This work was performed using the Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London startup funds to K.N.A.

注：動物は維持され、施設のガイドラインに準拠して処理され、すべての動物の手順はインペリアルカレッジの動物保護によって承認されたと倫理審査機関（AWERB）とホームオフィス、ハーバード大学施設内動物管理使用委員会（IACUC）し、連邦および州の規制に準拠した。 1.試薬と機器のセットアップ<ol><li>解凍し、アリコートし、-80ºCで保存し、1mg / mlのラミニンソリューション。 1~2μgの/ cm 2のコーティング濃度で得られた1mlのDMEM / F12中で2μlの溶解する。 注：氷上で解凍ラミニンゆっくりと冷たいDMEM / F12に溶解し、直ちにプレート/カバーガラスに追加します。 </li><li> 4ºCで0.01％の425ミリリットルのPBS中のポリ-L-オルニチン、店舗の75ミリリットルに希釈する。 注：作業溶液の貯蔵寿命は1ヶ月までです。 </li><li>がたまでために、4℃で25％（wt / vol）のPBS中のBSA、pH7.4で、店舗を溶解AR。 </li><li> （HBSS中）は、50％FBS失活メディアを準備します。 </li><li> - （+） - グルコース（重量/体積）、0.25％のBSA（重量/体積）の50 U / mlのペニシリンおよびストレプトマイシン、1×N2サプリメント、5％（容量/容量）FBS、0.36％のDを追加することによって、完全培地を調製4ºCでのDMEM / F12とストア。 注：貯蔵寿命は10日までです。 </li><li>グリースとオートクレーブの痕跡を除去するために少なくとも30分間、70％（体積/体積）エタノール沸騰置きカバーガラス。 </li><li>場所の24ウェルプレート中のカバーガラスと、各ウェルに500μlのポリ-L-オルニチン溶液を加える。 RTでの組織培養フードの下で1時間インキュベートし、その後、500μlの水で3回洗浄する。各プレートに500μlのラミニン溶液を添加し、37ºCの加湿組織培養インキュベーターでO / Nインキュベートする。 注記：洗浄は、24時間培養後、細胞の死をポリ-L-オルニチンで3回以上の結果を洗浄し、ラミニン処理後に必要でないが。 </li><li>天然ガスやトーチF上のガラスピペットの先端を磨くラメ。 注：このステップの後、先端の直径は、通常のサイズの約半分である必要があります。 </li><li>オートクレーブはさみとオートクレーブを用いて、1.5ミリリットルマイクロチューブのキャップをカット。 </li></ol>胚腹側中脳の2解剖<ol><li>麻酔をかけるには、CO 2吸入によって（E12.5）ダム妊娠タイムアウトした後、頚椎脱臼により安楽死させる。 </li><li> 70％エタノールで腹部をスプレーし、子宮嚢がすべて露出するまで腹部切開を作る。鉗子を使用すると、膣の添付ファイルをカットし、子宮を取り除く。 100ミリメートルペトリ皿に、氷冷HBSS中で子宮を置きます。 </li><li>鉗子（ 図1C）を使用して、子宮と羊膜嚢から胚を削除します。新鮮な氷のように冷たいHBSS中で胚を置きます。 メモ： 図1Dに長方形は胚の腹側中脳の位置を示している。 </li><li>解剖顕微鏡（10倍の倍率）の下で胚を置き、中脳を解剖bioscissorと鉗子を（ 図1Eは 、切開のラインに対して図1Aを参照してください）を使用して、地峡と中脳、間脳境界領域で脳を切断することによりアーチ。 </li><li>全体中脳を取り出した後、背内側中脳（ 図1F）でカットをする。 </li><li> 2鉗子（ 図1H）を使用して、髄膜を削除します。 注：重要なステップ：このステップは、最適な神経細胞の収量と生存に不可欠である。培養条件は、脳細胞のために最適であるため、周囲の組織からの細胞のほとんどは、めっき後に死亡し、この組織からのアポトーシスシグナルは培養物の完全性に損傷を与えることができる。 </li><li>滅菌シェービングブレード（ 図1H、I）を使用して、蝶形状を観察し、各翼の約半分を切断するためにペトリ皿に脳組織を平らにする。 