This work was supported by the Swiss National Foundation Grant CR3I3_140717/1 and the Swiss Paraplegic Foundation.

NOTA: aspirati di midollo osseo umano dalla cresta iliaca sono stati raccolti da donatori consenzienti, con l&#39;approvazione del comitato etico del cantone di Lucerna. Canine aspirati di midollo osseo da cresta iliaca sono stati raccolti con consent.Human del proprietario del cane (circa. 20 ml) e canino (circa. 10 ml) aspirati di midollo osseo erano anti-coagulato per aggiunta di 15 ml di 3,8% di citrato di sodio immediatamente dopo la sospensione in sala operatoria. I campioni sono stati trasferiti al ambiente di laboratorio per la lavorazione lo stesso giorno ritirata. 1. Preparazione di Urokinase (Prima del 1 ° Use) <ol><li> Ricostituire urokinase utilizzando sterile tampone fosfato salino (PBS) secondo le istruzioni del produttore: Aggiungere 10 ml di PBS al pallone setto-ingresso utilizzando una siringa da 10 ml. Sciogliere la sostanza secca agitando per ottenere 50.000 unità di iniezione (U) per ml. </li><li> Preparare 500 microlitri aliquote (25.000 U ciascuno) in stubi terile. Conservare aliquote -20 ° C e utilizzare quando richiesto per almeno 6 mesi. </li></ol> 2. preparative Steps (prima di ogni midollo osseo Treatment) <ol><li> Scongelare una aliquota di urochinasi (25.000 U) per coagulato aspirato midollare (volumi di aspirato fino a 25 ml sono stati trattati con successo con una sola aliquota di 25.000 U). </li><li> Preriscaldare un bagno d&#39;acqua o agitazione incubatore a 37 ° C. </li></ol> 3. enzimatica Digest del Clot <ol><li> Eseguire tutti i lavori in una cappa a flusso laminare biosicurezza per evitare la contaminazione microbica dei campioni di midollo osseo durante la lavorazione. Quando si lavora con materiale umano potenzialmente infetto, è consigliato l&#39;uso di guanti protettivi e una gestione attenta. </li><li> Inserire un filtro 100 micron cella sulla cima di una provetta sterile da 50 ml. Versare con cautela l&#39;aspirato midollare attraverso il filtro delle cellule, inclinando il filtro o spostamento in materiale coagulo. Utilizzare un puntale sterile permigliore flusso attraverso le maglie del filtro. NOTA: Evitare qualsiasi diluizione del coagulo, ad esempio, lavando il coagulo con PBS. Urokinase agisce indirettamente e richiede componenti del siero (es., Del plasminogeno) dalla biopsia per un&#39;efficace digest. Continuando la procedura con il materiale del coagulo, il filtrato può essere conservato a temperatura ambiente fino a nuovo uso nel passo 3.6. </li><li> Trasferire il materiale coagulo midollo osseo in un piatto di coltura cellulare vuota con pinza sterile. Tagliare i detriti in piccoli pezzi di circa 2 mm 3 utilizzando un bisturi sterile. </li><li> Trasferire i piccoli pezzi di coagulo in una provetta da 50 ml utilizzando le pinze sterili. Assicurarsi che il coagulo tritato ha un aspetto bagnato. Se sembra essere asciutto, utilizzare alcune delle filtrato dal punto 3.1 per inumidire. </li><li> Triturare il coagulo pipettando su e giù per 5 volte con un 5 ml microtitolo pipetta. Aggiungere 1 aliquota urochinasi al campione. Incubare per 30 minuti a 37 ° C sia a bagnomaria o inun scuotimento (leggermente) incubatore. </li><li> Triturare pipettando su e giù per 5 volte con una pipetta 5 ml. Eseguire questo passaggio in un armadio biosicurezza. Incubare per altri 30 min a 37 ° C. Dopo l&#39;incubazione, triturare ancora 5 volte con un 5 ml pipetta. Passare su una nuova 100 micron filtro cella di mettere in comune con il filtrato dal punto 3.2. </li><li> Centrifugare la sospensione cellulare a temperatura ambiente per 10 min a 500 x g. Scartare il surnatante. Risospendere il pellet cellulare in media come descritto di seguito o secondo la procedura standard di laboratorio per la cultura espansione MSC. </li></ol> 4. Semina per la Cultura di espansione cellulare e Piastre CFU <ol><li> Risospendere le cellule (comprensivi di eritrociti e cellule mononucleari) in 50 ml di terreno di base: Alpha-MEM supplementato con 10% siero bovino fetale (FBS), 100 U / ml di penicillina, 100 mg / ml di streptomicina e 2,5 mg / ml di amfotericina