This work was supported by the Swiss National Foundation Grant CR3I3_140717/1 and the Swiss Paraplegic Foundation.

注：腸骨稜からのヒト骨髄吸引は、ルツェルン州の倫理委員会の承認を得てドナー同意から採取した。犬の所有者のconsent.Human（約20ml）およびイヌ（約10ml）を骨髄穿刺液を直ちに中止後に3.8％クエン酸ナトリウムを15mlの添加により抗凝固して腸骨稜からイヌ骨髄吸引物を採取した手術室で。試料を回収と同日処理する実験室の環境に移した。 ウロキナーゼの調製（従来1回目使用すること） <ol><li>製造業者の説明書に従って、滅菌リン酸緩衝生理食塩水（PBS）を使用してウロキナーゼを再：10 mlシリンジを用いてセプタム入口フラスコに10mlのPBSを加える。ミリリットル50,000射出ユニット（U）を得かき混ぜることによって乾燥物質を溶解する。 </li><li> Sに500μlのアリコート（25000 Uそれぞれ）を準備terileチューブ。ストアアリコート-20℃と、少なくとも6ヶ月間に必要なときにそれを使用しています。 </li></ol> 2.取手順（従来すべての骨髄治療へ） <ol><li>凝固した骨髄穿刺液あたりウロキナーゼの一アリコート（25000 U）を解凍し（25 mlまで吸引ボリュームが正常25000 Uの単一のアリコートを使用して治療されている）。 </li><li> 37℃の水浴または振盪インキュベーターを予熱。 </li></ol>血餅の3酵素消化物<ol><li>処理中の骨髄試料の微生物汚染を避けるために、層流生物学的安全キャビネット内ですべての作業を行う。感染の可能性の人間の材料を使用する場合は、保護手袋の使用だけでなく、慎重な取り扱いをお勧めします。 </li><li>無菌の50ミリリットルチューブの上に100μmのセルストレーナーを置きます。慎重にストレーナを傾けたり、凝固材料の周りに移動する、セルストレーナーを通して骨髄穿刺液を注ぐ。のための滅菌ピペットチップを使用して、フィルターメッシュを通してより良い流れ。 注：PBSで凝血塊を洗浄することにより、例えば 、血餅のすべての希釈は避けてください。ウロキナーゼは、間接的に作用し、効果的なダイジェストのための生検からの血清の成分（ すなわち 。、プラスミノーゲン）が必要です。凝固材料と手順を継続しながら、ろ液をステップ3.6においてさらに使用するまで室温で保つことができる。 </li><li>滅菌ピンセットを使用して、空の細胞培養皿に骨髄クロット材料を転送します。滅菌メスを用いて約2ミリメートル3の小片に破片をカット。 </li><li>滅菌ピンセットを用いた50ml反応管に血餅の小片を転送する。ミンチ血栓が濡れ外観を有することを確認してください。それが乾燥しているように見える場合は、湿らせるステップ3.1からのろ液の一部を使用。 </li><li>ピペッティング5ミリリットルマイクロピペットを用いて、5回によって凝血塊を粉砕する。サンプルにウロキナーゼの1分量を追加します。水浴中、またはのいずれかで37℃で30分間インキュベート揺れ（優しく）インキュベータ。 </li><li> 5ミリリットルピペットを用いて5回上下にピペッティングとによって粉砕物。バイオセーフティキャビネットに、この手順を実行します。 37℃でさらに30分間インキュベートする。インキュベーション後5mlのピペットを使用して再度5回粉砕する。ステップ3.2からの濾液とプールする新鮮さ100μmのセルストレーナー上を通過。 </li><li>遠心分離機500×gで10分間、周囲温度で細胞懸濁液。上清を捨てる。以下に記載またはMSC増殖培養のためのあなたの研究室の標準的な手順に従って、メディアで細胞ペレットを再懸濁。 </li></ol>拡張細胞培養およびCFUプレート4.シード<ol><li> α-MEM、10％ウシ胎児血清（FBS）、100 U / mlペニシリン、100mg / mlのストレプトマイシンおよび2.5mg / mlのアンホテリシンBを補充した：基礎培地50ml中の（赤血球および単核細胞からなる）細胞を再懸濁。ノイバウアーchambeを使用してトリパンブルー溶液で1:10に希釈した細胞を数えるR。 </li><li> 5×10 7細胞/ cm 2の密度で細胞培養フラスコ中の細胞をプレーティングし、37℃の加湿インキュベーター中でインキュベートする。利用可能な場合は、低酸素（5％酸素）の条件を使用しています。 CFUアッセイの制御のために、直径10cmの細胞培養皿に10 9細胞をプレー。 </li><li>他の細胞は懸濁状態のままで、培養の3日後に、間葉系幹細胞は、細胞培養皿に付着している。 5 / mlの塩基性線維芽細胞増殖因子（bFGF）を補充した基礎培地でメディアを変更。 CFUアッセイ制御のために、同様に細胞培養皿を扱う。 </li><li>メディア週3回の交換を、2週間の合計のための細胞培養を続けます。細胞が80％コンフルエントを超えた場合、トリプシン処理によって分割。 CFUアッセイ制御のために、同様にメディアを交換しますが、2週間のために細胞を分割しないでください。 </li></ol> CFUアッセイ5.ギムザ染色<ol><li> DIL：皿当たりギムザ-溶液10mlを準備UTE原液（グリセロール中で7.6グラム/リットルギムザ：メタノール）滅菌水で1:10（常に新鮮なワーキング希釈液を調製）。 </li><li>細胞培養皿から培地を除去し、PBSで細胞を洗浄。ペトリ皿に液体を適用するときに非常に警戒して、細胞を洗浄をオフにしないようにしてください。 </li><li> RTで5分間純メタノールで細胞を固定してください。メタノールを捨てる。ギムザ溶液を添加し、37℃の加湿インキュベーター中で60分間インキュベートする。 </li><li> PBSで2回洗浄する。空気は、ペーパータオル上で第一の板状のヘッドを乾燥させる。手動でコロニーを数える。これが最善のプレートの背面にマーカーペンを使用して達成される。 </li></ol> 6. MSCの分化<ol><li>犬MSCの分化 注：犬MSCは、4週間の適切なメディアでの刺激により軟骨、骨形成および脂肪生成系統に分化した。 </li><li>のために 脂肪細胞分化、4×10 5 CEでの単層における培養のMSC次のように二つの異なる培養条件を交互LLS / cm 2で、 <ol><li> DMEM +グルタ、3％FBS、100単位/ mlのペニシリン、100mg / mlのストレプトマイシン、2.5 / mlのアンホテリシンBおよび170 mMのインスリンを含有する脂肪生成維持培地で培養。 </li><li> 3％FBS、5％ウサギ血清、1μMデキサメタゾン、500μMの3-イソブチル-1-メチルキサンチン、33μMビオチン、5μMロシグリタゾンおよび17μMパントテン酸16を補足した維持培地と脂肪生成誘導メディア文化。 </li><li>オイルレッドOで染色することにより脂肪滴を楽しむ。簡単に述べると、10％ホルムアルデヒドで細胞を固定し、PBSで洗浄し、イソプロパノール中0.35％オイルレッドOで染色。 </li></ol></li><li> 7×10 3細胞/ cm 2と以下に刺激で単層中の骨形成分化培養MSCの場合： <ol><li>アドバンストDMEM（GIBCO）+グルタ、5％FBS、100単位/ mlのペニシリン、100mg / mlのストレプトマイシン、2.5 / mlのアンホテリシンB、501; M L-アスコルビン酸-2-リン酸、10mMのSS-グリセロリン酸および100nMデキサメタゾン。 </li><li>フォン·コッサ染色（5％のAgNO 3）で鉱化預金を特定します。簡単に説明すると、蒸留水5％のAgNO 3を含むPBS汚れで洗浄し、10％ホルムアルデヒドで細胞を固定する。 </li></ol></li><li>軟骨細胞分化<ol><li>スポンジ状の医療機器からカットキューブ（側面あたり3 mm）は、凍結乾燥されたI型コラーゲンから構成され、セル17を支持する足場材料として用いる。 </li><li> 4×10 6細胞/ ml（〜7万細胞/立方体）の濃度の立方体の上にシードのMSC。 </li><li>培地の添加の前に、細胞を30分間キューブに付着させる。 </li><li> DMEM / F12 +グルタ、2.5％FBS、100単位/ mlのペニシリン、100mg / mlのストレプトマイシン、2.5 / mlのアンホテリシンB、40 / mlのデキサメタゾン、50μg/ mlのアスコルビン酸からなる軟骨形成培地中のMSC-コラーゲン構築物を維持する酸2リン酸、を50μg/ mlのL-プロリン、1×インスリン - トランスフェリン - セレンX、および増殖因子β1を形質転換を10ng / mlである。 </li><li>構文セクションにプロテオグリカンの蓄積を可視化するためにアルシアンブルー染色を使用してください。簡単に言えば、0.01％のH 2 SO 4および0.5M塩酸グアニジンに溶解した0.4％アルシアンブルーのセクションO / Nを染色する。次に、洗浄のセクションでは、40％DMSOおよび0.05MのMgCl 2中で30分間洗浄した。細胞を核ファーストレッドで対比染色した。 </li></ol></li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

患者は少しだけ追加作業が手術室に人員によって行わなければならない利点と、（我々の場合、主に手術を背骨）手術を受けている間に定期的に、我々は、骨髄を​​サンプリングする。サンプルはすぐに撤退した後、クエン酸ナトリウムと混合されるにもかかわらず、彼らは、処理のために研究室に到着したとき、多くのサンプルが部分的に凝固しただった。この段階では、凝固した標本?...

