Supported by NIH award R01 DK093525 (GFG). We greatly appreciate the scientific review and grammatical editing of the manuscript by Dr. Amber Shaffer (University of Pittsburgh) and thank Michael Burcham for assistance in preparation of figures.

注：このプロトコルを見直し、ピッツバーグ大学の施設内動物管理使用委員会によって承認された。 修正クレブス溶液と試験薬品アリコートの調製<ol><li> 117.9のNaCl、4.7のKCl、25のNaHCO 3、1.3のNaH 2 PO 4、1.2をMgSO 4、2.5のCaCl 2、11.1 D-グルコース、2酪酸ナトリウム、20酢酸ナトリウム（単位はmM）を含有する改変クレブス液を6 Lを作る0.004ニフェジピン（自発的な筋収縮をブロックする）、及び0.003インドメタシン（内因性プロスタグランジンの合成をブロックする）。それぞれ、組織切開とシングルファイバー記録に氷のように冷たいと暖かいクレブスのソリューションを使用してください。 </li><li>任意の化学溶液を調製する（ 例えば、IS、カプサイシン、ATP）は、所望の濃度の分量で。 </li></ol>結腸直腸-神経組織の2解剖<ol><li>中（30グラム - - 8週齢、20 6）雄マウスを麻酔し、安楽死させるマウスは、胸部の動きの欠如によって示されるように、完全に呼吸が止まるまで、毎分チャンバ容積の30％ - 10を変位させる流量でCO 2室。 </li><li>直ちに、胸部室切開右心房を穿孔し、氷冷したクレブスの十分な体積（〜500ml）中でのマウスカーカスを浸漬することにより安楽死、放血させると、以下の（4°C）溶液カルボゲン（95％O 2でバブリング、5％CO 2）。 </li><li>慎重にすべての内臓が、コロンと骨盤臓器を取り除く。少し横隔膜より上T12脊髄分節全体の半分にマウスを横断すると氷の寒さを含む解剖室に尾側半分を転送し、クレブス溶液を泡立て。 </li><li>実体顕微鏡下では、尿道への接合部で離断によって膀胱と生殖器官を削除し、それが総腸骨動脈に分岐するまで下行/腹部大動脈を削除します。 PNまたはそれらのsurroundinからLSNを解放鈍的切開によるグラム組織および（PN用）L6とS1脊柱または（LSN用）T13とL1脊柱へのその腹側のエントリポイントまでの腸骨稜の外から神経に従ってください。 </li><li>恥骨結合と左右の寛骨臼関節を切断し、腸骨を取り除く。神経が脊柱に入る場所まで、大腸に近いから添付の筋肉や結合組織からのPNまたはLSNのどちらかを慎重無料。 </li><li>慎重に遠位大腸を露出するように腸骨を切除。連続で添付PNまたはLSNと遠位大腸を解剖。 </li><li>組織室の浴コンパートメントに装着神経と直腸を転送します。さらに切開により過度の結合組織を外し、抗腸間膜の国境に沿って縦方向に大腸を開きます。 </li><li>上に向け粘膜側では、chambeのシリコーンベースに記録コンパートメントに隣接した結腸直腸腸間膜エッジをピンrおよび力アクチュエータに接続されたフックのレーキに大腸のantimesenteric長さを取り付け（ 図1に示され、 図2Aで撮影）。 </li><li>マウスの穴とゲートで風呂コンパートメントに接続されている記録をコンパートメントの中にPNまたはLSNを拡張します。静かに神経接着させるための親水性表面を提供記録コンパートメント、小さなガラスミラーに神経幹を置く。暖かいと一緒にお風呂コンパートメントSuperfuse（30から32°C）を、Krebs溶液を酸素化し、鉱物油との記録コンパートメントを埋める。 </li></ol> 3.シングルファイバーの記録と受容野の局在<ol><li>慎重に高倍率（ - 60X 50）での実体顕微鏡下でPNまたはLSNから神経上膜（神経鞘）をバックはがします。 〜100μmの厚さの8神経束 - 細かい鉗子を使用して、5に神経幹をいじめる。 </li><li>白金 - イリジウムリファレンスを置き組織チャンバ内のクレブス溶液と接触する電極。順次同一の材料からなる記録電極上に個々の神経束を置く。 </li><li>穏やかになでることで大腸表面下大腸求心性神経からのAPを呼び起こすために柔らかいペイントブラシを使用してください。検出可能なAP（活動電位）の録音を通じてコロンを支配する神経束（s）を見つけます。 