B . Contare le cellule 01:10 diluito in soluzione Trypan Blue con un chambe Neubauerr. </li><li> Piastra le cellule in fiasche di coltura cellulare alla densità di 5 x 10 7 cellule / cm 2 e incubare in un incubatore umidificato a 37 ° C. Se disponibile, utilizzare ipossiche (5% di ossigeno) condizioni. Per il controllo del test CFU, piatto 10 9 cellule in un piatto di coltura cellulare di 10 cm di diametro. </li><li> Dopo 3 giorni di coltura, le cellule staminali mesenchimali sono fissate al piatto di coltura cellulare, mentre altre cellule rimangono in sospensione. Cambiare la media con terreno base integrato con 5 ng / ml di base il fattore di crescita dei fibroblasti (bFGF). Per il controllo del test CFU, trattare il piatto di coltura cellulare allo stesso modo. </li><li> Continuare coltura cellulare per un totale di 2 settimane, scambiando supporti tre volte alla settimana. Se le cellule superano l&#39;80% di confluenza, raggruppati per tripsinizzazione. Per il controllo del dosaggio CFU, scambiare media similmente, ma non dividere le celle per il corso di due settimane. </li></ol> 5. Giemsa per Assay CFU <ol><li> Preparare 10 ml di Giemsa soluzione per ogni piatto: dilute soluzione di riserva (7,6 g / l Giemsa in glicerolo: metanolo) 1:10 in acqua sterile (preparare sempre una diluizione di lavoro fresco). </li><li> Rimuovere il supporto dal piatto di coltura cellulare e lavare le cellule con PBS. Essere molto precautious quando si applica il liquido alla capsula di Petri e di evitare lavare via le cellule. </li><li> Fissare cellule in metanolo puro per 5 minuti a temperatura ambiente. Eliminare il metanolo. Aggiungere la Giemsa soluzione e incubare per 60 minuti in un incubatore umidificato a 37 ° C. </li><li> Lavare due volte con PBS. Far asciugare il capo piastra prima su un tovagliolo di carta. Contare le colonie manualmente. Ciò si ottiene con un pennarello sul retro della piastra. </li></ol> 6. MSC Differenziazione <ol><li> MSC Canine differenziazione NOTA: MSC Canine sono state differenziate in condrogenica, osteogenico e lignaggi adipogenico dalla stimolazione con il supporto appropriato per quattro settimane. </li><li> Per Differenziazione adipogenico, MSC cultura in monostrato a 4 x 10 5 cells / cm 2 alternando due diverse condizioni di coltura come segue; <ol><li> Culture in mezzi di manutenzione adipogenesi contenente DMEM + Glutamax, 3% FBS, 100 unità / ml di penicillina, 100 mg / ml di streptomicina, 2,5 ug / ml di amfotericina B e insulina 170 mM. </li><li> Cultura in adipogenesi mezzi indurre con terreno di mantenimento integrato con il 3% FBS, siero di coniglio 5%, 1 micron desametasone, a 500 micron 3 Isobutyl-1-metilxantina, 33 micron biotina, 5 micron rosiglitazone e 17 micron pantotenato 16. </li><li> Revel le goccioline lipidiche dalla colorazione con Oil Red-O. In breve, riparare le cellule con il 10% di formaldeide, lavare con PBS e macchiare con il 0,35% di olio O rosso in isopropanolo. </li></ol></li><li> Per la cultura differenziazione osteogenica MSC in monostrato a 7 x 10 3 cellule / cm 2 e stimolare il seguente: <ol><li> Avanzata DMEM (GIBCO) + Glutamax, 5% FBS, 100 unità / ml di penicillina, 100 mg / ml di streptomicina, 2,5 ug / ml di amfotericina B, 501; M di acido L-ascorbico 2-fosfato 10 mM ß-glicerofosfato e 100 nM desametasone. </li><li> Identificare i depositi di mineralizzazione di macchia Von Kossa (5% AgNO 3). In breve, fissare le cellule con il 10% di formaldeide, lavare con PBS e macchia con 5% AgNO 3 in acqua distillata. </li></ol></li><li> Differenziazione condrogeniche <ol><li> Cubi Cut (3 mm per lato) da un dispositivo medico a forma di spugna, costituite da liofilizzato collagene di tipo I, e utilizzati come materiale scaffold per sostenere le cellule 17. </li><li> MSC seme sulla sommità dei cubetti alla concentrazione di 4 x 10 6 cellule / ml (~ 70.000 cellule / cubo). </li><li> Prima dell&#39;aggiunta di supporto, permettono alle cellule di aderire ai cubi per 30 min. </li><li> Mantenere costrutti MSC-collagene nei media condrogenica comprensivi di DMEM / F12 + Glutamax, 2,5% FBS, 100 unità / ml di penicillina, 100 mg / ml di