The authors thank the Fraunhofer ISC for the collaboration concerning the construction of the automated wounding device. The project was founded by Fraunhofer internal project &#8220;M&#228;rkte von &#220;bermorgen&#8221; (SkinHeal).

注：プロトコルは24全層皮膚同等物の生産のために設計されている。ヒト皮膚線維芽細胞と表皮角化細胞は、以前に公開されたプロトコルに従って、皮膚生検から単離した。21,22インフォームドコンセントが事前に得られたものであり、研究はユリウスマクシミリアン大学ヴュルツブルクの人間研究に制度的倫理委員会によって承認された（182投票/ 10）。 皮膚コンポーネントの1。生産<ol><li>を6mg / mlの最終濃度まで0.1％酢酸を有するコラーゲンを溶解する。ゲル中和溶液は、232.5ミリリットル2回DMEM、7.5ミリリットルのウシ胎児血清、7.5ミリリットル3 M HEPES、2.5ミリリットルコンドロイチン硫酸（5ミリグラム/ ml）を混合する。氷の上でゲル中和溶液とコラーゲン溶液を保管してください。挿入/肌当量当たりゲルの500μlのを計算します。 NOTE：ゲル中和溶液は、コラーゲン溶液のprepaの2つの部分と混合されるようにコラーゲンの倍の量の再。 </li><li> 24ウェルプレートに24のインサートを置きます。 </li><li> 10ミリリットルDMEM、270×gで5分間遠心分離器でヒト皮膚線維芽細胞（HDF）を再懸濁し、細胞を数える。 G X 270で5分間に必要なHDFの量（500μlのコラーゲンゲルあたり5×10 4細胞）と遠心細胞を抽出します。 </li><li>上清を除去し、慎重に気泡を発生させずに、ゲル中和液を冷却して4ミリリットルでHDFを懸濁します。このステップから、コラーゲンゲルの早期凝固を避けるために、可能な限り高速に動作することを確認してください。 </li><li>コラーゲン溶液8mlの溶液を再懸濁する。 </li><li>マルチステップ·ピペットでコラーゲン - 細胞混合物を取り、各挿入で急速混合物500μlのを埋める。ゲルをゼリー状にするために、インキュベーター（37℃、5％CO 2）中で20分間ゲルをインキュベートする。 </li><li>ウェル当たり2ミリリットルダルベッコ改変イーグル培地（DMEM）+ 10％ウシ胎児血清（FCS）でゲルを沈めるインキュベーター（37℃、5％CO 2）で24時間静置する。 </li></ol>ヒト表皮ケラチノサイト（HEK）2.追加<ol><li> 24時間後に培地を除去します。を50μg/ mlの最終濃度になるように超純水でフィブロネクチンヒトタンパ​​ク質を溶解する。フィブロネクチン溶液25μlの各真皮同等物をカバーしています。インキュベーター（37℃、5％CO 2）中で30分間ゲルをインキュベートする。 </li><li>その間、10mlのKGM-2でHEKを再懸濁し、KGM-2 5 +準備％FCSで1×10 6細胞/ mlに細胞濃度を設定する。各ゲル上の種子1×10 5 HEK。細胞が付着できるように、インキュベーター（37℃、5％CO 2）中で45分間ゲルをインキュベートする。 </li><li>インキュベーター（37℃、5％CO 2）中で、5％FCS +準備し、培養それらKGM-2を有するゲルを沈める。 </li></ol>全層皮膚等価物の3.文化（FTSE） <ol><li> 6-7日間培養しFTSEFCS濃度（5％、2％、および0％FCS）降順。次に低いFCS濃度が2〜3日ごとに培地を変更します。このために、完全に培地を除去し、新鮮な培地の1.6ミリリットルを追加します。 </li><li> 7日目に、完全培地を除去。 注：そうしながら、ピペットの先端でFTSE表面に触れないでください。 </li><li>滅菌ピンセットで6ウェルプレートの1ウェルに挿入するたびに配置します。 FTSE表面を濡らしていないことを確認、ウェル当たり1.5ミリリットル空輸媒体を追加します。さらに14日間、2〜3日ごとに培地を変更します。 注：メディアの充填レベルは、FTSEのメニスカスまでです。 </li></ol> 4.組織学的分析<ol><li>固定し、FTSEのパラフィン包埋<ol><li>培地を除去、新鮮な24ウェルプレートにインサートを転送し、各ウェルに、4％パラホルムアルデヒド、1.6を加えて組織を固定し、室温で2時間、組織をインキュベートする。注意！パラホルムアルデヒドは、ヒュームフードの下で操作し、有毒である。転送組織埋め込みカセットにFTSE。水で洗浄することにより、残りの固定液を除去し、昇順エタノール濃度を用いて組織を脱水。 </li><li>真ん中の縦のカットによる皮膚同等物を分割します。下向きに切断面を持つパラフィン充填金属ベース金型に2枚を配置します。バッキングとして金型の上に組織カセットを追加します。 </li><li>適切な顕微鏡スライド上にスライドマウント、3-5程度のスライスをカットし、straitening、40℃の水浴上でそれらをフロート。徹底的に乾燥スライス。 </li></ol></li><li>ヘマトキシリン​​＆エオシン（H＆E）および免疫組織化学（IHC）染色<ol><li>場所は、ラックに挿入し、60℃で1時間インキュベートする。パラフィンが溶融していることを確認します。ステインは、標準化された概要染色などのH＆Eとのスライスを再水和。 </li><li> H＆E染色のために50％エタノール、4倍の脱イオン水、1×ヘマトキシリン​​、1×塩酸、電子を1倍、エタノールで2回、エタノールで3回、キシロールで70％96％4倍ガラス染色キュベットを準備thanol（13.7ミリリットル1 MのHCl広告200ミリリットルの50％エタノール）、1×タブ水、1×エオシン及び2×2プロパノール（100ミリリットルの脱イオン水中1グラムのエオシン）。 </li><li>場所はスライドを脱パラフィンし、再水和するキシロールIIにキシロールIおよび10分で10分をスライド。ディップは、エタノール50％エタノール70％、3回で3回、エタノールでエタノール96％I、3回で96％IIを3回スライドさせる。脱イオン水でスライドを回転させます。ヘマトキシリン​​染料を区別するために、塩酸 - エタノールで2倍を浸し。脱イオン水ですすいでください。ブルーイングのために、場所は、タブの水に5分をスライド。エオシン染色のために、場所はエオシンで1分をスライドし、脱イオン水で、その後洗い流してください。脱水、ディップスライドはエタノール96％エタノール中で70％、2×2×2-プロパノールII中で5分間、2プロパノールI中で5分間に置き、キシロール中で5分間IキシロールIIで5分。 H＆E染色した後、細胞核が赤く染色される青色、細胞質と細胞外マトリックスに染色される。 </li><li>抗原回復のために、キシレンでパラフィンを除去し、染色のためのスライスを再水和。スライスを配置スチームクッカーでと、予熱した10 mMのクエン酸緩衝液（pH 6）で20分間脱パラフィンし、再水和のスライスを調理。 </li><li>撥液性スライドマーカーペンまたはダイヤモンド針を有する洗浄緩衝液の代わりスライド（PBS緩衝液+ 0.5％ポリソルベート20）、円スライス。 </li><li>湿気チャンバー内でスライドを置きます。各スライスに100μlの3％過酸化水素溶液を添加することにより、内因性ペルオキシダーゼをブロックする。注意！皮膚や眼への接触の場合は非常に危険な。個人用保護具を取り扱ってください。洗浄は、洗浄緩衝液中でスライドする。 </li><li>一次抗体を適用し、室温で1時間インキュベートする。洗浄は、洗浄緩衝液で3回スライドさせる。ここから先、サンプルは暗所に保管する必要があります。 </li><li>特異的な抗原 - 抗体結合の検出のためにビオチン - ストレプトアビジンの検出システムを使用する。 </li><li> 1分間ヘマトキシリン​​で核を対比。スライドを脱水し、マウントします。 </li><li>逆顕微鏡を用いた画像のサンプル。 </li></ol></li></ol> &lt;Pクラス= &quot;jove_title&quot;&gt; 5。自動化された創傷装置を用いて損傷（AWD） <ol><li> 70％エタノールおよび紫外光で作業領域を消毒することでAWDを準備します。目的のサイズ（ 例えば、1ミリメートル）のドリルヘッドが装着されていることを確認します。 </li><li>滅菌ピンセットを用いて、オートクレーブ処理サンプルキャリアプレートの指定された領域に皮膚等価物を置きます。ドリルヘッド下のソケットにサンプルキャリアプレートを置きます。 </li><li>スピン速度：次のように創傷のパラメータを設定する制御ソフトウェアを使用して、15,000 rpmでの、浸透：1.5ミリメートル。推進：100ヘルツ。これらのパラメータは、個別に各サンプルタイプのために定義される必要がある。 AWDに創傷パラメータを転送します。 </li><li>手続きが負傷開始します。ソケットからサンプルキャリアプレートを取り外します。転送には、滅菌ピンセットを用いて培養に用いるインサートに戻すFTSEを負傷した。 </li><li>再生の調査のためのインキュベーター（37℃、5％のCO 2）で負傷FTSEの文化に進みます。アルternatively、任意の時点で、組織学的分析のためのモデルを使用しています。 </li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

インビトロで細胞は通常、細胞がプラスチック表面に付着した二次元細胞培養物中で増殖させる。しかしながら、これらの培養条件は、細胞が生体内で成長する生理学的三次元の条件を反映していない。三次元の条件の下では、細胞は、天然の細胞 - 細胞および細胞 - マトリックスの添付ファイルを形成することができ、三次元に遊走する。特にin vivoでの状況の類似治?...

