VCUからA·ディキンソンのスタートアップ資金がこの作品を支持した。 著者は、概略図を作成する際に、彼の芸術的才能のためのダンNacuを認識したい。

<ol><li>Mossey, P. A., Little, J., Munger, R. G., Dixon, M. J., Shaw, W. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Cleft+lip+and+palate%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Lancet%22%5BJournal%5D)">Cleft lip and palate.</a> Lancet. 374, 1773-1785 (2009).</li>
<li>Kennedy, A. E., Dickinson, A. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Median+facial+clefts+in+Xenopus+laevis%3A+roles+of+retinoic+acid+signaling+and+homeobox+genes%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Dev+Biol%22%5BJournal%5D)">Median facial clefts in Xenopus laevis: roles of retinoic acid signaling and homeobox genes.</a> Dev Biol. 365, 229-240 (2012).</li>
<li>Kennedy, A. E., Dickinson, A. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Quantitative+Analysis+of+Orofacial+Development+and+Median+Clefts+in+Xenopus+Laevis%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Anat+Rec+%28Hoboken%29%22%5BJournal%5D)">Quantitative Analysis of Orofacial Development and Median Clefts in Xenopus Laevis.</a> Anat Rec (Hoboken). , (2014).</li>
<li>Dickinson, A., Sive, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Positioning+the+extreme+anterior+in+Xenopus%3A+cement+gland%2C+primary+mouth+and+anterior+pituitary%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Semin+Cell+Dev+Biol%22%5BJournal%5D)">Positioning the extreme anterior in Xenopus: cement gland, primary mouth and anterior pituitary.</a> Semin Cell Dev Biol. 18, 525-533 (2007).</li>
<li>Dickinson, A. J., Sive, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Development+of+the+primary+mouth+in+Xenopus+laevis%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Dev+Biol%22%5BJournal%5D)">Development of the primary mouth in Xenopus laevis.</a> Dev Biol. 295, 700-713 (2006).</li>
<li>Dickinson, A. J., Sive, H. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((The+Wnt+antagonists+Frzb-1+and+Crescent+locally+regulate+basement+membrane+dissolution+in+the+developing+primary+mouth%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Development%22%5BJournal%5D)">The Wnt antagonists Frzb-1 and Crescent locally regulate basement membrane dissolution in the developing primary mouth.</a> Development. 136, 1071-1081 (2009).</li>
<li>Barnett, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Syndrome+Transcription+Factor+is+critical+for+neural+crest+cell+function+in+Xenopus+laevis%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Mech+Dev%22%5BJournal%5D)">Syndrome Transcription Factor is critical for neural crest cell function in Xenopus laevis.</a> Mech Dev. 129, 324-338 (2012).</li>
<li>Gonzales, B., Yang, H., Henning, D., Valdez, B. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Cloning+and+functional+characterization+of+the+Xenopus+orthologue+of+the+Treacher+Collins+syndrome+%28TCOF1%29+gene+product%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Gene%22%5BJournal%5D)">Cloning and functional characterization of the Xenopus orthologue of the Treacher Collins syndrome (TCOF1) gene product.</a> Gene. 359, 73-80 (2005).</li>
<li>Reisoli, E., De Lucchini, S., Nardi, I., Ori, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Serotonin+2B+receptor+signaling+is+required+for+craniofacial+morphogenesis+and+jaw+joint+formation+in+Xenopus%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Development%22%5BJournal%5D)">Serotonin 2B receptor signaling is required for craniofacial morphogenesis and jaw joint formation in Xenopus.</a> Development. 137, 2927-2937 (2010).</li>
<li>Schuff, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((FoxN3+is+required+for+craniofacial+and+eye+development+of+Xenopus+laevis%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Dev+Dyn%22%5BJournal%5D)">FoxN3 is required for craniofacial and eye development of Xenopus laevis.</a> Dev Dyn. 236, 226-239 (2007).</li>
<li>Slater, B. J., Liu, K. J., Kwan, M. D., Quarto, N., Longaker, M. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Cranial+osteogenesis+and+suture+morphology+in+Xenopus+laevis%3A+a+unique+model+system+for+studying+craniofacial+development%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22PLoS+One%22%5BJournal%5D)">Cranial osteogenesis and suture morphology in Xenopus laevis: a unique model system for studying craniofacial development.</a> PLoS One. 4, (2009).</li>
<li>Vandenberg, L. N., Adams, D. S., Levin, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Normalized+shape+and+location+of+perturbed+craniofacial+structures+in+the+Xenopus+tadpole+reveal+an+innate+ability+to+achieve+correct+morphology%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Dev+Dyn%22%5BJournal%5D)">Normalized shape and location of perturbed craniofacial structures in the Xenopus tadpole reveal an innate ability to achieve correct morphology.</a> Dev Dyn. 241, 863-878 (2012).</li>
<li>Bugaighis, I., Mattick, C. R., Tiddeman, B., Hobson, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((3D+Facial+Morphometry+in+Children+with+Oral+Clefts%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Cleft+Palate+Craniofac+J%22%5BJournal%5D)">3D Facial Morphometry in Children with Oral Clefts.</a> Cleft Palate Craniofac J. , (2013).</li>
