This research was supported by the Israel Science Foundation (grant No. 738/11), by the National Institute for Psychobiology in Israel (NIPI-7-2011-12), and by the Open University Foundation

참고 : 모든 실험 프로토콜은 이스라엘의 동물 관리 및 사용에 대한 국제위원회에 의해 승인되었다. 모든 노력은 사용되는 동물과 이들의 고통 수를 최소화 하였다. 강제 수영 테스트 1. 준비 <ol><li> 두 개의 인접한 객실을 사용합니다. 행동 시험 전 동물을 유지하는 &#39;대기실&#39;및 절차를 수행하기위한 다른 하나 방 사용. </li><li> 투명한 원통형 유리 용기를 준비 50 cm이고 높이 20cm의 직경을 측정 (컨테이너의 수에 대한 유일한 제한은 가능한 공간이다). 참고 : 같은 방에 동시에 여러 동물을 실행할 수 있습니다. 그렇다면 동물이 절차를 수행하는 동안 서로를 보지 않도록, 어두운 화면을 사용하여 서로 물을 별도의 용기. </li><li> 모든 카메라 w하는 방식으로 하나 이상의 컨테이너를 인식하도록 콘테이너 앞의 비디오 카메라 (S)를 준비영상을 보는 동안 병이 나중에 동물의 행동의 명확한 관찰 할 수 있습니다. </li><li> 저체온증을 방지하기 위해 절차를 완료 한 동물을위한 깨끗한 건조 케이지, 열 램프 및 열 패드를 준비합니다. 새장 바닥이 압지했다 있는지 확인하고 젖은 경우 변경합니다. 시험 방에 케이지를 설치하지 마십시오. 주 :이 과도 건조 케이지에 체류하는 동안 다른 가정 케이지에서 동물을 혼합하지 않도록합니다. </li></ol> 2. 동물 취급을 시험하기 전에 <ol><li> 12 시간 빛 / 어둠 사이클이 방에 주택의 동물. </li><li> 실험 절차의 일 동안 동물에게 절차의 방에 소요되는 특정 시간을 제외하고 음식과 물에 자유롭게 접근을 제공합니다. </li><li> 래트를 사용하는 경우, 오일 앞서 실험 과정의 시작으로, 매일 약 2 분 동안 동물을 처리한다. </li></ol> 3. 교육 과정 절차는 쥐에 대해 다르​​게 수행한다. 참고 : 그들은 항상 물에있는 동안 모두 마우스 및 쥐의 경우, 동물을보고. 경우 동물 (예를 들어 매우 피곤, 플로트을 머물 수 없습니다) 물에서 동물을 제거하고 실험에서 제외 심각한 고민에 나타납니다. <ol><li> 쥐 - 사전 검사 (제 2 분) 및 테스트 (마지막 4 분)로 나누어, 하나의 세션 6 분 긴있다. <ol><li> 마우스 위해서는 대기실에 행동 테스트에 최소 30 분 이전에 자신의 홈 케이지에 동물을 수송, 테스트 환경에 적응 얻을 수 있습니다. </li><li> 25 ° C에서 수돗물 실린더를 채우고 그 뒷다리와 용기의 바닥에 접촉 할 수 없도록, 마우스 &#39;의 크기에 따라 물 깊이를 조정한다. </li><li> 영상을 보면서 나중에 동물의 식별을 위해 동물의 실린더 번호를 표시한다. </li><li>비디오 카메라 / S를 켠 다음 6 분 동안 물이 채워진 실린더 용기의 각 마우스를 놓습니다. </li><li> 6 분 경과 후, 오프이야 / 카메라 전원을 켭니다 컨테이너에서 마우스를 제거하고 위의 가열 램프와 그 아래 열 패드 과도 건조 케이지에 넣습니다. 이 케이지에서 회복하는 동안 마우스는 밀접하고 지속적으로 모니터링해야한다. 이러한 목적을 위해 그 장에 ​​온도가 37 ° C를 초과하지 않음을 확인하기 위해 마우스의 수준에 온도계를 배치 할 수있다. 또한, 모든 그것의 램프 아래 또는 패드에 떨어지면 그 같은 케이지를 배치; 이 원하는 경우 마우스가 시원한 영역으로 이동할 수 있습니다. </li><li> 다음 마우스에 어떤 영향을 피하기 위해 모든 세션 후 물을 변경합니다. </li></ol></li><li> 쥐 - 24 시간 떨어져 2 세션이 있습니다. 