この作品は、NIH（JHLにLH、およびDK069909とDK047757にDK093625）およびVA（JHLに優秀賞I01BX000820）によってサポートされていました。私たちは本質的な支援を提供するためのペンシルベニア州ゼブラフィッシュコアの大学の博士マイケル·パックと博士傑彼に感謝したいと思います。

注：倫理に関する声明：すべてのゼブラフィッシュの実験は、イースタンバージニアメディカルスクールの施設内動物管理使用委員会によって承認された。 1.モルホリノ準備<ol><li> （ 図1A）を製造者の指示に従って、目的の遺伝子のための設計と合成する翻訳ブロッキング（AUG-）及びスプライス抑制（スプライス）アンチセンスモルホリノ（MO）オリゴヌクレオチド。 表1に、メーカーの情報を参照してください。 注：MOは、ガラスびんで凍結乾燥されたストックとして出荷されています。 </li><li> 25μgの/μlの最終濃度にMOを再懸濁するためにガラス瓶にハイグレードの滅菌水を追加します。オリゴヌクレオチドが完全に溶解していることを確認します。いくつかの固体のままの場合は、簡単に5から10分であり、渦65℃で株式オリゴヌクレオチド溶液を含むバイアルを加熱し。 </li><li> RTでMO原液を保管してください。 4℃または-20℃で保管しないでください。; Cより低い温度がMOオリゴヌクレオチドは容器壁にバインドするために発生する可能性があるため。分光光度計を用いてストック溶液の濃度を測定する新しいMOストック溶液が作成されるたびに（ 表1を参照）。 </li><li>所望の投与量にハイグレードの滅菌水を用いて原液を希釈することによって、注射の日に、MO作業溶液を準備します。 0.05％の濃度になるように0.5％フェノールレッドを追加する。たとえば、15 NG / NLの濃度の5μlのワーキング溶液を作るために、3μLMO原液と0.5μlの0.5％フェノールレッド水1.5μlに追加します。 注：この作業濃度では、注入の各ドロップ（500 PL）はMOの7.5 ngのが含まれており、2滴は、MOの15 ngのが含まれている。 </li></ol>射出装置の調製<ol><li>購入ガラス事前に引っ張ら針（詳細は表1を参照してください）。あるいは、ガラス注射針w iを引くニードルプラーを番目。 </li><li>空気圧縮機の電源を入れ、50 PSIへの圧力設定を調整します。解剖顕微鏡の光源とピコマイクロインジェクションポンプの電源を入れ、次のように設定を調整：圧力20 PSIを保持、圧力10 PSI、ゲーティングの2.5と100マイクロ秒の範囲の期間値を取り出す。 </li><li>注射液5μlのガラスプレ引っ張ら針をロードし、先端が下向きに垂直な位置に針を置く。すべてのソリューションは、目に見える気泡がで針の先端に到達するまで待ちます。顕微鏡の隣に適切な位置に針ホルダーを配置し、ホルダーにガラス針を挿入します。 45度に噴射角度を調整します。 </li><li>高段オフ、顕微鏡下でビューに針の先端を持参し、先端の最も薄い地域に焦点を当てる。細かい点をピンセットで針の先端を折ります。 </li><li>顕微鏡下側0.15 mmの側の内径定規と毛細管を配置し、液柱を作るために、キャピラリーチューブの一端に溶液を注入する。 1ミリメートル長液柱あたりのすべての17滴に到達するためにイジェクト時間を調整し、その後すべての滴の体積は1 NL滴の（滴体積=πX半径2×長さ（液柱の）/数（）である。 NOTE：直径0.1mmの低下は約500 plの（滴体積= 4/3 xはπxの半径3）の注入量を与える。 </li></ol>モルフォリノ3.受精ゼブラフィッシュ胚の作製と注入<ol><li>標準のゼブラフィッシュの飼育と維持のために公開されたプロトコルに従って、トランスジェニックゼブラフィッシュの繁殖ペア：Tgは（GFP wt1b）を設定します。自然スポーン後の胚を収集し、およびE3水で満たされた10センチメートルペトリ皿（5mMのNaClを、0.17mMのKCl、0.33のCaCl 2、0.33 mMのMgSO 4）しに保管してください。すぐに13 MO注入を開始します。顕微鏡下で胚の形態を監視し、MO注入がワンであることを確認してください細胞期または4細胞期よりも遅くない。 <ol><li>と10cmのペトリ皿に胚を移しトラフ寒天くさび形。余分E3水を吸引し、優しく谷に胚を押してください。 </li><li>解剖顕微鏡下で1細胞期胚を可視化するためにマイクロピペットを持つ胚を操作します。