We would like to give a big thanks to the Visible Heart Laboratory staff and students that have helped with this project: Nate Menninga, Lars Mattison and Megan Schmidt.

このプロトコルは、ミネソタ州制度動物実験委員会の大学によって承認されました。 <img alt="図1" src="/files/ftp_upload/52600/52600fig1.jpg" /> 研究パラダイムの図1.図は、 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/52600/52600fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">この図の拡大版をご覧になるにはこちらをクリックしてください。</a> 豚の1外科の準備<ol><li>筋肉内注射を介して豚（70〜80キロ）にチレタミン/ zilazipamの5-7mg / kgで投与します。耳静脈カテーテルを配置し、静脈内アクセスを経由して5-7ミリグラム/キログラムメトヘキシタールを管理します。気管内チューブを動物に挿管し、換気してください。 </li><li>麻酔の外科的平面を維持するために、家の空気と酸素の混合物で&gt; 1.2％イソフルランMACを提供します。動物がANESTの深い面内にあることを確認しますhesia顎音の不在を確認し、豚の最小肺胞内濃度の上に麻酔を維持することによって、任意の操作の前に。初期の麻酔深度チェックが顎トーンとイソフルランのレベルが存在しないことを保証することにより行われているが、麻酔の深い面を確保するための手順（&gt; 1.5 MAC）を通して連続的に監視されています。 </li><li>焼灼し、鈍的切開と右外頸静脈および頸動脈を慎重にアクセスします。外頸静で8.5Fスワンガンツカテーテルを置き、1.5 ccのバルーンを膨らませます。ウェッジ圧力が感じられるまで続いて右心房を通って、心室に肺動脈ダウン肺動脈弁を横断。 </li><li>バルーンを収縮し、この位置にカテーテルを残します。バルーンを用いて右心房圧および肺動脈圧を記録します。さらに、肺内のウェッジ圧力または圧力を記録（または肺が正常とみなされる場合には、また左記録トライアル圧）。 注：このカテーテルはまた、心拍出量の推定を可能にします。 </li><li>継続的に圧力を記録するために、外部頸静脈に、右心室に追加5.0Fバルーン圧力カテーテルを配置します。 </li><li>大動脈弁を通して5.0Fバルーン圧力頸動脈内カテーテル、脱出を置き、左心室に維持します。圧力変換器に接続された20単位/ ml heparanized食塩水ですべての圧力カテーテルをフラッシュし、そして左心室からすべての圧力データを記録し、右心室、肺動脈圧および右心房圧（および心拍出量を推定しました）。 </li><li>周辺監視は、リアルタイム血圧または血液ガス監視のため18Fカテーテルを配置することにより、大腿動脈の枝にアクセスします。手順中のレコードの心拍数と温度。 </li><li>焼灼し、鈍的切開で左外頚に慎重にアクセスします。 juguで2 11.0F止血導入器を配置LARと0絹縫合糸で固定します。イントロデューサで操縦可能なカテーテルを配置します。 </li><li>透視下では、プレースアクティブ固定は右心耳と右心室の頂点につながります。 注：固定リードが植え込まれたペースメーカーに心を接続する外科的に移植ワイヤです。 </li><li>プログラマを利用キャプチャするためのリードとテストにConnectanalyzerケーブル。 8V、0.25ミリ秒の持続時間にパラメータを設定し、そのときの固有速度よりも10拍以上の最低ペーシングレートを設定します。各リードの相対インピーダンスを記録します。 </li><li>胸鎖乳突筋筋の挿入近くに剣状突起から内側外科的切開を行います。胸骨の部分内側切開を有効にするには、胸骨（キールの骨）から前方突起を除去するために、胸骨のこぎりを使用します。胸骨骨構造の残りの部分を切断せん断を使用してください。胸骨心膜靭帯を解剖し、sternuを撤回メートル。 </li><li>胸膜ライニングから心膜を分離するために鈍的切開を使用してください。心膜に内側矢状切開（3-5センチ）を作成し、各コーナーに4本結びの縫合糸と心膜クレードルを作成（左、右、上位および下位のサイト）。 </li><li>左心室の先端領域に一時的な双極リードを置き、左心耳にユニポーラプランジ一時的ペーシングリードを配置します。 </li><li>安楽死は、除去することによって、深い麻酔下で心臓を達成されています。 </li></ol>電気生理学的モニタリングのための2.準備<ol><li>心臓マッピングシステム。 <ol><li>ブレイクアウトボックスで適切な設定にワニ口クリップと心耳に心室心外膜双極ペーシングリード及び心外膜リード線を接続し、心臓マッピングシステムのAF研究を選択します。システムにEKGと接地パッドを接続します。 </li></ol></li><li>オシロスコープと草刺激。 <ol><li>接続します電気的検証のためのオシロスコープに接続されている草の刺激にブレイクアウトボックス内のバイポーラ左心室ペーシングリードとユニポーラ心房リード。 </li></ol></li><li>プログラムされた電気生理学的刺激。 <ol><li>ペースメーカーの上にペースメーカー場所にプログラマテレメトリヘッドを右心房リードと右心室リード線を固定します。ペーシング電極刺激（PES）の研究を選択し、8Vにパラメータを設定します。すべての患者パラメータを削除します。 400ミリ秒（または300ミリ秒）で8パルスに設定さペーシング継続時間を設定します。 </li></ol></li></ol> その場の研究3. <ol><li>耐火期間：研究パラダイム。 <ol><li>ベースライン時に心房有効不応期（AERP）、心房心室ノード応期（AVNERP）および心室有効不応期（VERP）を決定し、化合物/薬剤/制御処理の30および60分後心膜配信で。付加的な時点は、DESのように添加してもよいですIRED。 </li></ol></li><li>耐火期間：プログラマーセッティング。 <ol><li> 300ミリ秒ペーシングの最小に続いて8歩（400ミリ秒または300ミリ秒）にPES研究パラメータを誘導バースト。心室/心房までペーシングを減らして（それぞれ）に収縮することができません。これは、ペーシングリードのセンシングから注目されます。このように相対不応期を決定します。 </li></ol></li></ol><img alt="図2" src="/files/ftp_upload/52600/52600fig2.jpg" /> 図2. EnSiteSystem：AERP、AVNERPとVERPの決意が、 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/52600/52600fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">この図の拡大版をご覧になるにはこちらをクリックしてください。