注：PNとLSNも膀胱や他の骨盤内の臓器を支配する。 </li><li>さらに〜10μmの厚さの細い束のフ​​ィラメントに神経束を分割し、記録電極上に個々のフィラメントを配置するために30 G針先端のペアを使用してください。 </li><li>電気的に現在のスプレッドの〜2mmの半径を生成閾値上の刺激強度（10ミリアンペアの大きさ、0.3 Hzの@ 0.5ミリ秒の持続時間）、での求心性終末を励起するために粘膜表面に垂直なラウンドが先端に付いた同心円状の電極を配置します。体系的に電極を移動（〜1.5ミリメートルステップ）受容語尾をローカライズする扁平な大腸の長さと幅に沿って。 </li><li>求心性エンディングが励起されると、最小刺激強度（刺激しきい値）を必要とする活性化（受容野、RF）のサイトを特定するための電極位置を調整します。 &gt; 3ミリアンペア19刺激閾値と語尾を破棄。 </li><li>刺激アーチファクトと活動電位の開始との間の受容野（RF）での刺激電極と記録部位および2）伝導遅延（ 例えば、 図2B）との間の距離）1から伝導速度（CV）を計算する。 CV（10m /秒）=距離（mm）/伝導遅延（ミリ秒）。 </li></ol>機械受容大腸求心性神経の4機能分類<ol><li>電気刺激によってRFを見つけた後、RFに、次の3つの機械的刺激を適用します。 <ol><li> Calibraでの先端を押して、プロービング刺激を実施テッド·フォン·フレイのようなナイロンモノフィラメント（0.4および1グラム力）垂直に平坦化された大腸上のRF向けた。 </li><li>穏やかRF小さな表面せん断応力を生成するために細かいナイロンフィラメントストランド（10 mgの力）で大腸粘膜をなでることでなでる刺激を行う。 </li><li> ステップ2.8に記載されてフックのレーキを介して大腸の抗腸間膜縁に沿って円周方向に（ -は5mN /秒で170 MN 0）傾斜伸縮力を提供し、コンピュータ制御の力アクチュエータを用いて円周ストレッチを行う。 </li></ol></li><li>漿膜として、粘膜を（プロービング平滑末端にのみ反応する）求心性神経を分類筋肉（周ストレッチに対応し、プロービング平滑）筋肉/粘膜を（周ストレッチ、粘膜なでるに対応し、プロービング平滑）、または、（なでる粘膜およびプロービング平滑末端に反応する） MIA（三機械的刺激のいずれかに応答しない）。 </li><li>だけで（腸間膜求心性神経のために、電気刺激によって選択的に活性化する腸間膜のプロービング/機械的なストロークによってそれらの受容語尾を見つけることが困難なLSNの神経支配）。 </li><li>ストレッチに敏感な求心性（筋肉と筋肉の粘膜）の場合は、傾斜のストレッチ中に最初のAPを呼び起こす力として定義されている応答閾値を決定する。 </li><li>漿膜求心性神経のために、コンピュータ制御力アクチュエータで駆動される受容野のプロービング点状のレベルを昇順に彼らの応答を記録。 </li></ol> 5.化学アプリケーション/受容性終末のモジュレーション<ol><li>機械的な刺激に対するベースライン応答を記録（ すなわち、傾斜ストレッチ、プロービング点状、または粘膜ストロークへの応答）。 </li><li>コートチューブの一片（真鍮やステンレス鋼、10ミリメートル、高と4×4ミリメートル2正方形または4〜5ミリメートルの直径）の下端ワセリンとし、大腸に受容野の上に置きます。 </li><li>削除するチューブ内部のクレブス溶液、および3の受容エンディングさらす - 試験される化学物質（単数または複数）を含む溶液の170μlに5分。 </li><li>化学アプリケーションの間の求心性の応答を監視します（一部の求心性神経は、化学感受性である）。 </li><li>化学物質の作用を終了させる薬液とチューブを外します。 4内 - 6分、ベースライン応答と同様に機械的刺激への求心性応答をテストします。 </li><li>ウォッシュアウト（&gt; 15分）の十分な期間の後に再び機械的刺激を再適用します。 </li></ol> 6.録音および識別APスパイク<ol><li> 20 kHzで軸索から記録された電気信号をデジタル化し、コンピュータにデータを保存します。オーディオモニターにより、オンラインの信号を監視します。 </li><li>オフラインAPスパイクを分析し、個々のスパイク波形25の主成分分析に基づいて、単一のユニットを区別する。 注：Oneレコードがこれ以上目を含める必要があります2簡単に識別可能なアクティブユニット。 </li></ol>