<li>Farkas, L. G., Katic, M. J., Forrest, C. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Surface+anatomy+of+the+face+in+Down%27s+syndrome%3A+anthropometric+proportion+indices+in+the+craniofacial+regions%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22J+Craniofac+Surg%22%5BJournal%5D)">Surface anatomy of the face in Down's syndrome: anthropometric proportion indices in the craniofacial regions.</a> J Craniofac Surg. 12, 519-524 (2001).</li>
<li>Scheuer, H. A., Holtje, W. J., Hasund, A., Pfeifer, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Prognosis+of+facial+growth+in+patients+with+unilateral+complete+clefts+of+the+lip%2C+alveolus+and+palate%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22J+Craniomaxillofac+Surg%22%5BJournal%5D)">Prognosis of facial growth in patients with unilateral complete clefts of the lip, alveolus and palate.</a> J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 29, 198-204 (2001).</li>
<li>Parsons, K. J., Andreeva, V., James Cooper, W., Yelick, P. C., Craig Albertson, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Morphogenesis+of+the+zebrafish+jaw%3A+development+beyond+the+embryo%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Methods+Cell+Biol%22%5BJournal%5D)">Morphogenesis of the zebrafish jaw: development beyond the embryo.</a> Methods Cell Biol. 101, 225-248 (2011).</li>
<li>Farkas, L. G., Katic, M. J., Forrest, C. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Surface+anatomy+of+the+face+in+Down%27s+syndrome%3A+age-related+changes+of+anthropometric+proportion+indices+in+the+craniofacial+regions%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22J+Craniofac+Surg%22%5BJournal%5D)">Surface anatomy of the face in Down's syndrome: age-related changes of anthropometric proportion indices in the craniofacial regions.</a> J Craniofac Surg. 13, 368-374 (2002).</li>
<li>Cooper, W. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Bentho-pelagic+divergence+of+cichlid+feeding+architecture+was+prodigious+and+consistent+during+multiple+adaptive+radiations+within+African+rift-lakes%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22PLoS+One%22%5BJournal%5D)">Bentho-pelagic divergence of cichlid feeding architecture was prodigious and consistent during multiple adaptive radiations within African rift-lakes.</a> PLoS One. 5, (2010).</li>
<li>Klingenberg, C. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Prenatal+alcohol+exposure+alters+the+patterns+of+facial+asymmetry%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Alcohol%22%5BJournal%5D)">Prenatal alcohol exposure alters the patterns of facial asymmetry.</a> Alcohol. 44, 649-657 (2010).</li>
<li>Zhao, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Isolated+cleft+palate+in+mice+with+a+targeted+mutation+of+the+LIM+homeobox+gene+lhx8%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Proc+Natl+Acad+Sci+U+S+A%22%5BJournal%5D)">Isolated cleft palate in mice with a targeted mutation of the LIM homeobox gene lhx8.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 96, 15002-15006 (1999).</li>
<li>Allam, K. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((The+spectrum+of+median+craniofacial+dysplasia%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Plast+Reconstr+Surg%22%5BJournal%5D)">The spectrum of median craniofacial dysplasia.</a> Plast Reconstr Surg. , 812-821 (2011).</li>
<li>Sive, H. L., Grainger, R., Harlard, R. Early development of Xenopus laevis: a laboratory manual. , Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press. (2000).</li>
<li>Cross, M. K., Powers, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Obtaining+eggs+from+Xenopus+laevis+females%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22J+Vis+Exp%22%5BJournal%5D)">Obtaining eggs from Xenopus laevis females.</a> J Vis Exp. , (2008).</li>
<li>Nieuwkoop, P. D., Faber, J. Normal Table of Xenopus Laevis (Daudin). , Garland Publishing Inc. (1967).</li>
<li>Nieuwkoop, P. D. aF. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&safe=off&q=author%3aNieuwkoop%2C+PDaFJ+%22Normal+Table+of+Xenopus+laevis+%28Daudin%29%3A+A+Systematical+and+Chronological+Survey+of+the+Development+from+the+Fertilized+Egg+till+the+End+of+Metamorphosis%22">Normal Table of Xenopus laevis (Daudin): A Systematical and Chronological Survey of the Development from the Fertilized Egg till the End of Metamorphosis</a>. , Garland Publishing Inc. (1994).</li>
<li>Abdi, H., Williams, L. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Principal+Component+Analysis%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22WIREs+Computational+Statistics%22%5BJournal%5D)">Principal Component Analysis.</a> WIREs Computational Statistics. 2, (2010).</li>
<li>Hill, T. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&safe=off&q=author%3aHill%2C+TL+%22P.+STATISTICS%3A+Methods+and+Applications%22">P. STATISTICS: Methods and Applications</a>. , StatSoft, Inc. Tulsa, OK. (2013).</li>
</ol>