メモ： 図1Jは、孤立した腹側中脳を示している。 </li><li>転送15ミリリットルコニカルチューブ中の氷冷HBSSに腹側中脳の部分と次の胚を進める。 注：手順2.1から2.8には1時間以上を服用してはいけません。氷上でこの時間枠を越えて胚を維持することが有意に細胞生存率を減少させる。 </li></ol>腹側中脳細胞の3解離<ol><li>層流フードの下で腹側中脳の部分を転送します。 HBSSを削除し、（腹側中脳の最大12個のために十分なボリューム）をコニカルチューブに予め温め1ミリリットル（37℃）0.05％トリプシン-EDTAを追加します。 5〜10分間37ºCでの組織をインキュベートする。 </li><li>ボンネットの下にトリプシン-EDTAを削除し、組織に1ミリリットルの脱活性化培地を（血清はトリプシンを非アクティブにします）を追加します。 </li><li>非アクティブ化媒体を除去し、二回完全培地1ミリリットル中の組織を洗う。 NOTE：解離細胞を廃棄防ぐため、チューブから全培地を除去し、組織をピペット避ける。 </li><li> 1ミリリットル完全培地とトリットを追加ファイアーポリッシュガラスピペットで組織を尿酸。気泡の形成を回避し、単一細胞懸濁液が得られるまで粉砕する続ける。 注：通常、8-10が完全に解離のために必要とされる制限された先端を通過する。 </li><li>室温で5分間400×gで細胞を遠心し、培地を除去。 </li><li>再懸濁ゆっくりピによって完全培地1ミリリットル中にペレットを上下に4倍のために。 </li></ol> 4.メッキ腹側中脳細胞<ol><li> 90μlのトリパンブルー溶液を用いて細胞懸濁液10μlを混合し、血球計数器を用いて細胞の数を数える。 注：細胞の生存率も、この段階で確認することができる。 </li><li> 100ミリメートルペトリ皿で​​滅菌マイクロ遠心チューブのキャップを置き、ポリ-L-オルニチン/ラミニンコーティングしたカバースリップを転送し、鉗子、キャップの上に一度に1を使用した。 注：カバースリップを洗浄しないでください、これはuneve原因となることがありますので、ラミニンを乾燥避けるn個の文化や細胞の生存性の減少。 </li><li> （ボリュームが流出せずにカバースリップの表面を覆うように最適である）完全培地を追加することによって、1μLあたり1500細胞に音量を調整し、各カバースリップの上に100μlの細胞懸濁液（150,000細胞の合計）を追加します。ペトリ皿を閉じて、加湿した組織培養インキュベーター（37℃、5％CO 2）で1時間、それらをインキュベートする。 NOTE：CRITICAL STEP：この手順は、細胞の付着および生存率を高めるために、胚あたりのカバースリップの数を増加させるために必要とされる。あるいは、細胞を（カバーガラスを含む）をウェルに直接転送することができるが、細胞の数は、（代わりに15万）ウェルあたり350,000増加させるべきである。直接転送が原因プレート（横またはカバースリップの下）に付着する細胞の約3-4カバースリップを生じながら、言い換えれば、この方法を使用して、8-10カバースリップを、取得することができる。平均viabiliこの方法を使用して培養物のtyが、約90％であった。 </li></ol> 5.文化成長および維持<ol><li>インキュベーションの1時間後に、慎重に400μlの予め温めた（37ºCに）完全培地を含む24ウェルプレートに培地を含むカバースリップを転送する（総容量：500μl）を。 37ºCで細胞のO / Nをインキュベートする。 </li><li>井戸のインキュベーション後24時間以内に、静かに各ウェルに500μlの完全培地を追加します。 注：最初の数時間は、ドーパミン作動性ニューロンの生存のための最も重要な段階で、生存細胞の数は、この点を越えて大きく変化しない。 </li><li>最初の2週間、または培地が黄色になるまで培養液に追加のメディアを追加しないでください。以上の2週間または新鮮な完全予め温めメディア（通常は隔週）と黄色、メディアの交換の半分（500μL）中〜色の変化のために培養した場合。 注：内のドーパミン作動性ニューロン培養物は、これらの条件下で6週間以上生存するであろう。 </li></ol>

