This work was supported by the Swiss National Foundation Grant CR3I3_140717/1 and the Swiss Paraplegic Foundation.

NOTA: aspirados de medula óssea Humanos da crista ilíaca foram coletados de doadores consentindo com a aprovação do comitê de ética do cantão de Lucerna. Aspirados de medula óssea a partir de canino da crista ilíaca foram recolhidas com consent.Human do proprietário do cão (aprox. 20 ml) e canina (aprox. 10 ml), aspirados de medula óssea eram anti-coagulados por adição de 15 ml de citrato de sódio a 3,8% imediatamente depois da retirada no teatro operação. As amostras foram transferidas para o ambiente de laboratório para o processamento do mesmo dia como retirado. 1. Preparação de Urokinase (Antes de 1º Use) <ol><li> Reconstituir uroquinase utilizando solução salina tamponada com fosfato estéril (PBS) de acordo com as instruções do fabricante: Adicionam-se 10 ml de PBS para o frasco septo-entrada utilizando uma seringa de 10 ml. Dissolver a substância seca por agitação para obter 50.000 unidades de injeção (U) por ml. </li><li> Preparar alíquotas de 500 ul (25.000 U) em cada stubos terile. Alíquotas da loja -20 ° C e usá-lo quando necessário para pelo menos 6 meses. </li></ol> 2. Preparativos Passos (antes de cada Medula Óssea Treatment) <ol><li> Descongelar uma alíquota de urokinase (25.000 U) per aspirado de medula óssea coagulado (volumes aspirado até 25 ml foram tratados com sucesso utilizando uma alíquota única de 25.000 U). </li><li> Pré-aqueça um banho-maria ou incubadora com agitação a 37 ° C. </li></ol> 3. digestão enzimática do Clot <ol><li> Realizar todos os trabalhos em uma cabine de segurança biológica fluxo laminar para evitar contaminação microbiana das amostras de medula óssea durante o processamento. Quando se trabalha com material humano potencialmente infeccioso, o uso de luvas de protecção, bem como a manipulação cuidadosa é aconselhável. </li><li> Coloque uma peneira de 100 um de células no topo de um tubo estéril de 50 ml. Com cuidado, despeje o aspirado de medula óssea através do filtro de células, inclinando a peneira ou em movimento em torno do material do coágulo. Use a ponta da pipeta estéril paramelhor fluxo através do filtro de rede. Nota: Evite qualquer diluição do coágulo, por exemplo, lavando o coágulo com PBS. Urokinase atua indiretamente e requer componentes do soro (ie., Plasminogênio) a partir da biópsia para efetiva digerir. Enquanto continua o procedimento com o material de coágulo, o filtrado pode ser mantido à temperatura ambiente até à sua utilização no passo 3.6. </li><li> Transferir o material coágulo de medula óssea em uma placa de cultura de célula vazia usando uma pinça estéril. Cortar os detritos em pedaços pequenos de cerca de 2 mm 3, utilizando um bisturi esterilizado. </li><li> Transferir os pequenos pedaços do coágulo dentro de um tubo de reacção de 50 ml utilizando o fórceps estéreis. Verifique se o coágulo picada tem uma aparência molhada. Se ele parece ser seca, use parte do filtrado do passo 3.1 para umedecer. </li><li> Tritura-se o coágulo, pipetando para cima e para baixo para 5 vezes usando uma pipeta de 5 ml de microtitulação. Adicionar uma parte alíquota de urocinase para a amostra. Incubar durante 30 min a 37 ° C, quer num banho de água ou ema (gentilmente) incubadora de agitação. </li><li> Triturar por pipetagem cima e para baixo por 5 vezes usando uma pipeta de 5 ml. Execute esta etapa em um gabinete de biossegurança. Incubar durante mais 30 min a 37 ° C. Após a incubação, tritura-se novamente 5 vezes usando uma pipeta de 5 mL. Passe longo de um 100 um novo filtro de células de reunir com o filtrado do passo 3.2. </li><li> Centrifugar a suspensão de células à temperatura ambiente durante 10 min a 500 x g. Descartar o sobrenadante. Re-suspender o sedimento de células em meio, tal como descrito abaixo, ou de acordo com o procedimento padrão de laboratório para o MSC expansão da cultura. </li></ol> 4. Sementeira para Cultura de Células de Expansão e placas CFU <ol><li> Ressuspender as células (que consiste em eritrócitos e células mononucleares) em 50 ml de meio basal Alpha-MEM, suplementado com 10% de soro fetal bovino (FBS), 100 U / ml de penicilina, 100 mg / ml de estreptomicina e 2,5 mg / mL de anfotericina B . Contar as células diluída 1:10 em solução de Azul de Tripano usando um chambe Neubauerr. </li><li> Placa as células em frascos de cultura de célula a uma densidade de 5 x 10 7 células / cm2, e incubar numa incubadora humidificada a 37 ° C. Se