間葉系幹細胞（MSC）は、再生医療及び組織工学における主要な役割を果たしている。彼らは彼らに自家療法の2,3のための理想的な候補をレンダリングしている、様々な細胞タイプ1に分化し、生着、移行することができます。最近、骨および軟骨修復のためのMSCを用いた臨床試験は、宿主病または心臓病、移植片対4を立ち上げた。これらのMSCは、臍帯または脂肪組織から採取することができるが、最も有望な結果は、骨髄由来の幹細胞5から得られた。 腸骨稜は、骨髄のかなりの量を収集することができ、したがって、吸引6の主な部位として働く。しかし、吸引の品質を回収骨髄の体積の増加に伴って減少する。骨髄穿刺液の最初の5mlを、高品質のMSCを含み、一方、より大量の撤退は、末梢血fの吸引物の希釈につながる高度に血管骨7を挿入します。抗凝固剤を使用しない場合は、そのため、本巨核球及び血小板の、骨髄吸引物は、凝固する傾向がある。しかし、たとえ抗凝固剤で、血栓が発生することがあります。 骨髄では、MSCは、全細胞プール8のごく一部を表し、ほとんどの組織工学または治療用途4培養中で増殖しなければならない。そのような文化が大きくすなわち 、初期の細胞プールに依存している。、多様性と高始動番号9の品質。引き出しからMSCの低い数字は、部分的にドナーの変動によって説明することができる。一方、低品質のサンプルからのMSCは、所望の細胞数に到達するために培養においてより長い時間を延長継代を必要とする。いずれの場合も、拡張継代は、細胞老化の源であり、10の潜在的分化の喪失につながる可能性がある。したがって、セルyを最大化することができるプロトコルを最適化ieldと有害な影響を防ぐには、11,12を開発しなければならない。 私たちは、犬のMSCとの仕事を始めたとき、私たちは幸いに凝固したヒトサンプル（10人に1）はあまり頻繁であったが約3〜4におけるイヌの骨髄サンプルは、血栓が含まれているのを見て驚いた。一方で、それは我々が凝固したサンプルからのMSCのはるかに低い収量を観察していることを、全く驚きませんでした。凝固したサンプルの定期的な問題を解決するために、我々は代わりにリサンプリングの血栓溶解薬ウロキナーゼを使用してプロトコルを開発しました。 血栓溶解療法は、心臓発作、脳卒中ため、または不要な凝固の塞栓症の原因となる血管の閉塞などの生命を脅かす状況に対抗することができます。彼らは、プラスミンおよび酵素プラスミノーゲン活性化因子によるフィブリンの酵素的切断を通して血栓の分解によって働く。患者の治療のための幅広い使用にもかかわらず、ごく少数の出版物は、その利用血栓溶解活性を存在実験室でのアプリケーションは、凝固したサンプルを救出するために、主にリンパ球に焦点を当てた。 1987年、肉じゃがら 。 13と4年後の機能的なリンパ球になり、血栓を溶解するためのストレプトキナーゼの使用を記載し、デ·ヴィスら 。フローサイトメトリーアプリケーション14のための血液および骨髄からの白血病細胞を単離するためのストレプトキナーゼの使用を拡張する。より最近の刊行物は、癌の診断15アルテプラーゼの使用を示唆している。同じ酵素アプローチを使用している間、私たちのプロトコルは、多能MSCの分離に焦点を当てて、幹細胞分野の研究者のためのツールを提供するために、骨髄を形成する。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="674">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">Basal Medium Components</td>
			<td style="width:227px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">PenStrep 100X</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">15140122</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">Human FGF-basic</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Peprotech</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">100-18B</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">MEM Alpha w/ Nucleoside, w/ stable Glutamine</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Amimed</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1-23S50-I</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:328px;">FBS Heat Inactivated</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Amimed</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">2-01F36-I</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">Amphotericin B</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Applichem</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A1907</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;"></td>
			<td style="width:227px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">Adipogenic Medium Components</td>
			<td style="width:227px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">DMEM-HAM F12 + GlutaMAX</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Amimed</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1-26F09-I</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">Insulin&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">I5500</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">Rabbit serum&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">16120099</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">Dexamethasone</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Applichem</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">D4902</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">3-Isobutyl-1-methylxanthine</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">I5879</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">Biotin&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">B4639</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">Rosiglitazone&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">R2408</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">Pantothenate&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">P5155</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">Oil Red-O&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">O0625</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;"></td>
			<td style="width:227px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">Osteogenic Medium Components</td>
			<td style="width:227px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">L-ascorbic acid 2-phosphate</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A8960</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">&#223;-glycerophosphate</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">G9422</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:328px;">Silver nitrate (AgNO3)</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">S6506</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;"></td>
			<td style="width:227px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">Chondrogenic Medium Components</td>
			<td style="width:227px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">Biopad - sponge shaped medical device&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Euroresearch</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">L-proline&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">P5607</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">Insulin-Transferrin-Selenium X</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">51500056</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">Human transforming growth factor-&#946;1&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Peprotech</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">100-21</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">Alcian Blue 8GX</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A3157</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">Nuclear fast red</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">N8002</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;"></td>
			<td style="width:227px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">Generic</td>
			<td style="width:227px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">Tri-Sodium citrate dihydrate</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Applichem</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A3901</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">PBS</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Applichem</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">964.9100</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">Urokinase</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Medac</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1976826</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">0.5% Trypsin-EDTA</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">15400054</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">Giemsa stain</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Applichem</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A0885</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Formaldehyde</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Applichem</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A0877</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Sulfuric acid (H2SO4)</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Applichem</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A0655</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Applichem</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A1584</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Magnesium chloride (MgCl2)</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Applichem</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A3618</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Guanidine hydrochloride</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Applichem</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A1499</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;"></td>
			<td style="width:227px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">Consumables</td>
			<td style="width:227px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">50 mL reaction tube</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Axygen</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SCT-50ML-25-S</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">10 mL syringe</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Braun</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">4606108V</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">Sterican needle (22G)</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Braun</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">4657624</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">1.7 mL Microtubes</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Brunschwig</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">MCT-175-C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">100 &#956;m cell strainer</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Falcon</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">6.05935</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">sterile forceps</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Bastos Viegas, SA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">489-001</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">sterile scalpel</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Braun</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">5518059</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">Primaria cell cuture dish</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Falcon</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">353803</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">C-Chip Neubauer Improved</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Bioswisstech</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">505050</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">cell culture flask - Flask T300</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">TPP</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">90301</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;"></td>
			<td style="width:227px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:227px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">Microbiological biosafety cabinet class II</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Skan</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">82011500</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">water bath</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Memmert</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1305.0377</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">Stripettes Serological Pipette 5ml</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Corning</td>
			<td>4487-200ea</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">microscope</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Olympus</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">CKX41</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">humidified incubator Heracells 240</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Thermo scientific</td>
			<td>51026331</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">Heraeus Multifuge 1S-R</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Thermo scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">75004331</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