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No conflict of interest declared.

中脳ドーパミン作動性ニューロンは、中枢神経系におけるドーパミンの主な供給源である。これら3つのグループに分割され、黒質緻密部（SNpc）、腹側被蓋野（VTA）及びretrorubralフィールド（RRF）10、11。 SNpcとVTAのニューロンは、そのような感情、動機と運動行動の制御などの機能に関与する主要なドーパミン作動性経路に上昇、中間皮質、中脳辺縁系と黒質線条体を与える。 SNpcと?...

黒質のドーパミン作動性ニューロンの損失は、緻密は、パーキンソン病（PD）、第二の最も優勢な神経変性疾患の基本的運動症状につながる様部。この中脳ニューロン集団の終焉の根本的な原因は知られていない。開発を担当し、神経生理学的特性およびmesDAニューロンの生存を調節する生化学的経路を研究するために、いくつかの細胞培養と動物モデル系が使用されている。ラットは、ドーパミン作動性細胞株1RB 3 AN 27（N27）、ヒトドーパミン作動性の神経芽細胞腫細胞株SH-SY5Y、MN9Dおよびヒトの脳細胞をLUHMESマウスドーパミン作動性のハイブリッド細胞株を含む、不死化細胞株は、生化学的および限定された機構研究1のために使用されている-5。 mesDAニューロンの特定の損失の研究のために、いくつかの神経毒をベースと遺伝モデルが6-8を開発されてきた。初代腹側中脳の文化、ドーパミン作動性ニューロンの神経細胞とシナプスのプロパティと、この一般的な疾患の病因に関与する経路を研究するための不可欠なツールを提供する。 ここでは、より高い生存性と胚あたりのカバースリップの増加収量、結果の修正が含まれている中脳ドーパミン作動性ニューロンの分離のための詳細なプロトコルを提示する。前成熟したE12.5マウス中脳（ラットにおいてE14.5）の使用は、生存性を向上させます。この年齢でのニューロンは解剖時に無傷の細胞を残している、まだ軸索を開発し、それによって大幅に生存能力を高め、ストレスを最小限にしていない。また、腹側中脳の注意深い解剖は、このプロトコルのセクション2で説明したように、さらに生存性を高めます。胚あたりのカバースリップの数を増加させるために、代替的なメッキ法は、このプロトコルのセクション4に示されている。これは、下の4カバーガラスと比較して胚当たり最大10カバーガラスの収率をもたらす標準めっき条件は、このように、実験あたりの動物の量を減らす。 軸索とdentritesの文化展示成長におけるニューロンは、シナプス結合を形成し、生細胞イメージング、免疫細胞化学的および電気生理学的研究のために、これらの培養物は適して神経細胞とシナプスマーカーの存在を明らかにする。さらに、ニューロン培養の使用は遺伝的および薬理学的操作を容易にします。 in vitroでの 2日目からの神経突起の伸長が発生研究が可能になります。また、（6週間まで）培養物の長期生存は、これらのニューロンの遅い、進行性変性を研究するのに適したものとなる。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="721">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:364px;">Name of Material/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Dulbecco&#39;s modified Eagle medium nutrient mixture F-12</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>11330</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Hanks&#39; Balanced Salt Solution (HBSS) (1X), liquid</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>24020-117)</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Fetal bovine serum, heat-inactivated (FBS)</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>16140</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">N2 Supplement (100X), liquid</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>17502-048)</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">D-(+)-Glucose solution (45% (wt/vol) in water</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>G8769</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Bovine serum albumin BSA</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>A9430</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Laminin from Engelbreth-Holm-Swarm murine sarcoma basement membrane</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>L2020</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Penicillin/streptomycin</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>15070</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Trypsin (0.05% (wt/vol)</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>25300</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Bovine serum albumin (BSA) cell culture tested</td>
			<td>Sigma&#160;</td>
			<td>A9418</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P3813</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Anti-Tyrosine hydroxylase (Th) antibody</td>
			<td>Pel-Freez Biologicals</td>
			<td>P60101-0&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Poly-L-ornithine, 0.01% solution</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P4957</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Anti-Map2 (Microtubule associated protein-2A and -2B) antibody</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>MAB3418</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Anti-Synapsin-1 antibody</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>AB1543P</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Alexa Fluor 488 donkey anti-rabbit IgG&#160;&#160; antibody</td>
			<td>Molecular Probes</td>
			<td>A-21206</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Alexa Fluor 594 donkey anti-rabbit IgG&#160;&#160; antibody</td>
			<td>Molecular Probes</td>
			<td>A-21207</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Alexa Fluor 488 donkey anti-sheep IgG&#160;&#160; antibody</td>
			<td>Molecular Probes</td>
			<td>A-11015</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Alexa Fluor 594 donkey anti-sheep IgG&#160;&#160; antibody</td>
			<td>Molecular Probes</td>
			<td>A-11016</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Alexa Fluor 594 donkey anti-mouse IgG&#160;&#160; antibody</td>
			<td>Molecular Probes</td>
			<td>A-21203</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Trypan blue solution (0.4% (wt/vol)</td>
			<td>Biowhittaker</td>
			<td>17-942E</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Stereo Microscope</td>
			<td>Carl Zeiss</td>
			<td>Stemi 2000-C</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Inverted phase contrast microscope</td>
			<td>Carl Zeiss</td>
			<td>Axiovert 40 C</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Dumont Forceps</td>
			<td>Fine Scientific Tools</td>
			<td>May-45</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Cover Slip Forceps &#8211; Dumoxel</td>
			<td>Fine Scientific Tools</td>
			<td>11251-33</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Two Dumont #45 Forceps &#8211; Dumoxel</td>
			<td>Fine Scientific Tools</td>
			<td>11245-30</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Blade Holder/Breaker Flat Grip - 11cm</td>
			<td>Fine Scientific Tools</td>
			<td>10052-11</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Student Iris Scissors - Straight 11.5cm</td>
			<td>Fine Scientific Tools</td>
			<td>91460-11</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Fiber optic halogen illuminator</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td>MKII</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Disposable Borosilicate Glass Pasteur Pipettes</td>
			<td>Fisherbrand</td>
			<td>13-678-20C</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Hemocytometer</td>
			<td>Proscitech</td>
			<td>SVZ2NIOU</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">0.2 &#181;m sterile filter units</td>
			<td>Nalgene</td>
			<td>NL-CE-156-4020</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">100x20mm Petri dishes</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>351005</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Round Cover Slip #1 Thickness German Glass 12mm</td>
			<td>Bellco Glass</td>
			<td>1943-10012&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

