著者は全く確認応答がありません。

全ての動物手順は、シンシナティ大学の制度的動物実験委員会の承認を得て、および国立衛生研究所（NIH公開番号85から23から実験動物の管理と使用に関する指針に従って行った）1996年改訂。 1.マウスの準備<ol><li>麻酔薬のsupratherapeutic線量に動物を暴露することにより安楽死させる、イソフルランは効果に吸入さ。侵害刺激としてつま先のピンチを経由して第一の安楽死を確認してください。安楽死、ダイヤフラム切断の二の方法は、今後のステップで発生します。代替方法が安楽死が得られる付与に使用することができる。 </li><li> Sanitizie水分のポイントに70％エタノールで、最初のカットが行われる腹部に沿って毛皮を噴霧することにより、マウスの外面は、そのように毛皮は、エタノールで濡れていると緩ん/ドライ毛は入力しないでください地域。 </li><li>シュール上でマウスをレイアウト上下の付属と仰臥位での外科ボードは、外側に延長した。 </li><li>サージカルテープを使用してボードへの安全な付属。 </li></ol>ハートと大動脈の2の分離<ol><li>マウスの適切な位置決めした後、検索し、胸骨の剣状突起のすぐ下腹部の皮膚を隔離するために鉗子を使用しています。 </li><li>まっすぐに肌を持ち上げて緊張を作成し、腹膜や胸腔の劣る部分の優れた部分を露出させ、表面的な皮膚を除去するためにハサミを使用しています。 </li><li>剣状突起を持ち上げると肋骨下の余白に沿ってプロセスのすぐ下の横切開を行うことで、腹腔を入力します。 </li><li>心臓や大きな血管をlacerateしないように注意してくださいという、横隔膜を経由、胸腔内にアップ解剖。 </li><li>胸郭の前方部分を除去するためのステップ2.3頭側で行われた横方向の切開を拡張します。もし必要に応じて、鈍的切開を使用して前胸壁から心臓を解放。 </li><li>材料を吸収するために滅菌ガーゼを使用して余分な血液や体液の胸腔を清掃してください。エリアをより見やすくしたら、より良い心と大動脈を露出させ、肺を削除します。 </li></ol>ハートと大動脈の3灌流注：このステップにとても直前に行い、心穿刺によって血液を入手します。 <ol><li>無菌の氷冷1×リン酸緩衝溶液（PBS）10mlで10 1ccシリンジに充填し、シリンジに25ゲージの針を取り付ける。 </li><li>静かに心臓の左心室に針を挿入します。 </li><li>灌流からの圧力の蓄積を軽減するために右心房をカット。 3分 - 2の上にマウスに注射器の内容物を灌流。 </li><li>灌流液を吸収するために右心房の開口部で滅菌ガーゼを使用してください。 </li></ol>大動脈の4.絶縁と切除<ol><li>ペーが完了するとrfusion、胸腔内の視野を曇り、残りの流体を吸収するために滅菌ガーゼを使用しています。 </li><li>恥骨の領域に切開を延長、腹壁を通して尾側に切断することによって胃腸の内容を公開します。二国間釘付けまたは削除することができ、皮膚のフラップを作成するために下肢に向けてさらなる切開を拡張します。 </li><li>より良い大動脈を可視化するために、肝臓、膵臓、胃、脾臓、および腸のローブを削除します。大動脈は、腎動脈の枝で表面的であるように、腎周囲領域の近く解剖ときは注意してください。 注：正確な中で、このステップを実行し、消化管の汚染の傾向を増加させ、細菌に富んでいるような方法を入学。 </li><li> 1×PBSで領域をすすぎ、滅菌ガーゼで吸収して、すべての流体を除去。 </li><li>無菌microscissorsとマイクロピンセットを使用して、背骨の背側と腹側に食道から大動脈を分離する。それは、鈍的切開し、このための解剖顕微鏡を利用した使用するのが最適です。 注：大動脈を単離する際に、腸骨分岐部に尾開始し、尾側に解剖頸動脈と腕頭動脈の頭側頭側の洗浄とキャビティの背側表面から大動脈を分離移動したり、開始します。どちらの方法が適切であると研究者の快適性に任されています。 </li><li>大動脈壁の一部を除去しないように注意してくださいという細かいmicroscissorsを使用して血管周囲の脂肪組織を削除します。これは、大動脈平滑筋細胞を培養する際に、線維芽細胞の混入の可能性を最小限に抑えることが不可欠である。 </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Go, A. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Heart+disease+and+stroke+statistics--2014+update:+a+report+from+the+American+Heart+Association.">Heart disease and stroke statistics--2014 update: a report from the American Heart Association.</a> Circulation. 129 (3), 28-292 (2014).</li><li>Ross, R., Harker, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hyperlipidemia+and+atherosclerosis.">Hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis.</a> Science. 193 (4258), 1094-1100 (1976).</li><li>Clouse, W. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Acute+aortic+dissection:+population-based+incidence+compared+with+degenerative+aortic+aneurysm+rupture.">Acute aortic dissection: population-based incidence compared with degenerative aortic aneurysm rupture.</a> Mayo Clin Proc. 79 (2), 176-180 (2004).</li><li>Daugherty, A., Cassis, L. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mouse+models+of+abdominal+aortic+aneurysms.">Mouse models of abdominal aortic aneurysms.</a> Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 24 (3), 429-434 (2004).</li><li>Pleumeekers, H. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Aneurysms+of+the+abdominal+aorta+in+older+adults.+The+Rotterdam+Study.">Aneurysms of the abdominal aorta in older adults. The Rotterdam Study.</a> Am J Epidemiol. 142 (12), 1291-1299 (1995).</li><li>Brophy, C. M., Reilly, J. M., Smit, G. J., Tilson, M. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+role+of+inflammation+in+nonspecific+abdominal+aortic+aneurysm+disease.">The role of inflammation in nonspecific abdominal aortic aneurysm disease.</a> Ann Vasc Surg. 5 (3), 229-233 (1991).</li><li>Ray, J. L., Leach, R., Herbert, J. M., Benson, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolation+of+vascular+smooth+muscle+cells+from+a+single+murine+aorta.">Isolation of vascular smooth muscle cells from a single murine aorta.</a> Methods Cell Sci. 23 (4), 185-188 (2001).</li><li>Weiss, R. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Imaging+the+murine+cardiovascular+system+with+magnetic+resonance.">Imaging the murine cardiovascular system with magnetic resonance.</a> Circ Res. 88 (6), 550-551 (2001).</li><li>Graham, E. L., Balla, C., Franchino, H., Melman, Y., del Monte, F., Das, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolation+culture,+and+functional+characterization+of+adult+mouse+cardiomyoctyes.">Isolation culture, and functional characterization of adult mouse cardiomyoctyes.</a> J Vis Exp. (79), 50289 (2013).</li><li>Wassef, M., Upchurch, G. R., Kuivaniemi, H., Thompson, R. W., Tilson, M. D. 3. r. d. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Challenges+and+opportunities+in+abdominal+aortic+aneurysm+research.">Challenges and opportunities in abdominal aortic aneurysm research.</a> J Vasc Surg. 45 (1), 192-198 (2007).</li></ol>