絨毛膜その後卵黄（=500μlの1滴）にMOの1つまたは2つの液滴を注入する卵黄を貫通する。 E3水で10cmのペトリ皿に注入した胚を移し、28.5℃でインキュベートする。 </li></ol></li><li>注射の後、死んだ胚を除去し、注入した胚の数を記録。ディッシュごとに24〜48時間でE3の水を交換してください。 </li></ol> 4.表現型レスキュー実験<ol><li>異なる主要塩基対構造（通常は3-7塩基対のミスマッチ）を有し、救助、したがって、MOに耐性のある別の種由来の相同分子種を選択する。例えば、この実験では、我々は選択したマウスマウスWnt5aの mRNA配列は、ゼブラフィッシュ配列とは異なるからです。 </li><li>翻訳サイトで開始するフォワードプライマーとmRNAコード領域の末端に近いにおけるリバースプライマーとのプライマーセットを設計します。フォワードプライマー配列の5 &#39;末端にT7プロモーター配列を付加する。この実験では、以下のプライマー配列を使用する。フォワード：5&#39;-TAA TAC GAC TCA CTAタグGGA CTA TGA TGC TGC TGA AGC TGA A-3 &#39;と逆：5&#39;- TCA CTT GCA GAC GTA CTG gtc- 3&#39;。 </li><li>上記で設計されたプライマーセット（各プライマー0.5μM）、以下のPCRプログラムを使用してマウスのWnt5a cDNA配列を含有する0.1μgのテンプレートDNAを50μlのポリメラーゼ連鎖反応（PCR）を行う：95℃で5分間の1サイクル。 95℃（30秒）、58.5℃（30秒）、72℃（1分）の35サイクル。 7分間の72℃での最終伸長ステップを。 </li><li>トンを終えた後彼は、サイクル、バンドは右のサイズであることを確認するために1％アガロースゲルでPCR産物2μlのを実行します。製造業者の説明書に従ってPCR精製キットでPCR産物を精製する。分光光度計を用いてDNA濃度を確認してください。 -20℃で精製したPCR産物を保存したり、次の工程に直接キャップ化RNA転写に使用します。 </li><li>製造業者の説明書に従ってキャップ化RNA合成キットでキャップされたmRNAをin vitroで合成する。 20μlのRNaseを含まない水にmRNAを希釈し、濃度を測定。 -80℃でRNAと店舗を分注し。 </li><li>注射の日には、RNaseを含まない滅菌水でmRNAのワーキング溶液を準備する。 40 PGは、RNAの非特異的または毒性作用が発生しないで、最高のRNA量が一般的であることに注意してください。氷の上で作業溶液を保管してください。 MOその後救助mRNAと胚を注入、または両方一緒に共同注入する。例えば、mRNAのpreparの濃度場合各注入のステップ4.5でEDは0.08μgの/μlの最終濃度を作るためにRNaseを含まない水の4.33μlにするmRNA（0.4μgの）の0.67μlを添加、0.6μgの/μLで、その後1滴（500 PL）は40 PGが含まれていますmRNAの。ステップ3で説明したようにMOを準備します。 </li></ol>蛍光イメージングのために注入した胚の5準備<ol><li> 28.5℃のCO / Nインキュベーション後、蛍光顕微鏡を用いて前腎構造の観察に影響を与えるメラニン化を防止するE3水に0.003％のN-フェニルチオ尿素（PTU）を追加する。それは初期胚発生に影響するので、原腸形成の前にPTUを追加しないでください。 </li><li> 48 HPFでは、手動で微ピンセットで胚をdechorionate。光解剖顕微鏡下で48と72 HPFの胚の画像を取る。 注：これらの写真は、麻酔なしで撮影することができます。 </li><li>約10分後、蛍光顕微鏡で撮像するにそれらを置くことによって胚を麻酔する前160μgの/ mlで含む10センチメートルシャーレトリカイン緩衝。 5〜10分間待ってから、軽く、彼らが移動しないため、麻酔が動作していることを確認するためにゼブラフィッシュをタッチします。 </li><li>胚は麻酔をした後、3％メチルセルロースにそれらをマウントします（ 表1を参照してください）解剖顕微鏡下で腹臥位でそれらを向ける。 </li><li>蛍光顕微鏡下で前腎の構造を観察した（ 表1を参照してください）と、異なる倍率（10倍と20倍）で写真を撮る。 </li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