</a> <ol start="3"><li>パラメータ：相対AF負担の決意。 <ol><li> 1分後、それは最大10分間AFしたまま放置し、AFでの動物の心を維持する： すなわち 、AFを終了する5ジュールでの直接のパドルで心房ショックを与える前に。エル各時点での10回までicit AF誘導。本研究では、注意してください。 AFは、P波が存在しないと不安定なリズムとして定義されます。 </li></ol></li><li> AF負担：草刺激とオシロスコープの設定。 <ol><li>プランジ​​ペーシングリード線を経由して左心耳（LAA）に2秒のパルス持続時間で4ヘルツを配信するために草の刺激のためのパラメータを最適化します。標準的なオシロスコープによってこれを確認。 AFを誘導するために、LAAに単一パルスを提供します。 </li></ol></li></ol> 4.ハート植と蘇生（移植モデル） <ol><li>大動脈ルートカニューレ。 <ol><li>慎重に上行大動脈の周りの心膜組織を解剖し、上行大動脈で2.0 Ethibond縫合糸のpericardium.Suture 2点（2〜3センチメートル離れて）を削除し、静脈内にヘパリンの30,000台を管理します。 </li><li>縫合点間の大動脈ルートカニューレを配置し、大動脈を確保。加圧された送達系で、Tを取り除きます彼は、ベベルスタイレットと流れを可能にしませカニューレ上のクランプを配置します。 </li></ol></li><li>心の準備。 <ol><li>加圧されたバッグを経由して150ミリメートル/ HGの圧力下行大動脈に冷たいセントトーマス心臓麻痺液を管理します。遠位端の3ウェイストップコックで加圧し心に取り付けられている灌漑カテーテルを固定します。 、大動脈ルートカニューレにストップコックを固定カテーテルを通して心臓麻痺の着実なフラッシュを解放し、大動脈ルートカニューレに固定します。 </li></ol></li><li>クロスクランプ。 <ol><li>ダイアフラムにだけ優れたatraumaticclamp 1〜2センチメートルと下大静脈をクランプします。大動脈ルートカニューレに優れた上行大動脈に非外傷性の角度を付けキャンプ1〜2センチメートルと上行大動脈をクランプします。 </li></ol></li><li>クロスクランプ/心臓麻痺。 <ol><li>大動脈弁とperfusを閉じ、大動脈ルートカニューレからクランプを外し、150ミリメートル/大動脈弁に向かってHgで心臓麻痺をフラッシュ冠状動脈をる。 </li><li>以上の心を加圧しないように、上大静脈をクランプし、肺動脈内の小さな切開を行います。心が冷たいクレブス - ヘンゼライト緩衝液の浴中（不全収縮）、消費税を停止し、胸や場所から心臓を削除されたら（〜3-8°C）。 </li></ol></li><li>蘇生。 <ol><li>大血管にカニューレを挿入し、可視ハートの方法論を利用して心の準備（3）。灌流心臓は37±5℃に達すると、心外膜パッチ電極を介して心室に34 Jショックを提供することにより、ネイティブの洞調律を回復。 </li></ol></li></ol> インビトロ研究パラダイム5. <ol><li>連続して60分後に蘇生のための心機能を監視します。ちょうど僧帽弁下のLVビュー：連続短軸ビューと2Dモードでの心エコー検査を監視します。 </li><li>心室壁の厚さと排出画分毎、10分後の蘇生を算出する（下記参照）。評価期間中に-5分および5分毎に冠状静脈洞（1 CC）からのサンプルを取ります。 </li><li>モニタリング。 <ol><li>圧力、フローおよび体積変化を含む左心室と右心室の両方のための血行動態を監視します。 </li></ol></li><li>心エコー検査：駆出率。 <ol><li>半ば乳頭短軸ビューをキャプチャし、心臓に直接経胸壁エコープローブを配置します。式を用いて、4室の作業モードで10分ごとに駆出率（EF％）を算出します。LV拡張末期容積 - LVエンド収縮期容積X 100 / LV拡張末期容積</li></ol></li><li>心エコー検査：左心室壁の厚さ。 <ol><li>時間後の蘇生のための10分間隔で半ば乳頭短軸窓から心室壁の厚さ（cm）を測定します。画面キャリパーを使用して、左心室の四隅を測定し、平均値を取ります。 </li></ol></li><li>心筋代謝。 <ol><li> steeraを配置冠状静脈洞（CS）でBLEカテーテル。蘇生の前にCS 5分からのサンプル1 ccで、1時間ごとに5分後に蘇生。乳酸およびグルコースレベルのためのサンプルをテストします。他の血液ガスも評価することができます。 </li></ol></li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Richardson, E. S., Rolfes, C., Woo, S. O., Elmquist, W. F., Benditt, D. G., Iaizzo, P. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cardiac+Responses+to+the+Intrapericardial+Delivery+of+Metoprolol:+Target+Delivery+Compared+to+Intravenous+Administration.">Cardiac Responses to the Intrapericardial Delivery of Metoprolol: Target Delivery Compared to Intravenous Administration.</a> J. Cardiovasc. Translational Research. 5 (4), 535-540 (2012).</li><li>Xiao, Y. F., Sigg, D. C., Ujhelyi, M. R., Wilhelm, J. J., Richardson, E. S., Iaizzo, P. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pericardial+delivery+of+omega-3+fatty+acid:+a+novel+approach+to+reducing+myocardial+infarct+sizes+and+arrhythmias.">Pericardial delivery of omega-3 fatty acid: a novel approach to reducing myocardial infarct sizes and arrhythmias.</a> Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 294 (5), 2212-2218 (2008).</li><li>Chinchoy, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolated+four-chamber+working+swine+heart+model.">Isolated four-chamber working swine heart model.</a> Ann Thorac Surg. 70 (5), 1607-1614 (2000).