possível, use hipóxia (5% de oxigênio) condições. Para o controlo do ensaio de CFU, placa 10 9 células em uma placa de cultura celular de 10 cm de diâmetro. </li><li> Após 3 dias de cultura, as células estaminais mesenquimais estão ligados à placa de cultura celular, enquanto outras células permanecem em suspensão. Mudar os meios com meio basal suplementado com factor de 5 ng / mL de crescimento básico de fibroblastos (bFGF). Para o controle ensaio CFU, tratar o prato de cultura de células da mesma forma. </li><li> Continue a cultura de células para um total de 2 semanas, a troca de meios três vezes por semana. Se as células superior a 80% de confluência, dividido por tripsinização. Para o controlo do ensaio de CFU, trocar a mídia da mesma forma, mas não se dividem as células para o curso de duas semanas. </li></ol> 5. Giemsa para ensaio CFU <ol><li> Preparar 10 ml de solução-Giemsa por prato: dilute a solução estoque (7,6 g / l Giemsa em glicerol: metanol) 1:10 em água estéril (sempre preparar uma diluição de trabalho de fresco). </li><li> Remova o material da placa de cultura de células e lavar as células com PBS. Seja muito precautious ao aplicar líquido para a placa de petri e evitar lavagem fora das células. </li><li> Fix células em metanol puro durante 5 min à TA. Descarte o metanol. Adicionar a solução-Giemsa e incubar durante 60 min, num incubador humidificado a 37 ° C. </li><li> Lavar duas vezes com PBS. Air secar a cabeça placa pela primeira vez em uma toalha de papel. Contar as colónias manualmente. Este é melhor conseguido utilizando uma caneta marcador na parte de trás da placa. </li></ol> 6. MSC Diferenciação <ol><li> MSCs caninos diferenciação NOTA: MSCs caninos foram diferenciadas em condrogênica, osteogênica e linhagens adipogï¿½icas por estimulação com a mídia apropriada por quatro semanas. </li><li> Para Diferenciação adipogênica, MSCs cultura em monocamada em 4 x 10 5 cells / cm 2 alternando dois diferentes condições de cultura como se segue; <ol><li> Cultura em meio de manutenção contendo adipogénese GlutaMAX DMEM +, 3% de FBS, 100 unidades / ml de penicilina, 100 mg / ml de estreptomicina, 2,5 ug / mL de anfotericina B e 170 mM de insulina. </li><li> Cultura em meio de indução de adipogénese com meio de manutenção suplementado com 3% de FBS, 5% de soro de coelho, 1 uM de dexametasona, 500 uM de 3-isobutil-1-metilxantina, 33 uM de biotina, 5 uM e 17 uM rosiglitazona pantotenato 16. </li><li> Revel as gotículas lipídicas por coloração com óleo Vermelho-O. Resumidamente, corrigir as células com 10% de formaldeído, lavar com PBS e manchar com óleo 0,35% O vermelho em isopropanol. </li></ol></li><li> Para diferenciação osteogénica cultura em monocamada em MSCs de 7 x 10 3 células / cm2 e estimulam a seguir: <ol><li> Avançada DMEM (GIBCO) + GlutaMAX, 5% de FBS, 100 unidades / ml de penicilina, 100 mg / ml de estreptomicina, 2,5 ug / ml de anfotericina B, 501; M de ácido L-ascórbico 2-fosfato, 10 mM beta-glicerofosfato e 100 nM de dexametasona. </li><li> Identificar os depósitos de mineralização por Von Kossa (5% AgNO 3). Resumidamente, fixar as células com formaldeído a 10%, lava-se com PBS e mancha com 5% de AgNO 3 em água destilada. </li></ol></li><li> Diferenciação condrogênica <ol><li> Corte cubos (3 mm de cada lado) de uma esponja em forma de dispositivos médicos, constituída a partir de liofilizado colágeno tipo I, e utilizado como material de andaime para apoiar células 17. </li><li> MSCs das sementes no topo dos cubos, na concentração de 4 x 10 6 células / ml (~ 70.000 células / cubo). </li><li> Antes da adição de meios, para permitir que as células aderem aos cubos durante 30 min. </li><li> Manter construções MSC-colagénio em meio condrogénica consistindo de DMEM / F12 + GlutaMAX, 2,5% de FBS, 100 unidades / ml de penicilina, 100 mg / ml de estreptomicina, 2,5 ug / ml de anfotericina B, 40 ng / ml de dexametasona, 50 ug / ml ascórbico ácido 2-fosfato,50 ug / ml de L-prolina, 1x insulina-transferrina-X Selénio, e 10 ng / ml de factor de crescimento transformante-β1. </li><li> Use coloração azul alcian visualizar acúmulo de proteoglicanos nas seções construções. Resumidamente, corar as secções O / N com 0,4% de azul de alcian dissolvido em 0,01% de H 2 SO 4 e 0,5 M de cloridrato de guanidina. Em seguida, lavam as secções foram lavadas durante 30 minutos em 40% de DMSO e 0,05 M de MgCl2. As células foram contrastadas com vermelho rápido nuclear. </li></ol></li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