多発性嚢胞腎（PKD）は、ヒトにおける末期腎疾患の主要な原因の一つであり、進行性の嚢胞形成、腎肥大、および異常な尿細管発生14によって特徴付けられる。常染色体優性PKD（ADPKD）ポリシスチン1（PC1）、またはPKD2、符号化ポリシスチン2（PC2）、多嚢胞性腎臓で結果をコードする、PKD1どちらのどの突然変異の遺伝的疾患である。多くの他の遺伝子、一次繊毛に見出さ特にコードす...

ゼブラフィッシュ（ ゼブラフィッシュ ）胚は広く腎臓発生および多発性嚢胞腎疾患を研究するためのモデルとして使用されている。遺伝的相互作用を研究することの実現可能性、タンパク質のノックダウン、迅速胚の多数のアッセイの機会、および器官の表現型を表示するのを容易にするためのアンチセンスモルフォリノ（MO）を使用する能力：動物モデルとしてゼブラフィッシュを使用することには多くの利点がある幼虫1を生きて。前腎 ​​は脊椎動物で開発した最初の腎臓で、幼虫のゼブラフィッシュ2で機能的である。ゼブラフィッシュ前腎の構造は哺乳類の後腎、哺乳動物で開発するための3番目と最後の腎臓に比べて比較的簡単である。ネフロンが困難単一ネフロンの構造を観察すること、500,000-1,000,000ネフロン3,4及び約13000ネフロン5をそれぞれ有するマウス腎臓の間にそれぞれ含むヒト腎臓を、腎臓の作業単位でのinは、ヒトまたはマウスの腎臓。ゼブラフィッシュは2ネフロンがあり、各ゼブラフィッシュネフロンは、マウスとヒト6と類似した特殊な腎細胞型の糸球体と尿細管で見つかったすべての主要なコンポーネントが含まれています。それはクローズドシステム7を有しているので、このようなアフリカツメガエルなどの他の脊椎動物のモデルと比較すると、ゼブラフィッシュネフロンはより密接に哺乳類のネフロンに似ている。 近年では、ゼブラフィッシュのゲノムは、遺伝的なツール、広範な変異リソース、およびゼブラフィッシュモデルにおけるトランスジェニックレポーターラインのコレクションの幅広い導入を可能にする、配列決定されている。 12-72時間後に受精（ゼブラ）との間のゼブラフィッシュの前腎形態は透明な胚で容易に可視化することができる。ウィルムス腫瘍タンパク質WT1は、腎臓の開発のために不可欠な要素である。 wt1bプロモーターのTg（wt1b：GFP）の制御下で緑色蛍光タンパク質（GFP）を発現するトランスジェニックゼブラフィッシュラインはGFPのexpreを示すssionは、具体的には17 HPF 8から始まる、ゼブラフィッシュ胚で前腎領域に位置する。 Nephronophthisis（NPHP）、常染色体劣性嚢胞腎疾患は、NPHP遺伝子9の突然変異によって引き起こされる。モルホリノによるノックダウンNPHP4はTgは（wt1b：GFP）で嚢胞形成を引き起こした。魚10したがって、このトランスジェニック魚は腎臓開発中に腎臓の構造と嚢胞形成を観察するのに適したモデルです。重要なのは、腎臓発生の調節因子の影響は、時間と労力効率的な方法でこの株を使用して研究することができる。 遺伝子変調後の腎嚢胞形成を可視化するモデルとして魚：私たちの論文は、Tgは（GFP wt1b）の使用が記載されている。我々はゼブラフィッシュにおけるWNT5A遺伝子をノックダウンするスタート-とスプライス部位アンチセンスMOを使用。 Wnt5aのは、様々な器官および細胞出生後の発達に重要な役割を果たしているWntファミリーの非標準的な分泌糖タンパク質である機能11。 Wnt5aのは、尿細管伸長時の指向細胞分裂において役割を果たしていることが見出されている平面内細胞極性（PCP）経路を含む非カノニカルWnt経路を介して機能する。 Wnt5aのはさらに、それによってVangl2安定性12を推進し 、VANGL平面細胞極性タンパク質2（Vangl2）と複合体を形成することにより、Wnt5aのシグナルを伝達するチロシンキナーゼ（RYK）のような受容体と複合体を形成することによってWntシグナル/ PCP経路を調節する。 PCP経路における欠陥は、ランダムな細胞分裂を生じ、腎嚢胞形成を引き起こす可能性があります。 WNT5Aノックダウン以下の腎嚢胞形成を観察するためにゼブラフィッシュの行：私たちは、Tgは（GFP wt1b）を使用した。 Tgは（wt1b：GFP）ゼブラフィッシュモデルは、ライブイメージングと腎臓の構造のタイムリーな観察 ​​を可能にする。 WNT5Aノックダウンした後、腎嚢胞形成は24 HPFから始まる発見された。 72 HPFで、嚢胞は糸球体と近位尿細管で見つけることができた。この方法は、sに使用することができる腎嚢胞形成を引き起こす可能性のある他の遺伝子をcreen。