皮膚は体の最大の器官である。これは、外部環境と内部器官の間の障壁を作成します。さらに、皮膚は、流体損失、環境の影響、傷害および感染から身体を保護し、体温1を調節するのに役立つ。 、その暴露の場所に、皮膚は、多くの場合、機械的、熱的または化学的な外傷の影響を受けます。皮膚の自己修復が可能な一般的であるが、そのような感染症、酸素、および静脈充足などの複数の局所因子は、創傷治癒障害をもたらすことができる。創傷治癒はまた、肥満、アルコール依存症、喫煙、薬物療法、栄養、糖尿病などの疾患などの全身的な要因によって干渉することができます。2 （i）の炎症段階、（ii）の増殖および（iii）リモデリング段階：創傷治癒の過程は3段階に分けることができる。皮膚への損傷時には、複雑な信号カスケードは、傷の閉鎖につながる、開始します。3損傷後、創傷は出血し、血餅が形成される。線維芽細胞は、血液凝固に移動し、その後年間で改装された新しい組織と交換してください。 皮膚の修復の基礎となる生物学的プロセスの現在の理解は限られている。小動物およびブタモデルは創傷治癒を研究するために使用されてきた。しかし、これらの結果は、直接に種特異的な違いに起因するヒトに転送することができない。これらのin vivoモデルに加えて、創傷治癒のいくつかの側面は、不死化細胞株または初代細胞に基づくin vitroで単層培養物のスクラッチを介して、創傷の状況をシミュレートすることによって調べることができる4これらのスクラッチモデルは高度に標準化されているが、十分に反映していない複合体のin vivo生理学5の二次元モデルの他には、三次元のヒト皮膚同等物は、皮膚科学研究のために開発されている。これらのモデルの皮膚部分は、葛ある脱細胞化真皮、6コラーゲンハイドロゲル、7,8グリコサミノグリカン9または合成材料を含む様々な足場を使用してnerated。10これらの皮膚同等物、上皮間葉相互作用11の役割、再上皮、線維芽細胞およびケラチノサイトの間に細胞のクロストークや採用異なる成長因子の影響を研究することができる。さらに、これらのモデルは、線維芽細胞が創傷領域内に移動し、どのように走化性因子は、組織再生にどのように影響するかについての新しい知識を得るために有用である。12 創傷治癒モデル自体の唯一ではない世代は挑戦的であるだけでなく、モデル性の高い標準化された傷を確立することは問題がある。傷を作成するための一般的な技術は、スクラッチテスト、13火傷、14テープ摩耗、15熱傷、16吸引水疱、17液体窒素、18レーザー、19アール</SUP&gt;メス、18メッシャー6と生検パンチ。20これらのメソッドのほとんどは、同じ落とし穴を持っている。手動で実装けがを標準化し、複数のテストの間で再現することが困難である。サイズ、形状、および傷の深さは、研究の間で変化するので、研究データの品質を損なう。定義された皮膚の創傷のためのレーザーの使用は、比較的容易に標準化されたが、火傷を模倣する状況をもたらすことができる。レーザーによって加えられた熱は、壊死組織につながることができ、タンパク質の変性、血小板の凝集や血管収縮を引き起こす可能性があります。 別のアプローチでは、我々は、私たちは、無菌条件下で定義されており、正確な皮膚創傷を生成することができ、自動化創傷デバイス（AWD）を、開発しました。浸透深さと速度のようなパラメータを創傷ならびにドリルヘッドの回転を規制することができる。本研究では、家の中で開発された全層皮膚等価物とAWDを組み合わせた（FTGangatirkar らによって公開プロトコルに匹敵するSE）。8皮膚同等物の真皮層は、I型コラーゲンは、ヒドロゲルに埋め込 ​​まれたヒト皮膚線維芽細胞（HDF）、から構成されている。真皮層の上に、ヒト表皮ケラチノサイト（HEK）は播種。二週間以内に、気液界面でのHEKは、いくつかの重要な細胞層からなる表皮と角質層を構築する。このモデルの生成に加えて、本研究では、FTSEで定義され、正確な傷を作成するためのAWDの使用を示している。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="750">
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;">Name of Material/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Comments/Description</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;"></td>
			<td style="width:135px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;">Trypsin EDTA (1:250) 0.5 % in DPBS&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">PAA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">L11-003</td>
			<td align="right">0.05%</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;">Dulbecco&#8217;s Phosphate Buffered Saline</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">D8537</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;">Collagen (6 mg/ml in 0,1 % acetic acid)</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Produced in house</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;">Fibronectin Human Protein, Plasma (50 &#181;g/ml)</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">33016-015</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;">Inserts</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Nunc</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">140627</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;">6 well plate&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Nunc</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">140685</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;">24 well plate</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Nunc</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">142485</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;">Microscope slides</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">R. Langenbrinck</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">03-0070</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;"></td>
			<td style="width:135px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;">Fibroblasts culturing (500 ml):</td>
			<td style="width:135px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;">DMEM, high glucose</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">11965-092</td>
			<td>89% (445 ml)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;">Fetal bovine serum</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Bio &#38; Sell</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">FCS.ADD.0500</td>
			<td>10% (50 ml)</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;">Penicillin-Streptomycin (10,000 U/mL)</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">15140-122</td>
			<td>1% (5 ml)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;"></td>
			<td style="width:135px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;">Keratinozyten culture medium (500 ml):&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:135px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;">Keratinocyte Growth Medium 2</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Promocell&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">C-20111</td>
			<td>89% (445 ml)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;">Keratinocyte Growth Medium 2 SupplementPack</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Promocell&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">C-39011</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;">Penicillin-Streptomycin (10,000 U/mL)</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">15140-122</td>
			<td>1% (5 ml)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;"></td>
			<td style="width:135px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;">Gel neutralization solution (250 ml):</td>
