This work was performed using the Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London startup funds to K.N.A.

참고 : 동물이 유지되고 승인 된 기관의 가이드 라인과 모든 동물의 절차를 준수하여 처리 제국 대학의 동물 복지로 하였다 윤리적 검토 기관 (AWERB) 및 홈 오피스와 하버드 대학 기관 동물 관리 및 사용위원회 (IACUC) 연방 및 주 정부 규정에. 1. 시약 및 장비 설치 <ol><li> 해동, 나누어지는 -80 ºC에서 저장 한 ㎎ / ㎖ 라미닌 솔루션입니다. 1-2 ㎍ / ㎠의 코팅 농도 결과 1ml를 DMEM / F12에서 2 μl를 녹인다. 참고 : 천천히 얼음과 판 / 커버 슬립에 추가 즉시 차가운 DMEM / F12에 용해 및 해동 라미닌. </li><li> 4 ºC에서 75 ml의 0.01 % 425 ml의 PBS에서 폴리 오르니 틴 L-및 저장의 희석. 참고 : 작업 솔루션의 유효 기간은 1 개월까지이다. </li><li> 너희 최대 4 ºC에서 25 % (중량 / 부피) PBS에서 BSA, pH가 7.4, 저장을 녹여아칸소. </li><li> (HBSS)에 50 % FBS 비활성화 미디어를 준비합니다. </li><li> (+) - - 포도당 (중량 / 부피), 0.25 %의 BSA (중량 / 부피) 50 U / ml의 페니실린과 스트렙토 마이신, 1 배 N2 보충, 5 % (부피 / 부피) FBS, 0.36 %의 D를 추가하여 완전한 매체 준비 DMEM / F12 및 저장 4 ºC에서. 참고 : 유효 기간 10 일입니다. </li><li> 적어도 30 분 동안 70 % (부피 / 부피) 에탄올을 끓는 배치 된 커버는 그리스와 오토 클레이브의 모든 흔적을 제거합니다. </li><li> 장소 24 웰 플레이트에 된 커버와 각 웰에 500 ㎕의 폴리 -L- 오르니 틴 솔루션을 추가합니다. RT의 조직 문화 후드에서 1 시간을 품어하고, 500 μL 물로 3 회 세척한다. 각 플레이트에 500 μL의 라미닌 솔루션을 추가하고 37 ºC에서 가습 된 조직 문화 인큐베이터에서 O / N을 품어. 참고 : 더 세척이 24 시간 배양 한 후 세포의 죽음에 폴리 -L- 오르니 틴 세 번보다 적지 결과를 세척, 라미닌 처리 후 필요 없지만. </li><li> 천연 가스 토치 f를 통해 유리 피펫의 팁을 폴란드어절름발이. 참고 :이 단계 후에 팁의 직경이 정상 크기의 절반해야한다. </li><li> 멸균 된 가위와 오토 클레이브를 사용하여, 1.5 ml의 마이크로 원심 튜브의 캡을 잘라. </li></ol> 배아 복부 중뇌 2. 해부 <ol><li> 마취시키다가 시간이 초과 임신 (E12.5) CO 2 흡입 댐 후 자궁 전위에 의해 안락사. </li><li> 70 % 에탄올로 복부를 스프레이 자궁 주머니가 모두 노출 될 때까지 복부 절개를합니다. 사용 집게 질 첨부 파일을 절단하고 자궁을 제거합니다. 100mm 페트리 접시에 얼음처럼 차가운 HBSS의 자궁을 놓습니다. </li><li> 집게 (그림 1C)를 사용하여 자궁과 양막에서 배아를 제거합니다. 신선한 얼음처럼 차가운 HBSS에있는 장소 배아. 주 : 그림 1D의 사각형은 배아 복부 중뇌의 위치를 나타냅니다. </li><li> 해부 현미경 (10 배 확대)에서 배아를 놓고 중간 뇌를 해부, 지협과 중뇌 - diencephalic 경계 영역에서 뇌를 절단 bioscissor와 집게 사용하여 아치 (그림 1E를 절개 라인도 1a를 참조하십시오). </li><li> 전체 중뇌을 복용 한 후, mediodorsal 중뇌 (그림 1 층)에 상처를합니다. </li><li> 두 포셉 (그림 1H)를 사용하여, 수막을 제거합니다. 참고 : 중요한 단계 :이 단계는 최적의 신경 세포 수율과 생존을 위해 필수적이다. 배양 조건은 뇌 세포의 최적이기 때문에, 주위 조직에서 세포의 대부분은 도금 후 다이이 조직으로부터 세포 사멸 신호 문화 무결성이 손상된다. </li><li> 멸균 면도날 (도 1H, I)을 사용하여 나비 형상을 관찰하고, 각 날개의 약 절반을 절단하는 페트리 접시에 중뇌 조직을 병합. 