著者らは、開示することは何もない。

Aortic disease can lead to significant systemic pathology and possibly death in severe cases. Treatment options are currently limited therefore continued research in the field is necessary10. Murine models are ideal to further study disease progression and potentially therapeutic options4. Therefore, the successful completion of the method described in this manuscript will provide investigators with the tools to measure disease progression and drug efficacy. 
This techniq...

大動脈は、酸素化された血液及び身体の他の同様の部分とボディを供給する血管機能において重要な役割を果たしている疾患に感受性である。一般的な大動脈疾患は、食事、喫煙と座りがちな生活1を含む、遺伝的要因と環境要因の結果であるアテローム性動脈硬化症や動脈瘤が含まれる。アテローム性動脈硬化症は、一般的に、慢性高脂血症2の患者で見つかった大動脈壁にカルシウムおよび脂質ベースのプラークの沈着である。動脈瘤は、最終的に3を破裂させる可能性があり拡径続い大動脈血管壁の菲薄化の構造成分の分解によって特徴付けられる。 動物モデルは、病気や潜在的な治療法の有効性のメカニズムを研究するために使用される重要なツールである。心血管の研究に使用される一般的な動物モデルは、特に、血管および代謝障害を調査研究そのようなアポリポタンパク質E遺伝子ノックアウトおよび低密度リポタンパク質受容体遺伝子ノックアウトマウス4などの脂質レベルを変化させる遺伝的に改変されたマウスを含む。疾患及び治療の有効性の機構を評価するための方法の大部分は大動脈の単離および切除を含むであろう。 大動脈は、ローカライズされ単離されると、形態学的分析は、このような動脈瘤の存在、典型的には、直径5で50％以上の増加として定義されるように、決定することができる。 in situ分析必要が完了したら、大動脈を、さらなる分析のために切り出すことができる。切除された大動脈は、タンパク質および/または遺伝子発現アッセイまたは分子的研究を行うために急速冷凍することができ、4％パラホルムアルデヒドを用いて固定し、後で、包埋し、組織学的分析のために染色した。大動脈の組織学的分析は、そのような構造劣化、プラーク形成、および白血球の浸潤として大動脈疾患の共通の特徴を示すことができる&lt;SUP&gt; 6,7。さらに、切除された大動脈は、その後in vitro試験7のさまざまな目的で使用することができ、内皮細胞および平滑筋細胞を含む初代細胞株を単離することができる。 現在、大動脈疾患のこの深いキャラクタリゼーションを提供するだけでなく、さらなる心臓血管疾患を研究するためのツールを研究者に提供するための他の方法はない。例えば、磁気共鳴画像のような画像診断法は、コンピュータ断層撮影および超音波検査は、形態学的に大動脈を評価するための最も近い方法であるが、これは、小動物では困難であり、適切な技術と装置を得ることが8に高価である。不死化細胞株は、しかしながら、これらの細胞の人工的な性質は、細胞のライフサイクルおよびアポトーシス9への影響を研究に制限されている疾患および治療 ​​の有効性の潜在的なメカニズムを調査するために購入することができる。 の全体的な目標この原稿は、心血管疾患の調査にマウス大動脈の無菌分離および切除を実証することである。

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isolation and excision of murine aorta; a versatile technique in the study of cardiovascular disease

Cardiovascular disease is a broad term describing disease of the heart and/or blood vessels. The main blood vessel supplying the body with oxygenated blood is the aorta. The aorta may become affected in diseases such as atherosclerosis and aneurysm. Researchers investigating these diseases would benefit from direct observation of the aorta to characterize disease progression as well as to evaluate efficacy of potential therapeutics. The goal of this protocol is to describe proper isolation and excision of the aorta to aid investigators researching cardiovascular disease. Isolation and excision of the aorta allows investigators to look at gross morphometric changes as wells as allowing them to preserve and stain the tissue to look at histologic changes if desired. The aorta may be used for molecular studies to evaluate protein and gene expression to discover targets of interest and mechanisms of action. This technique is superior to imaging modalities as they have inherent limitations in technology and cost. Additionally, primary isolated cells from a freshly isolated and excised aorta can allowing researchers to perform further in situ and in vitro assays. The isolation and excision of the aorta has the limitation of having to sacrifice the animal however, in this case the benefits outweigh the harm as it is the most versatile technique in the study of aortic disease.

手続きが完了すると、まだ添付腎動脈と胸部と腹部の空洞（ 図1A）に下降、心から発信無傷で大動脈があるでしょう。ここからは、大動脈は、腹部大動脈瘤（ 図1Bおよび1C）の研究での診断である形態学的変化を定量化するために、その場で画像化することができる。その後、大動脈を取り出し、固定し、組織学的変化を見るために染色すること?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Isolation and Excision of Murine Aorta; A Versatile Technique in the Study of Cardiovascular Disease at JoVE.com

Isolation and Excision of Murine Aorta; A Versatile Technique in the Study of Cardiovascular Disease

Pathology of the aorta can lead to severe morbidity and mortality, therefore research of disease progression and potential therapies is warranted. Here, we present a protocol to isolate and excise the murine aorta to aid researchers in their investigation of cardiovascular disease.