streptomicina, 2,5 mg / ml di amfotericina B, 40 ng / desametasone ml, 50 mg / ml ascorbico acido 2-fosfato,50 mg / ml L-prolina, 1x Insulin-transferrina-Selenio X, e 10 ng / ml fattore di crescita trasformante-β1. </li><li> Utilizzare Alcian colorazione blu di visualizzare l&#39;accumulo di proteoglicani in costrutti sezioni. In breve, macchiare sezioni O / N con 0,4% blu Alcian sciolta in 0,01% H 2 SO 4 e 0,5 M guanidina cloridrato. Avanti, lavare le sezioni sono state lavate per 30 minuti nel 40% DMSO e 0,05M MgCl 2. Le cellule sono state di contrasto con rosso veloce nucleare. </li></ol></li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Jiang, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pluripotency+of+mesenchymal+stem+cells+derived+from+adult+marrow.">Pluripotency of mesenchymal stem cells derived from adult marrow.</a> Nature. 418 (6893), 41-49 (2002).</li><li>Uccelli, A., Moretta, L., Pistoia, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mesenchymal+stem+cells+in+health+and+disease.">Mesenchymal stem cells in health and disease.</a> Nat Rev Immunol. 8 (9), 726-736 (2008).</li><li>Bartholomew, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mesenchymal+stem+cells+suppress+lymphocyte+proliferation+in+vitro+and+prolong+skin+graft+survival+in+vivo.">Mesenchymal stem cells suppress lymphocyte proliferation in vitro and prolong skin graft survival in vivo.</a> Exp Hematol. 30 (1), 42-48 (2002).</li><li>Wang, S., Qu, X., Zhao, R. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Clinical+applications+of+mesenchymal+stem+cells.">Clinical applications of mesenchymal stem cells.</a> J Hematol Oncol. 5, 19 (2012).</li><li>Baksh, D., Song, L., Tuan, R. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adult+mesenchymal+stem+cells:+characterization,+differentiation,+and+application+in+cell+and+gene+therapy.">Adult mesenchymal stem cells: characterization, differentiation, and application in cell and gene therapy.</a> J Cell Mol Med. 8 (3), 301-316 (2004).</li><li>Malempati, S., Joshi, S., Lai, S., Braner, D. A., Tegtmeyer, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Videos+in+clinical+medicine.+Bone+marrow+aspiration+and+biopsy.">Videos in clinical medicine. Bone marrow aspiration and biopsy.</a> N Engl J Med. 361 (15), e28 (2009).</li><li>Cuthbert, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Single-platform+quality+control+assay+to+quantify+multipotential+stromal+cells+in+bone+marrow+aspirates+prior+to+bulk+manufacture+or+direct+therapeutic+use.">Single-platform quality control assay to quantify multipotential stromal cells in bone marrow aspirates prior to bulk manufacture or direct therapeutic use.</a> Cytotherapy. 14 (4), 431-440 (2012).</li><li>Veyrat-Masson, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mesenchymal+content+of+fresh+bone+marrow:+a+proposed+quality+control+method+for+cell+therapy.">Mesenchymal content of fresh bone marrow: a proposed quality control method for cell therapy.</a> Br J Haematol. 139 (2), 312-320 (2007).</li><li>Lazarus, H. M., Haynesworth, S. E., Gerson, S. L., Rosenthal, N. S., Caplan, A. I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ex+vivo+expansion+and+subsequent+infusion+of+human+bone+marrow-derived+stromal+progenitor+cells+(mesenchymal+progenitor+cells):+implications+for+therapeutic+use.">Ex vivo expansion and subsequent infusion of human bone marrow-derived stromal progenitor cells (mesenchymal progenitor cells): implications for therapeutic use.</a> Bone Marrow Transplant. 16 (4), 557-564 (1995).</li><li>Bertolo, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+in+vitro+expansion+score+for+tissue-engineering+applications+with+human+bone+marrow-derived+mesenchymal+stem+cells.">An in vitro expansion score for tissue-engineering applications with human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells.</a> J Tissue Eng Regen Med. , (2013).</li><li>Casiraghi, F., Remuzzi, G., Abbate, M., Perico, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multipotent+mesenchymal+stromal+cell+therapy+and+risk+of+malignancies.">Multipotent mesenchymal stromal cell therapy and risk of malignancies.