著者らは、開示することは何もない。

アフリカツメガエルは、発達のメカニズム基礎口腔顔面開発を解剖するための有用なツールとなっています。しかし、カエルは、この領域の大きさや形状変化を記述するないプロトコルは現在ありません。ここで説明する方法では、アフリカツメガエルや他の脊椎動物における口腔顔面の表現型のより厳密な定量化を可能にすることによって口腔顔面開発の分野に大きく貢献し...

人間の先天性欠損症の最も一般的かつ破壊的な種類の中には、口腔顔面裂1として、口や顔に影響を与えるものである。不正な形式の口腔顔面構造を持つ子どもたちが生涯にわたって、複数の手術を受け、顔面disfigurements、スピーチ、聴力や食の問題に苦労しています。したがって、cranio-および口腔顔面開発に新たな研究を促進することは、ヒトにおける先天性欠損、これらのタイプの予防と治療に最も重要である。 アフリカツメガエル頭蓋顔面の開発を支配するメカニズムを解剖するための新しいツールとして浮上している（いくつかの例は、2,3,4を含む-11）。したがって、この種の頭部の発達と顔の間に大きさや形状変化を分析するための定量的な方法は3非常に強力である可能性があります。 ここでは、そのような方法を提示する。 アフリカツメガエルの研究12から適応幾何学的形態計測を持つ伝統的なサイズ測定を組み合わせる</人間の顔の形13-15を分析する研究のSUP&gt;と富。このプロトコルの目的は、研究者は、正常および異常な発達の間の異なる顔面表現型を区別するために、顔の大きさや形状を定量化できるようにすることである。この分析は、遺伝子および/または環境要因の相乗効果に起因するもののような微妙な顔面頭蓋の欠陥との間のより良好な区別を可能にする。さらに、この定量方法は、また口腔顔面欠陥の場合でもわずかな改善や救助を明らかにできた。したがって、これはそれの潜在的治療薬の分析に有用な指針になります。 ここで提示する顔の測定値と幾何形態計測の組み合わせは、大部分が1つまたは他の15-18を利用し 、現在のプロトコルよりも口腔顔面領域の大きさと形状の両方のより総合的な統計分析を可能にする。さらに、我々はの内側および外側面の両方を評価するための簡単​​な方法を提示現在の研究13,19で使用される洗練された三次元画像装置を必要とせずに、顔。 私たちは、 アフリカツメガエルでこのプロトコルは、異常な口腔顔面開発および中央値口蓋裂2,3を誘導するレチノイン酸受容体阻害剤で処理された胚をツメガエル実証する。これらの胚における口腔顔面領域の寸法及び形状の定量化は、類似の口蓋裂およびマウスモデル20,21を有するヒトに類似している顔面の変化を明らかにした。しかしながら、このプロトコルは、成長因子などの天然物質、除草剤、またはタンパク質などの口腔顔面開発に関する他の化合物の効果を評価するために利用することができる。さらに、損失または機能実験のゲインを介して遺伝子発現の摂動から生じる口腔顔面の大きさ及び形状の変化（アンチセンスまたはモルホリノCrispersを使用するには、/ Talens）もまた、このプロトコルを使用して定量することができる。最後に、我々は、このメソッド書または仕様書を開発LLY アフリカツメガエルの形態を評価する。しかしながら、容易に任意の脊椎動物の分析のために修正される。他のアプリケーションも、進化や生態の研究のために密接に関連した種を比較するため、このプロトコルを使用して含めることができます。ここで提供する例は、口腔顔面領域の分析を記述するためにこのプロトコルを利用するが、それは容易に他の領域、臓器または構造の分析のために修正することができる。 この口腔顔面定量化プロトコルは、研究コミュニティのための貴重な資源だけでなく、ビデオのデモンストレーションとして学部学生のための優れた教育ツールとなります。