주 : 그림 1J는 격리 된 복부 중뇌를 보여줍니다. </li><li> 이동15 ML 원뿔 관에 얼음처럼 차가운 HBSS로 복부 중뇌의 조각 다음 배아를 진행합니다. 참고 : 2.1-2.8 이상 1 시간을 안 단계. 얼음이 기간을 넘어 배아를 유지하는 것은 상당히 세포 생존 능력을 감소시킨다. </li></ol> 복부 중간 뇌 세포의 3 해리 <ol><li> 층류 후드 하에서 복부 중뇌 조각을 전송. HBSS를 제거하고 (복부 중뇌의 최대 12 조각에 충분한 볼륨을) 원뿔 튜브로 예열 한 ㎖ (37 ° C) 0.05 % 트립신 EDTA를 추가합니다. 5 ~ 10 분 동안 37 ºC에서 조직을 품어. </li><li> 후드 트립신 EDTA를 제거하고 조직을 1 ml의 탈 활성화 매체 (혈청 트립신을 비활성화합니다)를 추가합니다. </li><li> 비활성화 매체를 제거하고 두 번 완전 배지 1 ㎖의의 조직을 씻는다. 주 : 해리 된 세포를 폐기하는 것을 방지하기 위해, 튜브의 모든 매체를 제거하고 조직을 피펫 피한다. </li><li> 1ml의 완전한 매체와 trit 추가화재 연마 유리 피펫으로 조직을 요산. 거품의 형성을 방지하고 단일 세포 현탁액이 달성 될 때까지 분쇄하여 계속합니다. 참고 : 일반적으로 8-10 완전한 분리에 필요한 제한된 팁을 통과한다. </li><li> RT에서 5 분 400 XG에서 세포를 원심 분리기와 매체를 제거합니다. </li><li> 다시 일시 중지 천천히 피펫 팅에 의해 완전 배지 1 ㎖의의 펠렛을 위 아래로 4 배합니다. </li></ol> 4. 도금 복부 중간 뇌 세포 <ol><li> 90 ㎕의 트리 판 블루 용액으로 세포 현탁액 10 μL와 혼합하여 혈구 세포의 수를 계산. 참고 : 세포의 생존도이 단계에서 확인할 수 있습니다. </li><li> 캡의 상단에 한 번에 집게, 하나를 사용하여, 100mm 페트리 접시에 멸균 microcentrifuge 관 뚜껑을 놓고 폴리-L-오르니 틴 / 라미닌 코팅 된 커버를 전송할 수 있습니다. 참고 : 된 커버를 세척하지 말고이 uneve의 원인이되므로, 라미닌 건조 방지n 개의 문화와 세포의 생존 감소. </li><li> (볼륨 유출없이 커버 슬립의 표면을 덮도록 최적) 완전 배지를 첨가하여 1 μL 당 1500 세포로 볼륨을 조절하고, 각 커버 슬립 위에 세포 현탁액 100 ㎕ (150,000 세포의 합계)를 추가한다. 가습 조직 문화 인큐베이터에서 배양 접시를 닫고 1 시간 동안 그들을 품어 (37 ° C, 5 % CO 2). 주 : CRITICAL 단계 :이 단계는 세포의 부착과 생존을 증강 용 커버 슬립 당 ​​배아의 개수를 증가시키기 위해 필요하다. 대안 적으로, 세포를 직접 웰 (함유 된 커버)하지만 세포의 수 (대신 150,000) 웰 당 350,000 증가되어야로 전달 될 수있다. 직접 전송 때문에 (옆 또는 커버 슬립 아래) 판에 부착 세포의 약 3-4 된 커버를 산출하는 동안 즉,이 방법을 사용하여, 8-10, 커버 슬립, 취득 할 수있다. 평균 viabili이 방법을 사용하여 배양 TY는 약 90 %였다. </li></ol> 5. 문화 성장 및 유지 관리 <ol><li> 배양 1 시간 후에, 조심스럽게 400 ㎕의 예열 (37 ºC까지) 완전 배지 함유하는 24 웰 플레이트에 배지를 포함하여 전송 된 커버 (총 부피 : 500 μl를). 37 ºC에서 세포 O / N을 품어. </li><li> 우물의 배양 후 24 시간 이내에, 부드럽게 각 웰에 500 ㎕의 완전 배지를 추가합니다. 주 : 처음 몇 시간은 도파민 뉴런의 생존과이 지점을 넘어 크게 변하지 않는다 생존 세포의 수에 대한 가장 중요한 단계이다. </li><li> 처음 2 주 동안이나 매체가 노란색이 될 때까지 문화에 추가 용지를 추가하지 마십시오. 2 주 이상 또는 신선한 완전한 예열 미디어 (일반적으로 매 2 주) 노란색, 미디어의 교환 절반 (500 μL) 중간 색상 변경을 배양합니다. 참고 : 내 도파민 뉴런문화는 이러한 조건에서 6 개 이상의 주 동안 살아남을 것입니다. </li></ol>