</a> Stem Cell Rev. 9 (1), 65-79 (2013).</li><li>Bonab, M. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Aging+of+mesenchymal+stem+cell+in+vitro.">Aging of mesenchymal stem cell in vitro.</a> BMC Cell Biol. 7, 14 (2006).</li><li>Niku, S. D., Hoon, D. S., Cochran, A. J., Morton, D. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolation+of+lymphocytes+from+clotted+blood.">Isolation of lymphocytes from clotted blood.</a> J Immunol Methods. 105 (1), 9-14 (1987).</li><li>De Vis, J., Renmans, W., Segers, E., Jochmans, K., De Waele, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Flow+cytometric+immunophenotyping+of+leukemia+cells+in+clotted+blood+and+bone+marrow.">Flow cytometric immunophenotyping of leukemia cells in clotted blood and bone marrow.</a> J Immunol Methods. 137 (2), 193-197 (1991).</li><li>St Antoine, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Application+of+thrombolytic+drugs+on+clotted+blood+and+bone+marrow+specimens+to+generate+usable+cells+for+cytogenetic+analyses.">Application of thrombolytic drugs on clotted blood and bone marrow specimens to generate usable cells for cytogenetic analyses.</a> Arch Pathol Lab Med. 135 (7), 915-919 (2011).</li><li>Kisiel, A. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolation,+characterization,+and+in+vitro+proliferation+of+canine+mesenchymal+stem+cells+derived+from+bone+marrow,+adipose+tissue,+muscle,+and+periosteum.">Isolation, characterization, and in vitro proliferation of canine mesenchymal stem cells derived from bone marrow, adipose tissue, muscle, and periosteum.</a> Am J Vet Res. 73 (8), 1305-1317 (2012).</li><li>Bertolo, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Influence+of+different+commercial+scaffolds+on+the+in+vitro+differentiation+of+human+mesenchymal+stem+cells+to+nucleus+pulposus-like+cells.">Influence of different commercial scaffolds on the in vitro differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells to nucleus pulposus-like cells.</a> Eur Spine J. 21, S826-S838 (2012).</li><li>Makridakis, M., Roubelakis, M. G., Vlahou, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stem+cells:+insights+into+the+secretome.">Stem cells: insights into the secretome.</a> Biochim Biophys Acta. 1834 (11), 2380-2384 (2013).</li><li>Benvenuti, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rosiglitazone+stimulates+adipogenesis+and+decreases+osteoblastogenesis+in+human+mesenchymal+stem+cells.">Rosiglitazone stimulates adipogenesis and decreases osteoblastogenesis in human mesenchymal stem cells.</a> J Endocrinol Invest. 30 (9), RC26-RC30 (2007).</li><li>Jaiswal, N., Haynesworth, S. E., Caplan, A. I., Bruder, S. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Osteogenic+differentiation+of+purified,+culture-expanded+human+mesenchymal+stem+cells+in+vitro.">Osteogenic differentiation of purified, culture-expanded human mesenchymal stem cells in vitro.</a> J Cell Biochem. 64 (2), 295-312 (1997).</li><li>Patel, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tissue+banking+for+research--bench+to+bedside+and+back--myth,+reality+or+fast+fading+reality+at+the+dawn+of+a+personalised+healthcare+era.">Tissue banking for research--bench to bedside and back--myth, reality or fast fading reality at the dawn of a personalised healthcare era.</a> Cell Tissue Bank. 12 (1), 19-21 (2011).</li><li>Smith, H. W., Marshall, C. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Regulation+of+cell+signalling+by+uPAR.">Regulation of cell signalling by uPAR.</a> Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 11 (1), 23-36 (2010).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Ordinariamente campioniamo midollo osseo mentre il paziente sta subendo chirurgia (nel nostro caso principalmente chirurgia della colonna vertebrale), con il vantaggio che solo il lavoro poco aggiuntiva deve essere effettuata da personale della sala operatoria. Anche se i campioni vengono mescolati con citrato di sodio immediatamente dopo il ritiro, molti campioni sono stati parzialmente coagulato quando sono arrivati ​​in laboratorio per l&#39;elaborazione. In questa fase, ricampionamento per sostituire i campioni ...