単離とマウス大動脈の切除。心血管疾患の研究で多彩なテクニック

Cardiovascular disease is a broad term describing disease of the heart and/or blood vessels. The main blood vessel supplying the body with oxygenated ...

isolation-excision-murine-aorta-versatile-technique-study

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

32.0K ビュー.  University of Cincinnati College of Medicine. Pathology of the aorta can lead to severe morbidity and mortality, therefore research of disease progression and potential therapies is warranted. Here, we present a protocol to isolate and excise the murine aorta to aid researchers in their investigation of cardiovascular disease. 

ビデオ: Isolation and Excision of Murine Aorta; A Versatile Technique in the Study of Cardiovascular Disease

A Murine Model of Stent Implantation in the Carotid Artery for the Study of Restenosis

Despite the considerable progress made in the stent development in the last decades, cardiovascular diseases remain the main cause of death in western countries. Beside the benefits offered by the development of different drug-eluting stents, the coronary revascularization bears also the life-threatening risks of in-stent thrombosis and restenosis. Research on new therapeutic strategies is impaired by the lack of appropriate methods to study stent implantation and restenosis processes. Here, we describe a rapid and accessible procedure of stent implantation in mouse carotid artery, which offers the possibility to study in a convenient way the molecular mechanisms of vessel remodeling and the effects of different drug coatings.

A model of stent implantation in mouse carotid artery is described. Compared to other similar methods, this procedure is very rapid, simple and accessible, offering the possibility to study in a convenient way the vascular wall reaction to different drug-eluting stents and the molecular mechanisms of restenosis.

再狭窄の研究のための頸動脈内ステント留置のマウスモデル

Despite  the considerable progress made in the stent development in the last decades,  cardiovascular diseases remain the main cause of death in western ...

医学

Fundus Photography as a Convenient Tool to Study Microvascular Responses to Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Epidemiological Studies

The microcirculation consists of blood vessels with diameters less than 150 &#181;m. It makes up a large part of the circulatory system and plays an important role in maintaining cardiovascular health. The retina is a tissue that lines the interior of the eye and it is the only tissue that allows for a non-invasive analysis of the microvasculature. Nowadays, high-quality fundus images can be acquired using digital cameras. Retinal images can be collected in 5 min or less, even without dilatation of the pupils. This unobtrusive and fast procedure for visualizing the microcirculation is attractive to apply in epidemiological studies and to monitor cardiovascular health from early age up to old age.
Systemic diseases that affect the circulation can result in progressive morphological changes in the retinal vasculature. For example, changes in the vessel calibers of retinal arteries and veins have been associated with hypertension, atherosclerosis, and increased risk of stroke and myocardial infarction. The vessel widths are derived using image analysis software and the width of the six largest arteries and veins are summarized in the Central Retinal Arteriolar Equivalent (CRAE) and the Central Retinal Venular Equivalent (CRVE). The latter features have been shown useful to study the impact of modifiable lifestyle and environmental cardiovascular disease risk factors.
The procedures to acquire fundus images and the analysis steps to obtain CRAE and CRVE are described. Coefficients of variation of repeated measures of CRAE and CRVE are less than 2% and within-rater reliability is very high. Using a panel study, the rapid response of the retinal vessel calibers to short-term changes in particulate air pollution, a known risk factor for cardiovascular mortality and morbidity, is reported. In conclusion, retinal imaging is proposed as a convenient and instrumental tool for epidemiological studies to study microvascular responses to cardiovascular disease risk factors.

Retinal image analysis is an unobtrusive procedure for visualizing the microcirculation. The impact of cardiovascular disease risk factors can result in changes of retinal vessel calibers. The procedures to acquire fundus images and the steps for calculating the vessel calibers are described.