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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:221px;">0.5% Phenol-Red</td>
			<td style="width:229px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">P0290</td>
			<td style="width:491px;">Color indicator for injection</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:221px;">Morpholino</td>
			<td style="width:229px;">Genn Tools, LLC</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">(customized)</td>
			<td>Customized designed to the gene of interest</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:221px;">Pre-pulled needle</td>
			<td style="width:229px;">Tritech Research</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">MINJ-PP</td>
			<td style="width:491px;">If large amount of needle is required, you can also purchase a needle puller and prepare the needle in the lab</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:221px;">T7 mMessage Kit</td>
			<td style="width:229px;">Ambion</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">1344</td>
			<td>For in vitro transcription to make capped mRNA for rescue experiment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:221px;">N-Phenylthiourea</td>
			<td style="width:229px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">P7629</td>
			<td>For prevention of melanization</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:221px;">Tricaine</td>
			<td style="width:229px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">A5040</td>
			<td>Also called ethyl 3-aminobenzoate, for zebrafish anesthesia</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:221px;">Methyl Cellulose</td>
			<td style="width:229px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">M-0387</td>
			<td>For position of zebrafish&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:221px;">QIAquick PCR Purification Kit&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:229px;">Qiagen</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">28104</td>
			<td>For purification of PCR product for cap RNA synthesis.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:221px;">dNTP mix</td>
			<td style="width:229px;">Promega</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">U1511</td>
			<td>For PCR</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:221px;">Tag DNA Polymerase</td>
			<td style="width:229px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">10342-053</td>
			<td>For PCR</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:221px;"></td>
			<td style="width:229px;"></td>
			<td style="width:195px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:221px;"></td>
			<td style="width:229px;"></td>
			<td style="width:195px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:221px;">Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:229px;"></td>
			<td style="width:195px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:221px;">NanoDrop sepctrophotometer</td>
			<td style="width:229px;">Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">ND-1000</td>
			<td>For measure morpholino and RNA concentration</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:221px;">Air Compressor</td>
			<td style="width:229px;">Werther International, Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Panther Compact 106</td>
			<td>Air source for injection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:221px;">Pico micro-injection pump</td>
			<td style="width:229px;">World Precision Instruments Inc</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">PV830 Pnematic PicoPump</td>
			<td>Other types of microinjection system can be used.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:221px;">Micro-manuplator</td>
			<td style="width:229px;">World Precision Instruments Inc</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">MMJR</td>
			<td>Right-handed (MMJL for left handed)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:221px;">Needle holder</td>
			<td style="width:229px;">World Precision Instruments Inc</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">5430-ALL</td>
			<td>To hold needle for micromanipulation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:221px;">Dumont Tweezers</td>
			<td style="width:229px;">Fine Surgical Tools</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">11253-20</td>
			<td>For breaking off the needle tip</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:221px;">Dissecting microscope</td>
			<td>Leica M205C&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:195px;"></td>
			<td>For observing and imaging zebrafish embryos</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:221px;">Fluorscence microscope</td>
			<td>Zeiss Axio Obserer D1m &#160;</td>
			<td style="width:195px;"></td>
			<td>For imaging zebrafish pronephros</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:221px;">Capillary tube (I.D 0.15 mm)</td>
			<td>VitroCom</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">CV1525Q-100</td>
			<td>For measure the volume of each injected drop</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a possible zebrafish model of polycystic kidney disease: knockdown of wnt5a causes cysts in zebrafish kidneys

Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) is one of the most common causes of end-stage kidney disease, a devastating disease for which there is no cure. The molecular mechanisms leading to cyst formation in PKD remain somewhat unclear, but many genes are thought to be involved. Wnt5a is a non-canonical glycoprotein that regulates a wide range of developmental processes. Wnt5a works through the planar cell polarity (PCP) pathway that regulates oriented cell division during renal tubular cell elongation. Defects of the PCP pathway have been found to cause kidney cyst formation. Our paper describes a method for developing a zebrafish cystic kidney disease model by knockdown of the wnt5a gene with wnt5a antisense morpholino (MO) oligonucleotides. Tg(wt1b:GFP) transgenic zebrafish were used to visualize kidney structure and kidney cysts following wnt5a knockdown. Two distinct antisense MOs (AUG - and splice-site) were used and both resulted in curly tail down phenotype and cyst formation after wnt5a knockdown. Injection of mouse Wnt5a mRNA, resistant to the MOs due to a difference in primary base pair structure, rescued the abnormal phenotype, demonstrating that the phenotype was not due to &#8220;off-target&#8221; effects of the morpholino. This work supports the validity of using a zebrafish model to study wnt5a function in the kidney.

Wnt5aのノックダウンは、1細胞期のゼブラフィッシュの胚にMO（8月-MO）またはエクソン/イントロン境界スプライスMO（スプライス-MO）をブロック翻訳を導入することによって達成された。 8月-MOは、開始コドンを標的とし、したがって、母体および接合体WNT5Aメッセージの両方を阻害する。スプライス-MOは、第三のスプライスドナー部位を標的とWNT5A（ 図1A）の唯一の?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Possible Zebrafish Model of Polycystic Kidney Disease: Knockdown of wnt5a Causes Cysts in Zebrafish Kidneys at JoVE.com

A Possible Zebrafish Model of Polycystic Kidney Disease: Knockdown of wnt5a Causes Cysts in Zebrafish Kidneys

We describe a method of generating a possible zebrafish model of polycystic kidney disease. We used Tg(wt1b:GFP) fish to visualize kidney structure. Knockdown of wnt5a was by morpholino injection. Pronephric cyst formation after wnt5a knockdown was observed in this GFP transgenic zebrafish.

多発性嚢胞腎疾患の可能性のあるゼブラフィッシュモデル：のノックダウン<em&gt; WNT5A</em&gt;ゼブラフィッシュ腎臓で嚢胞を引き起こす

Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) is one of the most common causes of end-stage kidney disease, a devastating disease for which there is no cure. The ...

a-possible-zebrafish-model-polycystic-kidney-disease-knockdown-wnt5a

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

A Possible Zebrafish Model of Polycystic Kidney Disease: Knockdown of wnt5a Causes Cysts in Zebrafish Kidneys

11.0K ビュー.  Eastern Virginia Medical School. We describe a method of generating a possible zebrafish model of polycystic kidney disease. We used Tg(wt1b:GFP) fish to visualize kidney structure. Knockdown of wnt5a was by morpholino injection. Pronephric cyst formation after wnt5a knockdown was observed in this GFP transgenic zebrafish. 