<table><tbody><tr><td>Dissecting microscope</td><td>Zeiss</td><td></td><td>fitted with AxioCamICC1 camera</td></tr><tr><td>Dumont #5 Inox forceps</td><td>Fine Science Tools</td><td>11251-10</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sterile, disposable scalpel</td><td>Sklar</td><td>06-2015</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>24-well plate</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>087721</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Standard Disposable transfer pipettes</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>13-711-7M</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>150 mm x 15 mm Petri dishes</td><td>Falcon</td><td>351058</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Incubators</td><td>Ectotherm</td><td></td><td>set to 15 &amp;deg;C or 20 &amp;deg;C</td></tr><tr><td>Modeling Clay</td><td>Premo, or other non-toxic modeling clay</td><td></td><td>in black or white</td></tr><tr><td>Straight teasing needle</td><td>Thermo Scientific</td><td>19010</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Capillary Tubing (for needles)</td><td>FHC</td><td>30-30-1</td><td>Borosil 1.0 mm OD x 0.5 mm ID/Fiber, 100 mm each</td></tr><tr><td>Needle Puller, Model P-97</td><td>Sutter Instrument Co.</td><td>Needle Puller: P-97 Flaming/ Bown micropipette puller Filament: FB300B</td><td>For filaments, use Sutter 3.00 mm square box filaments, 3.0 mm wide.</td></tr><tr><td>Pipettemen</td><td>Gilson</td><td>F144802, F123600, F123602</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>BMS-453</td><td>Tocris</td><td>3409</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>DMSO</td><td>American Bioanalytical</td><td>AB00435-01000</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cysteine</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>52-90-4</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Paraformaldehyde powder</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>158127</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Petri dishes</td><td>Falcom</td><td>353003, 351058</td><td>100 mm diameter and 150 mm in diameter</td></tr><tr><td>100% Ethanol</td><td>VWR</td><td>89125-170</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

quantification of orofacial phenotypes in xenopus

アフリカツメガエルは、頭蓋顔面の開発や欠陥を支配するメカニズムを解剖するための重要なツールとなっています。口腔顔面開発を定量化する方法は、遺伝的または分子的遺伝子発現またはタンパク質機能を操作することができる物質と廃止時顔面表現のより厳密な分析を可能にする。胚の頭部の二次元画像を用いて、従来のサイズの寸法を、そのような口顔の幅、高さ及び面積 - を計測する。また、胚口開口部の真円度測定は、口の形状を説明するために使用される。これらの二次元画像の幾何学的形態計測はまた、口腔顔面領域の形状の変化をより洗練されたビューを提供するために行われる。ランドマークは、口腔顔面領域内の特定のポイントに割り当てられ、座標が作成されます。主成分分析は、その後の処置を判別主成分にランドマークの座標を低減するために使用されるグループ。これらの結果は、類似した口腔顔面形状の個人が一緒にクラスター化した散布図として表示されます。これは、統計的に両群間のランドマークの位置を比較し、判別関数分析を実行することも有用である。この分析は、ランドマークの位置の変化は、ベクトルとして見られる変換グリッドに表示される。グリッドはワーピングパターンがかなりのランドマークの位置が変更されている場所を示すために表示されるように、これらのベクターに重畳される。判別関数分析における形状の変化は、統計的尺度に基づいており、したがって、p値によって評価することができる。この分析は、唯一のステレオスコープやフリーウェアのソフトウェアを必要とし、シンプルかつアクセス可能であるため、貴重な研究と教育のリソースとなります。

ここでは、口顔の大きさおよび形状の定量分析は、未処理対照とレチノイン酸受容体阻害剤（RAR阻害剤）で処理された胚を比較することが実証された。胚をステージ24から30までこの化学阻害剤の1μM濃度（26-35 HPF）で処理し、洗い流され、ステージ42（82 HPF）で固定した。次いで、それらを処理し、プロトコルに記載のように分析した。結果は、元のデータが、以前の出版物2,3の観測?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Quantification of Orofacial Phenotypes in Xenopus at JoVE.com

Quantification of Orofacial Phenotypes in Xenopus

アフリカツメガエル胚の顔面サイズおよび形状を定量化する方法が開発されている。このプロトコルでは、従来の大きさの測定は、口腔顔面開発や欠陥のより高度な分析を可能にするために、幾何学的形態計測と組み合わされる。

口腔顔面表現型の定量化で<em&gt;アフリカツメガエル</em

Xenopus has become an important tool for dissecting the mechanisms governing craniofacial development and defects. A method to quantify orofacial ...

quantification-of-orofacial-phenotypes-in-xenopus

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Quantification of Orofacial Phenotypes in Xenopus

9.7K ビュー.  Virginia Commonwealth University.  アフリカツメガエル胚の顔面サイズおよび形状を定量化する方法が開発されている。このプロトコルでは、従来の大きさの測定は、口腔顔面開発や欠陥のより高度な分析を可能にするために、幾何学的形態計測と組み合わされる。 

