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata), which are small songbirds with a bodyweight of 15-25 g extensively studied in behavioral neurosciences of birdsong. The main topic of fMRI studies on songbirds is song perception and song learning. The auditory nature of the stimuli combined with the weak BOLD sensitivity of SE (compared to GE) based fMRI sequences makes the implementation of this technique very challenging.

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging fMRI with Auditory Stimulation in Songbirds

This article shows an optimized procedure for imaging of the neural substrates of auditory stimulation in the songbird brain using functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI). It describes the preparation of the sound stimuli, the positioning of the subject and the acquisition and subsequent analysis of the fMRI data.

鳴禽類における聴覚刺激と機能的磁気共鳴画像法（fMRI）

The neurobiology of birdsong, as a model for human speech, is a pronounced area of research in behavioral neuroscience. Whereas electrophysiology and ...

Transferring Cognitive Tasks Between Brain Imaging Modalities: Implications for Task Design and Results Interpretation in fMRI Studies

As cognitive neuroscience methods develop, established experimental tasks are used with emerging brain imaging modalities. Here transferring a paradigm (the visual oddball task) with a long history of behavioral and electroencephalography (EEG) experiments to a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) experiment is considered. The aims of this paper are to briefly describe fMRI and when its use is appropriate in cognitive neuroscience; illustrate how task design can influence the results of an fMRI experiment, particularly when that task is borrowed from another imaging modality; explain the practical aspects of performing an fMRI experiment. It is demonstrated that manipulating the task demands in the visual oddball task results in different patterns of blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) activation. The nature of the fMRI BOLD measure means that many brain regions are found to be active in a particular task. Determining the functions of these areas of activation is very much dependent on task design and analysis. The complex nature of many fMRI tasks means that the details of the task and its requirements need careful consideration when interpreting data. The data show that this is particularly important in those tasks relying on a motor response as well as cognitive elements and that covert and overt responses should be considered where possible. Furthermore, the data show that transferring an EEG paradigm to an fMRI experiment needs careful consideration and it cannot be assumed that the same paradigm will work equally well across imaging modalities. It is therefore recommended that the design of an fMRI study is pilot tested behaviorally to establish the effects of interest and then pilot tested in the fMRI environment to ensure appropriate design, implementation and analysis for the effects of interest.

Transferring a paradigm with a history of use in EEG experiments to an fMRI experiment is considered. It is demonstrated that manipulating the task demands in the visual oddball task resulted in different patterns of BOLD activation and illustrated how task design is crucial in fMRI experiments.

脳イメージングモダリティ間で転送認知タスク：fMRIの研究の作業の設計と結果の解釈のための含意

As cognitive neuroscience methods develop, established experimental tasks are used with emerging brain imaging modalities. Here transferring a paradigm ...

fMRI Mapping of Brain Activity Associated with the Vocal Production of Consonant and Dissonant Intervals

The neural correlates of consonance and dissonance perception have been widely studied, but not the neural correlates of consonance and dissonance production. The most straightforward manner of musical production is singing, but, from an imaging perspective, it still presents more challenges than listening because it involves motor activity. The accurate singing of musical intervals requires integration between auditory feedback processing and vocal motor control in order to correctly produce each note. This protocol presents a method that permits the monitoring of neural activations associated with the vocal production of consonant and dissonant intervals. Four musical intervals, two consonant and two dissonant, are used as stimuli, both for an auditory discrimination test and a task that involves first listening to and then reproducing given intervals. Participants, all female vocal students at the conservatory level, were studied using functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) during the performance of the singing task, with the listening task serving as a control condition. In this manner, the activity of both the motor and auditory systems was observed, and a measure of vocal accuracy during the singing task was also obtained. Thus, the protocol can also be used to track activations associated with singing different types of intervals or with singing the required notes more accurately. The results indicate that singing dissonant intervals requires greater participation of the neural mechanisms responsible for the integration of external feedback from the auditory and sensorimotor systems than does singing consonant intervals.

The neural correlates of listening to consonant and dissonant intervals have been widely studied, but the neural mechanisms associated with production of consonant and dissonant intervals are less well known. In this article, behavioral tests and fMRI are combined with interval identification and singing tasks to describe these mechanisms.

子音と睡眠不足の声調発声に伴う脳活動のfMRIマッピング

The neural correlates of consonance and dissonance perception have been widely studied, but not the neural correlates of consonance and dissonance ...

Design and Use of an Apparatus for Presenting Graspable Objects in 3D Workspace

Reaching and grasping are highly-coupled movements, and their underlying neural dynamics have been widely studied in the last decade. To distinguish reaching and grasping encodings, it is essential to present different object identities independent of their positions. Presented here is the design of an automatic apparatus that is assembled with a turning table and three-dimensional (3D) translational device to achieve this goal. The turning table switches different objects corresponding to different grip types while the 3D translational device transports the turning table in 3D space. Both are driven independently by motors so that the target position and object are combined arbitrarily. Meanwhile, wrist trajectory and grip types are recorded via the motion capture system and touch sensors, respectively. Furthermore, representative results that demonstrate successfully trained monkey using this system are described. It is expected that this apparatus will facilitate researchers to study kinematics, neural principles, and brain-machine interfaces related to upper limb function.