Le cellule staminali mesenchimali (MSC) svolgono un ruolo importante nella medicina rigenerativa e dell&#39;ingegneria dei tessuti. Essi possono migrare, differenziarsi in vari tipi di cellule 1 e innestare, che li rende i candidati ideali per terapie autologhe 2,3. Ultimamente, gli studi clinici che utilizzano cellule staminali mesenchimali per la riparazione delle ossa e della cartilagine, graft versus host disease o malattia cardiaca sono stati lanciati 4. Questi MSC possono essere raccolte dal tessuto adiposo o cordone ombelicale, ma i risultati più promettenti sono stati ottenuti da midollo osseo cellule staminali derivate 5. La cresta iliaca permette di raccogliere una notevole quantità di midollo osseo e serve quindi come sito principale di aspirazione 6. Tuttavia, la qualità del aspirato diminuisce con l&#39;aumento del volume di midollo osseo prelevato. Mentre i primi 5 ml di midollo osseo contengono cellule staminali mesenchimali di alta qualità, ritiro delle maggiori volumi porta alla diluizione del aspirato con sangue periferico fROM l&#39;osso altamente vascolarizzato 7. A causa delle attuali megacariociti e piastrine, aspirati di midollo osseo sono inclini a coagulazione, a meno di utilizzare anticoagulanti. Ma anche con anticoagulanti, possono verificarsi la formazione di coaguli. Nel midollo osseo, cellule staminali mesenchimali rappresentano solo una piccola parte del pool di cellule totale 8 e devono essere espansa in coltura per più ingegneria dei tessuti o applicazioni terapeutiche 4. La qualità di una tale cultura dipende in gran parte la piscina cellula iniziale, vale a dire., La diversità e un alto numero di partenza 9. Basso numero di cellule staminali mesenchimali da prelievi possono essere in parte spiegati dalla variabilità dei donatori. D&#39;altra parte, MSC da campioni bassa qualità richiedono tempo maggiore di cultura e passaging esteso a raggiungere il numero desiderato di celle. In entrambi i casi, passaging esteso è fonte di senescenza cellulare e può portare alla perdita di differenziazione potenziale 10. Pertanto, i protocolli in grado di massimizzare cellulare y ottimizzatoield ed evitare effetti nocivi devono essere sviluppati 11,12. Quando abbiamo cominciato a lavorare con MSC canina, siamo stati sorpresi di vedere che circa tre su quattro campioni di midollo osseo canini contenuti coaguli, mentre i campioni umani fortunatamente coagulato (uno su dieci) erano meno frequenti. D&#39;altra parte è stata una sorpresa, che abbiamo osservato rendimenti molto più bassi di cellule staminali mesenchimali da campioni coagulati. Per risolvere il problema ricorrente dei campioni coagulati, abbiamo sviluppato il protocollo con il urokinase droga trombolitico invece di ricampionamento. Terapie trombolitici possono contrastare in pericolo di vita situazioni come l&#39;occlusione dei vasi sanguigni, causando un attacco di cuore, ictus o embolie a causa di coagulazione indesiderati. Funzionano degradazione dei coaguli attraverso taglio enzimatico di fibrina da plasmina e del plasminogeno attivatori enzimatici. Nonostante l&#39;ampio uso per il trattamento di pazienti, solo pochissime pubblicazioni esistono che le attività trombolitici utilizzate, c&#39;eper applicazioni di laboratorio per salvare campioni coagulati, soprattutto concentrandosi su linfociti. Nel 1987, Niku et al. descritto l&#39;uso di streptochinasi per dissolvere i coaguli di sangue con conseguente linfociti funzionali 13 e quattro anni dopo, De Vis et al. esteso l&#39;uso di streptochinasi per isolare cellule leucemiche dal sangue e del midollo osseo per le applicazioni di citometria a flusso 14. Una pubblicazione più recente suggerisce l&#39;uso di Alteplase per la diagnostica del cancro 15. Mentre si utilizza lo stesso approccio enzimatico, il nostro protocollo si concentra su l&#39;isolamento di cellule staminali mesenchimali multipotenti forma di midollo osseo per fornire uno strumento per i ricercatori nel campo delle cellule staminali.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="674">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">Basal Medium Components</td>
			<td style="width:227px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">PenStrep 100X</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">15140122</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">Human FGF-basic</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Peprotech</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">100-18B</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">MEM Alpha w/ Nucleoside, w/ stable Glutamine</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Amimed</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1-23S50-I</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:328px;">FBS Heat Inactivated</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Amimed</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">2-01F36-I</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">Amphotericin B</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Applichem</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A1907</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;"></td>
			<td style="width:227px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">Adipogenic Medium Components</td>
			<td style="width:227px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">DMEM-HAM F12 + GlutaMAX</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Amimed</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1-26F09-I</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">Insulin&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">I5500</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">Rabbit serum&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">16120099</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">Dexamethasone</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Applichem</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">D4902</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">3-Isobutyl-1-methylxanthine</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">I5879</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">Biotin&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">B4639</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">Rosiglitazone&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">R2408</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">Pantothenate&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">P5155</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">Oil Red-O&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">O0625</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;"></td>
			<td style="width:227px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">Osteogenic Medium Components</td>
			<td style="width:227px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">L-ascorbic acid 2-phosphate</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A8960</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">&#223;-glycerophosphate</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">G9422</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:328px;">Silver nitrate (AgNO3)</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">S6506</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;"></td>
			<td style="width:227px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">Chondrogenic Medium Components</td>
			<td style="width:227px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">Biopad - sponge shaped medical device&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Euroresearch</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">L-proline&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">P5607</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">Insulin-Transferrin-Selenium X</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">51500056</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">Human transforming growth factor-&#946;1&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Peprotech</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">100-21</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">Alcian Blue 8GX</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A3157</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">Nuclear fast red</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">N8002</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;"></td>
			<td style="width:227px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">Generic</td>
			<td style="width:227px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">Tri-Sodium citrate dihydrate</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Applichem</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A3901</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">PBS</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Applichem</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">964.9100</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">Urokinase</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Medac</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1976826</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">0.5% Trypsin-EDTA</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">15400054</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">Giemsa stain</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Applichem</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A0885</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Formaldehyde</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Applichem</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A0877</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Sulfuric acid (H2SO4)</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Applichem</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A0655</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Applichem</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A1584</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Magnesium chloride (MgCl2)</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Applichem</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A3618</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Guanidine hydrochloride</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Applichem</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A1499</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;"></td>
			<td style="width:227px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">Consumables</td>
			<td style="width:227px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">50 mL reaction tube</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Axygen</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SCT-50ML-25-S</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">10 mL syringe</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Braun</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">4606108V</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">Sterican needle (22G)</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Braun</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">4657624</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">1.7 mL Microtubes</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Brunschwig</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">MCT-175-C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">100 &#956;m cell strainer</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Falcon</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">6.05935</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">sterile forceps</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Bastos Viegas, SA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">489-001</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">sterile scalpel</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Braun</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">5518059</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">Primaria cell cuture dish</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Falcon</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">353803</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">C-Chip Neubauer Improved</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Bioswisstech</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">505050</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">cell culture flask - Flask T300</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">TPP</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">90301</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;"></td>
			<td style="width:227px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:227px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">Microbiological biosafety cabinet class II</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Skan</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">82011500</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">water bath</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Memmert</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1305.0377</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">Stripettes Serological Pipette 5ml</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Corning</td>
			<td>4487-200ea</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">microscope</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Olympus</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">CKX41</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">humidified incubator Heracells 240</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Thermo scientific</td>
			<td>51026331</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">Heraeus Multifuge 1S-R</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Thermo scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">75004331</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