Rotineiramente nós amostra da medula óssea, enquanto o paciente está a sofrer a cirurgia (no nosso caso, a cirurgia da coluna, principalmente), com a vantagem de que apenas pouco trabalho adicional tem de ser efectuada pelo pessoal na sala de cirurgia. Mesmo que as amostras são misturadas com citrato de sódio imediatamente após a retirada, muitas amostras foram parcialmente coagulado quando chegaram no laboratório para processamento. Nesta fase, resampling para substituir espécimes coagulados seria uma interven?...

As células estaminais mesenquimais (MSCs) desempenham um papel importante em medicina regenerativa e engenharia de tecidos. Eles podem migrar, diferenciar-se em vários tipos de células 1 e enxertar, o que os torna os candidatos ideais para terapias autólogos 2,3. Ultimamente, os ensaios clínicos utilizando MSCs de osso e cartilagem reparação, doença enxerto versus hospedeiro ou doença cardíaca foram lançados 4. Estes MSCs podem ser colhidas a partir do cordão umbilical, ou tecido adiposo, mas os resultados mais promissores foram obtidos a partir de medula óssea derivadas de células estaminais 5. A crista ilíaca permite recolher uma quantidade considerável de medula óssea e, portanto, serve como local principal de aspiração 6. No entanto, a qualidade do aspirado diminui com o aumento de volume de medula óssea retirada. Enquanto os primeiros 5 ml de aspirado de medula óssea conter MSCs de alta qualidade, a retirada de volumes maiores leva a diluição do aspirado com sangue periférico fesde o osso altamente vascularizado 7. Devido às actuais megacariócitos e plaquetas, aspirados de medula óssea são propensas a coagulação, a menos que sejam utilizados anticoagulantes. Mas, mesmo com anticoagulantes, pode ocorrer a formação de coágulos. Na medula óssea, as MSCs constituem apenas uma pequena proporção do conjunto total de 8 células e têm de ser expandidas em cultura para engenharia de tecidos ou mais aplicações terapêuticas 4. A qualidade de uma tal cultura depende em grande parte do conjunto de células inicial, isto é., A diversidade e um elevado número de partida 9. Baixo número de MSCs de levantamentos pode ser parcialmente explicado pela variabilidade dos doadores. Por outro lado, as MSCs a partir de amostras de baixa qualidade requerem mais tempo em cultura e passagem em estendida para atingir o número desejado de células. Em ambos os casos, passaging estendido é uma fonte de senescência celular e pode levar à perda de potencial de diferenciação 10. Portanto, os protocolos que podem maximizar celular y otimizadoield e prevenir contra os efeitos prejudiciais têm de ser desenvolvidas 11,12. Quando começamos a trabalhar com MSCs caninos, ficamos surpresos ao ver que cerca de três em cada quatro amostras de medula óssea de cães contido coágulos, enquanto amostras humanas felizmente coagulado (uma em cada dez) foram menos freqüentes. Por outro lado não foi nenhuma surpresa, observou-se que os rendimentos muito mais baixos de MSCs a partir de amostras coaguladas. Para resolver o problema recorrente de amostras coaguladas, que desenvolveu o protocolo usando o urokinase droga trombolítica em vez de reamostragem. Terapias trombolíticos pode neutralizar situações que ameaçam a vida, como a oclusão de vasos sanguíneos, provocando um ataque cardíaco, acidente vascular cerebral ou embolia devido a coagulação indesejada. Eles trabalham por degradação dos coágulos através da clivagem enzimática da fibrina pela plasmina e enzimática do plasminogênio ativadores. Apesar da ampla utilização para o tratamento de pacientes, apenas muito poucas publicações que existem atividades trombolíticos utilizadopara aplicações de laboratório para resgatar amostras coaguladas, focando principalmente nos linfócitos. Em 1987, Niku et al. descreveram o uso de estreptoquinase para dissolver coágulos de sangue, resultando em linfócitos funcionais 13 e quatro anos mais tarde, De Vis et al. estendeu o uso de estreptoquinase para isolar as células de leucemia de sangue e medula óssea para aplicações de citometria de fluxo 14. A publicação mais recente sugere o uso de Alteplase para diagnóstico de câncer 15. Enquanto estiver usando a mesma abordagem enzimática, nosso protocolo incide sobre o isolamento de multipotentes da medula óssea MSCs forma a fornecer uma ferramenta para os pesquisadores da área de células-tronco.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="674">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">Basal Medium Components</td>
			<td style="width:227px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">PenStrep 100X</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">15140122</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">Human FGF-basic</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Peprotech</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">100-18B</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">MEM Alpha w/ Nucleoside, w/ stable Glutamine</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Amimed</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1-23S50-I</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:328px;">FBS Heat Inactivated</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Amimed</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">2-01F36-I</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">Amphotericin B</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Applichem</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A1907</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;"></td>
			<td style="width:227px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">Adipogenic Medium Components</td>
			<td style="width:227px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">DMEM-HAM F12 + GlutaMAX</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Amimed</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1-26F09-I</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">Insulin&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">I5500</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">Rabbit serum&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">16120099</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">Dexamethasone</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Applichem</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">D4902</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">3-Isobutyl-1-methylxanthine</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">I5879</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">Biotin&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">B4639</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">Rosiglitazone&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">R2408</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">Pantothenate&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">P5155</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">Oil Red-O&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">O0625</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;"></td>
			<td style="width:227px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">Osteogenic Medium Components</td>
			<td style="width:227px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">L-ascorbic acid 2-phosphate</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A8960</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">&#223;-glycerophosphate</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">G9422</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:328px;">Silver nitrate (AgNO3)</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">S6506</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;"></td>
			<td style="width:227px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">Chondrogenic Medium Components</td>
			<td style="width:227px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">Biopad - sponge shaped medical device&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Euroresearch</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">L-proline&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">P5607</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">Insulin-Transferrin-Selenium X</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">51500056</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">Human transforming growth factor-&#946;1&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Peprotech</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">100-21</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">Alcian Blue 8GX</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A3157</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">Nuclear fast red</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">N8002</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;"></td>
			<td style="width:227px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">Generic</td>
			<td style="width:227px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">Tri-Sodium citrate dihydrate</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Applichem</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A3901</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">PBS</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Applichem</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">964.9100</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">Urokinase</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Medac</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1976826</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">0.5% Trypsin-EDTA</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">15400054</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">Giemsa stain</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Applichem</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A0885</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Formaldehyde</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Applichem</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A0877</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Sulfuric acid (H2SO4)</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Applichem</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A0655</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Applichem</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A1584</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Magnesium chloride (MgCl2)</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Applichem</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A3618</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Guanidine hydrochloride</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Applichem</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A1499</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;"></td>
			<td style="width:227px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">Consumables</td>
			<td style="width:227px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">50 mL reaction tube</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Axygen</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SCT-50ML-25-S</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">10 mL syringe</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Braun</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">4606108V</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">Sterican needle (22G)</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Braun</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">4657624</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">1.7 mL Microtubes</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Brunschwig</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">MCT-175-C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">100 &#956;m cell strainer</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Falcon</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">6.05935</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">sterile forceps</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Bastos Viegas, SA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">489-001</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">sterile scalpel</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Braun</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">5518059</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">Primaria cell cuture dish</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Falcon</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">353803</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">C-Chip Neubauer Improved</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Bioswisstech</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">505050</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">cell culture flask - Flask T300</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">TPP</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">90301</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;"></td>
			<td style="width:227px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:227px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">Microbiological biosafety cabinet class II</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Skan</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">82011500</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">water bath</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Memmert</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1305.0377</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">Stripettes Serological Pipette 5ml</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Corning</td>
			<td>4487-200ea</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">microscope</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Olympus</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">CKX41</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">humidified incubator Heracells 240</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Thermo scientific</td>
			<td>51026331</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">Heraeus Multifuge 1S-R</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Thermo scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">75004331</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