isolation, culture and long-term maintenance of primary mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons from embryonic rodent brains

Degeneration of mesencephalic dopaminergic (mesDA) neurons is the pathological hallmark of Parkinson&#8217;s diseae. Study of the biological processes involved in physiological functions and vulnerability and death of these neurons is imparative to understanding the underlying causes and unraveling the cure for this common neurodegenerative disorder. Primary cultures of mesDA neurons provide a tool for investigation of the molecular, biochemical and electrophysiological properties, in order to understand the development, long-term survival and degeneration of these neurons during the course of disease. Here we present a detailed method for the isolation, culturing and maintenance of midbrain dopaminergic neurons from E12.5 mouse (or E14.5 rat) embryos. Optimized cell culture conditions in this protocol result in presence of axonal and dendritic projections, synaptic connections and other neuronal morphological properties, which make the cultures suitable for study of the physiological, cell biological and molecular characteristics of this neuronal population.

チロシンヒドロキシラーゼ（TH）に対する免疫組織化学は、培養中の細胞の0.5〜1％の間でドーパミン作動性であることを示しています。チロシンヒドロキシラーゼ（TH）と微小管関連タンパク質2（MAP2）抗体（ 図3）を使用して、神経突起は、めっき後2時間以内に表示され、初日によって、軸索と樹状突起が区別できる（ 図2）である。ニューロンは、以上の6週間生?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Isolation, Culture and Long-Term Maintenance of Primary Mesencephalic Dopaminergic Neurons From Embryonic Rodent Brains at JoVE.com

Isolation, Culture and Long-Term Maintenance of Primary Mesencephalic Dopaminergic Neurons From Embryonic Rodent Brains

The causes of degeneration of midbrain dopaminergic neurons during Parkinson&#8217;s disease are not fully understood. Cellular culture systems provide an essential tool for study of the neurophysiological properties of these neurons. Here we present an optimized protocol, which can be utilized for in vitro modeling of neurodegeneration.

胚性齧歯類の脳から単離、プライマリ脳ドーパミンニューロンの文化と長期メンテナンス

Degeneration of mesencephalic dopaminergic (mesDA) neurons is the pathological hallmark of Parkinson&#8217;s diseae. Study of the biological processes ...

isolation-culture-long-term-maintenance-primary-mesencephalic

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

13.8K ビュー.  Imperial College London. The causes of degeneration of midbrain dopaminergic neurons during Parkinson’s disease are not fully understood. Cellular culture systems provide an essential tool for study of the neurophysiological properties of these neurons. Here we present an optimized protocol, which can be utilized for in vitro modeling of neurodegeneration.