첫 번째 세션 사전 테스트 단계 (15 분)이며, 두 번째 세션 테스트 단계 (5 분)이다. <ol><li> 쥐 위해서는 풍토에 순화 얻을환경 테스트, 대기실 행동 시험 적어도 30 분 전에 자신의 홈 케이지에 동물을 수송. </li><li> 23 ± 1 ℃에서 수돗물 실린더를 채우고 그 뒷다리와 용기의 바닥에 접촉 할 수 없도록, 쥐의 크기에 따라 물 깊이를 조정한다. </li><li> 영상을 보면서 나중에 동물의 식별을 위해 동물의 실린더 번호를 표시한다. </li><li> 15 분 동안 물이 채워진 실린더 용기에 각각의 쥐를 놓습니다. </li><li> 15 분은 컨테이너에서 쥐를 제거하고 위의 가열 램프와 그 아래 열 패드 과도 건조 케이지에 배치 경과 한 후. 이 케이지에서 회복하는 동안 쥐 밀접하고 지속적으로 모니터링해야한다. 이러한 목적은 케이지의 온도가 37 ° C를 초과하지 않음을 확인하기 위해 쥐의 수준에서 온도계를 배치 할 수있다. 또한, 그러한 케이지를 놓지 모든 그것의 FA램프, 또는 패드를 통해 재편; 이 원하는 경우 쥐가 시원한 영역으로 이동할 수 있습니다. </li><li> 다음 쥐에 어떤 영향을 피하기 위해 모든 세션 후 물을 변경합니다. 주 :이 사전 검사 스테이지의 단부이다. </li><li> 쥐에 대한 순서는 테스트 환경에 적응 얻을에 24 시간 이상, 대기실에 행동 테스트에 최소 30 분 이전에 자신의 홈 케이지에 동물을 운반 할 것. </li><li> 23 ± 1 ℃에서 수돗물 실린더를 채우고 그 뒷다리와 용기의 바닥에 접촉 할 수 없도록, 쥐의 크기에 따라 물 깊이를 조정한다. </li><li> 영상을 보면서 나중에 동물의 식별을 위해 동물의 실린더 번호를 표시한다. </li><li> 비디오 카메라 / S를 켠 다음 5 분 동안 물이 채워진 실린더 용기에 쥐를 놓습니다. 각각의 쥐 전날과 같은 방에 같은 컨테이너 위치에서 테스트되어 있는지 확인합니다. </리&gt; <li> 5 분 카메라를 켭니다 경과 한 후에는 온 / 오프이야, 컨테이너에서 쥐를 제거하고 위의 가열 램프와 그 아래 열 패드 과도 건조 케이지에 넣습니다. 이 케이지에서 회복하는 동안 쥐 밀접하고 지속적으로 모니터링해야한다. 이러한 목적은 케이지의 온도가 37 ° C를 초과하지 않음을 확인하기 위해 쥐의 수준에서 온도계를 배치 할 수있다. 또한, 모든 그것의 램프 아래 또는 패드에 떨어지면 그 같은 케이지를 배치; 이 원하는 경우 쥐가 시원한 영역으로 이동할 수 있습니다. </li><li> 다음 쥐에 어떤 영향을 피하기 위해 모든 세션 후 물을 변경합니다. 참고 :이 테스트 단계의 끝입니다. </li></ol></li></ol> 4. 행동 코딩 마우스의 경우, 시험 단계로 정의 마지막 4 분 번호. 래트의 경우, 시험 단계의 5 분 번호. <ol><li> 마우스가 플로팅되는 경우 코드의 시간의 지속 기간은 &quot;부동&quot;로 보냈다물 위에 코를 유지하기 위해 필요한 것을 제외하고 모든 운동의 부재와. </li><li> 코드와 시간의 기간 &quot;고투 / 등산&quot;앞다리의 빠른 이동이 앞발이 물의 표면을 파괴되도록 발견되면. </li><li> 코드 얕은 방식으로 앞발의 움직임이나 뒷다리가 관찰되는 경우 &quot;수영&quot;로 보낸 시간의 기간. 주 : 이것은 시간 - 샘플링 방법을 포함한다, 이러한 행동을 코딩하는 다른 방법을 사용할 수있다. 테스트 세션에 걸쳐 5 초 간격으로 에피소드의 주파수로 어려움을 겪고 또는 부동, 수영을 평가. </li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