an enzymatic method to rescue mesenchymal stem cells from clotted bone marrow samples

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) - usually obtained from bone marrow - often require expansion culture. Our protocol uses clinical grade urokinase to degrade clots in the bone marrow and release MSCs for further use. This protocol provides a rapid and inexpensive alternative to bone marrow resampling. Bone marrow is a major source of MSCs, which are interesting for tissue engineering and autologous stem cell therapies. Upon withdrawal bone marrow may clot, as it comprises all of the hematopoietic system. The resulting clots contain also MSCs that are lost for expansion culture or direct stem cell therapy. We experienced that 74% of canine bone marrow samples contained clots and yielded less than half of the stem cell number expected from unclotted samples. Thus, we developed a protocol for enzymatic digestion of those clots to avoid labor-intense and costly bone marrow resampling. Urokinase - a clinically approved and readily available thrombolytic drug &#8211; clears away the bone marrow clots almost completely. As a consequence, treated bone marrow aspirates yield similar numbers of MSCs as unclotted samples. Also, after urokinase treatment the cells kept their metabolic activity and the ability to differentiate into chondrogenic, osteogenic and adipogenic lineages. Our protocol salvages clotted blood and bone marrow samples without affecting the quality of the cells. This obsoletes resampling, considerably reduces sampling costs and enables the use of clotted samples for research or therapy.