</li><li>Moreno, R., Waxman, S., Rowe, K., Verrier, R. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intrapericardial+beta-adrenergic+blockade+with+esmolol+exerts+a+potent+antitachycardic+effect+without+depressing+contractility.">Intrapericardial beta-adrenergic blockade with esmolol exerts a potent antitachycardic effect without depressing contractility.</a> J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 36 (6), 722-727 (2000).</li><li>Jansen, B. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intrapericardial+delivery+enhances+cardiac+effects+of+sotalol+and+atenolol.">Intrapericardial delivery enhances cardiac effects of sotalol and atenolol.</a> J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 44 (1), 50-56 (2004).</li><li>Vereckei, A., Gorski, J. C., Ujhelyi, M., Mehra, R., Zipes, D. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intrapericardial+ibutilide+administration+fails+to+terminate+pacing-induced+sustained+atrial+fibrillation+in+dogs.">Intrapericardial ibutilide administration fails to terminate pacing-induced sustained atrial fibrillation in dogs.</a> Cardiovas Drugs Ther. 18 (4), 269-277 (2004).</li><li>Kumar, K., Nguyen, K., Waxman, S., Nearing, B. D., Wellenius, G. A., Zhao, S. X., Verrier, R. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Potent+antifibrillatory+effects+of+intrapericardial+nitroglycerin+in+the+ischemic+porcine+heart.">Potent antifibrillatory effects of intrapericardial nitroglycerin in the ischemic porcine heart.</a> J Am Coll Cardiol. 41 (10), 1831-1837 (2003).</li><li>Fei, L., Baron, A. D., Henry, D. P., Zipes, D. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intrapericardial+delivery+of+L-arginine+reduces+the+increased+severity+of+ventricular+arrhythmias+during+sympathetic+stimulation+in+dogs+with+acute+coronary+occlusion:+nitric+oxide+modulates+sympathetic+effects+on+ventricular+electrophysiological+properties.">Intrapericardial delivery of L-arginine reduces the increased severity of ventricular arrhythmias during sympathetic stimulation in dogs with acute coronary occlusion: nitric oxide modulates sympathetic effects on ventricular electrophysiological properties.</a> Circulation. 96 (11), 4044-4049 (1997).</li><li>Ayers, G. M., Rho, T. H., Ben-David, J., Besch, H. R., Zipes, D. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Amiodarone+instilled+into+the+canine+pericardial+sac+migrates+transmurally+to+produce+electrophysiologic+effects+and+suppress+atrial+fibrillation.">Amiodarone instilled into the canine pericardial sac migrates transmurally to produce electrophysiologic effects and suppress atrial fibrillation.</a> J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 7 (8), 713-721 (1996).</li><li>Darsinos, J. T., Karli, J. N., Samouilidou, E. C., Krumbholz, B., Pistevos, A. C., Levis, G. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Distribution+of+amiodarone+in+heart+tissues+following+intrapericardial+administration.">Distribution of amiodarone in heart tissues following intrapericardial administration.</a> Int. J. Clin. Pharacol Ther. 37 (6), 301-306 (1999).</li><li>Ujhelyi, M. 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The authors have nothing to disclose