疫学研究では心血管疾患の危険因子への微小血管の応答を研究するための便利なツールとしての眼底写真

The microcirculation consists of blood vessels with diameters less than 150 &#181;m. It makes up a large part of the circulatory system and plays an ...

Localization, Identification, and Excision of Murine Adipose Depots

Obesity has increased dramatically in the last few decades and affects over one third of the adult US population. The economic effect of obesity in 2005 reached a staggering sum of $190.2 billion in direct medical costs alone. Obesity is a major risk factor for a wide host of diseases. Historically, little was known regarding adipose and its major and essential functions in the body. Brown and white adipose are the two main types of adipose but current literature has identified a new type of fat called brite or beige adipose. Research has shown that adipose depots have specific metabolic profiles and certain depots allow for a propensity for obesity and other related disorders. The goal of this protocol is to provide researchers the capacity to identify and excise adipose depots that will allow for the analysis of different factorial effects on adipose; as well as the beneficial or detrimental role adipose plays in disease and overall health. Isolation and excision of adipose depots allows investigators to look at gross morphological changes as well as histological changes. The adipose isolated can also be used for molecular studies to evaluate transcriptional and translational change or for in vitro experimentation to discover targets of interest and mechanisms of action. This technique is superior to other published techniques due to the design allowing for isolation of multiple depots with simplicity and minimal contamination.

Due to the drastic and negative connection between obesity and other comorbidities, research on the role adipose plays in disease and overall health is warranted. We present a protocol for the isolation and excision of adipose depots allowing for the study of adipose using in situ and in vitro methods.

マウス脂肪デポのローカライズ、識別、および切除

Obesity has increased dramatically in the last few decades and affects over one third of the adult US population. The economic effect of obesity in 2005 ...

Adapting Human Videofluoroscopic Swallow Study Methods to Detect and Characterize Dysphagia in Murine Disease Models

This study adapted human videofluoroscopic swallowing study (VFSS) methods for use with murine disease models for the purpose of facilitating translational dysphagia research. Successful outcomes are dependent upon three critical components: test chambers that permit self-feeding while standing unrestrained in a confined space, recipes that mask the aversive taste/odor of commercially-available oral contrast agents, and a step-by-step test protocol that permits quantification of swallow physiology. Elimination of one or more of these components will have a detrimental impact on the study results. Moreover, the energy level capability of the fluoroscopy system will determine which swallow parameters can be investigated. Most research centers have high energy fluoroscopes designed for use with people and larger animals, which results in exceptionally poor image quality when testing mice and other small rodents. Despite this limitation, we have identified seven VFSS parameters that are consistently quantifiable in mice when using a high energy fluoroscope in combination with the new murine VFSS protocol. We recently obtained a low energy fluoroscopy system with exceptionally high imaging resolution and magnification capabilities that was designed for use with mice and other small rodents. Preliminary work using this new system, in combination with the new murine VFSS protocol, has identified 13 swallow parameters that are consistently quantifiable in mice, which is nearly double the number obtained using conventional (i.e., high energy) fluoroscopes. Identification of additional swallow parameters is expected as we optimize the capabilities of this new system. Results thus far demonstrate the utility of using a low energy fluoroscopy system to detect and quantify subtle changes in swallow physiology that may otherwise be overlooked when using high energy fluoroscopes to investigate murine disease models.

This study successfully adapted human videofluoroscopic swallowing study (VFSS) methods for use with murine disease models for the purpose of facilitating translational dysphagia research.

マウス疾患モデルで嚥下障害を検出し、特徴づけるために、人間のVideofluoroscopicツバメ調査方法を適応させる

This study adapted human videofluoroscopic swallowing study (VFSS) methods for use with murine disease models for the purpose of facilitating ...