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<li>Christianson, J. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((plasticity+and+modulation+of+visceral+afferents%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Brain+Research+Reviews%22%5BJournal%5D)">plasticity and modulation of visceral afferents.</a> Brain Research Reviews. 60, 171-186 (2009).</li>
<li>Kiyatkin, M. E., Feng, B., Schwartz, E. S., Gebhart, G. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Combined+genetic+and+pharmacological+inhibition+of+TRPV1+and+P2X3+attenuates+colorectal+hypersensitivity+and+afferent+sensitization%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Am+J+Physiol+Gastrointest+Liver+Physiol%22%5BJournal%5D)">Combined genetic and pharmacological inhibition of TRPV1 and P2X3 attenuates colorectal hypersensitivity and afferent sensitization.</a> Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 305, G638-G648 (2013).</li>
<li>Brumovsky, P. R., Feng, B., Xu, L., McCarthy, C. J., Gebhart, G. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Cystitis+increases+colorectal+afferent+sensitivity+in+the+mouse%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Am+J+Physiol+Gastrointest+Liver+Physiol%22%5BJournal%5D)">Cystitis increases colorectal afferent sensitivity in the mouse.</a> Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 297, G1250-G1258 (2009).</li>
<li>Shinoda, M., Feng, B., Gebhart, G. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Peripheral+and+central+P2X+receptor+contributions+to+colon+mechanosensitivity+and+hypersensitivity+in+the+mouse%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Gastroenterology%22%5BJournal%5D)">Peripheral and central P2X receptor contributions to colon mechanosensitivity and hypersensitivity in the mouse.</a> Gastroenterology. 137, 2096-2104 (2009).</li>
<li>Tanaka, T., Shinoda, M., Feng, B., Albers, K. M., Gebhart, G. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Modulation+of+visceral+hypersensitivity+by+glial+cell+line-derived+neurotrophic+factor+family+receptor+%CE%B1-3+in+colorectal+afferents%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Am+J+Physiol+Gastrointest+Liver+Physiol%22%5BJournal%5D)">Modulation of visceral hypersensitivity by glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor family receptor α-3 in colorectal afferents.</a> Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 300, G418-G424 (2011).</li>
</ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

ここに記載のインビトロ結腸直腸神経準備がうまく内臓感覚ニューロン上の他の非機能的アプローチ（ 例えば 、細胞、分子、および組織学的研究）を補完する個々の結腸直腸求心性の神経エンコーディング機能（研究するための強力なアプローチであることが証明され）詳細についてはレビュー27を参照してください。痛覚および長期直腸過敏症に寄与神経メカニズム?...