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No conflict of interest declared.

중뇌 도파민 성 신경 세포는 중추 신경계에서 도파민의 주요 원인이다. 그들은 세 그룹으로 나누어, 흑질의 유리체 compacta (SNpc), 복부 피개 영역 (VTA)과 retrorubral 필드 (RRF) 10, 11. SNpc과 VTA의 뉴런은 감정, 동기 부여 및 모터 동작의 제어 등의 기능에 관여, mesocortical 변연계 및 nigro - 선조체 주요 도파민 경로, 상승을 제공합니다. SNpc 흑질 선조 및 시스템의 기능적 파괴에서 뉴런의 죽음은 제 ?...

흑질에서 도파민 신경 세포의 손실 compacta는 파킨슨 병 (PD), 두 번째 가장 흔한 신경 퇴행성 질환의 추기경 모터 증상에 이르게 갈 거예요. 이 중뇌 신경 인구의 서거의 근본적인 원인은 알려져 있지 않다. 사용 된 개발 및 신경 생리 학적 특성과 mesDA 신경 세포, 여러 세포 배양 및 동물 모델 시스템의 생존을 변조에 대한 책임을 생화학 적 경로를 연구합니다. 쥐의 도파민 세포주 1RB 3 27 (N27), 인간 도파민 신경 아세포종 세포주 SH-SY5Y, MN9D 인간 중뇌 세포를 LUHMES 마우스 도파민 하이브리드 세포주 포함 불멸화 세포주는, 생화학 및 제한된 역학적 연구 한 사용되어왔다 -5. mesDA 뉴런 특이 손실 연구를 위해 몇몇 신경 독소 계 유전 모델 6-8 개발되었다. 차 복부 중뇌 문화, 도파민 성 신경 세포의 신경 세포와 시냅스 특성이 일반적인 장애의 발병 기전에 관여하는 경로를 연구하기위한 필수 불가결 한 도구를 제공합니다. 여기에서 우리는 더 높은 생존 성 및 배아 당 된 커버의 수율 증가의 결과로 수정을 포함 중뇌 도파민 신경 세포의 분리에 대한 자세한 프로토콜을 제시한다. 사전 성숙한 E12.5 마우스 중뇌 (쥐에 E14.5)의 사용은 생존을 향상시킵니다. 이 나이에 신경 해부 동안 그대로 세포 잎, 이는 아직 축삭을 개발하여 현저하게 수명을 연장해 스트레스를 최소화하지 않았습니다. 또한,이 프로토콜의 2 절에 설명 된대로 복부 중뇌의주의 해부, 더 생존 성을 향상시킨다. 커버 슬립 당 ​​배아의 개수를 증가시키기 위해 대안적인 도금법이 프로토콜 부 (4)에 제시되어있다. 이 아래 4 된 커버에 비해 배아 당 최대 10 된 커버의 수율로 연결표준 도금 조건 따라서 당 실험 동물의 양을 감소시킨다. 축삭과 dentrites의 문화 전시 가지 뉴런은 시냅스 연결을 형성 라이브 세포 이미징, 면역 세포 화학 및 전기 생리학 연구에 대한 이러한 문화가 적합 신경 세포와 시냅스 마커의 존재를 알 수있다. 또한, 신경 세포 배양의 사용은 유전 적 및 약리학 적 조작을 용이하게한다. 체외에서 2 일에서 신경 돌기의 가지 발달 연구 수 있습니다. 또한, 문화의 장기 생존율 (최대 6 주) 뉴런의 느린, 진보적 인 변성의 연구에 적합합니다.