Presented here is a protocol to build an automatic apparatus that guides a monkey to perform the flexible reach-to-grasp task. The apparatus combines a 3D translational device and turning table to present multiple objects in an arbitrary position in 3D space.

3Dワークスペースで把握可能な物体を提示する装置の設計と使用

Reaching and grasping are highly-coupled movements, and their underlying neural dynamics have been widely studied in the last decade. To distinguish ...

Assessing the Coherence of Parents' Short Narratives Regarding their Child Using the Five-Minute Speech Sample Procedure

Valid and efficient measures for assessing the quality of parent-child relationships are needed to facilitate research and evidence-based practice with parents. This paper focuses on such a method, namely Five-Minute Speech Sample-Coherence (FMSS-Coherence). In this method, a parent is asked to speak for five uninterrupted minutes about her/his child and their relationship. The resulted narrative is coded for coherence, namely the extent to which the parent provides&#160;in the narrative&#160;a clear, consistent, multidimensional and well-supported portrayal of the child. FMSS-Coherence is based on attachment research that shows that the coherence of parents&#8217; narratives is indicative of the quality of the parent-child relationship and child adjustment. It overcomes the limitations of attachment narrative measures which are typically labor intensive. FMSS-Coherence is less nuanced than extant attachment narrative measures. Yet, studies of families from different cultural backgrounds, across different child ages and in the context of typically developing children as well as children with special needs suggest that coherence can be reliably evaluated using the FMSS procedure. Furthermore, parents&#8217; FMSS-Coherence is associated with parenting quality and children&#8217;s socio-emotional adjustment. Thus, it holds promise for researchers and practitioners who seek a relatively time- and cost-effective method for assessing the coherence of parents&#8217; narratives regarding their child.

This paper introduces a method for assessing the coherence of parents' short narratives regarding their child and their relationship using the five-minute speech sample procedure.

5分間の音声サンプル手順を用いた子どもに関する親の短い物語の一貫性の評価

Valid and efficient measures for assessing the quality of parent-child relationships are needed to facilitate research and evidence-based practice with ...

Examining Changes in HRV and Emotion Following Artmaking with Three Different Art Materials

This protocol enables the examination of psychological and physiological responses to different types of behavioral engagements. Specifically, in this study example, the emotional response and changes in heart rate variability are examined in response to artmaking with three different art materials that vary in their levels of fluidity. This protocol can be adapted to examine other types of behavior or engagement in artmaking with other materials. There are several benefits to using this protocol. Firstly, the order randomization of the materials improves the probability that the response measured is associated with its qualities and not the order of presentation. Secondly, the continuous measuring of electrocardiogram enables the examination of changes in heart rate variability after engagement with each art material and changes that might occur during the artmaking itself. The advantages of this protocol should be considered with their limitations. The music listening is before each art making session; thus, the return to baseline can only be measured in the first two conditions. The return to baseline provides information on how fast individuals recover after response to working with each of the materials. Furthermore, a more liquid material instead of gouache paint with a brush, such as finger paints, provides more difference between materials. Finally, this protocol can be adapted to specific research needs.

The goal of the protocol is to guide researchers in conducting experiments that are intended to measure changes in self-reported emotional response and heart rate variability following art making with different materials. The protocol can easily be adapted for use in a variety of behavioral conditions and activities.

3つの異なる美術材料によるアートメイキングに続くHRVと感情の変化を調べる

This protocol enables the examination of psychological and physiological responses to different types of behavioral engagements. Specifically, in this ...

Flypub To Study Ethanol Induced Behavioral Disinhibition and Sensitization

Alcohol use disorder (AUD) remains a serious problem in our society. To develop effective interventions for addiction, it is important to understand the underlying neurobiological mechanisms, for which diverse experimental approaches and model systems are needed. The main ingredient of alcoholic beverages is ethanol, which causes adaptive changes in the central nervous system and behavior upon chronic intake. Behavioral sensitization (i.e., escalated responses) in particular represents a key adaptive change underlying addiction. Most ethanol-induced behavioral sensitization studies in animal models have been conducted on the locomotor activating effect of ethanol. A prominent effect of ethanol is behavioral disinhibition. Behavioral sensitization to the disinhibition effect of ethanol, however, is underrepresented. To address this issue, we developed the Flypub assay that allows measuring the escalated increase in disinhibited courtship activities upon recurring ethanol exposure in Drosophila melanogaster.&#160;Here, we report the step-by-step Flypub assay including assembly of ethanol exposure chambers, setup of the assay station, criteria for fly care and collection, ethanol delivery, quantification of disinhibited courtship activities, data processing and statistical analysis. Also provided are how to troubleshoot critical steps, overcome limitations and expand its utility to assess additional ethanol-induced behaviors. The Flypub assay in combination with powerful genetic tools in Drosophila melanogaster will facilitate the task of discovering the mechanism underlying ethanol-induced behavioral sensitization.