			<td style="width:135px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:329px;">Dulbecco&#8217;s Modified Eagle Medium, high Glucose Powder with L-Glutamine</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">PAA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">G0001,3010</td>
			<td>93% (232,5 ml)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:329px;">Chondroitin sulfate sodium salt from shark cartilage</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">C4384-1g</td>
			<td>1% (2,5 ml)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;">Fetal bovine serum</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Bio &#38; Sell</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">FCS.ADD.0500</td>
			<td>3% (7,5 ml)</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;">HEPES</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Sigma&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">H3375-1kg</td>
			<td>3% (7,5 ml)</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;"></td>
			<td style="width:135px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;">Skin model submers medium (500ml):&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:135px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;">Keratinocyte Growth Medium 2</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Promocell&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">C-20111</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;">Keratinocyte Growth Medium 2 SupplementPack</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Promocell&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">C-39011</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;">Fetal calf serum</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Bio &#38; Sell</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">FCS.ADD.0500</td>
			<td>5%-2% (25 ml-10 ml)&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;">Penicillin-Streptomycin (10,000 U/mL)</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">15140-122</td>
			<td>1% (5 ml)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;"></td>
			<td style="width:135px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;">Skin model air-liquid interface medium (500 ml):&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:135px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;">Keratinocyte Growth Medium 2</td>
			<td style="width:135px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:329px;">Keratinocyte Growth Medium 2 Supplement Pack</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Promocell&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">C-39011</td>
			<td>adding only supplements: Insulin, Hydrocortisone, Epinephrine, Transferrin, CaCl2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;">Penicillin-Streptomycin (10,000 U/mL)</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">15140-122</td>
			<td>1% (5 ml)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:329px;">CaCl2 (300 mM)</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Sigma&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">C7902-500g</td>
			<td>&#160;0,62% (3,1 ml)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;"></td>
			<td style="width:135px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;">Histology:</td>
			<td style="width:135px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;">IHC-Kit DCS SuperVision 2 HRP</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">DCS</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">PD000KIT</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;">Vimentin antibody</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Abcam</td>
			<td>ab92547</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;">CK14 antibody</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Sigma&#160;</td>
			<td>HPA023040-100&#181;l</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;">CK10 antibody</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Dako</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">M7002</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;">Filaggrin antibody</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Abcam</td>
			<td>ab81468</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;"></td>
			<td style="width:135px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;">H&#38;E staining</td>
			<td style="width:135px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;">Mayer&#180;s Haemalaun</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">AppliChem</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A0884,2500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;">Xylol</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>296325-4X2L</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;">Ethanol</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>32205-4X2.5L</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;">HCl</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>H1758-500ML</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;">Eosin</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>E4009-5G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;">2-Propanolol</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>I9516-500ML</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;">Mounting Medium</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>M1289-10ML</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