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			<td>P60101-0&#160;</td>
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			<td>A-21207</td>
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			<td>11245-30</td>
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			<td>91460-11</td>
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			<td>Bellco Glass</td>
			<td>1943-10012&#160;</td>
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isolation, culture and long-term maintenance of primary mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons from embryonic rodent brains

Degeneration of mesencephalic dopaminergic (mesDA) neurons is the pathological hallmark of Parkinson&#8217;s diseae. Study of the biological processes involved in physiological functions and vulnerability and death of these neurons is imparative to understanding the underlying causes and unraveling the cure for this common neurodegenerative disorder. Primary cultures of mesDA neurons provide a tool for investigation of the molecular, biochemical and electrophysiological properties, in order to understand the development, long-term survival and degeneration of these neurons during the course of disease. Here we present a detailed method for the isolation, culturing and maintenance of midbrain dopaminergic neurons from E12.5 mouse (or E14.5 rat) embryos. Optimized cell culture conditions in this protocol result in presence of axonal and dendritic projections, synaptic connections and other neuronal morphological properties, which make the cultures suitable for study of the physiological, cell biological and molecular characteristics of this neuronal population.

티로신 수산화 효소 (목)에 대한 면역 조직 문화에 세포의 0.5 % 사이가 도파민 것을 보여준다. 티로신 하이드 록 (TH)와 미세 소관 관련 단백질 2 (Map2에) 항체 (그림 3)를 사용하여, 신경 돌기 도금 후 2 시간 이내에 나타나며 첫 날에 의해, 축삭과 수상 돌기는 구별 (그림 2)입니다. 뉴런은 6 주 이상 생존과 광범위한 가지를 보여줍니다. 이전에 나타낸 바와 같이 문화 뉴런 신?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Isolation, Culture and Long-Term Maintenance of Primary Mesencephalic Dopaminergic Neurons From Embryonic Rodent Brains at JoVE.com

Isolation, Culture and Long-Term Maintenance of Primary Mesencephalic Dopaminergic Neurons From Embryonic Rodent Brains

The causes of degeneration of midbrain dopaminergic neurons during Parkinson&#8217;s disease are not fully understood. Cellular culture systems provide an essential tool for study of the neurophysiological properties of these neurons. Here we present an optimized protocol, which can be utilized for in vitro modeling of neurodegeneration.

배아 쥐의 뇌에서 차 중뇌 도파민 신경 세포의 분리, 문화 및 장기 유지 보수

Degeneration of mesencephalic dopaminergic (mesDA) neurons is the pathological hallmark of Parkinson&#8217;s diseae. Study of the biological processes ...

isolation-culture-long-term-maintenance-primary-mesencephalic

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

13.9K 조회수.  Imperial College London. The causes of degeneration of midbrain dopaminergic neurons during Parkinson’s disease are not fully understood. Cellular culture systems provide an essential tool for study of the neurophysiological properties of these neurons. Here we present an optimized protocol, which can be utilized for in vitro modeling of neurodegeneration.

비디오: Isolation, Culture and Long-Term Maintenance of Primary Mesencephalic Dopaminergic Neurons From Embryonic Rodent Brains

Dissection and Culture of Commissural Neurons from Embryonic Spinal Cord

Commissural neurons have been widely used to investigate the mechanisms underlying axon guidance during embryonic spinal cord development. The cell bodies of these neurons are located in the dorsal spinal cord and their axons follow stereotyped trajectories during embryonic development. Commissural axons initially project ventrally towards the floorplate. After crossing the midline, these axons turn anteriorly and project towards the brain. Each of these steps is regulated by the action of several guidance cues. Cultures highly enriched in commissural neurons are ideally suited for many experiments addressing the mechanisms of axon pathfinding, including turning assays, immunochemistry and biochemistry. Here, we describe a method to dissect and culture commissural neurons from E13 rat dorsal spinal cord. First, the spinal cord is isolated and dorsal strips are dissected out. The dorsal tissue is then dissociated into a cell suspension by trypsinization and mechanical disruption. Neurons are plated onto poly-L-lysine-coated glass coverslips or tissue-culture dishes. After 30 hours in vitro, most neurons have extended an axon. The purity of the culture (Yam et al. 2009), typically over 90%, can be assessed by immunolabeling with the commissural neuron markers DCC, LH2 and TAG1 (Helms and Johnson, 1998). This neuronal preparation is a useful tool for in vitro studies of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of commissural axon growth and guidance during spinal cord development.