ビデオ: Isolation, Culture and Long-Term Maintenance of Primary Mesencephalic Dopaminergic Neurons From Embryonic Rodent Brains

Dissection and Culture of Commissural Neurons from Embryonic Spinal Cord

Commissural neurons have been widely used to investigate the mechanisms underlying axon guidance during embryonic spinal cord development. The cell bodies of these neurons are located in the dorsal spinal cord and their axons follow stereotyped trajectories during embryonic development. Commissural axons initially project ventrally towards the floorplate. After crossing the midline, these axons turn anteriorly and project towards the brain. Each of these steps is regulated by the action of several guidance cues. Cultures highly enriched in commissural neurons are ideally suited for many experiments addressing the mechanisms of axon pathfinding, including turning assays, immunochemistry and biochemistry. Here, we describe a method to dissect and culture commissural neurons from E13 rat dorsal spinal cord. First, the spinal cord is isolated and dorsal strips are dissected out. The dorsal tissue is then dissociated into a cell suspension by trypsinization and mechanical disruption. Neurons are plated onto poly-L-lysine-coated glass coverslips or tissue-culture dishes. After 30 hours in vitro, most neurons have extended an axon. The purity of the culture (Yam et al. 2009), typically over 90%, can be assessed by immunolabeling with the commissural neuron markers DCC, LH2 and TAG1 (Helms and Johnson, 1998). This neuronal preparation is a useful tool for in vitro studies of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of commissural axon growth and guidance during spinal cord development.

This video demonstrates a method to dissect and culture commissural neurons from E13 rat dorsal spinal cord. Dissociated commissural neurons are useful to study the cellular and molecular mechanisms of axon growth and guidance.

胚の脊髄から交連ニューロンの解剖と文化

Commissural neurons have been widely used to investigate the mechanisms underlying axon guidance during embryonic spinal cord development. The cell bodies ...

神経科学

Nucleofection and Primary Culture of Embryonic Mouse Hippocampal and Cortical Neurons

Hippocampal and cortical neurons have been used extensively to study central nervous system (CNS) neuronal polarization, axon/dendrite outgrowth, and synapse formation and function. An advantage of culturing these neurons is that they readily polarize, forming distinctive axons and dendrites, on a two dimensional substrate at very low densities. This property has made them extremely useful for determining many aspects of neuronal development. Furthermore, by providing glial conditioning for these neurons they will continue to develop, forming functional synaptic connections and surviving for several months in culture. In this protocol we outline a technique to dissect, culture and transfect embryonic mouse hippocampal and cortical neurons. Transfection is accomplished by electroporating DNA into the neurons before plating via nucleofection. This protocol has the advantage of expressing fluorescently-tagged fusion proteins early in development (~4-8hrs after plating) to study the dynamics and function of proteins during polarization, axon outgrowth and branching. We have also discovered that this single transfection before plating maintains fluorescently-tagged fusion protein expression at levels appropriate for imaging throughout the lifetime of the neuron (&gt; 2 months in culture). Thus, this methodology is useful for studying protein localization and function throughout CNS development with little or no disruption of neuronal function.

This protocol outlines the steps required to dissect, transfect via electroporation and culture mouse hippocampal and cortical neurons. Short-term cultures may be used for studies of axon outgrowth and guidance, while long-term cultures can be used for studies of synaptogenesis and dendritic spine analysis.

Nucleofectionとマウス胎児海馬および皮質ニューロンの初代培養

Hippocampal and cortical neurons have been used extensively to study central nervous system (CNS) neuronal polarization, axon/dendrite outgrowth, and ...

Isolation and Culture of Hippocampal Neurons from Prenatal Mice

Primary cultures of rat and murine hippocampal neurons are widely used to reveal cellular mechanisms in neurobiology. By isolating and growing individual neurons, researchers are able to analyze properties related to cellular trafficking, cellular structure and individual protein localization using a variety of biochemical techniques. Results from such experiments are critical for testing theories addressing the neural basis of memory and learning. However, unambiguous results from these forms of experiments are predicated on the ability to grow neuronal cultures with minimum contamination by other brain cell types. In this protocol, we use specific media designed for neuron growth and careful dissection of embryonic hippocampal tissue to optimize growth of healthy neurons while minimizing contaminating cell types (i.e. astrocytes). Embryonic mouse hippocampal tissue can be more difficult to isolate than similar rodent tissue due to the size of the sample for dissection. We show detailed dissection techniques of hippocampus from embryonic day 19 (E19) mouse pups. Once hippocampal tissue is isolated, gentle dissociation of neuronal cells is achieved with a dilute concentration of trypsin and mechanical disruption designed to separate cells from connective tissue while providing minimum damage to individual cells. A detailed description of how to prepare pipettes to be used in the disruption is included. Optimal plating densities are provided for immuno-fluorescence protocols to maximize successful cell culture. The protocol provides a fast (approximately 2 hr) and efficient technique for the culture of neuronal cells from mouse hippocampal tissue.