generation of a three-dimensional full thickness skin equivalent and automated wounding

In vitro models are a cost effective and ethical alternative to study cutaneous wound healing processes. Moreover, by using human cells, these models reflect the human wound situation better than animal models. Although two-dimensional models are widely used to investigate processes such as cellular migration and proliferation, models that are more complex are required to gain a deeper knowledge about wound healing. Besides a suitable model system, the generation of precise and reproducible wounds is crucial to ensure comparable results between different test runs. In this study, the generation of a three-dimensional full thickness skin equivalent to study wound healing is shown. The dermal part of the models is comprised of human dermal fibroblast embedded in a rat-tail collagen type I hydrogel. Following the inoculation with human epidermal keratinocytes and consequent culture at the air-liquid interface, a multilayered epidermis is formed on top of the models. To study the wound healing process, we additionally developed an automated wounding device, which generates standardized wounds in a sterile atmosphere.

孤立したHDFとHEKは、形態で、典型的なマーカーの発現の両方で異なっている。 HEKの形態は敷石状形態によって説明することができるのに対し、HDFは、典型的な紡錘状の形態を示した。細胞は、FTSEのためにそれらを使用する前に、免疫組織化学的染色（ 図1）によって特徴付けられた。 HDFは、線維芽細胞のマーカーであるビメンチン（ 図1A）に陽性である。主要HEKは?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Generation of a Three-dimensional Full Thickness Skin Equivalent and Automated Wounding at JoVE.com

Generation of a Three-dimensional Full Thickness Skin Equivalent and Automated Wounding

The goal of this protocol is to build up a three-dimensional full thickness skin equivalent, which resembles natural skin. With a specifically constructed automated wounding device, precise and reproducible wounds can be generated under maintenance of sterility.

三次元の全層皮膚等価物と自動傷つけ処理の発生

In vitro models are a cost effective and ethical alternative to study cutaneous wound healing processes. Moreover, by using human cells, these models ...

generation-three-dimensional-full-thickness-skin-equivalent-automated

Research

JoVE Journal

Bioengineering

18.4K ビュー.  University Hospital Würzburg. The goal of this protocol is to build up a three-dimensional full thickness skin equivalent, which resembles natural skin. With a specifically constructed automated wounding device, precise and reproducible wounds can be generated under maintenance of sterility. 

ビデオ: Generation of a Three-dimensional Full Thickness Skin Equivalent and Automated Wounding

The Three-Dimensional Human Skin Reconstruct Model: a Tool to Study Normal  Skin and Melanoma Progression

Most in vitro studies in experimental skin biology have been done in 2-dimensional (2D) monocultures, while accumulating evidence suggests that cells behave differently when they are grown within a 3D extra-cellular matrix and also interact with other cells (1-5). Mouse models have been broadly utilized to study tissue morphogenesis in vivo. However mouse and human skin have significant differences in cellular architecture and physiology, which makes it difficult to extrapolate mouse studies to humans. Since melanocytes in mouse skin are mostly localized in hair follicles, they have distinct biological properties from those of humans, which locate primarily at the basal layer of the epidermis. The recent development of 3D human skin reconstruct models has enabled the field to investigate cell-matrix and cell-cell interactions between different cell types. The reconstructs consist of a "dermis" with fibroblasts embedded in a collagen I matrix, an "epidermis", which is comprised of stratified, differentiated keratinocytes and a functional basement membrane, which separates epidermis from dermis. Collagen provides scaffolding, nutrient delivery, and potential for cell-to-cell interaction. The 3D skin models incorporating melanocytic cells recapitulate natural features of melanocyte homeostasis and melanoma progression in human skin. As in vivo, melanocytes in reconstructed skin are localized at the basement membrane interspersed with basal layer keratinocytes. Melanoma cells exhibit the same characteristics reflecting the original tumor stage (RGP, VGP and metastatic melanoma cells) in vivo. Recently, dermal stem cells have been identified in the human dermis (6). These multi-potent stem cells can migrate to the epidermis and differentiate to melanocytes.

In this report, we describe the three-dimensional skin reconstruct model which mimics human skin in architecture and composition. Melanocyte physiology, melanoma progression and the fate of dermal stem cells have been investigated using the skin reconstruct model. The model is also useful as a preclinical tool for drug assessment.

三次元ヒト皮膚は、モデルを再構築：ノーマルスキンとメラノーマ進行を勉強するツールを

Most in vitro studies in experimental skin biology have been done in 2-dimensional (2D) monocultures, while accumulating evidence suggests that cells ...