This video demonstrates a method to dissect and culture commissural neurons from E13 rat dorsal spinal cord. Dissociated commissural neurons are useful to study the cellular and molecular mechanisms of axon growth and guidance.

배아 척수에서 뉴런의 Commissural 해부와 문화

Commissural neurons have been widely used to investigate the mechanisms underlying axon guidance during embryonic spinal cord development. The cell bodies ...

연구

신경과학

Nucleofection and Primary Culture of Embryonic Mouse Hippocampal and Cortical Neurons

Hippocampal and cortical neurons have been used extensively to study central nervous system (CNS) neuronal polarization, axon/dendrite outgrowth, and synapse formation and function. An advantage of culturing these neurons is that they readily polarize, forming distinctive axons and dendrites, on a two dimensional substrate at very low densities. This property has made them extremely useful for determining many aspects of neuronal development. Furthermore, by providing glial conditioning for these neurons they will continue to develop, forming functional synaptic connections and surviving for several months in culture. In this protocol we outline a technique to dissect, culture and transfect embryonic mouse hippocampal and cortical neurons. Transfection is accomplished by electroporating DNA into the neurons before plating via nucleofection. This protocol has the advantage of expressing fluorescently-tagged fusion proteins early in development (~4-8hrs after plating) to study the dynamics and function of proteins during polarization, axon outgrowth and branching. We have also discovered that this single transfection before plating maintains fluorescently-tagged fusion protein expression at levels appropriate for imaging throughout the lifetime of the neuron (&gt; 2 months in culture). Thus, this methodology is useful for studying protein localization and function throughout CNS development with little or no disruption of neuronal function.

This protocol outlines the steps required to dissect, transfect via electroporation and culture mouse hippocampal and cortical neurons. Short-term cultures may be used for studies of axon outgrowth and guidance, while long-term cultures can be used for studies of synaptogenesis and dendritic spine analysis.

Nucleofection 및 배아 마우스 Hippocampal과 두피 뉴런의 주요 문화

Hippocampal and cortical neurons have been used extensively to study central nervous system (CNS) neuronal polarization, axon/dendrite outgrowth, and ...

Isolation and Culture of Hippocampal Neurons from Prenatal Mice

Primary cultures of rat and murine hippocampal neurons are widely used to reveal cellular mechanisms in neurobiology. By isolating and growing individual neurons, researchers are able to analyze properties related to cellular trafficking, cellular structure and individual protein localization using a variety of biochemical techniques. Results from such experiments are critical for testing theories addressing the neural basis of memory and learning. However, unambiguous results from these forms of experiments are predicated on the ability to grow neuronal cultures with minimum contamination by other brain cell types. In this protocol, we use specific media designed for neuron growth and careful dissection of embryonic hippocampal tissue to optimize growth of healthy neurons while minimizing contaminating cell types (i.e. astrocytes). Embryonic mouse hippocampal tissue can be more difficult to isolate than similar rodent tissue due to the size of the sample for dissection. We show detailed dissection techniques of hippocampus from embryonic day 19 (E19) mouse pups. Once hippocampal tissue is isolated, gentle dissociation of neuronal cells is achieved with a dilute concentration of trypsin and mechanical disruption designed to separate cells from connective tissue while providing minimum damage to individual cells. A detailed description of how to prepare pipettes to be used in the disruption is included. Optimal plating densities are provided for immuno-fluorescence protocols to maximize successful cell culture. The protocol provides a fast (approximately 2 hr) and efficient technique for the culture of neuronal cells from mouse hippocampal tissue.

We provide a protocol for the culture of highly purified hippocampal neurons from prenatal mouse brains without the use of a feeder glial cell layer.

태아 쥐의 Hippocampal 신경 세포의 분리 및 문화

Primary cultures of rat and murine hippocampal neurons are widely used to reveal cellular mechanisms in neurobiology. By isolating and growing individual ...