と一緒に、彼らは私たちの研究室（ 図1A）に到着したとき、犬の骨髄サンプルの74パーセント（N = 54）は血栓を含んでいたことの事実は、私たちはMSCの相当数が、血栓内に捕捉されたと信じていた、これらのサンプルからMSC利回りの低下。実際に、切片凝固材料の単純なDAPI染色は、高密度（ 図1B）中の有核細胞の存在を確認する。これは最終的にウロキナーゼを使用...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about An Enzymatic Method to Rescue Mesenchymal Stem Cells from Clotted Bone Marrow Samples at JoVE.com

An Enzymatic Method to Rescue Mesenchymal Stem Cells from Clotted Bone Marrow Samples

Mesenchymal stem cells are usually obtained from bone marrow and require expansion culture. When samples clot before processing, a protocol using the (enzymatic) thrombolytic drug urokinase can be applied to degrade the clot. Thus, cells are released and available for expansion culture. This protocol provides a rapid and inexpensive alternative to resampling.

酵素法は、凝固した骨髄試料からの間葉系幹細胞を救出する

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) - usually obtained from bone marrow - often require expansion culture. Our protocol uses clinical grade urokinase to degrade ...

an-enzymatic-method-to-rescue-mesenchymal-stem-cells-from-clotted

Research

JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

9.1K ビュー.  Swiss Paraplegic Research. Mesenchymal stem cells are usually obtained from bone marrow and require expansion culture. When samples clot before processing, a protocol using the (enzymatic) thrombolytic drug urokinase can be applied to degrade the clot. Thus, cells are released and available for expansion culture. This protocol provides a rapid and inexpensive alternative to resampling.

ビデオ: An Enzymatic Method to Rescue Mesenchymal Stem Cells from Clotted Bone Marrow Samples

Isolation of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells and their Cultivation on the Porous Bone Matrix

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have a differentiation potential towards osteoblastic lineage when they are stimulated with soluble factors or specific biomaterials. This work presents a novel option for the delivery of MSCs from human amniotic membrane (AM-hMSCs) that employs bovine bone matrix Nukbone (NKB) as a scaffold. Thus, the application of MSCs in repair and tissue regeneration processes depends principally on the efficient implementation of the techniques for placing these cells in a host tissue. For this reason, the design of biomaterials and cellular scaffolds has gained importance in recent years because the topographical characteristics of the selected scaffold must ensure adhesion, proliferation and differentiation into the desired cell lineage in the microenvironment of the injured tissue. This option for the delivery of MSCs from human amniotic membrane (AM-hMSCs) employs bovine bone matrix as a cellular scaffold and is an efficient culture technique because the cells respond to the topographic characteristics of the bovine bone matrix Nukbone (NKB), i.e., spreading on the surface, macroporous covering and colonizing the depth of the biomaterial, after the cell isolation process. We present the procedure for isolating and culturing MSCs on a bovine matrix.

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have a differentiation potential towards osteoblastic lineage when they are stimulated with soluble factors or specific biomaterials. This work presents a novel option for the delivery of MSCs from human amniotic membrane (AM-hMSCs) that employs the bovine bone matrix Nukbone (NKB) as a scaffold.

ヒト間葉系幹細胞の単離および多孔質骨基質上での栽培

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have a differentiation potential towards osteoblastic lineage when they are stimulated with soluble factors or specific ...

発生生物学

Epigenetic Conversion as a Safe and Simple Method to Obtain Insulin-secreting Cells from Adult Skin Fibroblasts

Regenerative medicine requires new, fully functional cells that are delivered to patients in order to repair degenerated or damaged tissues. When such cells are not readily available, they can be obtained using different approaches that include, among the many, reprogramming and trans-differentiation, with advantages and limitations that are specific of the different techniques. Here a new strategy for the conversion of an adult mature fibroblast into an insulin-secreting cell, arbitrarily designated as epigenetic converted cells (EpiCC), is described. The method has been developed, based on the increasing understanding of the mechanisms controlling epigenetic regulation of cell fate and differentiation. In particular, the first step uses an epigenetic modifier, namely 5-aza-cytidine, to drive adult cells into a "highly permissive" state. It then takes advantage of this brief and reversible window of epigenetic plasticity, to re-address cells toward a different lineage. The approach is designated "epigenetic cell conversion". It is a simple and robust way to obtain an efficient, controlled and stable cellular inter-lineage switch. Since the protocol does not involve the use of any gene transfection, it is free of viral vectors and does not involve a stable pluripotent state, it is highly promising for translational medicine applications.

Here, a new method that allows the conversion of adult skin fibroblasts into insulin-secreting cells is presented. This technique is based on epigenetic conversion, does not involve the use of retroviral vectors nor the acquisition of a stable pluripotent state. It is therefore highly promising for translational medicine applications.