ここでは、心膜空間にターゲット配信化合物の潜在的有効性をテストするためのユニークなアプローチを実証しました。パラダイムは、現在の市場をテストするために利用することができる。この研究では、このように様々な臨床設定に直接翻訳アプリケーションを提供し、医薬品または実験化合物をリリースしました。この治療戦略の中で心膜腔に医薬品を供給するための2つの主要な臨床...

現在、オープンハートの手順で、臨床医は全身抗不整脈および他の治療薬を利用します。しかし、これは多くの患者、すでに臨床的に危険にさらされている特に人のために問題となる可能性があります。例えば、静脈内治療は、血圧または腎機能障害における全身低下をもたらすことができます。さらに、彼らは麻酔管理の問題および/または他の長期的な副作用を作成することができます。 ここでは、心膜腔への薬剤の投与の有効性を試験するためのモデルを作成しました。例えば、この方法は、心臓機能の増大および/または外科手術後の心筋の回復を促進する可能性の化合物を研究し、抗不整脈薬を試験するために利用することができます。静脈内投与対心膜腔への治療のターゲット配信に利益が観察されている： 例えば 、私たちの研究室ではウパスの木の局所的送達を実証しました血圧1の減少を最小限に抑えながら、例えばメトプロロールのようなリズミカルな薬剤は、不整脈の発生に対して保護的です。この標的送達戦略はまた、全身レベルを最小限に抑えながら、高い局所濃度を投与するための機会を提供します。例えば、脂肪酸の静脈内送達濃度の高いレベルは、溶血を生じ得るが、心膜送達はこの懸念2を最小にします 。 この研究のパラダイムは、心膜配信化合物の有効性を決定するために3つの主要な目的で構成されています：1） その場での心房心室ノードの不応期の決意、心房と心室に 、治療と30と60分後の処理の前に; 2）相対その場で治療し、30および60分後処理前のAF負担（追加の時点は、多くの場合、追加された）は、心臓の3）機能分析は3株式会社を生き返らされた後、血行動態モニタリング、心拍数をluding、冠状静脈洞、駆出率（EFの％）と、心室壁の厚さ（cm）からサンプリング心臓代謝（乳酸およびグルコース）は、この治療戦略のモデルは、私たちはの効果を観察することができ、すべての10分後に蘇生を監視し心臓切開手術または移植中および後に、心臓不整脈および/または虚血性損傷の発生率を減少させることができる薬理学的薬剤。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>SelectSecure&#174; 3830 lead</td>
			<td>Medtronic</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Pacing Lead&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>C304 Deflectable Catheter&#160;</td>
			<td>Medtronic</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Steerable catheter for placing leads&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SelectSecure&#174; 3830 lead</td>
			<td>Medtronic</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>active fixation pacing leads&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Grass S48 Stimulator</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Electrical Stimulator&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Premium 6500 Unipolar Pacing&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Plunge pacing lead for LAA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EnSite&#8482; Cardiac Mapping</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Electrophysiology mapping system</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CareLink Programer 2092</td>
			<td>Medtronic</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>programmer for pacing leads</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GEM II &#174; pacemaker&#160;</td>
			<td>Medtronic</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>pacemaker can&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DLP &#174; Aortic Root Cannula</td>
			<td>Medtronic</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>aortic root cannula for transplant&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>C-Arm Fluoroscopy</td>
			<td>Ziehm&#160;</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>fluoroscopic imaging&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Oscilliscope</td>
			<td>Tektronix&#160;</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>11F Hemostasis introducer</td>
			<td>SafeSheath</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Hemostasis introducers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Swan-Ganz Catheter 8.0F</td>
			<td>ICU Medical&#160;</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>thermal dilution catheter&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Venogram balloon&#160;</td>
			<td>Oscor</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>pressure monitoring&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ultraview SL</td>
			<td>Spacelabs</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>EKG and blood pressure&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>s/5 Avance</td>
			<td>General Electric</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Anesthesia machine</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Atrial 6492 &#8211; Unipolar Temporary Atrial Pacing Lead</td>
			<td>Medtronic</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>temporary pacing lead&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>VIVID i</td>
			<td>General Electric</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>2D electrocardiography unit&#160;</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

testing the efficacy of pharmacological agents in a pericardial target delivery model in the swine

今日まで、多くの薬理学的薬剤は、望ましくない全身性の副作用を作成し、オープン心臓の場合に不整脈を治療または予防するために使用されます。例えば、静脈内に投与抗不整脈薬は、すでに損なわ心臓病患者における全身の圧力の低下を生成することができます。オープンハートの手順を実行している間、外科医は、多くの場合、どちらかの小さなポートを作成したり、操作するのに適したフィールドを作成するには、心膜クレードルを形成することになります。望ましくない副作用なしに心筋組織への直接の標的薬理学的デリバリー（抗不整脈や虚血プレコンディショニング剤）のためにこのアクセ​​ス利回りの機会。 私たちは、心嚢液内の標的送達のための薬理学的薬剤をテストするための豚のモデルを開発しました。完全に麻酔をかけている間、各動物は、左と右心室圧カテーテルと同様にスワンガンツカテーテルが装備され、ペーシングリードは、右心耳と右に配置しました心室。内側胸骨切開は、その後行われたと心膜アクセスクレードルが作成されました。プランジ​​ペーシングリードは、左心耳内に配置し、双極ペーシングリードは、左心室の中に入れました。プログラマと心臓マッピングシステム、房室結節（AVN）の不応期を利用して、心房と心室を決定しました。また、心房細動（AF）の誘導が観察されたAFで草刺激と時間を利用して製造しました。これらの測定は治療前と同様に、心膜処理後30分および60分に行きました。追加の時間点は、選択された研究のために添加しました。次に心臓をcardioplegedと4室の作業モードで生き返らせました。圧力測定値と機能は、蘇生後1時間記録しました。この処理モデルは中に、私たちは心不整脈および/または虚血性損傷の発生率を減少させることができる薬理学的薬剤の効果を観察することができ戦略とAFター開心術。