an enzymatic method to rescue mesenchymal stem cells from clotted bone marrow samples

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) - usually obtained from bone marrow - often require expansion culture. Our protocol uses clinical grade urokinase to degrade clots in the bone marrow and release MSCs for further use. This protocol provides a rapid and inexpensive alternative to bone marrow resampling. Bone marrow is a major source of MSCs, which are interesting for tissue engineering and autologous stem cell therapies. Upon withdrawal bone marrow may clot, as it comprises all of the hematopoietic system. The resulting clots contain also MSCs that are lost for expansion culture or direct stem cell therapy. We experienced that 74% of canine bone marrow samples contained clots and yielded less than half of the stem cell number expected from unclotted samples. Thus, we developed a protocol for enzymatic digestion of those clots to avoid labor-intense and costly bone marrow resampling. Urokinase - a clinically approved and readily available thrombolytic drug &#8211; clears away the bone marrow clots almost completely. As a consequence, treated bone marrow aspirates yield similar numbers of MSCs as unclotted samples. Also, after urokinase treatment the cells kept their metabolic activity and the ability to differentiate into chondrogenic, osteogenic and adipogenic lineages. Our protocol salvages clotted blood and bone marrow samples without affecting the quality of the cells. This obsoletes resampling, considerably reduces sampling costs and enables the use of clotted samples for research or therapy.