Isolation and Culture of Neural Crest Cells from Embryonic Murine Neural Tube

The embryonic neural crest (NC) is a multipotent progenitor population that originates at the dorsal aspect of the neural tube, undergoes an epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) and migrates throughout the embryo, giving rise to diverse cell types 1-3. NC also has the unique ability to influence the differentiation and maturation of target organs4-6. When explanted in vitro, NC progenitors undergo self-renewal, migrate and differentiate into a variety of tissue types including neurons, glia, smooth muscle cells, cartilage and bone. 
NC multipotency was first described from explants of the avian neural tube7-9. In vitro isolation of NC cells facilitates the study of NC dynamics including proliferation, migration, and multipotency. Further work in the avian and rat systems demonstrated that explanted NC cells retain their NC potential when transplanted back into the embryo10-13. Because these inherent cellular properties are preserved in explanted NC progenitors, the neural tube explant assay provides an attractive option for studying the NC in vitro. 
To attain a better understanding of the mammalian NC, many methods have been employed to isolate NC populations. NC-derived progenitors can be cultured from post-migratory locations in both the embryo and adult to study the dynamics of post-migratory NC progenitors11,14-20, however isolation of NC progenitors as they emigrate from the neural tube provides optimal preservation of NC cell potential and migratory properties13,21,22. Some protocols employ fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) to isolate a NC population enriched for particular progenitors11,13,14,17. However, when starting with early stage embryos, cell numbers adequate for analyses are difficult to obtain with FACS, complicating the isolation of early NC populations from individual embryos. Here, we describe an approach that does not rely on FACS and results in an approximately 96% pure NC population based on a Wnt1-Cre activated lineage reporter23. 
The method presented here is adapted from protocols optimized for the culture of rat NC11,13. The advantages of this protocol compared to previous methods are that 1) the cells are not grown on a feeder layer, 2) FACS is not required to obtain a relatively pure NC population, 3) premigratory NC cells are isolated and 4) results are easily quantified. Furthermore, this protocol can be used for isolation of NC from any mutant mouse model, facilitating the study of NC characteristics with different genetic manipulations. The limitation of this approach is that the NC is removed from the context of the embryo, which is known to influence the survival, migration and differentiation of the NC2,24-28.

Isolation of embryonic neural crest from the neural tube facilitates the use of in vitro methods for studying migration, self-renewal, and multipotency of neural crest.

배아 Murine 신경 튜브에서 신경 크레스트 세포의 분리 및 문화

The embryonic neural crest (NC) is a multipotent progenitor population that originates at the dorsal aspect of the neural tube, undergoes an epithelial to ...

Isolation and Culture of Endothelial Cells from the Embryonic Forebrain

Embryonic brain endothelial cells can serve as an important tool in the study of angiogenesis and neurovascular development and interactions. The two vascular networks of the embryonic forebrain, pial and periventricular, are spatially distinctive and have different origins and growth patterns. Endothelial cells from the pial and periventricular vascular networks have unique gene expression profiles and functions. Here we present a step-by-step protocol for isolation, culture, and verification of pure populations of endothelial cells from the periventricular vascular network (PVECs) of the embryonic forebrain (telencephalon). In this approach, telencephalon devoid of pial membrane obtained from embryonic day 15 mice is minced, digested with collagenase/dispase, and dispersed mechanically into a single cell suspension. PVECs are purified from cell suspension using positive selection with anti-CD-31/PECAM-1 antibody conjugated to MicroBeads using a strong magnetic separation method. Purified cells are cultured on collagen 1&#160;coated culture dishes in endothelial cell culture medium until they become confluent and further subcultured. PVECs obtained with this protocol exhibit cobblestone and spindle shaped phenotypes, as visualized by phase-contrast light microscopy and fluorescence microscopy. Purity of PVEC cultures was established with endothelial cell markers. In our hands, this method reliably and consistently yields pure populations of PVECs. This protocol will benefit studies aimed at gaining mechanistic insights into forebrain angiogenesis, understanding PVEC interactions, and cross-talks with neuronal cell types and holds tremendous potential for therapeutic angiogenesis.

This video demonstrates an easy and reliable strategy for preparation of pure cultures of endothelial cells from the embryonic forebrain within 10-12 days and will be useful for research focused on many aspects of cerebral angiogenesis.

배아 전뇌에서 내피 세포의 분리 및 문화

Embryonic brain endothelial cells can serve as an important tool in the study of angiogenesis and neurovascular development and interactions. The two ...