疼痛および過敏症が明らかに病理学的原因または組織損傷の非存在下で存在する過敏性腸症候群（IBS）を含む機能性胃腸障害に罹患している患者の主な不満である。例えば、IBS患者は、体の紹介（腹部の触診に、すなわち、圧痛）1の直腸バルーン膨満への応答を高め、正常な腸機能の間に感受性の増加、ならびに過敏を含む過敏症を呈する。大腸求心性神経を標的にすること（局所麻酔薬2,3の例、直腸内点滴注入、グアニル酸シクラーゼ-Cアゴニストリナクロチド4-6の経口摂取）をIBS患者の痛みや過敏症を緩和するのに有効であることが証明されているため、理解の向上大腸の求心性神経支配が重要です。 大腸求心性神経を含む内臓求心性神経、化学/ nutrient-および熱モダリティ（ 例えば、7-9）に応答することができる。機械的な刺激（ 例えば、管腔膨満、ストレッチ）は、一般的に不快感や痛み10-16含め意識的な感覚、を生じさせるものであるので、機械的刺激（ すなわち、機械受容求心性神経）への対応内臓求心性神経は、最も徹底的に研究されている。また、内臓はまた、一般的に、機械的に区別しない求心性（MIAs）によって神経支配サイレントまたは眠っ侵害受容器17と呼ばれている。正常な生理的条件下では、MIAsは機械的な刺激に応答したり、持っていない非常に高い応答が18をしきい値が、アクティブになり、病態生理学的状態において機械的感受性を取得し、過敏症に寄与することができる。 ここに記載のインビトロ調製およびプロトコルを使用して、我々は、海に電気刺激戦略を開発し、採用<html>大腸19の両方の機械受容とMIA終末の公平な識別を可能に受容語尾のためRCH。結腸直腸の神経支配は腰部内臓（LSN）および骨盤神経（PN）経路に由来し、5機械受容クラス（漿膜、粘膜、筋肉、筋肉、粘膜、腸間膜）と一つMIAクラス20に分類することができる直腸求心性線維を含む。このインビトロ準備を使用して、我々は大腸MIAs獲得した機械的感受性がLSN経路においてPN経路におけるMIAsの71％とMIAsの23％増感炎症スープ（IS）、への受容野の簡単な露出以下（感作）ことがわかった19。また、（ザイモサン21または2,4,6-トリニトロベンゼンスルホン酸（TNBS）22で結腸内処置を受けたマウス、すなわち、）長期間持続する行動内臓過敏の文脈でMIAsの（28日まで）の長期感作を文書化。 機械受容求心性神経のうちjove_content &quot;&gt;、筋肉と筋肉の粘膜求心性は持続的に大腸の周ストレッチをエンコード（ すなわち、ストレッチと小文字が区別されます）と有害な結腸直腸拡張23,24のエンコーディングを補助する唯一のクラスである。コンピュータ制御を使用して、フォースアクチュエータは、均質で、基準を適用し、かつ再現性が平坦化された大腸組織とさらに分類ストレッチセンシティブ求心低閾値および高閾値23の周方向に伸縮性を上げ、また、伸縮性の感作の時間経過を結腸内ザイモサン21またはTNBS 22治療後の感受性求心性内臓痛および過敏でストレッチに敏感な大腸求心性神経の役割を示唆し、行動内臓過敏の発症、持続性、および/ ​​または回復に対応している。

<table><tbody><tr><td>Leica MZ16 stereo microscope</td><td>Leica Microsystems Inc.</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Leica IC D camera</td><td>Leica Microsystems Inc.</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Amplifier</td><td>World Precision instruments, Inc.</td><td>SYS-DAM80</td><td>Low-noise differential amplifier</td></tr><tr><td>Two-compartment tissue chamber</td><td>Custom made</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Power1401</td><td>Cambridge Electronic Design Limited</td><td>Power1401</td><td>Data acquisition, analog signal input/out</td></tr><tr><td>Spike2 v5.02</td><td>Cambridge Electronic Design Limited</td><td></td><td>Software package that works with the Power1401</td></tr><tr><td>Audio monitor</td><td>Natus</td><td>Am 8</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Square pulse stimulator</td><td>Natus</td><td>S48</td><td>To deliver electrical stimuli</td></tr><tr><td>Photoelectric isolation unit</td><td>Natus</td><td>PSIU6</td><td>Stimulus isolation to reduce noise</td></tr><tr><td>Concentric bipolar microelectrode</td><td>FHC Inc.</td><td>CBFFG75</td><td>To deliver electrical stimuli</td></tr><tr><td>Dual-mode lever system</td><td>Aurora Scientific Inc.</td><td>Series 300C</td><td>To deliver mechanical stimuli</td></tr><tr><td>Forceps</td><td>Fine Science Tools</td><td>11252-00</td><td>Forceps with fine tips</td></tr></tbody></table>

in vitro functional characterization of mouse colorectal afferent endings

このビデオでは、詳細に、マウスの大腸-神経準備を用いたin vitroの単繊維電気生理学的記録プロトコルを示しています。アプローチは公平な識別と個々の大腸求心性の機能解析を可能にします。 1または少数の求心性から生じる伝播し活動電位（APS）の細胞外記録は（ すなわち、単一ファイバ）大腸内受容野（RFS）はからかわ神経線維線維束から作られています。大腸は、骨盤（PN）または腰椎内臓（LSN）神経取り付けられており、縦方向に開いたのいずれかで削除されます。組織は、記録チャンバーに入れ、平らに固定し、酸素化クレブス溶液で灌流される。フォーカル電気刺激は、機能的に5 mechanosensiに求心性神経を分類するために、さらに三つの異なる機械的刺激によってテストされている大腸求心性終末を、（プロービング、粘膜なでると周ストレッチを鈍ら）を見つけるために使用されます電性のクラス。これらの機械的刺激のいずれにも応答エンディングは、機械的に小文字を区別しない求心性（MIA​​s）に分類される。機械受容およびMIAs両方は、化学物質へのRFの局所露光部（ 例えば、炎症性スープ（IS）、カプサイシン、アデノシン三リン酸（ATP））によって（ すなわち、強化された応答を低減閾値、および/ ​​または機械的感受性の取得）感作のために評価することができる。私たちは、機器や結腸直腸-神経録音の準備、添付のPNまたはLSNと大腸の収穫、大腸内のRFの識別、神経線維束から単心記録、およびRFへの化学物質のローカライズされたアプリケーションを記述する。また、標準化された機械的な刺激の準備とアプリケーションの課題も議論されている。