A Versatile Murine Model of Subcortical White Matter Stroke for the Study of Axonal Degeneration and White Matter Neurobiology

Stroke affecting white matter accounts for up to 25% of clinical stroke presentations, occurs silently at rates that may be 5-10 fold greater, and contributes significantly to the development of vascular dementia. Few models of focal white matter stroke exist and this lack of appropriate models has hampered understanding of the neurobiologic mechanisms involved in injury response and repair after this type of stroke. The main limitation of other subcortical stroke models is that they do not focally restrict the infarct to the white matter or have primarily been validated in non-murine species. This limits the ability to apply the wide variety of murine research tools to study the neurobiology of white matter stroke. Here we present a methodology for the reliable production of a focal stroke in murine white matter using a local injection of an irreversible eNOS inhibitor. We also present several variations on the general protocol including two unique stereotactic variations, retrograde neuronal tracing, as well as fresh tissue labeling and dissection that greatly expand the potential applications of this technique. These variations allow for multiple approaches to analyze the neurobiologic effects of this common and understudied form of stroke.

Here we present methodology for the production of a focal stroke in murine white matter by local injection of an irreversible endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) inhibitor (L-Nio). Presented are two stereotactic variations, retrograde neuronal tracing, and fresh tissue labeling and dissection that expand the potential applications of this technique.

軸索変性と白質神経生物学の研究のための皮質下白質ストロークの多彩なマウスモデル

Stroke affecting white matter accounts for up to 25% of clinical stroke presentations, occurs silently at rates that may be 5-10 fold greater, and ...

Murine Echocardiography of Left Atrium, Aorta, and Pulmonary Artery

The present methodology teaches the investigator how to measure and use the LAV as a surrogate of chronic elevations in Left Ventricular diastolic pressure through echocardiography, as well as to obtain measurements of the Aorta and PA diameter in mice.
Mice older than 10 d of age can be analyzed using the present technique. The technique is composed of 3 main steps: set-up, image acquisition, and image analysis. The set-up step consists of getting the mouse anesthetized with 1% isoflurane, shaving it, and taping it in a supine position to a heated EKG board where the image acquisition will take place. The image acquisition step consists of learning to identify the cardiac structures and obtaining all the required images with its correspondent probe and axis in order to be able to calculate volumes and diameters. The image analysis step consists of measuring the previously acquired images with the aid of computer software.
Advantages of the proposed technique include a fast (15 min) procedure that would allow the researcher to evaluate interventions in a non-invasive, non-terminal approach and therefore follow the same mouse over time; each mouse can be used as its own control. This fact plus having the same operator perform all the acquisition and analysis for the entire experiment minimizes the limitation of operator-dependency. The present methodology is useful for mouse researchers in cardiovascular and pulmonary medicine.

The following protocol describes the methodology for the acquisition and analysis of echocardiographic images used to obtain the Left Atrial Volume (LAV), Aorta (Ao) diameter, and Pulmonary Artery (PA) diameter in mice. This technique is a non-invasive, non-terminal procedure that allows assessment of the cardiopulmonary function.

左心房、大動脈、肺動脈のマウス心エコー

The present methodology teaches the investigator how to measure and use the LAV as a surrogate of chronic elevations in Left Ventricular diastolic ...

Balloon-based Injury to Induce Myointimal Hyperplasia in the Mouse Abdominal Aorta

The use of animal models is essential for a better understanding of MH, one major cause for arterial stenosis.In this article, we demonstrate a murine balloon denudation model, which is comparable with established vessel injury models in large animals. The aorta denudation model with balloon catheters mimics the clinical setting and leads to comparable pathobiological and physiological changes. Briefly, after performing a horizontal incision in the aorta abdominalis, a balloon catheter will be inserted into the vessel, inflated, and introduced retrogradely. Inflation of the balloon will lead to intima injury and overdistension of the vessel. After removing the catheter, the aortic incision will be closed with single stiches. The model shown in this article is reproducible, easy to perform, and can be established quickly and reliably. It is especially suitable for evaluating expensive experimental therapeutic agents, which can be applied in an economical fashion. By using different knockout-mouse strains, the impact of different genes on MH development can be assessed.

This article demonstrates a murine model to study the development of myointimal hyperplasia (MH) after aortic balloon injury.

マウスの腹部大動脈 Myointimal 過形成を誘導するために気球を利用した傷害

The use of animal models is essential for a better understanding of MH, one major cause for arterial stenosis.In this article, we demonstrate a murine ...