The Flypub assay measures the behaviors that the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster displays under the influence of ethanol. The assay can be readily mastered by experimenters at all levels and applied to various vaporized stimuli, facilitating substance abuse and addiction studies.

フライパブ、エタノール誘導行動抑制と感作を研究

Alcohol use disorder (AUD) remains a serious problem in our society. To develop effective interventions for addiction, it is important to understand the ...

Tactile Vibrating Toolkit and Driving Simulation Platform for Driving-Related Research

Collision warning system plays a key role in the prevention of driving distractions and drowsy driving. Previous studies have proven the advantages of tactile warnings in reducing driver&#8217;s brake response time. At the same time, tactile warnings have been proved effective in take-over request (TOR) for partially autonomous vehicles.
How the performance of tactile warnings can be optimized is an ongoing hot research topic in this field. Thus, the presented low-cost driving simulation software and methods are introduced to attract more researchers to take part in the investigation. The presented protocol has been divided into five sections: 1) participants, 2) driving simulation software configuration, 3) driving simulator preparation, 4) vibrating toolkit configuration and preparation, and 5) conducting the experiment.
In the exemplar study, participants wore the tactile vibrating toolkit and performed an established car-following task using the customized driving simulation software. The front vehicle braked intermittently, and vibrating warnings were delivered whenever the front vehicle was braking. Participants were instructed to respond as quickly as possible to the sudden brakes of the front vehicle. Driving dynamics, such as the brake response time and brake response rate, were recorded by the simulation software for data analysis.
The presented protocol offers insight into the exploration of the effectiveness of tactile warnings on different body locations. In addition to the car-following task that is demonstrated in the exemplar experiment, this protocol also provides options&#160;to apply other paradigms to the driving simulation studies by making simple software configuration without any code development. However, it is important to note that due to its affordable price, the driving simulation software and hardware introduced here may not be able to fully compete with other high-fidelity commercial driving simulators. Nevertheless, this protocol can act as an affordable and user-friendly alternative to the general high-fidelity commercial driving simulators.

This protocol describes a driving simulation platform and a tactile vibrating toolkit for the investigation of driving-related research. An exemplar experiment exploring the effectiveness of tactile warnings is also presented.&#160;

走行関連研究のための触覚振動ツールキットとドライビングシミュレーションプラットフォーム

Collision warning system plays a key role in the prevention of driving distractions and drowsy driving. Previous studies have proven the advantages of ...

The Participant-Reported Implementation Update and Score (PRIUS): A Novel Method for Capturing Implementation-Related Data Over Time

"Implementation" of new initiatives in healthcare settings typically encompasses two distinct components: a "clinical intervention" plus accompanying "implementation strategies" that support putting the clinical intervention into day-to-day practice. A novel clinical intervention, for example, might consist of a new medication, a new protocol, a new device, or a new program. As clinical interventions are not self-implementing, however, they nearly always require effective implementation strategies in order to succeed. Implementation strategies set out to engage healthcare providers, staff and patients in ways that increase the likelihood of the new initiative being successfully adopted, a process that often involves behavior change and new ways of thinking by participants. One of the challenges in studying implementation is that it can be difficult to collect data about the status and progress of implementation, including participants' own perspectives and experiences concerning implementation to date. This protocol describes a novel method for collecting and analyzing data related to ongoing implementation called the Participant-Reported Implementation Update and Score, or PRIUS. The PRIUS method allows for the efficient and systematic capture of qualitative and quantitative data that can provide a detailed and nuanced account of implementation over time and from multiple viewpoints. This longitudinal method can enable researchers, as well as implementation leaders and organizational stakeholders, to monitor implementation progress more closely, conduct formative evaluation, identify improvement opportunities, and gauge the effect of any implementation changes on a rolling basis.

The Participant-Reported Implementation Update and Score PRIUS: A Novel Method for Capturing Implementation-Related Data Over Time

This protocol describes a novel method for collecting and analyzing data related to ongoing implementation called the Participant-Reported Implementation Update and Score (PRIUS). The PRIUS method allows for the efficient and systematic capture of data over time and from multiple viewpoints in healthcare settings.

参加者報告の実装の更新とスコア(PRIUS):実装関連データを経時的にキャプチャするための新しい方法

"Implementation" of new initiatives in healthcare settings typically encompasses two distinct components: a "clinical intervention" plus accompanying ...