セットアップは、 図1に示されている。これは、シリコーン裏打ち浴区画と隣接する鉱物油が充填されたコンパートメントで取り付け神経における大腸を収容するカスタムメイドの組織チャンバを含む。二区画室は、CNC機によるアクリルプラスチックの固体ブロックから機械加工された。両方の区画の底部は、その後の結腸直腸組織の下に簡単にピンを許可するようにしっかりと...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about In vitro Functional Characterization of Mouse Colorectal Afferent Endings at JoVE.com

In vitro Functional Characterization of Mouse Colorectal Afferent Endings

This video demonstrates a protocol for conducting single-fiber electrophysiological recordings on an in vitro mouse colorectum-nerve preparation.

マウス大腸求心性終末の体外機能解析では、

This video demonstrates in detail an in vitro single-fiber electrophysiological recording protocol using a mouse colorectum-nerve preparation. The ...

in-vitro-functional-characterization-mouse-colorectal-afferent

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

In vitro Functional Characterization of Mouse Colorectal Afferent Endings

9.6K ビュー.  University of Pittsburgh. This video demonstrates a protocol for conducting single-fiber electrophysiological recordings on an in vitro mouse colorectum-nerve preparation. 

ビデオ: In vitro Functional Characterization of Mouse Colorectal Afferent Endings

Flexible Colonoscopy in Mice to Evaluate the Severity of Colitis and Colorectal Tumors Using a Validated Endoscopic Scoring System

The use of modern endoscopy for research purposes has greatly facilitated our understanding of gastrointestinal pathologies. In particular, experimental endoscopy has been highly useful for studies that require repeated assessments in a single laboratory animal, such as those evaluating mechanisms of chronic inflammatory bowel disease and the progression of colorectal cancer. However, the methods used across studies are highly variable. At least three endoscopic scoring systems have been published for murine colitis and published protocols for the assessment of colorectal tumors fail to address the presence of concomitant colonic inflammation. This study develops and validates a reproducible endoscopic scoring system that integrates evaluation of both inflammation and tumors simultaneously. This novel scoring system has three major components: 1) assessment of the extent and severity of colorectal inflammation (based on perianal findings, transparency of the wall, mucosal bleeding, and focal lesions), 2) quantitative recording of tumor lesions (grid map and bar graph), and 3) numerical sorting of clinical cases by their pathological and research relevance based on decimal units with assigned categories of observed lesions and endoscopic complications (decimal identifiers). The video and manuscript presented herein were prepared, following IACUC-approved protocols, to allow investigators to score their own experimental mice using a well-validated and highly reproducible endoscopic methodology, with the system option to differentiate distal from proximal endoscopic colitis (D-PECS).

Over the past few years, new generation endoscopes have emerged as important diagnostic research aids for evaluating murine colitis and colorectal tumors. We present herein a detailed protocol for endoscopic assessment of inflammation and colorectal tumors in mice, as well as a novel scoring system that uses decimal identifiers to document the endoscopic severity of colitis and colorectal tumors.

検証済みの内視鏡スコアリングシステムを使用して、大腸炎および結腸直腸腫瘍の重症度を評価するためにマウスでの柔軟な大腸内視鏡検査

The use of modern endoscopy for research purposes has greatly facilitated our understanding of gastrointestinal pathologies. In particular, experimental ...