FST은 우울증과 같은 행동을 모니터링하는 데 사용되며,이 행동 절망 부동성 (3)의 측정 값을 반영한다는 가정에 기초한다. 이 절차의 주요 장점은 상대적으로 쉬운 조작과 빠른 결과에 거짓말. 또한, 적절한 선별 검사하게 항우울제의 넓은 범위에서 감도가 높은 예측 타당성 (29)에 이르는 가장 중요한 특징 중 하나이다. 중요한 것은,이 시험은 또한 항불안제 3,30 효과를 갖?...

우울증은 생명을 위협하는 정신 장애와 5 %의 발생률이 15 ~ 20 %의 평생 유병률 전 세계 주요 공중 보건의 관심사입니다. 또한, 2020 년 우울증은 질병 1,2의 부담에 상위 세 기여자에있을 것으로 추정된다. 우울증 장애와 연관된 건강 관련 비용 증가, 삶의 질 저하 및 3,4- .Current의 약리학 치료 적 치료 효능을 제한 및과 연관된 심혈관, 대사 질환 및 신경 정신 질환을 포함하여 다양한 질환에 대한 주요 위험 인자로 간주되고 많은 해로운 부작용 5,6. 따라서, 혁신 및 개선 된 치료법의 발전과 함께이 질환의 병태 생리에 대한 이해가 중요 남아있다. 따라서, 동물 모델은이 분야에서 연구를 진행에 필수적이다. 이 질환의 연구 (사용 많은 모델이 있습니다 &lt;EM&gt; 예를 들어, 자당 기본 설정 테스트 또한이 모델 7, 8의 개발자 후 Porsolt의 테스트로 알려진 강제 수영 테스트 (FST와, 꼬리 서스펜션 테스트)) 가장 일반적으로 사용되는 분석 7,9-12 중 하나 인. FST 동안 동물이 탈출 할 수있는 물이 가득 컨테이너에 배치됩니다. 동물은 첫 번째 탈출을 시도하지만 결국 (즉, 물 위의 코를 유지하기 위해 필요한 것을 제외하고 움직임이없는 부동) 부동을 전시 할 예정이다. FST는 여러 가지 이유로 동물 연구에서 매우 인기있는 모델입니다. 첫째, 주요 우울증 12-14 경향에 대한 역할이 나타났다 응력에 동물의 노출을 수반한다. 또한 우울증은 종종 스트레스를 15-17으로 처리 할 수있는 능력의 부족으로 볼 수 있습니다. 둘째, 테스트 이전 항우울제 약물 치료 FST &lt;부동성에서 감소하는 것으로 나타났다SUP&gt; 18 ~ 23. 따라서, 종종 전위 항우울제 15-17,24 가진 신규 한 화합물에 대한 스크리닝 검사로서 사용된다. 또한, FST는 식품 소비의 변화, 수면 이상과 같은 영향을 또는 인간에 우울증에 의해 변경되는 몇 가지 요소 공유하는 것으로 나타났다 무 쾌감 증 15-17,24을 약물 철수를 유도. 이 (25), (26)는 ( &#39;야생형&#39;쥐에 비해)이 시험은 때때로 기저 부동의 증가 또는 감소와 돌연변이 생쥐에서 우울증 같은 행동을 평가하는 데 사용되는 이유이다.