生物工学

Planar and Three-Dimensional Printing of Conductive Inks

Printed electronics rely on low-cost, large-area fabrication routes to create flexible or multidimensional electronic, optoelectronic, and biomedical devices1-3. In this paper, we focus on one- (1D), two- (2D), and three-dimensional (3D) printing of conductive metallic inks in the form of flexible, stretchable, and spanning microelectrodes.
Direct-write assembly4,5 is a 1-to-3D printing technique that enables the fabrication of features ranging from simple lines to complex structures by the deposition of concentrated inks through fine nozzles (~0.1 - 250 &mu;m). This printing method consists of a computer-controlled 3-axis translation stage, an ink reservoir and nozzle, and 10x telescopic lens for visualization. Unlike inkjet printing, a droplet-based process, direct-write assembly involves the extrusion of ink filaments either in- or out-of-plane. The printed filaments typically conform to the nozzle size. Hence, microscale features (&lt; 1 &mu;m) can be patterned and assembled into larger arrays and multidimensional architectures.
In this paper, we first synthesize a highly concentrated silver nanoparticle ink for planar and 3D printing via direct-write assembly. Next, a standard protocol for printing microelectrodes in multidimensional motifs is demonstrated. Finally, applications of printed microelectrodes for electrically small antennas, solar cells, and light-emitting diodes are highlighted.

Planar and three-dimensional printing of conductive metallic inks is described. Our approach provides new avenues for fabricating printed electronic, optoelectronic, and biomedical devices in unusual layouts at the microscale.

導電性インクの平面および三次元印刷

Printed electronics rely on low-cost, large-area fabrication routes to create flexible or multidimensional electronic, optoelectronic, and biomedical ...

Investigating the Three-dimensional Flow Separation Induced by a Model Vocal Fold Polyp

The fluid-structure energy exchange process for normal speech has been studied extensively, but it is not well understood for pathological conditions. Polyps and nodules, which are geometric abnormalities that form on the medial surface of the vocal folds, can disrupt vocal fold dynamics and thus can have devastating consequences on a patient&#39;s ability to communicate. Our laboratory has reported particle image velocimetry (PIV) measurements, within an investigation of a model polyp located on the medial surface of an in&#160;vitro driven vocal fold model, which show that such a geometric abnormality considerably disrupts the glottal jet behavior. This flow field adjustment is a likely reason for the severe degradation of the vocal quality in patients with polyps. A more complete understanding of the formation and propagation of vortical structures from a geometric protuberance, such as a vocal fold polyp, and the resulting influence on the aerodynamic loadings that drive the vocal fold dynamics, is necessary for advancing the treatment of this pathological condition. The present investigation concerns the three-dimensional flow separation induced by a wall-mounted prolate hemispheroid with a 2:1 aspect ratio in cross flow, i.e. a model vocal fold polyp, using an oil-film visualization technique. Unsteady, three-dimensional flow separation and its impact of the wall pressure loading are examined using skin friction line visualization and wall pressure measurements.

Vocal fold polyps can disrupt vocal fold dynamics and thus can have devastating consequences on a patient&#39;s ability to communicate. Three-dimensional flow separation induced by a wall-mounted model polyp and its impact on the wall pressure loading are examined using particle image velocimetry, skin friction line visualization, and wall pressure measurements.

モデルの声帯ポリープによる三次元流分離の調査

The fluid-structure energy exchange process for normal speech has been studied extensively, but it is not well understood for pathological conditions. ...

A Full Skin Defect Model to Evaluate Vascularization of Biomaterials In Vivo

Insufficient vascularization is considered to be one of the main factors limiting the clinical success of tissue-engineered constructs. In order to evaluate new strategies that aim at improving vascularization, reliable methods are required to make the in-growth of new blood vessels into bio-artificial scaffolds visible and quantify the results. Over the past couple of years, our group has introduced a full skin defect model that enables the direct visualization of blood vessels by transillumination and provides the possibility of quantification through digital segmentation. In this model, one surgically creates full skin defects in the back of mice and replaces them with the material tested. Molecules or cells of interest can also be incorporated in such materials to study their potential effect. After an observation time of one&#8217;s own choice, materials are explanted for evaluation. Bilateral wounds provide the possibility of making internal comparisons that minimize artifacts among individuals as well as of decreasing the number of animals needed for the study. In comparison to other approaches, our method offers a simple, reliable and cost effective analysis. We have implemented this model as a routine tool to perform high-resolution screening when testing vascularization of different biomaterials and bio-activation approaches.

A Full Skin Defect Model to Evaluate Vascularization of Biomaterials In Vivo

Vascularization is key to approaches in successful tissue engineering. Therefore, reliable technologies are required to evaluate the development of vascular networks in tissue-constructs. Here we present a simple and cost-effective method to visualize and quantify vascularization in vivo.

生体材料の血管新生を評価するために、完全な皮膚欠損モデル<em&gt;インビボ</em

Insufficient vascularization is considered to be one of the main factors limiting the clinical success of tissue-engineered constructs. In order to ...