ビデオ: Quantification of Orofacial Phenotypes in Xenopus

Understanding Early Organogenesis Using a Simplified In Situ Hybridization Protocol in Xenopus

Organogenesis is the study of how organs are specified and then acquire their specific shape and functions during development. The Xenopuslaevis embryo is very useful for studying organogenesis because their large size makes them very suitable for identifying organs at the earliest steps in organogenesis. At this time, the primary method used for identifying a specific organ or primordium is whole mount in situ hybridization with labeled antisense RNA probes specific to a gene that is expressed in the organ of interest. In addition, it is relatively easy to manipulate genes or signaling pathways in Xenopus and in situ hybridization allows one to then assay for changes in the presence or morphology of a target organ. Whole mount in situ hybridization is a multi-day protocol with many steps involved. Here we provide a simplified protocol with reduced numbers of steps and reagents used that works well for routine assays. In situ hybridization robots have greatly facilitated the process and we detail how and when we utilize that technology in the process. Once an in situ hybridization is complete, capturing the best image of the result can be frustrating. We provide advice on how to optimize imaging of in situ hybridization results. Although the protocol describes assessing organogenesis in Xenopus laevis, the same basic protocol can almost certainly be adapted to Xenopus tropicalis and other model systems.

Understanding Early Organogenesis Using a Simplified In Situ Hybridization Protocol in Xenopus

The Xenopus laevis embryo continues to be exceptionally useful in the study of early development due to its large size and ease of manipulation. A simplified protocol for whole mount in situ hybridization protocol is provided that can be used in the identification of specific organs in this model system.

簡体字を使用した初期の器官形成の理解<em&gt;その場で</em&gt;ハイブリダイゼーションプロトコルで<em&gt;アフリカツメガエル</em

Organogenesis is the study of how organs are specified and then acquire their specific shape and functions during development.  The Xenopuslaevis embryo ...

発生生物学

Visualization and Quantitative Analysis of Embryonic Angiogenesis in Xenopus tropicalis

Blood vessels supply oxygen and nutrients throughout the body, and the formation of the vascular network is under tight developmental control. The efficient in vivo visualization of blood vessels and the reliable quantification of their complexity are key to understanding the biology and disease of the vascular network. Here, we provide a detailed method to visualize blood vessels with a commercially available fluorescent dye, human plasma acetylated low density lipoprotein DiI complex (DiI-AcLDL), and to quantify their complexity in Xenopus tropicalis. Blood vessels can be labeled by a simple injection of DiI-AcLDL into the beating heart of an embryo, and blood vessels in the entire embryo can be imaged in live or fixed embryos. Combined with gene perturbation by the targeted microinjection of nucleic acids and/or the bath application of pharmacological reagents, the roles of a gene or of a signaling pathway on vascular development can be investigated within one week without resorting to sophisticated genetically engineered animals. Because of the well-defined venous system of Xenopus and its stereotypic angiogenesis, the sprouting of pre-existing vessels, vessel complexity can be quantified efficiently after perturbation experiments. This relatively simple protocol should serve as an easily accessible tool in diverse fields of cardiovascular research.

Visualization and Quantitative Analysis of Embryonic Angiogenesis in Xenopus tropicalis

This protocol demonstrates a fluorescence-based method to visualize the vasculature and to quantify its complexity in Xenopus tropicalis. Blood vessels can be imaged minutes after the injection of a fluorescent dye into the beating heart of an embryo after genetic and/or pharmacological manipulations to study cardiovascular development in vivo.

の胚性血管新生の可視化と定量分析<em&gt;ツメガエル</em

Blood vessels supply oxygen and nutrients throughout the body, and the formation of the vascular network is under tight developmental control. The ...

Microinjection of DNA into Eyebuds in Xenopus laevis Embryos and Imaging of GFP Expressing Optic Axonal Arbors in Intact, Living Xenopus Tadpoles

The primary visual projection of tadpoles of the aquatic frog Xenopus laevis serves as an excellent model system for studying mechanisms that regulate the development of neuronal connectivity. During establishment of the retino-tectal projection, optic axons extend from the eye and navigate through distinct regions of the brain to reach their target tissue, the optic tectum. Once optic axons enter the tectum, they elaborate terminal arbors that function to increase the number of synaptic connections they can make with target interneurons in the tectum. Here, we describe a method to express DNA encoding green fluorescent protein (GFP), and gain- and loss-of-function gene constructs, in optic neurons (retinal ganglion cells) in Xenopus embryos. We explain how to microinject a combined DNA/lipofection reagent into eyebuds of one day old embryos such that exogenous genes are expressed in single or small numbers of optic neurons. By tagging genes with GFP or co-injecting with a GFP plasmid, terminal axonal arbors of individual optic neurons with altered molecular signaling can be imaged directly in brains of intact, living Xenopus tadpoles several days later, and their morphology can be quantified. This protocol allows for determination of cell-autonomous molecular mechanisms that underlie the development of optic axon arborization in vivo.