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			<td height="22" style="height:22px;">Computer</td>
			<td>Dell</td>
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			<td>intel(r) core(tm) i3-2120 cpu @ 3.30ghz, 4GB ram</td>
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			<td>VIDO</td>
			<td>AU-CB422</td>
			<td>B/W CCD CAMERA&#160; 
			http://www.vido-europe.com/products_detail.asp?id=33&#38;pcategory=2</td>
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			<td height="22" style="height:22px;">Coding software</td>
			<td>Biobserve</td>
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			http://www.biobserve.com/products/fst/index.html</td>
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			<td>Ikea</td>
			<td>AA-19025-3</td>
			<td>ESPRESSIVIO 400.504.46&#160;- 20W G4 Bulb&#160; 
			http://www.ikea.com/ms/en_US/customer_service/assembly/E/E00050467.pdf</td>
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			<td height="22" style="height:22px;">Heating&#160;pillow</td>
			<td>Sachs</td>
			<td>EF-188B</td>
			<td>38*38cm Heating&#160;pillow 
			http://www.sachs.co.il/eng/lego_tree.php?instance_id=21&#38;actions=show&#38;id= 
			604</td>
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the forced swim test as a model of depressive-like behavior

The goal of the present protocol is to describe the forced swim test (FST), which is one of the most commonly used assays for the study of depressive-like behavior in rodents. The FST is based on the assumption that when placing an animal in a container filled with water, it will first make efforts to escape but eventually will exhibit immobility that may be considered to reflect a measure of behavioral despair. This test has been extensively used because it involves the exposure of the animals to stress, which was shown to have a role in the tendency for major depression. Additionally, the FST has been shown to share some of the factors that are influenced or altered by depression in humans, including changes in food consumption, sleep abnormalities and drug-withdrawal-induced anhedonia. The main advantages of this procedure are that it is relatively easy to perform and that its results are easily and quickly analyzed. Moreover, its sensitivity to a broad range of antidepressant drugs that makes it a suitable screening test is one of the most important features leading to its high predictive validity. Despite its appeal, this model has a number of disadvantages. First, the issue of chronic augmentation is problematic in this test because in real life patients need to be treated for at least several weeks before they experience any relief from their symptoms. Last, due to the aversiveness of the FST, it is important to take into account possible influences it might have on brain structure/function if brain analyses are to be carried out following this procedure.

다음과 같은 결과는 우리가 실험실에서 출판되지 않은 데이터를 기준으로 한 것입니다. 이 실험에서, 성인 ICR 암컷 마우스는 선택적 세로토닌 재 흡수 억제제 (SSRI) 에스시 탈 로프 람 또는 새로운 허브 항 우울 및 항 불안 치료 (NHT) 치료 3 주 후 시험 하였다 (한방 치료에 대한 자세한 정보는, 12 참조 , 27, 28). 편도 ANOVA는 치료가 FST에서 우울증 같은 행동을 감소 것으로 나타났다 [F (...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about The Forced Swim Test as a Model of Depressive-like Behavior at JoVE.com

The Forced Swim Test as a Model of Depressive-like Behavior

This protocol describes the forced swim test, which is used for the study of depressive-like behavior in rodents. This procedure involves placing an animal in a container filled with water that eventually will lead to the exhibition of immobility behavior, which is considered to reflect behavioral despair.

우울증 같은 행동의 모델로 강제 수영 테스트

The goal of the present protocol is to describe the forced swim test (FST), which is one of the most commonly used assays for the study of depressive-like ...

the-forced-swim-test-as-a-model-of-depressive-like-behavior

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

36.5K 조회수.  Tel-Aviv University. This protocol describes the forced swim test, which is used for the study of depressive-like behavior in rodents. This procedure involves placing an animal in a container filled with water that eventually will lead to the exhibition of immobility behavior, which is considered to reflect behavioral despair.

비디오: The Forced Swim Test as a Model of Depressive-like Behavior

The Resident-intruder Paradigm: A Standardized Test for Aggression, Violence and Social Stress

This video publication explains in detail the experimental protocol of the resident-intruder paradigm in rats. This test is a standardized method to measure offensive aggression and defensive behavior in a semi natural setting. The most important behavioral elements performed by the resident and the intruder are demonstrated in the video and illustrated using artistic drawings. The use of the resident intruder paradigm for acute and chronic social stress experiments is explained as well. Finally, some brief tests and criteria are presented to distinguish aggression from its more violent and pathological forms.