これらの結果は、ブタにおける薬剤のこの目標配信モデルを利用して収集することができるデータの特徴です。このデータは、 その場での DHAの注入後、これらの心室の有効不応期（VERP）の顕著な増加を示しました。また、データは、 インビトロでの対照と比較して、DHAの左心室圧の上昇を確立します。 DHA処置した心臓におけるLV圧は、いくつかの時点で対照と比較して有意に...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Testing the Efficacy of Pharmacological Agents in a Pericardial Target Delivery Model in the Swine at JoVE.com

Testing the Efficacy of Pharmacological Agents in a Pericardial Target Delivery Model in the Swine

We have developed a swine model for the target delivery of pharmacological agents within the pericardial space/fluid. Using this approach, the relative benefits of administered agents on induced atrial fibrillation, relative refractory periods and/or ischemic protection can be investigated.

豚に心膜ターゲット・デリバリー・モデルでの薬剤の有効性をテストします

To date, many pharmacological agents used to treat or prevent arrhythmias in open-heart cases create undesired systemic side effects. For example, ...

testing-efficacy-pharmacological-agents-pericardial-target-delivery

Research

Education

JoVE Core

JoVE Journal

Pharmacology

Medicine

Unit 1

Cardiovascular Drugs: Antiarrhythmic and Heart Failure Drugs

SCIENTISTS IN ACTION

8.2K ビュー.  University of Minnesota. We have developed a swine model for the target delivery of pharmacological agents within the pericardial space/fluid. Using this approach, the relative benefits of administered agents on induced atrial fibrillation, relative refractory periods and/or ischemic protection can be investigated. 

ビデオ: Testing the Efficacy of Pharmacological Agents in a Pericardial Target Delivery Model in the Swine

Making Sense of Listening: The IMAP Test Battery

The ability to hear is only the first step towards making sense of the range of information contained in an auditory signal. Of equal importance are the abilities to extract and use the information encoded in the auditory signal. We refer to these as listening skills (or auditory processing AP). Deficits in these skills are associated with delayed language and literacy development, though the nature of the relevant deficits and their causal connection with these delays is hotly debated.
When a child is referred to a health professional with normal hearing and unexplained difficulties in listening, or associated delays in language or literacy development, they should ideally be assessed with a combination of psychoacoustic (AP) tests, suitable for children and for use in a clinic, together with cognitive tests to measure attention, working memory, IQ, and language skills. Such a detailed examination needs to be relatively short and within the technical capability of any suitably qualified professional. Current tests for the presence of AP deficits tend to be poorly constructed and inadequately validated within the normal population. They have little or no reference to the presenting symptoms of the child, and typically include a linguistic component. Poor performance may thus reflect problems with language rather than with AP. To assist in the assessment of children with listening difficulties, pediatric audiologists need a single, standardized child-appropriate test battery based on the use of language-free stimuli.
We present the IMAP test battery which was developed at the MRC Institute of Hearing Research to supplement tests currently used to investigate cases of suspected AP deficits. IMAP assesses a range of relevant auditory and cognitive skills and takes about one hour to complete. It has been standardized in 1500 normally-hearing children from across the UK, aged 6-11 years. Since its development, it has been successfully used in a number of large scale studies both in the UK and the USA. IMAP provides measures for separating out sensory from cognitive contributions to hearing. It further limits confounds due to procedural effects by presenting tests in a child-friendly game-format. Stimulus-generation, management of test protocols and control of test presentation is mediated by the IHR-STAR software platform. This provides a standardized methodology for a range of applications and ensures replicable procedures across testers. IHR-STAR provides a flexible, user-programmable environment that currently has additional applications for hearing screening, mapping cochlear implant electrodes, and academic research or teaching.

A test battery (IMAP) for performing an in-depth assessment of auditory and cognitive abilities contributing to listening skills is described. It is quick to administer, child-friendly and free from linguistic confounds. Stimulus generation and protocol management are controlled via a software platform (IHR-STAR) to ensure replicable procedures.

IMAPのテストバッテリー：リスニングの意味を理解する

The ability to hear is only the first step towards making sense of the range of information contained in an auditory signal. Of equal importance are the ...