大人の皮膚線維芽細胞からのインスリン分泌細胞を得るために安全かつ簡便な方法として、エピジェネティック変換

Regenerative medicine requires new, fully functional cells that are delivered to patients in order to repair degenerated or damaged tissues. When such ...

Isolation and Expansion of Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells Derived from Human Placenta Tissue

Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSC) are promising candidates for use in cell-based therapies. In most cases, therapeutic response appears to be cell-dose dependent. Human term placenta is rich in MSC and is a physically large tissue that is generally discarded following birth. Placenta is an ideal starting material for the large-scale manufacture of multiple cell doses of allogeneic MSC. The placenta is a fetomaternal organ from which either fetal or maternal tissue can be isolated. This article describes the placental anatomy and procedure to dissect apart the decidua (maternal), chorionic villi (fetal), and chorionic plate (fetal) tissue. The protocol then outlines how to isolate MSC from each dissected tissue region, and provides representative analysis of expanded MSC derived from the respective tissue types. These methods are intended for pre-clinical MSC isolation, but have also been adapted for clinical manufacture of placental MSC for human therapeutic use.

Herein we describe methods for the dissection of fetal and maternal tissues from human term placenta, followed by isolation and expansion of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSC) from these tissues.

単離およびヒト胎盤組織由来の間葉系幹/間質細胞の増殖

Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSC) are promising candidates for use in cell-based therapies. In most cases, therapeutic response appears to be cell-dose ...

Isolating Mesangiogenic Progenitor Cells (MPCs) from Human Bone Marrow

In a research study aimed to isolate human bone marrow (hBM)-derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells (MSCs) for clinical applications, we identified a novel cell population specifically selected for growth in human serum supplemented medium. These cells are characterized by morphological, phenotypic, and molecular features distinct from MSCs and we named them Mesodermal Progenitor Cells (MPCs). MPCs are round, with a thick highly refringent core region; they show strong, trypsin resistant adherence to plastic. Failure to expand MPCs directly revealed that they are slow in cycling. This is as also suggested by Ki-67 negativity. On the other hand, culturing MPCs in standard medium designed for MSC expansion, gave rise to a population of exponentially growing MSC-like cells. Besides showing mesenchymal differentiation capacity MPCs retained angiogenic potential, confirming their multiple lineage progenitor nature. Here we describe an optimized highly reproducible protocol to isolate and characterize hBM-MPCs by flow cytometry (CD73, CD90, CD31, and CD45), nestin expression, and F-actin organization. Protocols for mesengenic and angiogenic differentiation of MPCs are also provided. Here we also suggest a more appropriate nomenclature for these cells, which has been re-named as "Mesangiogenic Progenitor Cells".

Isolating Mesangiogenic Progenitor Cells MPCs from Human Bone Marrow

Here we describe an optimized, highly reproducible protocol to isolate Mesodermal Progenitor Cells (MPCs) from human bone marrow (hBM). MPCs were characterized by flow cytometry and nestin expression. They showed the ability to give rise to exponentially growing MSC-like cell cultures while retaining their angiogenic potential.

ヒト骨髄から単離することMesangiogenic前駆細胞（MPCは）

In a research study aimed to isolate human bone marrow (hBM)-derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells (MSCs) for clinical applications, we identified a novel ...

Temporal Ordering of Dynamic Expression Data from Detailed Spatial Expression Maps

During somitogenesis, pairs of epithelial somites form in a progressive manner, budding off from the anterior end of the pre-somitic mesoderm (PSM) with a strict species-specific periodicity. The periodicity of the process is regulated by a molecular oscillator, known as the "segmentation clock," acting in the PSM cells. This clock drives the oscillatory patterns of gene expression across the PSM in a posterior-anterior direction. These so-called clock genes are key components of three signaling pathways: Wnt, Notch, and fibroblast growth factor (FGF). In addition, Notch signaling is essential for synchronizing intracellular oscillations in neighboring cells. We recently gained insight into how this may be mechanistically regulated. Upon ligand activation, the Notch receptor is cleaved, releasing the intracellular domain (NICD), which moves to the nucleus and regulates gene expression. NICD is highly labile, and its phosphorylation-dependent turnover acts to restrict Notch signaling. The profile of NICD production (and degradation) in the PSM is known to be oscillatory and to resemble that of a clock gene. We recently reported that both the Notch receptor and the Delta ligand, which mediate intercellular coupling, themselves exhibit dynamic expression at both the mRNA and protein levels. In this article, we describe the sensitive detection methods and detailed image analysis tools that we used, in combination with the computational modeling that we designed, to extract and overlay expression data from distinct points in the expression cycle. This allowed us to construct a spatio-temporal picture of the dynamic expression profile for the receptor, the ligand, and the Notch target clock genes throughout an oscillation cycle. Here, we describe the protocols used to generate and culture the PSM explants, as well as the procedure to stain for the mRNA or protein. We also explain how the confocal images were subsequently analyzed and temporally ordered computationally to generate ordered sequences of clock expression snapshots, hereafter defined as "kymographs," for the visualization of the spatiotemporal expression of Delta-like1 (Dll1) and Notch1 throughout the PSM.