医学

An In-vitro Preparation of Isolated Enteric Neurons and Glia from the Myenteric Plexus of the Adult Mouse

The enteric nervous system is a vast network of neurons and glia running the length of the gastrointestinal tract that functionally controls gastrointestinal motility. A procedure for the isolation and culture of a mixed population of neurons and glia from the myenteric plexus is described. The primary cultures can be maintained for over 7 days, with connections developing among the neurons and glia. The longitudinal muscle strip with the attached myenteric plexus is stripped from the underlying circular muscle of the mouse ileum or colon and subjected to enzymatic digestion. In sterile conditions, the isolated neuronal and glia population are preserved within the pellet following centrifugation and plated on coverslips. Within 24-48 hr, neurite outgrowth occurs and neurons can be identified by pan-neuronal markers. After two days in culture, isolated neurons fire action potentials as observed by patch clamp studies. Furthermore, enteric glia can also be identified by GFAP staining. A network of neurons and glia in close apposition forms within 5 - 7 days. Enteric neurons can be individually and directly studied using methods such as immunohistochemistry, electrophysiology, calcium imaging, and single-cell PCR. Furthermore, this procedure can be performed in genetically modified animals. This methodology is simple to perform and inexpensive. Overall, this protocol exposes the components of the enteric nervous system in an easily manipulated manner so that we may better discover the functionality of the ENS in normal and disease states.

An In-vitro Preparation of Isolated Enteric Neurons and Glia from the Myenteric Plexus of the Adult Mouse

We demonstrate a cell culture protocol for the direct study of neuronal and glial components of the enteric nervous system. A neuron/glia mixed culture on coverslips is prepared from the myenteric plexus of adult mouse providing the ability to examine individual neuron and glia function by electrophysiology, immunohistochemical, etc.

不定冠詞<em&gt;インビトロ</em成体マウスの筋層間神経叢から分離腸ニューロンとグリアの&gt;準備

The enteric nervous system is a vast network of neurons and glia running the length of the gastrointestinal tract that functionally controls ...

神経科学

Video Imaging and Spatiotemporal Maps to Analyze Gastrointestinal Motility in Mice

The enteric nervous system (ENS) plays an important role in regulating gastrointestinal (GI) motility and can function independently of the central nervous system. Changes in ENS function are a major cause of GI symptoms and disease and may contribute to GI symptoms reported in neuropsychiatric disorders including autism. It is well established that isolated colon segments generate spontaneous, rhythmic contractions known as Colonic Migrating Motor Complexes (CMMCs). A procedure to analyze the enteric neural regulation of CMMCs in ex vivo preparations of mouse colon is described. The colon is dissected from the animal and flushed to remove fecal content prior to being cannulated in an organ bath. Data is acquired via a video camera positioned above the organ bath and converted to high-resolution spatiotemporal maps via an in-house software package. Using this technique, baseline contractile patterns and pharmacological effects on ENS function in colon segments can be compared over 3-4 hr. In addition, propagation length and speed of CMMCs can be recorded as well as changes in gut diameter and contraction frequency. This technique is useful for characterizing gastrointestinal motility patterns in transgenic mouse models (and in other species including rat and guinea pig). In this way, pharmacologically induced changes in CMMCs are recorded in wild type mice and in the Neuroligin-3R451C mouse model of autism. Furthermore, this technique can be applied to other regions of the GI tract including the duodenum, jejunum and ileum and at different developmental ages in mice.

This article describes a video imaging technique and high-resolution spatiotemporal mapping to identify changes in the neural regulation of colonic motility in adult mice. Subtle effects on gastrointestinal (GI) function can be detected using this approach in isolated tissue preparations to advance our understanding of GI disease.

マウスにおける胃腸の運動を分析するためにビデオ画像と時空間マップ

The enteric nervous system (ENS) plays an important role in regulating gastrointestinal (GI) motility and can function independently of the central ...

Combined Recording of Mechanically Stimulated Afferent Output and Nerve Terminal Labelling in Mouse Hair Follicle Lanceolate Endings

A novel dissection and recording technique is described for monitoring afferent firing evoked by mechanical displacement of hairs in the mouse pinna. The technique is very cost-effective and easily undertaken with materials commonly found in most electrophysiology laboratories, or easily purchased. The dissection is simple and fast, with the mechanical displacement provided by a generic electroceramic wafer controlled by proprietary software. The same software also records and analyses the electroneurogram output. The recording of the evoked nerve activity is through a commercial differential amplifier connected to fire-polished standard glass microelectrodes. Helpful tips are given for improving the quality of the preparation, the stimulation and the recording conditions to optimize recording quality. The system is suitable for assaying the electrophysiological and optical properties of lanceolate terminals of palisade endings of hair follicles, as well as the outcomes from their pharmacological and/or genetic manipulation. An example of combining electrical recording with mechanical stimulation and labeling with a styryl pyridinium vital dye is given.