ビデオ: A Possible Zebrafish Model of Polycystic Kidney Disease: Knockdown of wnt5a Causes Cysts in Zebrafish Kidneys

Assessing Teratogenic Changes in a Zebrafish Model of Fetal Alcohol Exposure

Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is a severe manifestation of embryonic exposure to ethanol. It presents with characteristic defects to the face and organs, including mental retardation due to disordered and damaged brain development. Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) is a term used to cover a continuum of birth defects that occur due to maternal alcohol consumption, and occurs in approximately 4% of children born in the United States. With 50% of child-bearing age women reporting consumption of alcohol, and half of all pregnancies being unplanned, unintentional exposure is a continuing issue2. In order to best understand the damage produced by ethanol, plus produce a model with which to test potential interventions, we developed a model of developmental ethanol exposure using the zebrafish embryo. Zebrafish are ideal for this kind of teratogen study3-8. Each pair lays hundreds of eggs, which can then be collected without harming the adult fish. The zebrafish embryo is transparent and can be readily imaged with any number of stains. Analysis of these embryos after exposure to ethanol at different doses and times of duration and application shows that the gross developmental defects produced by ethanol are consistent with the human birth defect. Described here are the basic techniques used to study and manipulate the zebrafish FAS model.

In order to understand the molecular mechanisms of the ethanol-induced developmental damage, we have developed a zebrafish model of ethanol exposure and are exploring the physical, cellular, and genetic alterations that occur after ethanol exposure1. We then seek to find potential interventions and rapidly test them in this animal model.

胎児性アルコール暴露のゼブラフィッシュモデルの催奇形性変化を評価する

Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is a severe manifestation of embryonic exposure to ethanol. It presents with characteristic defects to the face and organs, ...

医学

Spectral Karyotyping to Study Chromosome Abnormalities in Humans and Mice with Polycystic Kidney Disease

Conventional method to identify and classify individual chromosomes depends on the unique banding pattern of each chromosome in a specific species being analyzed 1, 2. This classical banding technique, however, is not reliable in identifying complex chromosomal aberrations such as those associated with cancer. To overcome the limitations of the banding technique, Spectral Karyotyping (SKY) is introduced to provide much reliable information on chromosome abnormalities.
SKY is a multicolor fluorescence in-situ hybridization (FISH) technique to detect metaphase chromosomes with spectral microscope 3, 4. SKY has been proven to be a valuable tool for the cytogenetic analysis of a broad range of chromosome abnormalities associated with a large number of genetic diseases and malignancies 5, 6. SKY involves the use of multicolor fluorescently-labelled DNA probes prepared from the degenerate oligonucleotide primers by PCR. Thus, every chromosome has a unique spectral color after in-situ hybridization with probes, which are differentially labelled with a mixture of fluorescent dyes (Rhodamine, Texas Red, Cy5, FITC and Cy5.5). The probes used for SKY consist of up to 55 chromosome specific probes 7-10.
The procedure for SKY involves several steps (Figure 1). SKY requires the availability of cells with high mitotic index from normal or diseased tissue or blood. The chromosomes of a single cell from either a freshly isolated primary cell or a cell line are spread on a glass slide. This chromosome spread is labeled with a different combination of fluorescent dyes specific for each chromosome. For probe detection and image acquisition,the spectral imaging system consists of sagnac interferometer and a CCD camera. This allows measurement of the visible light spectrum emitted from the sample and to acquire a spectral image from individual chromosomes. HiSKY, the software used to analyze the results of the captured images, provides an easy identification of chromosome anomalies. The end result is a metaphase and a karyotype classification image, in which each pair of chromosomes has a distinct color (Figure 2). This allows easy identification of chromosome identities and translocations. For more details, please visit Applied Spectral Imaging website (<a href="http://www.spectral-imaging.com/" target="_blank">http://www.spectral-imaging.com/</a>).
SKY was recently used for an identification of chromosome segregation defects and chromosome abnormalities in humans and mice with Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease (ADPKD), a genetic disease characterized by dysfunction in primary cilia 11-13. Using this technique, we demonstrated the presence of abnormal chromosome segregation and chromosomal defects in ADPKD patients and mouse models 14. Further analyses using SKY not only allowed us to identify chromosomal number and identity, but also to accurately detect very complex chromosomal aberrations such as chromosome deletions and translocations (Figure 2).

Spectral Karyotyping (SKY) is an advanced cytogenetics technique to identify genomic and chromosomal aberrations. This technique takes advantage of chromosome painting probes, which allow classification of all chromosomes. SKY can also identify complex chromosome aberrations and segregation defects in mice and humans with various diseases, including polycystic kidney disease.

多発性嚢胞腎疾患で、ヒトとマウスの染色体異常を研究するためにスペクトル核型分析

Conventional method to identify and classify individual chromosomes depends on the unique banding pattern of each chromosome in a specific species being ...