This video shows the resident-intruder paradigm in rats. This test is a standardized method to measure offensive aggression, defensive behavior and violence in a semi-natural setting. The use of the paradigm for social stress experiments is explained as well.

주민 침입자 패러다임 : 공격성, 폭력과 사회적 스트레스에 대한 표준화 된 시험

This video publication explains in detail the experimental protocol of the resident-intruder paradigm in rats. This test is a standardized method to ...

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Assessment of Murine Exercise Endurance Without the Use of a Shock Grid: An Alternative to Forced Exercise

Using laboratory mouse models, the molecular pathways responsible for the metabolic benefits of endurance exercise are beginning to be defined. The most common method for assessing exercise endurance in mice utilizes forced running on a motorized treadmill equipped with a shock grid. Animals who quit running are pushed by the moving treadmill belt onto a grid that delivers an electric foot shock; to escape the negative stimulus, the mice return to running on the belt. However, avoidance behavior and psychological stress due to use of a shock apparatus can interfere with quantitation of running endurance, as well as confound measurements of postexercise serum hormone and cytokine levels. Here, we demonstrate and validate a refined method to measure running endurance in na&#239;ve C57BL/6 laboratory mice on a motorized treadmill without utilizing a shock grid. When mice are preacclimated to the treadmill, they run voluntarily with gait speeds specific to each mouse. Use of the shock grid is replaced by gentle encouragement by a human operator using a tongue depressor, coupled with sensitivity to the voluntary willingness to run on the part of the mouse. Clear endpoints for quantifying running time-to-exhaustion for each mouse are defined and reflected in behavioral signs of exhaustion such as splayed posture and labored breathing. This method is a humane refinement which also decreases the confounding effects of stress on experimental parameters.

A method to assess exercise endurance in laboratory mice without the use of a shock grid is demonstrated. This method is a humane refinement that can decrease the confounding effects of stress on experimental parameters.

충격 그리드를 사용하지 않고 쥐과 운동 지구력의 평가 : 강제 운동에 대한 대안

Using laboratory mouse models, the molecular pathways responsible for the metabolic benefits of endurance exercise are beginning to be defined. The most ...

The Use of the Puzzle Box as a Means of Assessing the Efficacy of Environmental Enrichment

Environmental enrichment can dramatically influence the development and function of neural circuits. Further, enrichment has been shown to successfully delay the onset of symptoms in models of Huntington&#8217;s disease 1-4, suggesting environmental factors can evoke a neuroprotective effect against the progressive, cellular level damage observed in neurodegenerative disorders. The ways in which an animal can be environmentally enriched, however, can vary considerably. Further, there is no straightforward manner in which the effects of environmental enrichment can be assessed: most methods require either fairly complicated behavioral paradigms and/or postmortem anatomical/physiological analyses. This protocol describes the use of a simple and inexpensive behavioral assay, the Puzzle Box 5-7 as a robust means of determining the efficacy of increased social, sensory and motor stimulation on mice compared to cohorts raised in standard laboratory conditions. This simple problem solving task takes advantage of a rodent&#8217;s innate desire to avoid open enclosures by seeking shelter. Cognitive ability is assessed by adding increasingly complex impediments to the shelter&#8217;s entrance. The time a given subject takes to successfully remove the obstructions and enter the shelter serves as the primary metric for task performance. This method could provide a reliable means of rapidly assessing the efficacy of different enrichment protocols on cognitive function, thus paving the way for systematically determining the role specific environmental factors play in delaying the onset of neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disease.

Environmental enrichment provides a potential protective effect against neurodegenerative disorders. Currently, however, there is no easy way of determining the efficacy of enrichment procedures. This protocol describes a simple &#8220;Puzzle Box&#8221; method for assessing an animal&#8217;s cognitive function, in order to reveal the effectiveness of environmental enrichment.