Analysis of Cell Migration within a Three-dimensional Collagen Matrix

The ability to migrate is a hallmark of various cell types and plays a crucial role in several physiological processes, including&#160;embryonic development, wound healing, and immune responses. However, cell migration is also a key mechanism in cancer enabling these cancer cells to detach from the primary tumor to start metastatic spreading. Within the past years various cell migration assays have been developed to analyze the migratory behavior of different cell types. Because the locomotory behavior of cells markedly differs between a two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) environment it can be assumed that the analysis of the migration of cells that are embedded within a 3D environment would yield in more significant cell migration data. The advantage of the described 3D collagen matrix migration assay is that cells are embedded within a physiological 3D network of collagen fibers representing the major component of the extracellular matrix. Due to time-lapse video microscopy real cell migration is measured allowing the determination of several migration parameters as well as their alterations in response to pro-migratory factors or inhibitors. Various cell types could be analyzed using this technique, including lymphocytes/leukocytes, stem cells, and tumor cells. Likewise, also cell clusters or spheroids could be embedded within the collagen matrix concomitant with analysis of the emigration of single cells from the cell cluster/ spheroid into the collagen lattice. We conclude that the 3D collagen matrix migration assay is a versatile method to analyze the migration of cells within a physiological-like 3D environment.

Cell migration is a biological phenomenon that is involved in a plethora of physiological, such as wound healing and immune responses, and pathophysiological processes, like cancer. The 3D-collagen matrix migration assay is a versatile tool to analyze the migratory properties of different cell types within in a 3D physiological-like environment.

三次元コラーゲンマトリックス内の細胞移動の解析

The ability to migrate is a hallmark of various cell types and plays a crucial role in several physiological processes, including&#160;embryonic ...

Engineering Three-dimensional Epithelial Tissues Embedded within Extracellular Matrix

The architecture of branched organs such as the lungs, kidneys, and mammary glands arises through the developmental process of branching morphogenesis, which is regulated by a variety of soluble and physical signals in the microenvironment. Described here is a method created to study the process of branching morphogenesis by forming engineered three-dimensional (3D) epithelial tissues of defined shape and size that are completely embedded within an extracellular matrix (ECM). This method enables the formation of arrays of identical tissues and enables the control of a variety of environmental factors, including tissue geometry, spacing, and ECM composition. This method can also be combined with widely used techniques such as traction force microscopy (TFM) to gain more information about the interactions between cells and their surrounding ECM. The protocol can be used to investigate a variety of cell and tissue processes beyond branching morphogenesis, including cancer invasion.

This manuscript describes a soft lithography-based technique to engineer uniform arrays of three-dimensional (3D) epithelial tissues of defined geometry surrounded by extracellular matrix. This method is amenable to a wide variety of cell types and experimental contexts and allows for high-throughput screening of identical replicates.

細胞外マトリックス内に埋め込まれたエンジニアリング三次元上皮組織

The architecture of branched organs such as the lungs, kidneys, and mammary glands arises through the developmental process of branching morphogenesis, ...

Three-dimensional Printing of Thermoplastic Materials to Create Automated Syringe Pumps with Feedback Control for Microfluidic Applications

Microfluidics has become a critical tool in research across the biological, chemical, and physical sciences. One important component of microfluidic experimentation is a stable fluid handling system capable of accurately providing an inlet flow rate or inlet pressure. Here, we have developed a syringe pump system capable of controlling and regulating the inlet fluid pressure delivered to a microfluidic device. This system was designed using low-cost materials and additive manufacturing principles, leveraging three-dimensional (3D) printing of thermoplastic materials and off-the-shelf components whenever possible. This system is composed of three main components: a syringe pump, a pressure transducer, and a programmable microcontroller. Within this paper, we detail a set of protocols for fabricating, assembling, and programming this syringe pump system. Furthermore, we have included representative results that demonstrate high-fidelity, feedback control of inlet pressure using this system. We expect this protocol will allow researchers to fabricate low-cost syringe pump systems, lowering the entry barrier for the use of microfluidics in biomedical, chemical, and materials research.

Here we present a protocol to construct a pressure-controlled syringe pump to be used in microfluidic applications. This syringe pump is made from an&#160;additively manufactured body, off-the-shelf hardware, and open-source electronics. The resulting system is low-cost, straightforward to build, and delivers well-regulated fluid flow to enable rapid microfluidic research.

印刷作成する熱可塑性材料の三次元マイクロ流体用フィードバック制御を用いたシリンジ ポンプを自動

Microfluidics has become a critical tool in research across the biological, chemical, and physical sciences. One important component of microfluidic ...