Microinjection of DNA into Eyebuds in Xenopus laevis Embryos and Imaging of GFP Expressing Optic Axonal Arbors in Intact, Living Xenopus Tadpoles

This protocol aims to demonstrate how to microinject a DNA/DOTAP mixture into eyebuds of one day old Xenopus laevis embryos, and how to image and reconstruct individual green fluorescent protein (GFP) expressing optic axonal arbors in tectal midbrains of intact, living Xenopus tadpoles.

キセノプス・レービス胚における眼芽へのDNAのマイクロインジェクションとGFPのイメージングは、無傷で光学軸軸樹園を発現し、生きているキセノプス・タマジャクシ

The primary visual projection of tadpoles of the aquatic frog Xenopus laevis serves as an excellent model system for studying mechanisms that regulate the ...

Live-cell Imaging and Quantitative Analysis of Embryonic Epithelial Cells in Xenopus laevis

Embryonic epithelial cells serve as an ideal model to study morphogenesis where multi-cellular tissues undergo changes in their geometry, such as changes in cell surface area and cell height, and where cells undergo mitosis and migrate. Furthermore, epithelial cells can also regulate morphogenetic movements in adjacent tissues1. A traditional method to study epithelial cells and tissues involve chemical fixation and histological methods to determine cell morphology or localization of particular proteins of interest. These approaches continue to be useful and provide "snapshots" of cell shapes and tissue architecture, however, much remains to be understood about how cells acquire specific shapes, how various proteins move or localize to specific positions, and what paths cells follow toward their final differentiated fate. High resolution live imaging complements traditional methods and also allows more direct investigation into the dynamic cellular processes involved in the formation, maintenance, and morphogenesis of multicellular epithelial sheets. Here we demonstrate experimental methods from the isolation of animal cap tissues from Xenopus laevis embryos to confocal imaging of epithelial cells and simple measurement approaches that together can augment molecular and cellular studies of epithelial morphogenesis.

Live-cell Imaging and Quantitative Analysis of Embryonic Epithelial Cells in Xenopus laevis

Xenopus embryonic epithelia are an ideal model system to study cell behaviors such as polarity development and shape change during epithelial morphogenesis. Traditional histology of fixed samples is increasingly being complemented by live-cell confocal imaging. Here we demonstrate methods to isolate frog tissues and visualize live epithelial cells and their cytoskeleton using live-cell confocal microscopy.

生細胞イメージングとの胚上皮細胞の定量分析アフリカツメガエル</em

Embryonic epithelial cells serve as an ideal model to study morphogenesis where multi-cellular tissues undergo changes in their geometry, such as changes ...

生物学

Assessing Primary Neurogenesis in Xenopus Embryos Using Immunostaining

Primary neurogenesis is a dynamic and complex process during embryonic development that sets up the initial layout of the central nervous system. During this process, a portion of neural stem cells undergo differentiation and give rise to the first populations of differentiated primary neurons within the nascent central nervous system. Several vertebrate model organisms have been used to explore the mechanisms of neural cell fate specification, patterning, and differentiation. Among these is the African clawed frog, Xenopus, which provides a powerful system for investigating the molecular and cellular mechanisms responsible for primary neurogenesis due to its rapid and accessible development and ease of embryological and molecular manipulations. Here, we present a convenient and rapid method to observe the different populations of neuronal cells within Xenopus central nervous system. Using antibody staining and immunofluorescence on sections of Xenopus embryos, we are able to observe the locations of neural stem cells and differentiated primary neurons during primary neurogenesis.

Assessing Primary Neurogenesis in Xenopus Embryos Using Immunostaining

This article presents a convenient and rapid method for visualizing different neuronal cell populations in the central nervous system of Xenopus embryos using immunofluorescent staining on sections.

でプライマリ神経発生を評価します<em&gt;アフリカツメガエル</em&gt;胚用いた免疫染色

Primary neurogenesis is a dynamic and complex process during embryonic development that sets up the initial layout of the central nervous system. During ...