보충 환경의 효능을 평가하는 수단으로서 퍼즐 상자의 사용

Environmental enrichment can dramatically influence the development and function of neural circuits.  Further, enrichment has been shown to successfully ...

Signal Attenuation as a Rat Model of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

In the signal attenuation rat model of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), lever-pressing for food is followed by the presentation of a compound stimulus which serves as a feedback cue. This feedback is later attenuated by repeated presentations of the stimulus without food (without the rat emitting the lever-press response). In the next stage, lever-pressing is assessed under extinction conditions (i.e., no food is delivered). At this stage rats display two types of lever-presses, those that are followed by an attempt to collect a reward, and those that are not. The latter are the measure of compulsive-like behavior in the model. A control procedure in which rats do not experience the attenuation of the feedback cue serves to distinguish between the effects of signal attenuation and of extinction. The signal attenuation model is a highly validated model of OCD and differentiates between compulsive-like behaviors and behaviors that are repetitive but not compulsive. In addition the measures collected during the procedure eliminate alternative explanations for differences between the groups being tested, and are quantitative, unbiased and unaffected by inter-experimenter variability. The major disadvantages of this model are the costly equipment, the fact that it requires some technical know-how and the fact that it is time-consuming compared to other models of OCD (11 days). The model may be used for detecting the anti- or pro-compulsive effects of pharmacological and non-pharmacological manipulations and for studying the neural substrate of compulsive behavior.

The goal of the protocol described in this paper is to induce compulsive-like behavior in rats for the study of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). This behavior is precipitated by attenuating a signal indicating that a lever-press response was effective in producing food.

강박 장애의 쥐 모델로 신호 감쇠

In the signal attenuation rat model of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), lever-pressing for food is followed by the presentation of a compound stimulus ...

Paw-Dragging: a Novel, Sensitive Analysis of the Mouse Cylinder Test

The cylinder test is routinely used to predict focal ischemic damage to the forelimb motor cortex in rodents. When placed in the cylinder, rodents explore by rearing and touching the walls of the cylinder with their forelimb paws for postural support. Following ischemic injury to the forelimb sensorimotor cortex, rats rely more heavily on their unaffected forelimb paw for postural support resulting in fewer touches with their affected paw which is termed forelimb asymmetry. In contrast, focal ischemic damage in the mouse brain fails to result in comparable consistent deficits in forelimb asymmetry. While forelimb asymmetry deficits are infrequently observed, mice do demonstrate a novel behaviour post stroke termed &#8220;paw-dragging&#8221;. Paw-dragging is the tendency for a mouse to drag its affected paw along the cylinder wall rather than directly push off from the wall when dismounting from a rear to a four-legged stance. We have previously demonstrated that paw-dragging behaviour is highly sensitive to small cortical ischemic injuries to the forelimb motor cortex. Here we provide a detailed protocol for paw-dragging analysis. We define what a paw-drag is and demonstrate how to quantify paw-dragging behaviour. The cylinder test is a simple and inexpensive test to administer and does not require pre-training or food deprivation strategies. In using paw-dragging analysis with the cylinder test, it fills a niche for predicting cortical ischemic injuries such as photothrombosis and Endothelin-1 (ET-1)-induced ischemia &#8211; two models that are ever-increasing in popularity and produce smaller focal injuries than middle cerebral artery occlusion. Finally, measuring paw-dragging behaviour in the cylinder test will allow studies of functional recovery after cortical injury using a wide cohort of transgenic mouse strains where previous forelimb asymmetry analysis has failed to detect consistent deficits.

Classical forelimb asymmetry analysis of the cylinder test is routinely used to assess behavioural deficits in rats following brain injury or stroke; however, it fails to detect consistent deficits in mice. This study demonstrates that quantifying paw-dragging behaviour is a more sensitive analysis of brain injury in mice.

발 - 드래그 : 소설, 마우스 실린더 시험의 민감성 분석

The cylinder test is routinely used to predict focal ischemic damage to the forelimb motor cortex in rodents. When placed in the cylinder, rodents explore ...