Screening for Melanoma Modifiers using a Zebrafish Autochthonous Tumor Model

Genomic studies of human cancers have yielded a wealth of information about genes that are altered in tumors1,2,3. A challenge arising from these studies is that many genes are altered, and it can be difficult to distinguish genetic alterations that drove tumorigenesis from that those arose incidentally during transformation. To draw this distinction it is beneficial to have an assay that can quantitatively measure the effect of an altered gene on tumor initiation and other processes that enable tumors to persist and disseminate. Here we present a rapid means to screen large numbers of candidate melanoma modifiers in zebrafish using an autochthonous tumor model4 that encompasses steps required for melanoma initiation and maintenance. A key reagent in this assay is the miniCoopR vector, which couples a wild-type copy of the mitfa melanocyte specification factor to a Gateway recombination cassette into which candidate melanoma genes can be recombined5. The miniCoopR vector has a mitfa rescuing minigene which contains the promoter, open reading frame and 3'-untranslated region of the wild-type mitfa gene. It allows us to make constructs using full-length open reading frames of candidate melanoma modifiers. These individual clones can then be injected into single cell Tg(mitfa:BRAFV600E);p53(lf);mitfa(lf)zebrafish embryos. The miniCoopR vector gets integrated by Tol2-mediated transgenesis6 and rescues melanocytes. Because they are physically coupled to the mitfa rescuing minigene, candidate genes are expressed in rescued melanocytes, some of which will transform and develop into tumors. The effect of a candidate gene on melanoma initiation and melanoma cell properties can be measured using melanoma-free survival curves, invasion assays, antibody staining and transplantation assays.

A rapid way to screen for melanoma modifiers using a zebrafish autochthonous tumor model is presented. It takes advantage of the miniCoopR vector which allows for expression of candidate melanoma genes in melanocytes. A method to obtain melanoma-free survival curves, an invasion assay, a protocol for antibody staining of scale melanocytes and a melanoma transplantation assay are described.

ゼブラ土着腫瘍モデルを用いたメラノーマの修飾のためのスクリーニング

Genomic studies of  human cancers have yielded a wealth of information about genes that are altered  in tumors1,2,3. A challenge arising from these ...

A Zebrafish Model of Diabetes Mellitus and Metabolic Memory

Diabetes mellitus currently affects 346 million individuals and this is projected to increase to 400 million by 2030. Evidence from both the laboratory and large scale clinical trials has revealed that diabetic complications progress unimpeded via the phenomenon of metabolic memory even when glycemic control is pharmaceutically achieved. Gene expression can be stably altered through epigenetic changes which not only allow cells and organisms to quickly respond to changing environmental stimuli but also confer the ability of the cell to "memorize" these encounters once the stimulus is removed. As such, the roles that these mechanisms play in the metabolic memory phenomenon are currently being examined.
We have recently reported the development of a zebrafish model of type I diabetes mellitus and characterized this model to show that diabetic zebrafish not only display the known secondary complications including the changes associated with diabetic retinopathy, diabetic nephropathy and impaired wound healing but also exhibit impaired caudal fin regeneration. This model is unique in that the zebrafish is capable to regenerate its damaged pancreas and restore a euglycemic state similar to what would be expected in post-transplant human patients. Moreover, multiple rounds of caudal fin amputation allow for the separation and study of pure epigenetic effects in an in vivo system without potential complicating factors from the previous diabetic state. Although euglycemia is achieved following pancreatic regeneration, the diabetic secondary complication of fin regeneration and skin wound healing persists indefinitely. In the case of impaired fin regeneration, this pathology is retained even after multiple rounds of fin regeneration in the daughter fin tissues. These observations point to an underlying epigenetic process existing in the metabolic memory state. Here we present the methods needed to successfully generate the diabetic and metabolic memory groups of fish and discuss the advantages of this model.

Metabolic memory is the phenomenon by which diabetic complications persist and progress unimpeded even after euglycemia is achieved pharmaceutically. Here we describe a diabetes mellitus zebrafish model which is unique in that it allows for the examination of the mitotically transmissible epigenetic components of metabolic memory in vivo.

糖尿病とメタボリックメモリーのゼブラフィッシュモデル

Diabetes mellitus currently affects 346 million individuals and this is projected to increase to 400 million by 2030. Evidence from both the laboratory ...

Assessment of Vascular Function in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease

Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) have significantly increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) compared to the general population, and this is only partially explained by traditional CVD risk factors. Vascular dysfunction is an important non-traditional risk factor, characterized by vascular endothelial dysfunction (most commonly assessed as impaired endothelium-dependent dilation [EDD]) and stiffening of the large elastic arteries. While various techniques exist to assess EDD and large elastic artery stiffness, the most commonly used are brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMDBA) and aortic pulse-wave velocity (aPWV), respectively. Both of these noninvasive measures of vascular dysfunction are independent predictors of future cardiovascular events in patients with and without kidney disease. Patients with CKD demonstrate both impaired FMDBA, and increased aPWV. While the exact mechanisms by which vascular dysfunction develops in CKD are incompletely understood, increased oxidative stress and a subsequent reduction in nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability are important contributors. Cellular changes in oxidative stress can be assessed by collecting vascular endothelial cells from the antecubital vein and measuring protein expression of markers of oxidative stress using immunofluorescence. We provide here a discussion of these methods to measure FMDBA, aPWV, and vascular endothelial cell protein expression.