We provide a protocol for the culture of highly purified hippocampal neurons from prenatal mouse brains without the use of a feeder glial cell layer.

胎児マウスから海馬ニューロンの単離および培養

Primary cultures of rat and murine hippocampal neurons are widely used to reveal cellular mechanisms in neurobiology. By isolating and growing individual ...

Isolation and Culture of Endothelial Cells from the Embryonic Forebrain

Embryonic brain endothelial cells can serve as an important tool in the study of angiogenesis and neurovascular development and interactions. The two vascular networks of the embryonic forebrain, pial and periventricular, are spatially distinctive and have different origins and growth patterns. Endothelial cells from the pial and periventricular vascular networks have unique gene expression profiles and functions. Here we present a step-by-step protocol for isolation, culture, and verification of pure populations of endothelial cells from the periventricular vascular network (PVECs) of the embryonic forebrain (telencephalon). In this approach, telencephalon devoid of pial membrane obtained from embryonic day 15 mice is minced, digested with collagenase/dispase, and dispersed mechanically into a single cell suspension. PVECs are purified from cell suspension using positive selection with anti-CD-31/PECAM-1 antibody conjugated to MicroBeads using a strong magnetic separation method. Purified cells are cultured on collagen 1&#160;coated culture dishes in endothelial cell culture medium until they become confluent and further subcultured. PVECs obtained with this protocol exhibit cobblestone and spindle shaped phenotypes, as visualized by phase-contrast light microscopy and fluorescence microscopy. Purity of PVEC cultures was established with endothelial cell markers. In our hands, this method reliably and consistently yields pure populations of PVECs. This protocol will benefit studies aimed at gaining mechanistic insights into forebrain angiogenesis, understanding PVEC interactions, and cross-talks with neuronal cell types and holds tremendous potential for therapeutic angiogenesis.

This video demonstrates an easy and reliable strategy for preparation of pure cultures of endothelial cells from the embryonic forebrain within 10-12 days and will be useful for research focused on many aspects of cerebral angiogenesis.

胚前脳からの内皮細胞の単離および培養

Embryonic brain endothelial cells can serve as an important tool in the study of angiogenesis and neurovascular development and interactions. The two ...

Primary Culture of Mouse Dopaminergic Neurons

Dopaminergic neurons represent less than 1% of the total number of neurons in the brain. This low amount of neurons regulates important brain functions such as motor control, motivation, and working memory. Nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons selectively degenerate in Parkinson&#39;s disease (PD). This progressive neuronal loss is unequivocally associated with the motors symptoms of the pathology (bradykinesia, resting tremor, and muscular rigidity). The main agent responsible of dopaminergic neuron degeneration is still unknown. However, these neurons appear to be extremely vulnerable in diverse conditions. Primary cultures constitute one of the most relevant models to investigate properties and characteristics of dopaminergic neurons. These cultures can be submitted to various stress agents that mimic PD pathology and to neuroprotective compounds in order to stop or slow down neuronal degeneration. The numerous transgenic mouse models of PD that have been generated during the last decade further increased the interest of researchers for dopaminergic neuron cultures. Here, the video protocol focuses on the delicate dissection of embryonic mouse brains. Precise excision of ventral mesencephalon is crucial to obtain neuronal cultures sufficiently rich in dopaminergic cells to allow subsequent studies. This protocol can be realized with embryonic transgenic mice and is suitable for immunofluorescence staining, quantitative PCR, second messenger quantification, or neuronal death/survival assessment.

Dopaminergic neurons play a vital regulatory role in the brain. Their loss is associated with Parkinson's disease. In this video, we show how to generate primary cultures of central dopaminergic neurons from embryonic mouse mesencephalon. Such cultures are useful to study the extreme vulnerability of these neurons to various stresses.

マウスドーパミン作動性ニューロンの初代培養

Dopaminergic neurons represent less than 1% of the total number of neurons in the brain. This low amount of neurons regulates important brain functions ...