an enzymatic method to rescue mesenchymal stem cells from clotted bone marrow samples

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) - usually obtained from bone marrow - often require expansion culture. Our protocol uses clinical grade urokinase to degrade clots in the bone marrow and release MSCs for further use. This protocol provides a rapid and inexpensive alternative to bone marrow resampling. Bone marrow is a major source of MSCs, which are interesting for tissue engineering and autologous stem cell therapies. Upon withdrawal bone marrow may clot, as it comprises all of the hematopoietic system. The resulting clots contain also MSCs that are lost for expansion culture or direct stem cell therapy. We experienced that 74% of canine bone marrow samples contained clots and yielded less than half of the stem cell number expected from unclotted samples. Thus, we developed a protocol for enzymatic digestion of those clots to avoid labor-intense and costly bone marrow resampling. Urokinase - a clinically approved and readily available thrombolytic drug &#8211; clears away the bone marrow clots almost completely. As a consequence, treated bone marrow aspirates yield similar numbers of MSCs as unclotted samples. Also, after urokinase treatment the cells kept their metabolic activity and the ability to differentiate into chondrogenic, osteogenic and adipogenic lineages. Our protocol salvages clotted blood and bone marrow samples without affecting the quality of the cells. This obsoletes resampling, considerably reduces sampling costs and enables the use of clotted samples for research or therapy.