医学

A Strategy to Identify de Novo Mutations in Common Disorders such as Autism and Schizophrenia

There are several lines of evidence supporting the role of de novo mutations as a mechanism for common disorders, such as autism and schizophrenia. First, the de novo mutation rate in humans is relatively high, so new mutations are generated at a high frequency in the population. However, de novo mutations have not been reported in most common diseases. Mutations in genes leading to severe diseases where there is a strong negative selection against the phenotype, such as lethality in embryonic stages or reduced reproductive fitness, will not be transmitted to multiple family members, and therefore will not be detected by linkage gene mapping or association studies. The observation of very high concordance in monozygotic twins and very low concordance in dizygotic twins also strongly supports the hypothesis that a significant fraction of cases may result from new mutations. Such is the case for diseases such as autism and schizophrenia. Second, despite reduced reproductive fitness1 and extremely variable environmental factors, the incidence of some diseases is maintained worldwide at a relatively high and constant rate. This is the case for autism and schizophrenia, with an incidence of approximately 1% worldwide. Mutational load can be thought of as a balance between selection for or against a deleterious mutation and its production by de novo mutation. Lower rates of reproduction constitute a negative selection factor that should reduce the number of mutant alleles in the population, ultimately leading to decreased disease prevalence. These selective pressures tend to be of different intensity in different environments. Nonetheless, these severe mental disorders have been maintained at a constant relatively high prevalence in the worldwide population across a wide range of cultures and countries despite a strong negative selection against them2. This is not what one would predict in diseases with reduced reproductive fitness, unless there was a high new mutation rate. Finally, the effects of paternal age: there is a significantly increased risk of the disease with increasing paternal age, which could result from the age related increase in paternal de novo mutations. This is the case for autism and schizophrenia3. The male-to-female ratio of mutation rate is estimated at about 4&#x2013;6:1, presumably due to a higher number of germ-cell divisions with age in males. Therefore, one would predict that de novo mutations would more frequently come from males, particularly older males4. A high rate of new mutations may in part explain why genetic studies have so far failed to identify many genes predisposing to complexes diseases genes, such as autism and schizophrenia, and why diseases have been identified for a mere 3% of genes in the human genome. Identification for de novo mutations as a cause of a disease requires a targeted molecular approach, which includes studying parents and affected subjects. The process for determining if the genetic basis of a disease may result in part from de novo mutations and the molecular approach to establish this link will be illustrated, using autism and schizophrenia as examples.

Molecular genetic strategy for finding de novo mutations causing common disorders such as autism and schizophrenia.

そのような自閉症や統合失調症のような一般的な疾患でのde novo変異を同定するための戦略

There are several lines of evidence supporting the role of de novo mutations as a mechanism for common disorders, such as autism and schizophrenia. First, ...

A Swine Model of Neonatal Asphyxia

Annually more than 1 million neonates die worldwide as related to asphyxia. Asphyxiated neonates commonly have multi-organ failure including hypotension, perfusion deficit, hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, pulmonary hypertension, vasculopathic enterocolitis, renal failure and thrombo-embolic complications. Animal models are developed to help us understand the patho-physiology and pharmacology of neonatal asphyxia. In comparison to rodents and newborn lambs, the newborn piglet has been proven to be a valuable model. The newborn piglet has several advantages including similar development as that of 36-38 weeks human fetus with comparable body systems, large body size (&tilde;1.5-2 kg at birth) that allows the instrumentation and monitoring of the animal and controls the confounding variables of hypoxia and hemodynamic derangements.
We here describe an experimental protocol to simulate neonatal asphyxia and allow us to examine the systemic and regional hemodynamic changes during the asphyxiating and reoxygenation process as well as the respective effects of interventions. Further, the model has the advantage of studying multi-organ failure or dysfunction simultaneously and the interaction with various body systems. The experimental model is a non-survival procedure that involves the surgical instrumentation of newborn piglets (1-3 day-old and 1.5-2.5 kg weight, mixed breed) to allow the establishment of mechanical ventilation, vascular (arterial and central venous) access and the placement of catheters and flow probes (Transonic Inc.) for the continuously monitoring of intra-vascular pressure and blood flow across different arteries including main pulmonary, common carotid, superior mesenteric and left renal arteries. Using these surgically instrumented piglets, after stabilization for 30-60 minutes as defined by Z&lt;10% variation in hemodynamic parameters and normal blood gases, we commence an experimental protocol of severe hypoxemia which is induced via normocapnic alveolar hypoxia. The piglet is ventilated with 10-15% oxygen by increasing the inhaled concentration of nitrogen gas for 2h, aiming for arterial oxygen saturations of 30-40%. This degree of hypoxemia will produce clinical asphyxia with severe metabolic acidosis, systemic hypotension and cardiogenic shock with hypoperfusion to vital organs. The hypoxia is followed by reoxygenation with 100% oxygen for 0.5h and then 21% oxygen for 3.5h. Pharmacologic interventions can be introduced in due course and their effects investigated in a blinded, block-randomized fashion.

Large animal models have good translational values in the examination of physiology and pharmacology of neonatal asphyxia. Using newborn piglets, we develop an experimental protocol to simulate neonatal asphyxia which has advantages of studying the systemic and regional hemodynamics, oxygen transport with biochemical and pathologic pathways and correlations.

新生児仮死の新型モデル

Annually more than 1 million neonates die worldwide as related to asphyxia. Asphyxiated neonates commonly have multi-organ failure including hypotension, ...