I fatti che il 74% dei campioni di midollo osseo canino (n = 54) conteneva coaguli quando sono arrivati ​​nel nostro laboratorio (Figura 1A) insieme con diminuzione dei rendimenti MSC da questi campioni, ci ha fatto credere che un numero considerevole di MSC era intrappolato all&#39;interno dei coaguli . Infatti, un semplice DAPI-macchia di materiale coagulo sezionata conferma la presenza di cellule nucleate in alta densità (Figura 1B). Questo conduce infine a un basso numero di ce...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about An Enzymatic Method to Rescue Mesenchymal Stem Cells from Clotted Bone Marrow Samples at JoVE.com

An Enzymatic Method to Rescue Mesenchymal Stem Cells from Clotted Bone Marrow Samples

Mesenchymal stem cells are usually obtained from bone marrow and require expansion culture. When samples clot before processing, a protocol using the (enzymatic) thrombolytic drug urokinase can be applied to degrade the clot. Thus, cells are released and available for expansion culture. This protocol provides a rapid and inexpensive alternative to resampling.

Un metodo enzimatico per salvare cellule staminali mesenchimali da coagulata midollo osseo da analizzare

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) - usually obtained from bone marrow - often require expansion culture. Our protocol uses clinical grade urokinase to degrade ...

an-enzymatic-method-to-rescue-mesenchymal-stem-cells-from-clotted

Research

JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

9.1K Views.  Swiss Paraplegic Research. Mesenchymal stem cells are usually obtained from bone marrow and require expansion culture. When samples clot before processing, a protocol using the (enzymatic) thrombolytic drug urokinase can be applied to degrade the clot. Thus, cells are released and available for expansion culture. This protocol provides a rapid and inexpensive alternative to resampling.

Video: An Enzymatic Method to Rescue Mesenchymal Stem Cells from Clotted Bone Marrow Samples

Isolation of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells and their Cultivation on the Porous Bone Matrix

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have a differentiation potential towards osteoblastic lineage when they are stimulated with soluble factors or specific biomaterials. This work presents a novel option for the delivery of MSCs from human amniotic membrane (AM-hMSCs) that employs bovine bone matrix Nukbone (NKB) as a scaffold. Thus, the application of MSCs in repair and tissue regeneration processes depends principally on the efficient implementation of the techniques for placing these cells in a host tissue. For this reason, the design of biomaterials and cellular scaffolds has gained importance in recent years because the topographical characteristics of the selected scaffold must ensure adhesion, proliferation and differentiation into the desired cell lineage in the microenvironment of the injured tissue. This option for the delivery of MSCs from human amniotic membrane (AM-hMSCs) employs bovine bone matrix as a cellular scaffold and is an efficient culture technique because the cells respond to the topographic characteristics of the bovine bone matrix Nukbone (NKB), i.e., spreading on the surface, macroporous covering and colonizing the depth of the biomaterial, after the cell isolation process. We present the procedure for isolating and culturing MSCs on a bovine matrix.