Ultrasound Imaging of the Thoracic and Abdominal Aorta in Mice to Determine Aneurysm Dimensions

Contemporary high-resolution ultrasound instruments have sufficient resolution to facilitate the measurement of mouse aortas. These instruments have been widely used to measure aortic dimensions in mouse models of aortic aneurysms. Aortic aneurysms are defined as permanent dilations of the aorta, which occur most frequently in the ascending and abdominal regions. Sequential measurements of aortic dimensions by ultrasound are the principal approach for assessing the development and progression of aortic aneurysms in vivo. Although many reported studies used ultrasound imaging to measure aortic diameters as a primary endpoint, there are confounding factors, such as probe position and cardiac cycle, that may impact the accuracy of data acquisition, analysis, and interpretation. The purpose of this protocol is to provide a practical guide on the use of ultrasound to measure the aortic diameter in a reliable and reproducible manner. This protocol introduces the preparation of mice and instruments, the acquisition of appropriate ultrasound images, and data analysis.

Ultrasound imaging has become a common modality to determine the luminal dimensions of thoracic and abdominal aortic aneurysms in mice. This protocol describes the procedure to acquire reliable and reproducible two-dimensional ultrasound images of the ascending and abdominal aorta in mice.

マウス脳動脈瘤のサイズを調べるために胸部、腹部の大動脈の超音波断層像

Contemporary high-resolution ultrasound instruments have sufficient resolution to facilitate the measurement of mouse aortas. These instruments have been ...

A Cryoinjury Model to Study Myocardial Infarction in the Mouse

The use of animal models is essential for developing new therapeutic strategies for acute coronary syndrome and its complications. In this article, we demonstrate a murine cryoinjury infarct model that generates precise infarct sizes with high reproducibility and replicability. In brief, after intubation and sternotomy of the animal, the heart is lifted from the thorax. The probe of a handheld liquid nitrogen delivery system is applied onto the myocardial wall to induce cryoinjury. Impaired ventricular function and electrical conduction can be monitored with echocardiography or optical mapping. Transmural myocardial remodeling of the infarcted area is characterized by collagen deposition and loss of cardiomyocytes. Compared to other models (e.g., LAD-ligation), this model utilizes a handheld liquid nitrogen delivery system to generate more uniform infarct sizes.

This article demonstrates a model to study cardiac remodeling after myocardial cryoinjury in mice.

マウスの心筋梗塞を研究する凍結傷害モデル

The use of animal models is essential for developing new therapeutic strategies for acute coronary syndrome and its complications. In this article, we ...

Intramyocardial Transplantation of MSC-Loading Injectable Hydrogels after Myocardial Infarction in a Murine Model

One of the major issues facing current cardiac stem cell therapies for preventing postinfarct heart failure is the low retention and survival rates of transplanted cells within the injured myocardium, limiting their therapeutic efficacy. Recently, the use of scaffolding biomaterials has gained attention for improving and maximizing stem cell therapy. The objective of this protocol is to introduce a simple and straightforward technique to transplant bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) using injectable hydroxyphenyl propionic acid (GH) hydrogels; the hydrogels are favorable as a cell delivery platform for cardiac tissue engineering applications due to their ability to be cross-linked in situ and high biocompatibility. We present a simple method to fabricate MSC-loading GH hydrogels (MSC/hydrogels) and evaluate their survival and proliferation in three-dimensional (3D) in vitro culture. In addition, we demonstrate a technique for intramyocardial transplantation of MSC/hydrogels in mice, describing a surgical procedure to induce myocardial infarction (MI) via left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery ligation and subsequent MSC/hydrogels transplantation.

Stem cell-based therapy has emerged as an efficient strategy to repair injured cardiac tissues after myocardial infarction. We provide an optimal in vivo application for stem cell transplantation using gelatin hydrogels that are able to be enzymatically cross-linked.

マウスモデルにおける心筋梗塞後のMSC負荷注入性ヒドロゲルの筋内移植

One of the major issues facing current cardiac stem cell therapies for preventing postinfarct heart failure is the low retention and survival rates of ...