Clinical Testing and Spinal Cord Removal in a Mouse Model for Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disorder resulting in progressive degeneration of motoneurons. Peak of onset is around 60 years for the sporadic disease and around 50 years for the familial disease. Due to its progressive course, 50% of the patients die within 30 months of symptom onset. In order to evaluate novel treatment options for this disease, genetic mouse models of ALS have been generated based on human familial mutations in the SOD gene, such as the SOD1 (G93A) mutation. Most important aspects that have to be evaluated in the model are overall survival, clinical course and motor function. Here, we demonstrate the clinical evaluation, show the conduction of two behavioural motor tests and provide quantitative scoring systems for all parameters. Because an in depth analysis of the ALS mouse model usually requires an immunohistochemical examination of the spinal cord, we demonstrate its preparation in detail applying the dorsal laminectomy method. Exemplary histological findings are demonstrated. The comprehensive application of the depicted examination methods in studies on the mouse model of ALS will enable the researcher to reliably test future therapeutic options which can provide a basis for later human clinical trials.

Clinical Testing and Spinal Cord Removal in a Mouse Model for Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis ALS

A mouse model for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is examined clinically and behaviorally. As a prerequisite for an accompanying immunohistological analysis the preparation of the spinal cord is depicted in detail.

臨床試験および筋萎縮性側索硬化症（ALS）のマウスモデルにおける脊髄の除去

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disorder resulting in progressive degeneration of motoneurons. Peak of onset is around 60 ...

Slow-release Drug Delivery through Elvax 40W to the Rat Retina: Implications for the Treatment of Chronic Conditions

Diseases of the retina are difficult to treat as the retina lies deep within the eye. Invasive methods of drug delivery are often needed to treat these diseases. Chronic retinal diseases such as retinal oedema or neovascularization usually require multiple intraocular injections to effectively treat the condition. However, the risks associated with these injections increase with repeated delivery of the drug. Therefore, alternative delivery methods need to be established in order to minimize the risks of reinjection. Several other investigations have developed methods to deliver drugs over extended time, through materials capable of releasing chemicals slowly into the eye. In this investigation, we outline the use of Elvax 40W, a copolymer resin, to act as a vehicle for drug delivery to the adult rat retina. The resin is made and loaded with the drug. The drug-resin complex is then implanted into the vitreous cavity, where it will slowly release the drug over time. This method was tested using 2-amino-4-phosphonobutyrate (APB), a glutamate analogue that blocks the light response of the retina. It was demonstrated that the APB was slowly released from the resin, and was able to block the retinal response by 7 days after implantation. This indicates that slow-release drug delivery using this copolymer resin is effective for treating the retina, and could be used therapeutically with further testing.

This paper details how Elvax 40W can be used as a slow-release method for drug delivery to the adult rat retina. The protocol for preparing, loading, and delivering the drug-resin complex to the eye is described.

ラット網膜へのエルバックス40Wを通じて徐放性ドラッグデリバリー：慢性症状の治療のための含意

Diseases of the retina are difficult to treat as the retina lies deep within the eye. Invasive methods of drug delivery are often needed to treat these ...

Surgical Placement of Catheters for Long-term Cardiovascular Exercise Testing in Swine

This protocol describes the surgical procedure to chronically instrument swine and the procedure to exercise swine on a motor-driven treadmill. Early cardiopulmonary dysfunction is difficult to diagnose, particularly in animal models, as cardiopulmonary function is often measured invasively, requiring anesthesia. As many anesthetic agents are cardiodepressive, subtle changes in cardiovascular function may be masked. In contrast, chronic instrumentation allows for measurement of cardiopulmonary function in the awake state, so that measurements can be obtained under quiet resting conditions, without the effects of anesthesia and acute surgical trauma. Furthermore, when animals are properly trained, measurements can also be obtained during graded treadmill exercise.
Flow probes are placed around the aorta or pulmonary artery for measurement of cardiac output and around the left anterior descending coronary artery for measurement of coronary blood flow. Fluid-filled catheters are implanted in the aorta, pulmonary artery, left atrium, left ventricle and right ventricle for pressure measurement and blood sampling. In addition, a 20 G&#160;catheter is positioned in the anterior interventricular vein to allow coronary venous blood sampling.
After a week of recovery, swine are placed on a motor-driven treadmill, the catheters are connected to pressure and flow meters, and swine are subjected to a five-stage progressive exercise protocol, with each stage lasting 3 min. Hemodynamic signals are continuously recorded and blood samples are taken during the last 30 sec of each exercise stage.
The major advantage of studying chronically instrumented animals is that it allows serial assessment of cardiopulmonary function, not only at rest but also during physical stress such as exercise. Moreover, cardiopulmonary function can be assessed repeatedly during disease development and during chronic treatment, thereby increasing statistical power and hence limiting the number of animals required for a study.

Here we present a protocol to assess cardiopulmonary function in awake swine, at rest and during graded treadmill exercise. Chronic instrumentation allows for repeated hemodynamic measurements uninfluenced by cardiodepressive anesthetic agents.

豚の長期心血管運動テストのためのカテーテルの外科的配置

This protocol describes the surgical procedure to chronically instrument swine and the procedure to exercise swine on a motor-driven treadmill. Early ...

Standardized Model of Ventricular Fibrillation and Advanced Cardiac Life Support in Swine

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation after cardiac arrest, independent of its origin, is a regularly encountered medical emergency in hospitals as well as preclinical settings. Prospective randomized trials in human subjects are difficult to design and ethically ambiguous, which results in a lack of evidence-based therapies. The model presented in this report represents one of the most common causes of cardiac arrests, ventricular fibrillation, in a standardized setting in a large animal model. This allows for reproducible observations and various therapeutic interventions under clinically accurate conditions, hence facilitating the generation of better evidence and eventually the potential for improved medical treatment.