A simple and novel technique for recording afferent discharge due to mechanical stimulation of lanceolate terminals of palisade endings innervating mouse ear skin hair follicles is presented.

マウスの毛包披針形エンディングで機械的に刺激された求心性の出力および神経ターミナルラベリングの複合記録

A novel dissection and recording technique is described for monitoring afferent firing evoked by mechanical displacement of hairs in the mouse pinna. The ...

In Vitro Recording of Mesenteric Afferent Nerve Activity in Mouse Jejunal and Colonic Segments

Afferent nerves not only convey information concerning normal physiology, but also signal disturbed homeostasis and pathophysiological processes of the different organ systems from the periphery towards the central nervous system. As such, the increased activity or &#39;sensitization&#39; of mesenteric afferent nerves has been allocated an important role in the pathophysiology of visceral hypersensitivity and abdominal pain syndromes.
Mesenteric afferent nerve activity can be measured in vitro in an isolated intestinal segment that is mounted in a purpose-built organ bath and from which the splanchnic nerve is isolated, allowing researchers to directly assess nerve activity adjacent to the gastrointestinal segment. Activity can be recorded at baseline in standardized conditions, during distension of the segment or following the addition of pharmacological compounds delivered intraluminally or serosally. This technique allows the researcher to easily study the effect of drugs targeting the peripheral nervous system in control specimens; besides, it provides crucial information on how neuronal activity is altered during disease. It should be noted however that measuring afferent neuronal firing activity only constitutes one relay station in the complex neuronal signaling cascade, and researchers should bear in mind not to overlook neuronal activity at other levels (e.g., dorsal root ganglia, spinal cord or central nervous system) in order to fully elucidate the complex neuronal physiology in health and disease.
Commonly used applications include the study of neuronal activity in response to the administration of lipopolysaccharide, and the study of afferent nerve activity in animal models of irritable bowel syndrome. In a more translational approach, the isolated mouse intestinal segment can be exposed to colonic supernatants from IBS patients. Furthermore, a modification of this technique has been recently shown to be applicable in human colonic specimens.

In Vitro Recording of Mesenteric Afferent Nerve Activity in Mouse Jejunal and Colonic Segments

Mesenteric afferent nerves convey information from the gastrointestinal tract towards the brain regarding normal homeostasis as well as pathophysiology. Gastrointestinal afferent nerve activity can be assessed by mounting isolated intestinal segments with attached afferent nerves into an organ bath, isolating the nerve, and assessing basal as well as stimulated activity.

マウス空腸および結腸セグメントにおける腸間膜求心性神経活動のin vitro記録で

Afferent nerves not only convey information concerning normal physiology, but also signal disturbed homeostasis and pathophysiological processes of the ...

In Vitro Characterization of the Electrophysiological Properties of Colonic Afferent Fibers in Rats

Dysfunction of the colonic sensory nerves has been implicated in the pathophysiology of several common conditions, including functional and inflammatory bowel diseases and diabetes. Here, we describe a protocol for the in vitro characterization of the electrophysiological properties of colonic afferents in rats. The colorectum, with the intact pelvic ganglion (PG) attached, is removed from the rat; superfused with carbogenated Krebs solution in the recording chamber; and cannulated at the oral and anal ends to allow for distension. A fine nerve bundle emanating from the PG is identified, and the multiunit afferent nerve activity is recorded using a suction electrode. Distension of the colonic segment elicits gradual increases in multiunit discharge. A principal component analysis is conducted to differentiate the low-threshold, the high-threshold, and the wide-dynamic range afferent fibers. Chemical sensitivity of colonic afferents can be studied through the bath or intraluminal administration of test compounds. This protocol can be modified for application to other species, such as mice and guinea pigs, and to study the differences in the electrophysiological properties of thoracolumbar/hypogastric and lumbosacral/pelvic afferents of the descending colon in normal and pathological conditions.

In Vitro Characterization of the Electrophysiological Properties of Colonic Afferent Fibers in Rats

Abnormal sensory function underlies visceral pain and other symptoms of functional and inflammatory bowel diseases. A protocol for the electrophysiological recording of the colonic afferent nerves in an ex vivo rat colorectum preparation is presented here.