Os fatos que 74% das amostras de medula óssea de cães (n = 54) contidos coágulos quando chegaram em nosso laboratório (Figura 1A), juntamente com a diminuição da produtividade MSC partir dessas amostras, nos fez acreditar que um número considerável de MSCs foi preso dentro dos coágulos . Com efeito, uma simples DAPI-mancha de material de coágulo seccionado confirma a presença de células nucleadas em alta densidade (Figura 1B). E isso leva a baixos números de MSCs disponíve...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about An Enzymatic Method to Rescue Mesenchymal Stem Cells from Clotted Bone Marrow Samples at JoVE.com

An Enzymatic Method to Rescue Mesenchymal Stem Cells from Clotted Bone Marrow Samples

Mesenchymal stem cells are usually obtained from bone marrow and require expansion culture. When samples clot before processing, a protocol using the (enzymatic) thrombolytic drug urokinase can be applied to degrade the clot. Thus, cells are released and available for expansion culture. This protocol provides a rapid and inexpensive alternative to resampling.

Um método enzimático para a Salvação da Células-Tronco Mesenquimais de amostras Clotted Medula Óssea

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) - usually obtained from bone marrow - often require expansion culture. Our protocol uses clinical grade urokinase to degrade ...

an-enzymatic-method-to-rescue-mesenchymal-stem-cells-from-clotted

Research

JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

9.1K visualizações.  Swiss Paraplegic Research. Mesenchymal stem cells are usually obtained from bone marrow and require expansion culture. When samples clot before processing, a protocol using the (enzymatic) thrombolytic drug urokinase can be applied to degrade the clot. Thus, cells are released and available for expansion culture. This protocol provides a rapid and inexpensive alternative to resampling.

Vídeo: An Enzymatic Method to Rescue Mesenchymal Stem Cells from Clotted Bone Marrow Samples

Isolation of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells and their Cultivation on the Porous Bone Matrix

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have a differentiation potential towards osteoblastic lineage when they are stimulated with soluble factors or specific biomaterials. This work presents a novel option for the delivery of MSCs from human amniotic membrane (AM-hMSCs) that employs bovine bone matrix Nukbone (NKB) as a scaffold. Thus, the application of MSCs in repair and tissue regeneration processes depends principally on the efficient implementation of the techniques for placing these cells in a host tissue. For this reason, the design of biomaterials and cellular scaffolds has gained importance in recent years because the topographical characteristics of the selected scaffold must ensure adhesion, proliferation and differentiation into the desired cell lineage in the microenvironment of the injured tissue. This option for the delivery of MSCs from human amniotic membrane (AM-hMSCs) employs bovine bone matrix as a cellular scaffold and is an efficient culture technique because the cells respond to the topographic characteristics of the bovine bone matrix Nukbone (NKB), i.e., spreading on the surface, macroporous covering and colonizing the depth of the biomaterial, after the cell isolation process. We present the procedure for isolating and culturing MSCs on a bovine matrix.

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have a differentiation potential towards osteoblastic lineage when they are stimulated with soluble factors or specific biomaterials. This work presents a novel option for the delivery of MSCs from human amniotic membrane (AM-hMSCs) that employs the bovine bone matrix Nukbone (NKB) as a scaffold.

Isolamento de mesenquimais humanas células-tronco e seu cultivo na matriz óssea Porous

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have a differentiation potential towards osteoblastic lineage when they are stimulated with soluble factors or specific ...

Biologia do Desenvolvimento

Epigenetic Conversion as a Safe and Simple Method to Obtain Insulin-secreting Cells from Adult Skin Fibroblasts

Regenerative medicine requires new, fully functional cells that are delivered to patients in order to repair degenerated or damaged tissues. When such cells are not readily available, they can be obtained using different approaches that include, among the many, reprogramming and trans-differentiation, with advantages and limitations that are specific of the different techniques. Here a new strategy for the conversion of an adult mature fibroblast into an insulin-secreting cell, arbitrarily designated as epigenetic converted cells (EpiCC), is described. The method has been developed, based on the increasing understanding of the mechanisms controlling epigenetic regulation of cell fate and differentiation. In particular, the first step uses an epigenetic modifier, namely 5-aza-cytidine, to drive adult cells into a "highly permissive" state. It then takes advantage of this brief and reversible window of epigenetic plasticity, to re-address cells toward a different lineage. The approach is designated "epigenetic cell conversion". It is a simple and robust way to obtain an efficient, controlled and stable cellular inter-lineage switch. Since the protocol does not involve the use of any gene transfection, it is free of viral vectors and does not involve a stable pluripotent state, it is highly promising for translational medicine applications.