Primary Culture of Mouse Dopaminergic Neurons

Dopaminergic neurons represent less than 1% of the total number of neurons in the brain. This low amount of neurons regulates important brain functions such as motor control, motivation, and working memory. Nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons selectively degenerate in Parkinson&#39;s disease (PD). This progressive neuronal loss is unequivocally associated with the motors symptoms of the pathology (bradykinesia, resting tremor, and muscular rigidity). The main agent responsible of dopaminergic neuron degeneration is still unknown. However, these neurons appear to be extremely vulnerable in diverse conditions. Primary cultures constitute one of the most relevant models to investigate properties and characteristics of dopaminergic neurons. These cultures can be submitted to various stress agents that mimic PD pathology and to neuroprotective compounds in order to stop or slow down neuronal degeneration. The numerous transgenic mouse models of PD that have been generated during the last decade further increased the interest of researchers for dopaminergic neuron cultures. Here, the video protocol focuses on the delicate dissection of embryonic mouse brains. Precise excision of ventral mesencephalon is crucial to obtain neuronal cultures sufficiently rich in dopaminergic cells to allow subsequent studies. This protocol can be realized with embryonic transgenic mice and is suitable for immunofluorescence staining, quantitative PCR, second messenger quantification, or neuronal death/survival assessment.

Dopaminergic neurons play a vital regulatory role in the brain. Their loss is associated with Parkinson's disease. In this video, we show how to generate primary cultures of central dopaminergic neurons from embryonic mouse mesencephalon. Such cultures are useful to study the extreme vulnerability of these neurons to various stresses.

마우스 도파민 뉴런의 차 문화

Dopaminergic neurons represent less than 1% of the total number of neurons in the brain. This low amount of neurons regulates important brain functions ...

Isolation and Culture of Dissociated Sensory Neurons From Chick Embryos

Neurons are multifaceted cells that carry information essential for a variety of functions including sensation, motor movement, learning, and memory. Studying neurons in vivo can be challenging due to their complexity, their varied and dynamic environments, and technical limitations. For these reasons, studying neurons in vitro can prove beneficial to unravel the complex mysteries of neurons. The well-defined nature of cell culture models provides detailed control over environmental conditions and variables. Here we describe how to isolate, dissociate, and culture primary neurons from chick embryos. This technique is rapid, inexpensive, and generates robustly growing sensory neurons. The procedure consistently produces cultures that are highly enriched for neurons and has very few non-neuronal cells (less than 5%). Primary neurons do not adhere well to untreated glass or tissue culture plastic, therefore detailed procedures to create two distinct, well-defined laminin-containing substrata for neuronal plating are described. Cultured neurons are highly amenable to multiple cellular and molecular techniques, including co-immunoprecipitation, live cell imagining, RNAi, and immunocytochemistry. Procedures for double immunocytochemistry on these cultured neurons have been optimized and described here.

Cell culture models provide detailed control over environmental conditions and thus provide a powerful platform to elucidate numerous aspects of neuronal cell biology. We describe a rapid, inexpensive, and reliable method to isolate, dissociate, and culture sensory neurons from chick embryos. Details of substrata preparation and immunocytochemistry are also provided.

병아리 배아에서 분리 및 해리 감각 뉴런의 문화

Neurons are multifaceted cells that carry information essential for a variety of functions including sensation, motor movement, learning, and memory. ...

A Simplified Method for Ultra-Low Density, Long-Term Primary Hippocampal Neuron Culture

Culturing primary hippocampal neurons in vitro facilitates mechanistic interrogation of many aspects of neuronal development. Dissociated embryonic hippocampal neurons can often grow successfully on glass coverslips at high density under serum-free conditions, but low density cultures typically require a supply of trophic factors by co-culturing them with a glia feeder layer, preparation of which can be time-consuming and laborious. In addition, the presence of glia may confound interpretation of results and preclude studies on neuron-specific mechanisms. Here, a simplified method is presented for ultra-low density (~2,000 neurons/cm2), long-term (&#62;3 months) primary hippocampal neuron culture that is under serum free conditions and without glia cell support. Low density neurons are grown on poly-D-lysine coated coverslips, and flipped on high density neurons grown in a 24-well plate. Instead of using paraffin dots to create a space between the two neuronal layers, the experimenters can simply etch the plastic bottom of the well, on which the high density neurons reside, to create a microspace conducive to low density neuron growth. The co-culture can be easily maintained for &#62;3 months without significant loss of low density neurons, thus facilitating the morphological and physiological study of these neurons. To illustrate this successful culture condition, data are provided to show profuse synapse formation in low density cells after prolonged culture. This co-culture system also facilitates the survival of sparse individual neurons grown in islands of poly-D-lysine substrates and thus the formation of autaptic connections.