The Social Dimension of Stress: Experimental Manipulations of Social Support and Social Identity in the Trier Social Stress Test

In many situations humans are influenced by the behavior of other people and their relationships with them. For example, in stressful situations supportive behavior of other people as well as positive social relationships can act as powerful resources to cope with stress. In order to study the interplay between these variables, this protocol describes two effective experimental manipulations of social relationships and supportive behavior in the laboratory. In the present article, these two manipulations are implemented in the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST)&#8212;a standard stress induction paradigm in which participants are subjected to a simulated job interview. More precisely, we propose (a) a manipulation of the relationship between different protagonists in the TSST by making a shared social identity salient and (b) a manipulation of the behavior of the TSST-selection committee, which acts either supportively or unsupportively. These two experimental manipulations are designed in a modular fashion and can be applied independently of each other but can also be combined. Moreover, these two manipulations can also be integrated into other stress protocols and into other standardized social interactions such as trust games, negotiation tasks, or other group tasks.

Previous research on the social dimension of stress has focused on two important variables: social identity and social support. This protocol introduces an effective experimental manipulation of these two social variables and describes their implementation in a standard stress induction paradigm (Trier Social Stress Test).

스트레스의 사회적 차원 : 트리어 사회에서 사회적지지와 사회적 정체성의 실험 노는 시험 스트레스

In many situations humans are influenced by the behavior of other people and their relationships with them. For example, in stressful situations ...

The 4 Mountains Test: A Short Test of Spatial Memory with High Sensitivity for the Diagnosis of Pre-dementia Alzheimer's Disease

This protocol describes the administration of the 4 Mountains Test (4MT), a short test of spatial memory, in which memory for the topographical layout of four mountains within a computer-generated landscape is tested using a delayed match-to-sample paradigm. Allocentric spatial memory is assessed by altering the viewpoint, colors and textures between the initially presented and target images.
Allocentric spatial memory is a key function of the hippocampus, one of the earliest brain regions to be affected in Alzheimer&#39;s disease (AD) and impairment of hippocampal function predates the onset of dementia. It was hypothesized that performance on the 4MT would aid the diagnosis of predementia AD, which manifests clinically as Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI).
The 4MT was applied to patients with MCI, stratified further based on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) AD biomarker status (10 MCI biomarker positive, 9 MCI biomarker negative), and with mild AD dementia, as well as healthy controls. Comparator tests included tests of episodic memory and attention widely accepted as sensitive measures of early AD. Behavioral data were correlated with quantitative MRI measures of the hippocampus, precuneus and posterior cingulate gyrus.
4MT scores were significantly different between the two MCI groups (p = 0.001), with a test score of &#8804;8/15 associated with 100% sensitivity and 78% specificity for the classification of MCI with positive AD biomarkers, i.e., predementia AD. 4MT test scores correlated with hippocampal volume (r = 0.42) and cortical thickness of the precuneus (r = 0.55).
In conclusion, the 4MT is effective in identifying the early stages of AD. The short duration, easy application and scoring, and favorable psychometric properties of the 4MT fulfil the need for a simple but accurate diagnostic test for predementia AD.

The 4 Mountains Test: A Short Test of Spatial Memory with High Sensitivity for the Diagnosis of Pre-dementia Alzheimer&#039;s Disease

This article describes the 4 Mountains Test (4MT), a hippocampus-dependent test of working allocentric spatial memory. The hippocampus is affected early in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and this article outlines the 4MT methodology and results of patient testing, which demonstrates the value of the 4MT in the diagnosis of pre-dementia AD.

4 산맥 테스트 : 알츠하이머 병 전 치매의 진단에 대한 높은 감도와 공간 메모리의 짧은 테스트

This protocol describes the administration of the 4 Mountains Test (4MT), a short test of spatial memory, in which memory for the topographical layout of ...