The degree of vascular dysfunction and contributing physiological mechanisms can be assessed in patients with chronic kidney disease by measuring brachial artery flow-mediated dilation, aortic pulse-wave velocity, and vascular endothelial cell protein expression.

慢性腎臓病患者における血管機能の評価

Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) have significantly increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) compared to the general population, and this ...

Use of Ultra-high Field MRI in Small Rodent Models of Polycystic Kidney Disease for In Vivo Phenotyping and Drug Monitoring

Several in vivo pre-clinical studies in Polycystic Kidney Disease (PKD) utilize orthologous rodent models to identify and study the genetic and molecular mechanisms responsible for the disease, and are very convenient for rapid drug screening and testing of promising therapies. A limiting factor in these studies is often the lack of efficient non-invasive methods for sequentially analyzing the anatomical and functional changes in the kidney. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the current gold standard imaging technique to follow autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) patients, providing excellent soft tissue contrast and anatomic detail and allowing Total Kidney Volume (TKV) measurements.A major advantage of MRI in rodent models of PKD is the possibility for in vivo imaging allowing for longitudinal studies that use the same animal and therefore reducing the total number of animals required. In this manuscript, we will focus on using Ultra-high field (UHF) MRI to non-invasively acquire in vivo images of rodent models for PKD. The main goal of this work is to introduce the use of MRI as a tool for in vivo phenotypical characterization and drug monitoring in rodent models for PKD.

Use of Ultra-high Field MRI in Small Rodent Models of Polycystic Kidney Disease for In Vivo Phenotyping and Drug Monitoring

The use of ultra-high field MRI as a non-invasive way to obtain phenotypic information of rodent models for polycystic kidney disease and to monitor interventions is described. Compared with the traditional histological approach, MRI images can be acquired in vivo, allowing for longitudinal follow-up.

のための多発性嚢胞腎疾患の小齧歯類モデルにおける超高磁場MRIの使用<em&gt;インビボ</em&gt;表現型と薬物モニタリング

Several in vivo pre-clinical studies in Polycystic Kidney Disease (PKD) utilize orthologous rodent models to identify and study the genetic and molecular ...

A Doxorubicin-induced Cardiomyopathy Model in Adult Zebrafish

The genetically accessible adult zebrafish (Danio rerio) has been increasingly used as a vertebrate model for understanding human diseases such as cardiomyopathy. Because of its convenience and amenability to high throughput genetic manipulations, the generation of acquired cardiomyopathy models, such as the doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy (DIC) model in adult zebrafish, is opening the doors to new research avenues, including discovering cardiomyopathy modifiers via forward genetic screening. Different from the embryonic zebrafish DIC model, both initial acute and later chronic phases of cardiomyopathy can be determined in the adult zebrafish DIC model, enabling the study of stage-dependent signaling mechanisms and therapeutic strategies. However, variable results can be obtained with the current model, even in the hands of experienced investigators. To facilitate future implementation of the DIC model, we present a detailed protocol on how to generate this DIC model in adult zebrafish and describe two alternative ways of intraperitoneal (IP) injection. We further discuss options on how to reduce variations to obtain reliable results and provide suggestions on how to appropriately interpret the results.

A method to generate a doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy model in adult zebrafish (Danio rerio) is described here. Two alternative ways of intraperitoneal injection are presented and conditions to reduce variations among different experimental groups are discussed.

大人のゼブラフィッシュのドキソルビシン誘発心筋症モデル

The genetically accessible adult zebrafish (Danio rerio) has been increasingly used as a vertebrate model for understanding human diseases such as ...

Assessment of Kidney Function in Mouse Models of Glomerular Disease

The use of murine models to mimic human kidney disease is becoming increasingly common. Our research is focused on the assessment of glomerular function in diabetic nephropathy and podocyte-specific VEGF-A knock-out mice; therefore, this protocol describes the full kidney work-up used in our lab to assess these mouse models of glomerular disease, enabling a vast amount of information regarding kidney and glomerular function to be obtained from a single mouse. In comparison to alternative methods presented in the literature to assess glomerular function, the use of the method outlined in this paper enables the glomerular phenotype to be fully evaluated from multiple aspects. By using this method, the researcher can determine the kidney phenotype of the model and assess the mechanism as to why the phenotype develops. This vital information on the mechanism of disease is required when examining potential therapeutic avenues in these models. The methods allow for detailed functional assessment of the glomerular filtration barrier through measurement of the urinary albumin creatinine ratio and individual glomerular water permeability, as well as both structural and ultra-structural examination using the Periodic Acid Schiff stain and electron microscopy. Furthermore, analysis of the genes dysregulated at the mRNA and protein level enables mechanistic analysis of glomerular function. This protocol outlines the generic but adaptable methods that can be applied to all mouse models of glomerular disease.

This protocol describes a full kidney work-up that should be carried out in mouse models of glomerular disease. The methods allow for detailed functional, structural, and mechanistic analysis of glomerular function, which can be applied to all mouse models of glomerular disease.