The segmentation clock drives oscillatory gene expression across the pre-somitic mesoderm (PSM). Dynamic Notch activity is key to this process. We use imaging and computational analyses to extract temporal dynamics from spatial expression data to demonstrate that Delta ligand and Notch receptor expression oscillate in the vertebrate PSM.

詳細な空間式マップからダイナミック発現データの時間的順序

During somitogenesis, pairs of epithelial somites form in a progressive manner, budding off from the anterior end of the pre-somitic mesoderm (PSM) with a ...

Isolation and Characterization of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells from Human Umbilical Cord and Fetal Placenta

The human umbilical cord (UC) and placenta are non-invasive, primitive and abundant sources of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) that have increasingly gained attention because they do not pose any ethical or moral concerns. Current methods to isolate MSCs from UC yield low amounts of cells with variable proliferation potentials. Since UC is an anatomically-complex organ, differences in MSC properties may be due to the differences in the anatomical regions of their isolation. In this study, we first dissected the cord/placenta samples into three discrete anatomical regions: UC, cord-placenta junction (CPJ), and fetal placenta (FP). Second, two distinct zones, cord lining (CL) and Wharton&#39;s jelly (WJ), were separated. The explant culture technique was then used to isolate cells from the four sources. The time required for the primary culture of cells from the explants varied depending on the source of the tissue. Outgrowth of the cells occurred within 3 - 4 days of the CPJ explants, whereas growth was observed after 7 - 10 days and 11 - 14 days from CL/WJ and FP explants, respectively. The isolated cells were adherent to plastic and displayed fibroblastoid morphology and surface markers, such as CD29, CD44, CD73, CD90, and CD105, similarly to bone marrow (BM)-derived MSCs. However, the colony-forming efficiency of the cells varied, with CPJ-MSCs and WJ-MSCs showing higher efficiency than BM-MSCs. MSCs from all four sources differentiated into adipogenic, chondrogenic, and osteogenic lineages, indicating that they were multipotent. CPJ-MSCs differentiated more efficiently in comparison to other MSC sources. These results suggest that the CPJ is the most potent anatomical region and yields a higher number of cells, with greater proliferation and self-renewal capacities in vitro. In conclusion, the comparative analysis of the MSCs from the four sources indicated that CPJ is a more promising source of MSCs for cell therapy, regenerative medicine, and tissue engineering.

Here, we present a protocol for the dissection of human umbilical cord (UC) and fetal placenta sample into cord lining (CL), Wharton&#39;s jelly (WJ), cord-placenta junction (CPJ), and fetal placenta (FP) for the isolation and characterization of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) using the explant culture technique.

ヒト臍帯及び胎児胎盤由来間葉系間質細胞の単離および特徴付け

The human umbilical cord (UC) and placenta are non-invasive, primitive and abundant sources of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) that have increasingly ...

Preparation of Plasma Membrane Vesicles from Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Potential Cytoplasm Replacement Therapy

We have previously reported on the generation of plasma membrane vesicles (PMVs) through the mechanical extrusion of mammalian cells. The fusion of PMVs with mitochondrial deficient Rho0 cells restored mitotic activity under normal culture conditions. Atherosclerosis, type 2 diabetes, Alzheimer&#39;s disease, and cancer are age-related diseases that have been reported to be associated with multiple mechanical and functional defects in the cytosol and organelles of a variety of cell types. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) represent a unique cell population from the bone marrow that possess self-renewal capabilities while maintaining their multipotency. The supplementation of senescence cells with young cytoplasm from autologous BMSCs via the fusion of PMVs provides a promising approach to ameliorate or even reverse age-associated phenotypes. This protocol describes how to prepare PMVs from BMSCs via extrusion through a polycarbonate membrane with 3 &#181;m pores, determine the existence of mitochondria and examine the maintenance of membrane potential within PMVs using a confocal microscope, concentrate PMVs by centrifugation, and carry out the in vivo injection of PMVs into the gastrocnemius muscle of mice.

Age-related diseases are associated with multiple defects in components of the cytoplasm. Here, we present a protocol to prepare plasma membrane vesicles from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. This technique could potentially be used as a means of cytoplasm replacement therapy to ameliorate or even reverse age-associated phenotypes.