The Rodent Psychomotor Vigilance Test (rPVT): A Method for Assessing Neurobehavioral Performance in Rats and Mice

The human Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT) is a widely used procedure for measuring changes in fatigue and sustained attention. The present article describes a rodent version of the PVT&#8212;termed the &#34;rPVT&#34;&#8212;that measures similar aspects of attention (i.e., performance accuracy, motor speed, premature responding, and lapses in attention). Data are presented that demonstrate both the short- and long-term usefulness of the rPVT when employed with laboratory rats. Rats easily learn the rPVT, and learning to perform the basic procedure takes less than two weeks of training. Once acquired, rat performances in the rPVT show a high degree of similarity to these same performance measures in the human PVT, including similarities in, lapses in attention, reaction times, vigilance decrements across session time (i.e., the human &#34;time-on-task&#34; effects), and the response-stimulus interval (RSI) effect described for humans. Thus the rPVT can be an extremely valuable tool for assessing the effects of a wide range of variables on sustained attention quite similar to human PVT performances, and thus can be useful for developing novel treatments for neurobehavioral dysfunctions.

The Rodent Psychomotor Vigilance Test rPVT: A Method for Assessing Neurobehavioral Performance in Rats and Mice

A rat version of the human Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT) is described that measures aspects of attention similar to those measured with the human PVT, including aspects of human vigilance such as performance accuracy, motor speed, premature responding, and lapses in attention.

설치류 심리 운동 경계 시험 (rPVT) : 쥐에서 신경 행동 학적 성능을 평가하는 방법

The human Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT) is a widely used procedure for measuring changes in fatigue and sustained attention. The present article ...

A Method to Test the Effect of Environmental Cues on Mating Behavior in Drosophila melanogaster

An individual's sexual drive is influenced by genotype, experience and environmental conditions. How these factors interact to modulate sexual behaviors remains poorly understood. In Drosophila melanogaster, environmental cues, such as food availability, affect mating activity offering a tractable system to investigate the mechanisms modulating sexual behavior. In D. melanogaster, environmental cues are often sensed via the chemosensory gustatory and olfactory systems. Here, we present a method to test the effect of environmental chemical cues on mating behavior. The assay consists of a small mating arena containing food medium and a mating couple. The mating frequency for each couple is continuously monitored for 24 h. Here we present the applicability of this assay to test environmental compounds from an external source through a pressurized air system as well as manipulation of the environmental components directly in the mating arena. The use of a pressurized air system is especially useful to test the effect of very volatile compounds, while manipulating components directly in the mating arena can be of value to ascertain a compound's presence. This assay can be adapted to answer questions about the influence of genetic and environmental cues on mating behavior and fecundity as well as other male and female reproductive behaviors.

A Method to Test the Effect of Environmental Cues on Mating Behavior in Drosophila melanogaster

We demonstrate an assay to analyze the environmental and genetic cues that influence mating behavior in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster.

환경에서 신호의 결합 효과에 미치는 영향을 시험하는 방법<em&gt; Drosophila melanogaster</em

An individual's sexual drive is influenced by genotype, experience and environmental conditions. How these factors interact to modulate sexual behaviors ...

A Two-interval Forced-choice Task for Multisensory Comparisons

We provide a procedure for a psychophysics experiment in humans based on a previously described paradigm aimed to characterize the perceptual duration of intervals within the range of milliseconds of visual, acoustic, and audiovisual aperiodic trains of six pulses. In this task, each of the trials consists of two consecutive intramodal intervals where the participants press the upward arrow key to report that the second stimulus lasted longer than the reference, or the downward arrow key to indicate otherwise. The analysis of the behavior results in psychometric functions of the probability of estimating the comparison stimulus to be longer than the reference, as a function of the comparison intervals. In conclusion, we advance a way of implementing standard programming software to create visual, acoustic, and audiovisual stimuli, and to generate a two-interval forced-choice (2IFC) task by delivering stimuli through noise-blocking headphones and a computer&#39;s monitor.

Psychophysics is essential for studying perception phenomena through sensory information. Here we present a protocol to perform a two-interval forced-choice task as implemented in a previous report on human psychophysics where participants estimated the duration of visual, auditory, or audiovisual intervals of aperiodic trains of pulses.

낯익은 비교 2 간격 강제 선택 작업

We provide a procedure for a psychophysics experiment in humans based on a previously described paradigm aimed to characterize the perceptual duration of ...