糸球体疾患のマウス ・ モデルにおける腎機能の評価

The use of murine models to mimic human kidney disease is becoming increasingly common. Our research is focused on the assessment of glomerular function ...

Isometric Contractility Measurement of the Mouse Mesenteric Artery Using Wire Myography

The wire myograph technique is used to assess the contractility of vascular smooth muscles in response to depolarization, GPCR agonists/inhibitors and drugs. It is widely used in many studies on the physiological functions of vascular smooth muscle, the pathogenesis of vascular diseases such as hypertension, and the development of smooth muscle relaxant drugs. The mouse is a widely used model animal with a large pool of disease models and genetically modified strains. We introduced this method to measure the isometric contraction of mouse mesenteric artery in detail. A 1.4-mm segment of mouse mesenteric resistance artery was isolated and mounted on a myograph chamber by passing two steel wires through its lumen. After equilibration and normalization steps, the vessel segment was potentiated by a high-K+ solution twice prior to the contraction assay. As an example of the application of this method in drug development, we measured the relaxant effect of a novel natural substance, neoliensinine, isolated from a Chinese herb, embryos of the lotus seed (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) on mouse mesenteric arteries. The vessel segments mounted on the myograph chamber were stimulated with a high-K+ solution. When the force tension reached a stable sustained phase, cumulative doses of neoliensinine were added to the chamber. We found that neoliensinine had a dose-dependent relaxant effect on smooth muscle contraction, thus suggesting that it bears potential activity against hypertension. In addition, as the vessel segment can survive at least 4 hours after mounting and maintain contractility induced by the high-K+ solution for many times, we suggest that the wire myograph system may be used for the time-consuming process of drug screening.

The wire myograph technique is used to investigate vascular smooth muscle functions and screen new drugs. We report a detailed protocol for measuring the isometric contractility of the mouse mesenteric artery and for screening new relaxants of vascular smooth muscle.

ワイヤー図法を使用してマウスの腸間膜動脈の等尺性収縮力測定

The wire myograph technique is used to assess the contractility of vascular smooth muscles in response to depolarization, GPCR agonists/inhibitors and ...

A Modified Two Kidney One Clip Mouse Model of Renin Regulation in Renal Artery Stenosis

Renal artery stenosis is a common condition in patients with coronary or peripheral vascular disease where the renin angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS) is overactivated. In this context, there is a narrowing of the renal arteries that stimulate an increase in the expression and release of renin, the rate-limiting protease in RAAS. The resulting rise in renin expression is a known driver of renovascular hypertension, frequently associated with kidney injury and end organ damage. Thus, there is a great interest in developing novel treatments for this condition. The molecular and cellular mechanism of renin control in renal artery stenosis is not fully understood and warrants further investigation. To induce renal artery stenosis in mice, a modified 2 kidney 1 clip (2K1C) Goldblatt mouse model was developed. The right kidney was stenosed in wild type mice and sham operated mice were used as control. After renal artery stenosis, we determined renin expression and kidney injury. Kidneys were harvested, and fresh cortices were used to determine protein and mRNA expression of renin. This animal model is reproducible and can be used to study pathophysiological responses, molecular and cellular pathways involved in renovascular hypertension and kidney injury.

A modified 2 kidney 1 clip (2K1C) Goldblatt mouse model was developed using polyurethane tubing to initiate renal artery stenosis, inducing an increase in renin expression and kidney injury. Here, we describe a detailed procedure of preparing and placing the cuff onto the renal artery to generate a reproducible and consistent 2K1C mouse model.

腎動脈狭窄におけるレニン調節の修正された2つの腎臓1つのクリップマウスモデル

Renal artery stenosis is a common condition in patients with coronary or peripheral vascular disease where the renin angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS) ...

多発性嚢胞腎疾患の可能性のあるゼブラフィッシュモデル：のノックダウン

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胎児性アルコール暴露のゼブラフィッシュモデルの催奇形性変化を評価する

多発性嚢胞腎疾患で、ヒトとマウスの染色体異常を研究するためにスペクトル核型分析

ゼブラ土着腫瘍モデルを用いたメラノーマの修飾のためのスクリーニング

糖尿病とメタボリックメモリーのゼブラフィッシュモデル

慢性腎臓病患者における血管機能の評価

のための多発性嚢胞腎疾患の小齧歯類モデルにおける超高磁場MRIの使用

大人のゼブラフィッシュのドキソルビシン誘発心筋症モデル

糸球体疾患のマウス・モデルにおける腎機能の評価

ワイヤー図法を使用してマウスの腸間膜動脈の等尺性収縮力測定

腎動脈狭窄におけるレニン調節の修正された2つの腎臓1つのクリップマウスモデル

多発性嚢胞腎疾患の可能性のあるゼブラフィッシュモデル：のノックダウン

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糸球体疾患のマウス ・ モデルにおける腎機能の評価

ワイヤー図法を使用してマウスの腸間膜動脈の等尺性収縮力測定

腎動脈狭窄におけるレニン調節の修正された2つの腎臓1つのクリップマウスモデル

糸球体疾患のマウス・モデルにおける腎機能の評価