Cultivating a Three-dimensional Reconstructed Human Epidermis at a Large Scale

A three-dimensional human epidermis model reconstructed from neonatal primary keratinocytes is presented. Herein, a protocol for the cultivation process and the characterization of the model is described. Neonatal primary keratinocytes are grown submerged on permeable polycarbonate inserts and lifted to the air-liquid interface three days after seeding. After fourteen days of stimulation with defined growth factors and ascorbic acid in high calcium culture medium, the model is fully differentiated. Histological analysis revealed a completely stratified epidermis, mimicking the morphology of native human skin. To characterize the model and its barrier functions, protein levels and localization specific for early-stage keratinocyte differentiation (i.e., keratin 10), late-stage differentiation (i.e., involucrin, loricrin, and filaggrin) and tissue adhesion (i.e., desmoglein 1), were assessed by immunofluorescence. The tissue barrier integrity was further evaluated by measuring transepithelial electrical resistance. Reconstructed human epidermis was responsive to proinflammatory stimuli (i.e., lipopolysaccharide and tumor necrosis factor alpha), leading to increased cytokine release (i.e., interleukin 1 alpha and interleukin 8). This protocol represents a straightforward and reproducible in vitro method to cultivate reconstructed human epidermis as a tool to assess environmental effects and a broad range of skin-related studies.

This protocol describes a straightforward method to cultivate three-dimensional reconstituted human epidermis in a reproducible and robust manner. Additionally, it characterizes the structure-function relationship of the epidermal barrier model. The biological responses of the reconstituted human epidermis upon proinflammatory stimuli are also presented.

3次元の再構築されたヒト表皮を大規模に育成

A three-dimensional human epidermis model reconstructed from neonatal primary keratinocytes is presented. Herein, a protocol for the cultivation process ...

Generation of a Simplified Three-Dimensional Skin-on-a-chip Model in a Micromachined Microfluidic Platform

This work presents a new, cost-effective, and reliable microfluidic platform with the potential to generate complex multilayered tissues. As a proof of concept, a simplified and undifferentiated human skin containing a dermal (stromal) and an epidermal (epithelial) compartment has been modelled. To accomplish this, a versatile and robust, vinyl-based device divided into two chambers has been developed, overcoming some of the drawbacks present in microfluidic devices based on polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) for biomedical applications, such as the use of expensive and specialized equipment or the absorption of small, hydrophobic molecules and proteins. Moreover, a new method based on parallel flow was developed, enabling the in situ deposition of both the dermal and epidermal compartments. The skin construct consists of a fibrin matrix containing human primary fibroblasts and a monolayer of immortalized keratinocytes seeded on top, which is subsequently maintained under dynamic culture conditions. This new microfluidic platform opens the possibility to model human skin diseases and extrapolate the method to generate other complex tissues.

Here, we present a protocol to generate a three-dimensional simplified and undifferentiated skin model using a micromachined microfluidic platform. A parallel flow approach allows the in situ deposition of a dermal compartment for the seeding of epithelial cells on top, all controlled by syringe pumps.

マイクロマシンマイクロ流体プラットフォームにおける簡単な3次元スキンオンチップモデルの生成

This work presents a new, cost-effective, and reliable microfluidic platform with the potential to generate complex multilayered tissues. As a proof of ...

Generation of Multicue Cellular Microenvironments by UV-Photopatterning of Three-Dimensional Cell Culture Substrates

The extracellular matrix is an important regulator of cell function. Environmental cues existing in the cellular microenvironment, such as ligand distribution and tissue geometry, have been increasingly shown to play critical roles in governing cell phenotype and behavior. However, these environmental cues and their effects on cells are often studied separately using in vitro platforms that isolate individual cues, a strategy that heavily oversimplifies the complex in vivo situation of multiple cues. Engineering approaches can be particularly useful to bridge this gap, by developing experimental setups that capture the complexity of the in vivo microenvironment, yet retain the degree of precision and manipulability of in vitro systems.
This study highlights an approach combining ultraviolet (UV)-based protein patterning and lithography-based substrate microfabrication, which together enable high-throughput investigation into cell behaviors in multicue environments. By means of maskless UV-photopatterning, it is possible to create complex, adhesive protein distributions on three-dimensional (3D) cell culture substrates on chips that contain a variety of well-defined geometrical cues. The proposed technique can be employed for culture substrates made from different polymeric materials and combined with adhesive patterned areas of a broad range of proteins. With this approach, single cells, as well as monolayers, can be subjected to combinations of geometrical cues and contact guidance cues presented by the patterned substrates. Systematic research using combinations of chip materials, protein patterns, and cell types can thus provide fundamental insights into cellular responses to multicue environments.

Traditionally, cell culture is performed on planar substrates that poorly mimic the natural environment of cells in vivo. Here we describe a method to produce cell culture substrates with physiologically relevant curved geometries and micropatterned extracellular proteins, allowing systematic investigations into cellular sensing of these extracellular cues.