Isolation and Culture of Dissociated Sensory Neurons From Chick Embryos

Neurons are multifaceted cells that carry information essential for a variety of functions including sensation, motor movement, learning, and memory. Studying neurons in vivo can be challenging due to their complexity, their varied and dynamic environments, and technical limitations. For these reasons, studying neurons in vitro can prove beneficial to unravel the complex mysteries of neurons. The well-defined nature of cell culture models provides detailed control over environmental conditions and variables. Here we describe how to isolate, dissociate, and culture primary neurons from chick embryos. This technique is rapid, inexpensive, and generates robustly growing sensory neurons. The procedure consistently produces cultures that are highly enriched for neurons and has very few non-neuronal cells (less than 5%). Primary neurons do not adhere well to untreated glass or tissue culture plastic, therefore detailed procedures to create two distinct, well-defined laminin-containing substrata for neuronal plating are described. Cultured neurons are highly amenable to multiple cellular and molecular techniques, including co-immunoprecipitation, live cell imagining, RNAi, and immunocytochemistry. Procedures for double immunocytochemistry on these cultured neurons have been optimized and described here.

Cell culture models provide detailed control over environmental conditions and thus provide a powerful platform to elucidate numerous aspects of neuronal cell biology. We describe a rapid, inexpensive, and reliable method to isolate, dissociate, and culture sensory neurons from chick embryos. Details of substrata preparation and immunocytochemistry are also provided.

ニワトリ胚から解離感覚ニューロンの単離および培養

Neurons are multifaceted cells that carry information essential for a variety of functions including sensation, motor movement, learning, and memory. ...

A Simplified Method for Ultra-Low Density, Long-Term Primary Hippocampal Neuron Culture

Culturing primary hippocampal neurons in vitro facilitates mechanistic interrogation of many aspects of neuronal development. Dissociated embryonic hippocampal neurons can often grow successfully on glass coverslips at high density under serum-free conditions, but low density cultures typically require a supply of trophic factors by co-culturing them with a glia feeder layer, preparation of which can be time-consuming and laborious. In addition, the presence of glia may confound interpretation of results and preclude studies on neuron-specific mechanisms. Here, a simplified method is presented for ultra-low density (~2,000 neurons/cm2), long-term (&#62;3 months) primary hippocampal neuron culture that is under serum free conditions and without glia cell support. Low density neurons are grown on poly-D-lysine coated coverslips, and flipped on high density neurons grown in a 24-well plate. Instead of using paraffin dots to create a space between the two neuronal layers, the experimenters can simply etch the plastic bottom of the well, on which the high density neurons reside, to create a microspace conducive to low density neuron growth. The co-culture can be easily maintained for &#62;3 months without significant loss of low density neurons, thus facilitating the morphological and physiological study of these neurons. To illustrate this successful culture condition, data are provided to show profuse synapse formation in low density cells after prolonged culture. This co-culture system also facilitates the survival of sparse individual neurons grown in islands of poly-D-lysine substrates and thus the formation of autaptic connections.

Low density cultures of primary hippocampal neurons usually require glia feeder layer to supply neurotrophic factors and sustain longevity. We describe here a simplified method to culture ultra-low density neurons on glass coverslips in the presence of a high density neuronal feeder layer, which facilitates investigation of specific neuronal-autonomous mechanisms.

超低密度のために簡略化された方法、長期初代海馬ニューロンの文化

Culturing primary hippocampal neurons in vitro facilitates mechanistic interrogation of many aspects of neuronal development. Dissociated embryonic ...

Spinal Cord Neurons Isolation and Culture from Neonatal Mice

We present a protocol for the isolation and culture of spinal cord neurons. The neurons are obtained from neonatal C57BL/6 mice and are isolated on postnatal day 1-3. A mouse litter, usually 4-10 pups born from one breeding pair, is gathered for one experiment, and spinal cords are collected individually from each mouse after euthanasia with isoflurane. The spinal column is dissected out and then the spinal cord is released from the column. The spinal cords are then minced to increase the surface area of delivery for an enzymatic protease that allows for the neurons and other cells to be released from the tissue. Trituration is then used to release the cells into solution. This solution is subsequently fractionated in a density gradient to separate the various cells in solution, allowing for neurons to be isolated. Approximately 1-2.5 x 106 neurons can be isolated from one litter group. The neurons are then seeded onto wells coated with adhesive factors that allow for proper growth and maturation. The neurons take approximately 7 days to reach maturity in the growth and culture medium and can be used thereafter for treatment and analysis.