Here, a new method that allows the conversion of adult skin fibroblasts into insulin-secreting cells is presented. This technique is based on epigenetic conversion, does not involve the use of retroviral vectors nor the acquisition of a stable pluripotent state. It is therefore highly promising for translational medicine applications.

Conversão epigenética como um método seguro e simples para obter células secretoras de insulina a partir de fibroblastos da pele de adultos

Regenerative medicine requires new, fully functional cells that are delivered to patients in order to repair degenerated or damaged tissues. When such ...

Isolation and Expansion of Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells Derived from Human Placenta Tissue

Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSC) are promising candidates for use in cell-based therapies. In most cases, therapeutic response appears to be cell-dose dependent. Human term placenta is rich in MSC and is a physically large tissue that is generally discarded following birth. Placenta is an ideal starting material for the large-scale manufacture of multiple cell doses of allogeneic MSC. The placenta is a fetomaternal organ from which either fetal or maternal tissue can be isolated. This article describes the placental anatomy and procedure to dissect apart the decidua (maternal), chorionic villi (fetal), and chorionic plate (fetal) tissue. The protocol then outlines how to isolate MSC from each dissected tissue region, and provides representative analysis of expanded MSC derived from the respective tissue types. These methods are intended for pre-clinical MSC isolation, but have also been adapted for clinical manufacture of placental MSC for human therapeutic use.

Herein we describe methods for the dissection of fetal and maternal tissues from human term placenta, followed by isolation and expansion of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSC) from these tissues.

Isolamento e expansão de CTM / células estromais derivadas de placenta humana Tissue

Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSC) are promising candidates for use in cell-based therapies. In most cases, therapeutic response appears to be cell-dose ...

Isolating Mesangiogenic Progenitor Cells (MPCs) from Human Bone Marrow

In a research study aimed to isolate human bone marrow (hBM)-derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells (MSCs) for clinical applications, we identified a novel cell population specifically selected for growth in human serum supplemented medium. These cells are characterized by morphological, phenotypic, and molecular features distinct from MSCs and we named them Mesodermal Progenitor Cells (MPCs). MPCs are round, with a thick highly refringent core region; they show strong, trypsin resistant adherence to plastic. Failure to expand MPCs directly revealed that they are slow in cycling. This is as also suggested by Ki-67 negativity. On the other hand, culturing MPCs in standard medium designed for MSC expansion, gave rise to a population of exponentially growing MSC-like cells. Besides showing mesenchymal differentiation capacity MPCs retained angiogenic potential, confirming their multiple lineage progenitor nature. Here we describe an optimized highly reproducible protocol to isolate and characterize hBM-MPCs by flow cytometry (CD73, CD90, CD31, and CD45), nestin expression, and F-actin organization. Protocols for mesengenic and angiogenic differentiation of MPCs are also provided. Here we also suggest a more appropriate nomenclature for these cells, which has been re-named as "Mesangiogenic Progenitor Cells".

Isolating Mesangiogenic Progenitor Cells MPCs from Human Bone Marrow

Here we describe an optimized, highly reproducible protocol to isolate Mesodermal Progenitor Cells (MPCs) from human bone marrow (hBM). MPCs were characterized by flow cytometry and nestin expression. They showed the ability to give rise to exponentially growing MSC-like cell cultures while retaining their angiogenic potential.

Isolamento de células progenitoras Mesangiogenic (PPM) de humano Medula Óssea

In a research study aimed to isolate human bone marrow (hBM)-derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells (MSCs) for clinical applications, we identified a novel ...

Temporal Ordering of Dynamic Expression Data from Detailed Spatial Expression Maps

During somitogenesis, pairs of epithelial somites form in a progressive manner, budding off from the anterior end of the pre-somitic mesoderm (PSM) with a strict species-specific periodicity. The periodicity of the process is regulated by a molecular oscillator, known as the "segmentation clock," acting in the PSM cells. This clock drives the oscillatory patterns of gene expression across the PSM in a posterior-anterior direction. These so-called clock genes are key components of three signaling pathways: Wnt, Notch, and fibroblast growth factor (FGF). In addition, Notch signaling is essential for synchronizing intracellular oscillations in neighboring cells. We recently gained insight into how this may be mechanistically regulated. Upon ligand activation, the Notch receptor is cleaved, releasing the intracellular domain (NICD), which moves to the nucleus and regulates gene expression. NICD is highly labile, and its phosphorylation-dependent turnover acts to restrict Notch signaling. The profile of NICD production (and degradation) in the PSM is known to be oscillatory and to resemble that of a clock gene. We recently reported that both the Notch receptor and the Delta ligand, which mediate intercellular coupling, themselves exhibit dynamic expression at both the mRNA and protein levels. In this article, we describe the sensitive detection methods and detailed image analysis tools that we used, in combination with the computational modeling that we designed, to extract and overlay expression data from distinct points in the expression cycle. This allowed us to construct a spatio-temporal picture of the dynamic expression profile for the receptor, the ligand, and the Notch target clock genes throughout an oscillation cycle. Here, we describe the protocols used to generate and culture the PSM explants, as well as the procedure to stain for the mRNA or protein. We also explain how the confocal images were subsequently analyzed and temporally ordered computationally to generate ordered sequences of clock expression snapshots, hereafter defined as "kymographs," for the visualization of the spatiotemporal expression of Delta-like1 (Dll1) and Notch1 throughout the PSM.