Low density cultures of primary hippocampal neurons usually require glia feeder layer to supply neurotrophic factors and sustain longevity. We describe here a simplified method to culture ultra-low density neurons on glass coverslips in the presence of a high density neuronal feeder layer, which facilitates investigation of specific neuronal-autonomous mechanisms.

매우 낮은 밀도에 대한 단순화 된 방법, 장기 차 해마 신경 세포 문화

Culturing primary hippocampal neurons in vitro facilitates mechanistic interrogation of many aspects of neuronal development. Dissociated embryonic ...

Spinal Cord Neurons Isolation and Culture from Neonatal Mice

We present a protocol for the isolation and culture of spinal cord neurons. The neurons are obtained from neonatal C57BL/6 mice and are isolated on postnatal day 1-3. A mouse litter, usually 4-10 pups born from one breeding pair, is gathered for one experiment, and spinal cords are collected individually from each mouse after euthanasia with isoflurane. The spinal column is dissected out and then the spinal cord is released from the column. The spinal cords are then minced to increase the surface area of delivery for an enzymatic protease that allows for the neurons and other cells to be released from the tissue. Trituration is then used to release the cells into solution. This solution is subsequently fractionated in a density gradient to separate the various cells in solution, allowing for neurons to be isolated. Approximately 1-2.5 x 106 neurons can be isolated from one litter group. The neurons are then seeded onto wells coated with adhesive factors that allow for proper growth and maturation. The neurons take approximately 7 days to reach maturity in the growth and culture medium and can be used thereafter for treatment and analysis.

This study presents a technique for the isolation of neurons from WT neonatal mice. It requires the careful dissection of the spinal cord from the neonatal mouse, followed by the separation of neurons from the spinal cord tissue through mechanical and enzymatic cleavage.

신생아 생쥐의 척수 신경 세포 분리 및 배양

We present a protocol for the isolation and culture of spinal cord neurons. The neurons are obtained from neonatal C57BL/6 mice and are isolated on ...

Generation and Long-term Maintenance of Nerve-free Hydra

The interstitial cell lineage of Hydra includes multipotent stem cells, and their derivatives: gland cells, nematocytes, germ cells, and nerve cells. The interstitial cells can be eliminated through two consecutive treatments with colchicine, a plant-derived toxin that kills dividing cells, thus erasing the potential for renewal of the differentiated cells that are derived from the interstitial stem cells. This allows for the generation of Hydra that lack nerve cells. A nerve-free polyp cannot open its mouth to feed, egest, or regulate osmotic pressure. Such animals, however, can survive and be cultured indefinitely in the laboratory if regularly force-fed and burped. The lack of nerve cells allows for studies of the role of the nervous system in regulating animal behavior and regeneration. Previously published protocols for nerve-free Hydra maintenance involve outdated techniques such as mouth-pipetting with hand-pulled micropipette tips to feed and clean the Hydra. Here, an improved protocol for maintenance of nerve-free Hydra is introduced. Fine-tipped forceps are used to force open the mouth and insert freshly killed Artemia. Following force-feeding, the body cavity of the animal is flushed with fresh medium using a syringe and hypodermic needle to remove undigested material, referred to here as "burping". This new method of force-feeding and burping nerve-free Hydra through the use of forceps and syringes eliminates the need for mouth-pipetting using hand-pulled micropipette tips. It thus makes the process safer and significantly more time efficient. To ensure that the nerve cells in the hypostome have been eliminated, immunohistochemistry using anti-tyrosine-tubulin is conducted.

Generation and Long-term Maintenance of Nerve-free Hydra

Through a double treatment with colchicine, a plant-derived toxin that kills dividing cells, nerve-free Hydra vulgaris can be generated. These Hydra cannot feed or egest on their own. This paper describes an improved method for long-term maintenance of nerve free Hydra vulgaris in the laboratory.

신경이없는 세대의 장기간 유지 관리<em&gt; 히드라</em

The interstitial cell lineage of Hydra includes multipotent stem cells, and their derivatives: gland cells, nematocytes, germ cells, and nerve cells. The ...