神経科学

Electroporation of Craniofacial Mesenchyme

Electroporation is an efficient method of delivering DNA and other charged macromolecules into tissues at precise time points and in precise locations. For example, electroporation has been used with great success to study neural and retinal development in Xenopus, chicken and mouse 1-10. However, it is important to note that in all of these studies, investigators were not targeting soft tissues. Because we are interested in craniofacial development, we adapted a method to target facial mesenchyme.
When we searched the literature, we found, to our surprise, very few reports of successful gene transfer into cartilaginous tissue. The majority of these studies were gene therapy studies, such as siRNA or protein delivery into chondrogenic cell lines, or, animal models of arthritis 11-13. In other systems, such as chicken or mouse, electroporation of facial mesenchyme has been challenging (personal communications, Dept of Craniofacial Development, KCL). We hypothesized that electroporation into procartilaginous and cartilaginous tissues in Xenopus might work better. In our studies, we show that gene transfer into the facial cartilages occurs efficiently at early stages (28), when the facial primordium is still comprised of soft tissue prior to cartilage differentiation.
Xenopus is a very accessible vertebrate system for analysis of craniofacial development. Craniofacial structures are more readily visible in Xenopus than in any other vertebrate model, primarily because Xenopus embryos are fertilized externally, allowing analyses of the earliest stages, and facilitating live imaging at single cell resolution, as well as reuse of the mothers 14. Among vertebrate models developing externally, Xenopus is more useful for craniofacial analysis than zebrafish, as Xenopus larvae are larger and easier to dissect, and the developing facial region is more accessible to imaging than the equivalent region in fish. In addition, Xenopus is evolutionarily closer to humans than zebrafish (&tilde;100 million years closer) 15. Finally, at these stages, Xenopus tadpoles are transparent, and concurrent expression of fluorescent proteins or molecules will allow easy visualization of the developing cartilages. We anticipate that this approach will allow us to rapidly and efficiently test candidate molecules in an in vivo model system.

Craniofacial cartilages develop in close contact with other tissues and are difficult to manipulate in live animals. We are using electroporation to deliver molecular tools during growth of the craniofacial skeleton while bypassing early embryonic effects. This approach will allow us to efficiently test candidate molecules in vivo.

顔面間葉のエレクトロポレーション

Electroporation is an efficient method of delivering DNA and other charged macromolecules into tissues at precise time points and in precise locations. ...

Functional Evaluation of Olfactory Pathways in Living Xenopus Tadpoles

Xenopus tadpoles offer a unique platform to investigate the function of the nervous system. They provide multiple experimental advantages, such as accessibility to numerous imaging approaches, electrophysiological techniques and behavioral assays. The Xenopus tadpole olfactory system is particularly well suited to investigate the function of synapses established during normal development or reformed after injury. Here, we describe methodologies to evaluate the processing of olfactory information in living Xenopus larvae. We outline a combination of in vivo measurements of presynaptic calcium responses in glomeruli of the olfactory bulb with olfactory-guided behavior assays. Methods can be combined with the transection of olfactory nerves to study the rewiring of synaptic connectivity. Experiments are presented using both wild-type and genetically modified animals expressing GFP reporters in central nervous system cells. Application of the approaches described to genetically modified tadpoles can be useful for unraveling the molecular bases that define vertebrate behavior.

Functional Evaluation of Olfactory Pathways in Living Xenopus Tadpoles

Xenopus tadpoles offer a unique platform to investigate the function of the nervous system in vivo. We describe methodologies to evaluate the processing of olfactory information in living Xenopus larvae in normal rearing conditions or after injury.

生きているアフリカツメガエルのオタマジャクシ嗅覚経路の機能評価

Xenopus tadpoles offer a unique platform to investigate the function of the nervous system. They provide multiple experimental advantages, such as ...

Visualization of Craniofacial Development in the sox10: kaede Transgenic Zebrafish Line Using Time-lapse Confocal Microscopy

Vertebrate palatogenesis is a highly choreographed and complex developmental process, which involves migration of cranial neural crest (CNC) cells, convergence and extension of facial prominences, and maturation of the craniofacial skeleton. To study the contribution of the cranial neural crest to specific regions of the zebrafish palate a sox10: kaede transgenic zebrafish line was generated. Sox10 provides lineage restriction of the kaede reporter protein to the neural crest, thereby making the cell labeling a more precise process than traditional dye or reporter mRNA injection. Kaede is a photo-convertible protein that turns from green to red after photo activation and makes it possible to follow cells precisely. The sox10: kaede transgenic line was used to perform lineage analysis to delineate CNC cell populations that give rise to maxillary versus mandibular elements and illustrate homology of facial prominences to amniotes. This protocol describes the steps to generate a live time-lapse video of a sox10: kaede zebrafish embryo. Development of the ethmoid plate will serve as a practical example. This protocol can be applied to making a time-lapse confocal recording of any kaede or similar photoconvertible reporter protein in transgenic zebrafish. Furthermore, it can be used to capture not only normal, but also abnormal development of craniofacial structures in the zebrafish mutants.