The segmentation clock drives oscillatory gene expression across the pre-somitic mesoderm (PSM). Dynamic Notch activity is key to this process. We use imaging and computational analyses to extract temporal dynamics from spatial expression data to demonstrate that Delta ligand and Notch receptor expression oscillate in the vertebrate PSM.

Ordenação temporal de Expressão Dynamic Data de expressão espacial mapas detalhados

During somitogenesis, pairs of epithelial somites form in a progressive manner, budding off from the anterior end of the pre-somitic mesoderm (PSM) with a ...

Isolation and Characterization of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells from Human Umbilical Cord and Fetal Placenta

The human umbilical cord (UC) and placenta are non-invasive, primitive and abundant sources of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) that have increasingly gained attention because they do not pose any ethical or moral concerns. Current methods to isolate MSCs from UC yield low amounts of cells with variable proliferation potentials. Since UC is an anatomically-complex organ, differences in MSC properties may be due to the differences in the anatomical regions of their isolation. In this study, we first dissected the cord/placenta samples into three discrete anatomical regions: UC, cord-placenta junction (CPJ), and fetal placenta (FP). Second, two distinct zones, cord lining (CL) and Wharton&#39;s jelly (WJ), were separated. The explant culture technique was then used to isolate cells from the four sources. The time required for the primary culture of cells from the explants varied depending on the source of the tissue. Outgrowth of the cells occurred within 3 - 4 days of the CPJ explants, whereas growth was observed after 7 - 10 days and 11 - 14 days from CL/WJ and FP explants, respectively. The isolated cells were adherent to plastic and displayed fibroblastoid morphology and surface markers, such as CD29, CD44, CD73, CD90, and CD105, similarly to bone marrow (BM)-derived MSCs. However, the colony-forming efficiency of the cells varied, with CPJ-MSCs and WJ-MSCs showing higher efficiency than BM-MSCs. MSCs from all four sources differentiated into adipogenic, chondrogenic, and osteogenic lineages, indicating that they were multipotent. CPJ-MSCs differentiated more efficiently in comparison to other MSC sources. These results suggest that the CPJ is the most potent anatomical region and yields a higher number of cells, with greater proliferation and self-renewal capacities in vitro. In conclusion, the comparative analysis of the MSCs from the four sources indicated that CPJ is a more promising source of MSCs for cell therapy, regenerative medicine, and tissue engineering.

Here, we present a protocol for the dissection of human umbilical cord (UC) and fetal placenta sample into cord lining (CL), Wharton&#39;s jelly (WJ), cord-placenta junction (CPJ), and fetal placenta (FP) for the isolation and characterization of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) using the explant culture technique.

Isolamento e Caracterização de células mesenquimais do estroma a partir de cordão umbilical humano e Fetal Placenta

The human umbilical cord (UC) and placenta are non-invasive, primitive and abundant sources of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) that have increasingly ...

Preparation of Plasma Membrane Vesicles from Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Potential Cytoplasm Replacement Therapy

We have previously reported on the generation of plasma membrane vesicles (PMVs) through the mechanical extrusion of mammalian cells. The fusion of PMVs with mitochondrial deficient Rho0 cells restored mitotic activity under normal culture conditions. Atherosclerosis, type 2 diabetes, Alzheimer&#39;s disease, and cancer are age-related diseases that have been reported to be associated with multiple mechanical and functional defects in the cytosol and organelles of a variety of cell types. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) represent a unique cell population from the bone marrow that possess self-renewal capabilities while maintaining their multipotency. The supplementation of senescence cells with young cytoplasm from autologous BMSCs via the fusion of PMVs provides a promising approach to ameliorate or even reverse age-associated phenotypes. This protocol describes how to prepare PMVs from BMSCs via extrusion through a polycarbonate membrane with 3 &#181;m pores, determine the existence of mitochondria and examine the maintenance of membrane potential within PMVs using a confocal microscope, concentrate PMVs by centrifugation, and carry out the in vivo injection of PMVs into the gastrocnemius muscle of mice.