体外ラットの結腸求心性線維の電気生理学的特性の評価

Dysfunction of the colonic sensory nerves has been implicated in the pathophysiology of several common conditions, including functional and inflammatory ...

Advanced Imaging of Dorsal Root Ganglion Neurons for Sensory Modality Research

In Vivo Calcium Imaging of Dorsal Root Ganglia Neurons' Response to Somatic and Visceral Stimuli

A technique is described for surgically exposing the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) of the lumbar-6 in a live, anesthetized laboratory mouse, along with the protocol for in vivo calcium imaging of the exposed DRG in response to various visceral and somatic stimuli. Pirt-GCaMP6s mice or C57BL6 mice intrathecally injected with AAV viruses packaged with GCaMP6s were utilized to capture Ca2+ transients. The amplitude of these transients indicates sensitivity to specific sensory modalities. Afferent fibers originate from internal organs, with primary neuronal cell bodies in spinal or vagal ganglia. Studies on visceral nociception and acupuncture analgesia can potentially be conducted on primary sensory neurons using advanced imaging technologies like in vivo calcium imaging, allowing for the recording of neuronal activity ensembles in the intact animal during stimulation or intervention. The responses of DRG neuron ensembles to somatic and visceral stimuli applied to their corresponding receptive fields were recorded. This technique illustrates how neuronal populations react to various types of somatic and visceral stimuli. It is possible to comprehensively compare neuronal ensemble responses to different stimuli, which is a particularly valuable approach in research on visceral pain and segmental mechanisms of somatic stimulation, such as acupuncture.

The present protocol outlines in vivo calcium imaging for measuring the responses of ensembles of lumbar-6 DRG neurons to somatic and visceral stimuli. Thorough comparisons can be made among neurons responding to different stimuli. This protocol is valuable for investigating mechanisms of visceral pain and somatic stimulation, such as acupuncture.

A technique is described for surgically exposing the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) of the lumbar-6 in a live, anesthetized laboratory mouse, along with the ...

Generation of Mouse Proximal Colon Loop Model: A Surgical Procedure to Generate Proximal Colon Loop and Measure Intestinal Permeability by Detection of Fluorescent Markers in Serum Following Intraluminal Injection

Source: Boerner, K. et al. <a href="https://www.jove.com/v/62093">Functional Assessment of Intestinal Permeability and Neutrophil Transepithelial Migration in Mice using a Standardized Intestinal Loop Model.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (2021).
In this video, we describe a surgical procedure to generate mouse proximal colon loop or pcLoop segment followed by intraluminal injection of fluorescent markers into the segment to study the intestinal epithelial permeability.

Generation of Mouse Proximal Colon Loop Model: A Surgical Procedure to Generate Proximal Colon Loop and Measure Intestinal Permeability by Detection of Fluorescent Markers in Serum Following Intralumi

マウス近位結腸ループモデルの生成:管腔内注射後の血清中の蛍光マーカーの検出により、近位結腸ループを生成し、腸の透過性を測定する外科的処置

Source: Boerner, K. et al. Functional Assessment of Intestinal Permeability and Neutrophil Transepithelial Migration in Mice using a Standardized ...

JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments

生物学

げっ歯類モデル

成虫

Electrophysiological Recording from Colonic Afferent Nerves in an Ex Vivo Rat Colon

Source: Meng, Y. et al., <a href="https://app.jove.com/v/56090">In Vitro Characterization of the Electrophysiological Properties of Colonic Afferent Fibers in Rats.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (2017)
This video demonstrates a method to record the activity of colonic afferent nerves in an ex-vivo rat colon, cannulated at both ends and infused with saline to increase intraluminal pressure. As pressure increases, the nerve signal rises, indicating its stimulation.

Ex Vivoラット結腸における結腸求心性神経からの電気生理学的記録

All procedures involving animal models have been reviewed by the local institutional animal care committee and the JoVE veterinary review board.
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Neurophysiology

Electrophysiology Techniques

Recording of Mesenteric Afferent Nerve Activity in an Ex Vivo Mouse Jejunum Segment

Source: Nullens, S., et al. <a href="https://app.jove.com/v/54576">In Vitro Recording of Mesenteric Afferent Nerve Activity in Mouse Jejunal and Colonic Segments.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (2016).
This video shows the process of recording electrical signals from mesenteric afferent nerves in a dissected mouse jejunal segment to study the effects of tissue pressure and movement changes on afferent nerve activity.