潜在的細胞質置換療法のための骨髄間葉系幹細胞からの血漿膜小胞の調製

We have previously reported on the generation of plasma membrane vesicles (PMVs) through the mechanical extrusion of mammalian cells. The fusion of PMVs ...

Bioengineering of Humanized Bone Marrow Microenvironments in Mouse and Their Visualization by Live Imaging

Human hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) reside in the bone marrow (BM) niche, an intricate, multifactorial network of components producing cytokines, growth factors, and extracellular matrix. The ability of HSCs to remain quiescent, self-renew or differentiate, and acquire mutations and become malignant depends upon the complex interactions they establish with different stromal components. To observe the crosstalk between human HSCs and the human BM niche in physiological and pathological conditions, we designed a protocol to ectopically model and image a humanized BM niche in immunodeficient mice. We show that the use of different cellular components allows for the formation of humanized structures and the opportunity to sustain long-term human hematopoietic engraftment. Using two-photon microscopy, we can live-image these structures in situ at the single-cell resolution, providing a powerful new tool for the functional characterization of the human BM microenvironment and its role in regulating normal and malignant hematopoiesis.

A method to create and live-image different humanized bone-marrow niches in mice is presented. Based on the supportive niche created by human mesenchymal cells, the addition of human endothelial cells induces the formation of human vessels, while the addition of rhBMP-2 induces the formation of human-mouse chimeric mature bone tissue.

マウスにおけるヒト化骨髄微小環境のバイオエンジニアリングとライブイメージングによるそれらの可視化

Human hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) reside in the bone marrow (BM) niche, an intricate, multifactorial network of components producing cytokines, growth ...

Isolation, Culture, and Differentiation of Bone Marrow Stromal Cells and Osteoclast Progenitors from Mice

Bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) constitute a cell population routinely used as a representation of mesenchymal stem cells in vitro. They reside within the bone marrow cavity alongside hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), which can give rise to red blood cells, immune progenitors, and osteoclasts. Thus, extractions of cell populations from the bone marrow results in a very heterogeneous mix of various cell populations, which can present challenges in experimental design and confound data interpretation. Several isolation and culture techniques have been developed in laboratories in order to obtain more or less homogeneous populations of BMSCs and HSCs invitro. Here, we present two methods for isolation of BMSCs and HSCs from mouse long bones: one method that yields a mixed population of BMSCs and HSCs and one method that attempts to separate the two cell populations based on adherence. Both methods provide cells suitable for osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation experiments as well as functional assays.

In this article, we present methods to isolate and differentiate bone marrow stromal cells and hematopoietic stem cells from mouse long bones. Two different protocols are presented yielding different cell populations suitable for expansion and differentiation into osteoblasts, adipocytes, and osteoclasts.

分離、カルチャ、および骨髄間質細胞とマウスから破骨細胞前駆細胞の分化

Bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) constitute a cell population routinely used as a representation of mesenchymal stem cells in vitro. They reside within ...

Isolation and Characterization of Cardiac Mesenchymal Stromal Cells from Endomyocardial Bioptic Samples of Arrhythmogenic Cardiomyopathy Patients

A normal adult heart is composed of several different cell types, among which cardiac mesenchymal stromal cells represent an abundant population. The isolation of these cells offers the possibility of studying their involvement in cardiac diseases, and, in addition, provides a useful primary cell model to investigate biological mechanisms.
Here, the method for the isolation of C-MSC from arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy patients&#39; bioptic samples is described. The endomyocardial biopsy sampling is guided in the right ventricular areas adjacent to the scar visualized by electro-anatomical mapping. The digestion of the biopsies in collagenase and their plating on a plastic dish in culture medium to allow C-MSC growth is described. The isolated cells can be expanded in culture for several passages. To confirm their mesenchymal phenotype, the description of immuno-phenotypical characterization is provided. C-MSC are able to differentiate into several cell types like adipocytes, chondrocytes, and osteoblasts: in the context of ACM, characterized by adipocyte deposits in patients&#39; hearts, the protocols for the adipogenic differentiation of C-MSC and the characterization of lipid droplet accumulation are described.

In this article, a method to isolate cardiac mesenchymal stromal cells from endomyocardial bioptic samples of arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy patients is provided. Their characterization and the protocol to boost their adipogenic differentiation are described.

催不整脈性心筋症患者の心内膜心筋生検サンプルから心臓の間葉系間質細胞の分離と性状

A normal adult heart is composed of several different cell types, among which cardiac mesenchymal stromal cells represent an abundant population. The ...