Age-related diseases are associated with multiple defects in components of the cytoplasm. Here, we present a protocol to prepare plasma membrane vesicles from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. This technique could potentially be used as a means of cytoplasm replacement therapy to ameliorate or even reverse age-associated phenotypes.

Preparação de Vesículas de Membranas Plasmáticas de Células-Tronco Mesenquimais de Medula Óssea para Terapia Potencial de Substituição de Citoplasma

We have previously reported on the generation of plasma membrane vesicles (PMVs) through the mechanical extrusion of mammalian cells. The fusion of PMVs ...

Bioengineering of Humanized Bone Marrow Microenvironments in Mouse and Their Visualization by Live Imaging

Human hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) reside in the bone marrow (BM) niche, an intricate, multifactorial network of components producing cytokines, growth factors, and extracellular matrix. The ability of HSCs to remain quiescent, self-renew or differentiate, and acquire mutations and become malignant depends upon the complex interactions they establish with different stromal components. To observe the crosstalk between human HSCs and the human BM niche in physiological and pathological conditions, we designed a protocol to ectopically model and image a humanized BM niche in immunodeficient mice. We show that the use of different cellular components allows for the formation of humanized structures and the opportunity to sustain long-term human hematopoietic engraftment. Using two-photon microscopy, we can live-image these structures in situ at the single-cell resolution, providing a powerful new tool for the functional characterization of the human BM microenvironment and its role in regulating normal and malignant hematopoiesis.

A method to create and live-image different humanized bone-marrow niches in mice is presented. Based on the supportive niche created by human mesenchymal cells, the addition of human endothelial cells induces the formation of human vessels, while the addition of rhBMP-2 induces the formation of human-mouse chimeric mature bone tissue.

Bioengenharia de microrganismos humanizados de medula óssea no mouse e sua visualização por imagem ao vivo

Human hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) reside in the bone marrow (BM) niche, an intricate, multifactorial network of components producing cytokines, growth ...

Isolation, Culture, and Differentiation of Bone Marrow Stromal Cells and Osteoclast Progenitors from Mice

Bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) constitute a cell population routinely used as a representation of mesenchymal stem cells in vitro. They reside within the bone marrow cavity alongside hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), which can give rise to red blood cells, immune progenitors, and osteoclasts. Thus, extractions of cell populations from the bone marrow results in a very heterogeneous mix of various cell populations, which can present challenges in experimental design and confound data interpretation. Several isolation and culture techniques have been developed in laboratories in order to obtain more or less homogeneous populations of BMSCs and HSCs invitro. Here, we present two methods for isolation of BMSCs and HSCs from mouse long bones: one method that yields a mixed population of BMSCs and HSCs and one method that attempts to separate the two cell populations based on adherence. Both methods provide cells suitable for osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation experiments as well as functional assays.

In this article, we present methods to isolate and differentiate bone marrow stromal cells and hematopoietic stem cells from mouse long bones. Two different protocols are presented yielding different cell populations suitable for expansion and differentiation into osteoblasts, adipocytes, and osteoclasts.

Isolamento, cultura e diferenciação de células do estroma da medula óssea e osteoclasto progenitores dos ratos

Bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) constitute a cell population routinely used as a representation of mesenchymal stem cells in vitro. They reside within ...

Isolation and Characterization of Cardiac Mesenchymal Stromal Cells from Endomyocardial Bioptic Samples of Arrhythmogenic Cardiomyopathy Patients

A normal adult heart is composed of several different cell types, among which cardiac mesenchymal stromal cells represent an abundant population. The isolation of these cells offers the possibility of studying their involvement in cardiac diseases, and, in addition, provides a useful primary cell model to investigate biological mechanisms.
Here, the method for the isolation of C-MSC from arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy patients&#39; bioptic samples is described. The endomyocardial biopsy sampling is guided in the right ventricular areas adjacent to the scar visualized by electro-anatomical mapping. The digestion of the biopsies in collagenase and their plating on a plastic dish in culture medium to allow C-MSC growth is described. The isolated cells can be expanded in culture for several passages. To confirm their mesenchymal phenotype, the description of immuno-phenotypical characterization is provided. C-MSC are able to differentiate into several cell types like adipocytes, chondrocytes, and osteoblasts: in the context of ACM, characterized by adipocyte deposits in patients&#39; hearts, the protocols for the adipogenic differentiation of C-MSC and the characterization of lipid droplet accumulation are described.

In this article, a method to isolate cardiac mesenchymal stromal cells from endomyocardial bioptic samples of arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy patients is provided. Their characterization and the protocol to boost their adipogenic differentiation are described.

Isolamento e caracterização de cardíacas células estromais mesenquimais de endomiocárdica Bioptic amostras de pacientes Arrhythmogenic cardiomiopatia

A normal adult heart is composed of several different cell types, among which cardiac mesenchymal stromal cells represent an abundant population. The ...