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation and defibrillation are the only effective therapeutic options during cardiac arrest caused by ventricular fibrillation. This model presents a standardized regimen to induce, assess, and treat this physiological state in a porcine model, thus providing a clinical approach with various opportunities for data collection and analysis.

豚における心室細動と高度心臓生活支援の標準化モデル

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation after cardiac arrest, independent of its origin, is a regularly encountered medical emergency in hospitals as well as ...

Intratracheal Administration of Dry Powder Formulation in Mice

In the development of inhalable dry powder formulations, it is essential to evaluate their biological activities in preclinical animal models. This paper introduces a noninvasive method of intratracheal delivery of dry powder formulation in mice. A dry powder loading device that consists of a 200 &#181;L gel loading pipette tip connected to an 1 mL syringe via a three-way stopcock is presented. A small amount of dry powder (1-2 mg) is loaded into the pipette tip and dispersed by 0.6 mL of air in the syringe. Because pipette tips are disposable and inexpensive, different dry powder formulations can be loaded into different tips in advance. Various formulations can be evaluated in the same animal experiment without device cleaning and dose refilling, thereby saving time and eliminating the risk of cross-contamination from residual powder. The extent of powder dispersion can be inspected by the amount of powder remaining in the pipette tip. A protocol of intubation in mouse with a custom-made light source and a guiding cannula is included. Proper intubation is one of the key factors that influences the intratracheal delivery of dry powder formulation to the deep lung region of the mouse.

Dry powder formulations for inhalation have great potential in treating respiratory diseases. Before entering human studies, it is necessary to evaluate the efficacy of the dry powder formulation in preclinical studies. A simple and noninvasive method of the administration of dry powder in mice through the intratracheal route is presented.

マウスにおける乾燥粉末製剤の気管内投与

In the development of inhalable dry powder formulations, it is essential to evaluate their biological activities in preclinical animal models. This paper ...

Large Animal Model for Evaluating the Efficacy of the Gene Therapy in Ischemic Heart

Coronary artery disease is one of the significant causes of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Despite the progression of current therapeutics, a considerable proportion of coronary artery disease patients remain symptomatic. Gene therapy-mediated therapeutic angiogenesis offers a novel therapeutic method for improving myocardial perfusion and relieving symptoms. Gene therapy with different angiogenic factors has been studied in few clinical trials. Due to the novelty of the method, the progress of myocardial gene therapy is a continuous path from bench to bedside. Therefore, large animal models are needed for evaluating the safety and efficacy. The more the large animal model identifies the original disease and the endpoints used in clinics, the more predictable outcomes are from clinical trials. Here, we introduce a large animal model for evaluating the efficacy of the gene therapy in the ischemic porcine heart. We use clinically relevant imaging methods such as ultrasound imaging and 15H2O-PET. For targeting the gene transfers into the desired area, electroanatomical mapping is used. The aim of this method is: (1) to mimic chronic coronary artery disease, (2) to induce therapeutic angiogenesis at hypoxic areas of the heart, and (3) to evaluate the safety and efficacy of the gene therapy by using relevant endpoints.

Myocardial gene therapy for ischemic heart disease holds great promise for future therapeutics. Here, we introduce a large animal model for evaluating the efficacy of gene therapy in the ischemic heart.

虚血性心拍における遺伝子治療の有効性を評価するための大型動物モデル

Coronary artery disease is one of the significant causes of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Despite the progression of current therapeutics, a ...

Endotracheal Intubation Using a Flexible Intubation Endoscope as a Standardized Model for Safe Airway Management in Swine

Endotracheal intubation is often a basic requirement for translational research in porcine models for various interventions that require a secured airway or high ventilation pressures. Endotracheal intubation is a challenging skill,&#160;requiring a minimum number of successful endotracheal intubations to achieve a high success rate under optimal conditions, which is often unachievable for non-anaesthesiology researchers. Due to the specific porcine airway anatomy, a difficult airway can usually be assumed. The impossibility of establishing a secure airway can result in injury, adverse events, or death of the laboratory animal. Using a prospective, randomized, controlled evaluation approach, it has been shown that fiberoptic-assisted endotracheal intubation takes longer but has a higher first-pass success rate than conventional intubation without causing clinically relevant drops in oxygen saturation. This model presents a standardized regimen for endoscopically guided endotracheal intubation, providing a secured airway, especially for researchers who are inexperienced in the technique of endotracheal intubation via direct laryngoscopy. This procedure is expected to minimize animal suffering and unnecessary animal losses.

The use of pigs in research has increased in recent years. Nevertheless, pigs are characterized by difficult airway anatomy. By demonstrating how to perform endoscopically guided endotracheal intubation, the present protocol aims to further increase laboratory animals' safety to avoid animal suffering and unnecessary death.

ブタの安全な気道管理のための標準化モデルとしての柔軟な挿管内内視鏡を使用した気管内挿管

Endotracheal intubation is often a basic requirement for translational research in porcine models for various interventions that require a secured airway ...