This study presents a technique for the isolation of neurons from WT neonatal mice. It requires the careful dissection of the spinal cord from the neonatal mouse, followed by the separation of neurons from the spinal cord tissue through mechanical and enzymatic cleavage.

新生児マウスからの脊髄ニューロンの単離と培養

We present a protocol for the isolation and culture of spinal cord neurons. The neurons are obtained from neonatal C57BL/6 mice and are isolated on ...

Generation and Long-term Maintenance of Nerve-free Hydra

The interstitial cell lineage of Hydra includes multipotent stem cells, and their derivatives: gland cells, nematocytes, germ cells, and nerve cells. The interstitial cells can be eliminated through two consecutive treatments with colchicine, a plant-derived toxin that kills dividing cells, thus erasing the potential for renewal of the differentiated cells that are derived from the interstitial stem cells. This allows for the generation of Hydra that lack nerve cells. A nerve-free polyp cannot open its mouth to feed, egest, or regulate osmotic pressure. Such animals, however, can survive and be cultured indefinitely in the laboratory if regularly force-fed and burped. The lack of nerve cells allows for studies of the role of the nervous system in regulating animal behavior and regeneration. Previously published protocols for nerve-free Hydra maintenance involve outdated techniques such as mouth-pipetting with hand-pulled micropipette tips to feed and clean the Hydra. Here, an improved protocol for maintenance of nerve-free Hydra is introduced. Fine-tipped forceps are used to force open the mouth and insert freshly killed Artemia. Following force-feeding, the body cavity of the animal is flushed with fresh medium using a syringe and hypodermic needle to remove undigested material, referred to here as "burping". This new method of force-feeding and burping nerve-free Hydra through the use of forceps and syringes eliminates the need for mouth-pipetting using hand-pulled micropipette tips. It thus makes the process safer and significantly more time efficient. To ensure that the nerve cells in the hypostome have been eliminated, immunohistochemistry using anti-tyrosine-tubulin is conducted.

Generation and Long-term Maintenance of Nerve-free Hydra

Through a double treatment with colchicine, a plant-derived toxin that kills dividing cells, nerve-free Hydra vulgaris can be generated. These Hydra cannot feed or egest on their own. This paper describes an improved method for long-term maintenance of nerve free Hydra vulgaris in the laboratory.

神経フリーの生成と長期維持<em&gt;ヒドラ</em

The interstitial cell lineage of Hydra includes multipotent stem cells, and their derivatives: gland cells, nematocytes, germ cells, and nerve cells. The ...

Isolation and RNA Extraction of Neurons, Macrophages and Microglia from Larval Zebrafish Brains

To gain a detailed understanding of the role of different CNS cells during development or the establishment and progression of brain pathologies, it is important to isolate these cells without changing their gene expression profile. The zebrafish model provides a large number of transgenic fish lines in which specific cell types are labelled; for example neurons in the NBT:DsRed line or macrophages/microglia in the mpeg1:eGFP line. Furthermore, antibodies have been developed to stain specific cells, such as microglia with the 4C4 antibody.
Here, we describe the isolation of neurons, macrophages and microglia from larval zebrafish brains. Central to this protocol is the avoidance of an enzymatic tissue digestion at 37 &#176;C, which could modify cellular profiles. Instead a mechanical system of tissue homogenization at 4 &#176;C is used. This protocol entails homogenization of brains into cell suspension, their immuno-staining and the isolation of neurons, macrophages and microglia by FACS. Afterwards, we extracted RNA from those cells and evaluated their quality/quantity. We managed to obtain RNA of high quality (RNA Integrity Number (RIN) &#62; 7) to perform qPCR on macrophages/microglia and neurons, and transcriptomic analysis on microglia. This approach enables a better characterization of these cells, as well as a clearer understanding about their role in development and pathologies.

We present a protocol to isolate neurons, macrophages and microglia from larval zebrafish brains under physiological and pathological conditions. Upon isolation, RNA is extracted from these cells to analyze their gene expression profile. This protocol allows for the collection of high-quality RNA for performing downstream analysis like qPCR and transcriptomics.

分離およびゼブラフィッシュ稚魚の脳から神経細胞、大食細胞、ミクログリアの RNA の抽出

To gain a detailed understanding of the role of different CNS cells during development or the establishment and progression of brain pathologies, it is ...