Visualization of experimental data has become a key element in presenting results to the scientific community. Generation of live time-lapse recording of growing embryos contributes to better presentation and understanding of complex developmental processes. This protocol is a step-by-step guide to cell labeling via photoconversion of kaede protein in zebrafish.

SOX10中の顔面の開発の可視化：楓トランスジェニックゼブラフィッシュラインタイムラプス共焦点顕微鏡を用いて

Vertebrate palatogenesis is a highly choreographed and complex developmental process, which involves migration of cranial neural crest (CNC) cells, ...

Facial Transplants in Xenopus laevis Embryos

Craniofacial birth defects occur in 1 out of every 700 live births, but etiology is rarely known due to limited understanding of craniofacial development. To identify where signaling pathways and tissues act during patterning of the developing face, a 'face transplant' technique has been developed in embryos of the frog Xenopus laevis. A region of presumptive facial tissue (the "Extreme Anterior Domain" (EAD)) is removed from a donor embryo at tailbud stage, and transplanted to a host embryo of the same stage, from which the equivalent region has been removed. This can be used to generate a chimeric face where the host or donor tissue has a loss or gain of function in a gene, and/or includes a lineage label. After healing, the outcome of development is monitored, and indicates roles of the signaling pathway within the donor or surrounding host tissues. Xenopus is a valuable model for face development, as the facial region is large and readily accessible for micromanipulation. Many embryos can be assayed, over a short time period since development occurs rapidly. Findings in the frog are relevant to human development, since craniofacial processes appear conserved between Xenopus and mammals.

Facial Transplants in Xenopus laevis Embryos

A technique for transplanting "Extreme Anterior Domain" facial tissue between Xenopus laevis embryos has been developed. Tissue can be moved from one gene expression background into another, allowing the study of local requirements for craniofacial development and for signaling interactions between facial regions.

顔面移植<em&gt;アフリカツメガエル</em&gt;胚

Craniofacial birth defects occur in 1 out of every 700 live births, but etiology is rarely known due to limited understanding of craniofacial development. ...

Reverse Genetic Approach to Identify Regulators of Pigmentation using Zebrafish

Melanocytes are specialized neural crest-derived cells present in the epidermal skin. These cells synthesize melanin pigment that protects the genome from harmful ultraviolet radiations. Perturbations in melanocyte functioning lead to pigmentary disorders such as piebaldism, albinism, vitiligo, melasma, and melanoma. Zebrafish is an excellent model system to understand melanocyte functions. The presence of conspicuous pigmented melanocytes, ease of genetic manipulation, and availability of transgenic fluorescent lines facilitate the study of pigmentation. This study employs the use of wild-type and transgenic zebrafish lines that drive green fluorescent protein (GFP) expression under mitfa and tyrp1 promoters that mark various stages of melanocytes. 
Morpholino-based silencing of candidate genes is achieved to evaluate the phenotypic outcome on larval pigmentation and is applicable to screen for regulators of pigmentation. This protocol demonstrates the method from microinjection to imaging and fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS)-based dissection of phenotypes using two candidate genes, carbonic anhydrase 14 (Ca14) and a histone variant (H2afv), to comprehensively assess the pigmentation outcome. Further, this protocol demonstrates segregating candidate genes into melanocyte specifiers and differentiators that selectively alter melanocyte numbers and melanin content per cell, respectively.

Regulators of melanocyte functions govern visible differences in the pigmentation outcome. Deciphering the molecular function of the candidate pigmentation gene poses a challenge. Herein, we demonstrate the use of a zebrafish model system to identify candidates and classify them into regulators of melanin content and melanocyte number.

ゼブラフィッシュを用いた色素沈着制御因子同定のための逆遺伝学的アプローチ

Melanocytes are specialized neural crest-derived cells present in the epidermal skin. These cells synthesize melanin pigment that protects the genome from ...

口腔顔面表現型の定量化で

要約

さらに動画を探す

簡体字を使用した初期の器官形成の理解

の胚性血管新生の可視化と定量分析

キセノプス・レービス胚における眼芽へのDNAのマイクロインジェクションとGFPのイメージングは、無傷で光学軸軸樹園を発現し、生きているキセノプス・タマジャクシ

生細胞イメージングとの胚上皮細胞の定量分析アフリカツメガエル

でプライマリ神経発生を評価します

顔面間葉のエレクトロポレーション

生きているアフリカツメガエルのオタマジャクシ嗅覚経路の機能評価

SOX10中の顔面の開発の可視化：楓トランスジェニックゼブラフィッシュラインタイムラプス共焦点顕微鏡を用いて

顔面移植

ゼブラフィッシュを用いた色素沈着制御因子同定のための逆遺伝学的アプローチ