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have a differentiation potential towards osteoblastic lineage when they are stimulated with soluble factors or specific biomaterials. This work presents a novel option for the delivery of MSCs from human amniotic membrane (AM-hMSCs) that employs the bovine bone matrix Nukbone (NKB) as a scaffold.

Isolamento di cellule staminali mesenchimali umane e la loro coltivazione in poroso Bone Matrix

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have a differentiation potential towards osteoblastic lineage when they are stimulated with soluble factors or specific ...

Ricerca

Biologia dello sviluppo

Epigenetic Conversion as a Safe and Simple Method to Obtain Insulin-secreting Cells from Adult Skin Fibroblasts

Regenerative medicine requires new, fully functional cells that are delivered to patients in order to repair degenerated or damaged tissues. When such cells are not readily available, they can be obtained using different approaches that include, among the many, reprogramming and trans-differentiation, with advantages and limitations that are specific of the different techniques. Here a new strategy for the conversion of an adult mature fibroblast into an insulin-secreting cell, arbitrarily designated as epigenetic converted cells (EpiCC), is described. The method has been developed, based on the increasing understanding of the mechanisms controlling epigenetic regulation of cell fate and differentiation. In particular, the first step uses an epigenetic modifier, namely 5-aza-cytidine, to drive adult cells into a "highly permissive" state. It then takes advantage of this brief and reversible window of epigenetic plasticity, to re-address cells toward a different lineage. The approach is designated "epigenetic cell conversion". It is a simple and robust way to obtain an efficient, controlled and stable cellular inter-lineage switch. Since the protocol does not involve the use of any gene transfection, it is free of viral vectors and does not involve a stable pluripotent state, it is highly promising for translational medicine applications.

Here, a new method that allows the conversion of adult skin fibroblasts into insulin-secreting cells is presented. This technique is based on epigenetic conversion, does not involve the use of retroviral vectors nor the acquisition of a stable pluripotent state. It is therefore highly promising for translational medicine applications.

La conversione epigenetico come un metodo semplice e sicuro per ottenere cellule che secernono insulina da adulti fibroblasti cutanei

Regenerative medicine requires new, fully functional cells that are delivered to patients in order to repair degenerated or damaged tissues. When such ...

Isolation and Expansion of Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells Derived from Human Placenta Tissue

Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSC) are promising candidates for use in cell-based therapies. In most cases, therapeutic response appears to be cell-dose dependent. Human term placenta is rich in MSC and is a physically large tissue that is generally discarded following birth. Placenta is an ideal starting material for the large-scale manufacture of multiple cell doses of allogeneic MSC. The placenta is a fetomaternal organ from which either fetal or maternal tissue can be isolated. This article describes the placental anatomy and procedure to dissect apart the decidua (maternal), chorionic villi (fetal), and chorionic plate (fetal) tissue. The protocol then outlines how to isolate MSC from each dissected tissue region, and provides representative analysis of expanded MSC derived from the respective tissue types. These methods are intended for pre-clinical MSC isolation, but have also been adapted for clinical manufacture of placental MSC for human therapeutic use.

Herein we describe methods for the dissection of fetal and maternal tissues from human term placenta, followed by isolation and expansion of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSC) from these tissues.

Isolamento e l&#39;espansione delle staminali mesenchimali stromali derivate / cellule da placenta umana Tissue

Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSC) are promising candidates for use in cell-based therapies. In most cases, therapeutic response appears to be cell-dose ...

Isolating Mesangiogenic Progenitor Cells (MPCs) from Human Bone Marrow

In a research study aimed to isolate human bone marrow (hBM)-derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells (MSCs) for clinical applications, we identified a novel cell population specifically selected for growth in human serum supplemented medium. These cells are characterized by morphological, phenotypic, and molecular features distinct from MSCs and we named them Mesodermal Progenitor Cells (MPCs). MPCs are round, with a thick highly refringent core region; they show strong, trypsin resistant adherence to plastic. Failure to expand MPCs directly revealed that they are slow in cycling. This is as also suggested by Ki-67 negativity. On the other hand, culturing MPCs in standard medium designed for MSC expansion, gave rise to a population of exponentially growing MSC-like cells. Besides showing mesenchymal differentiation capacity MPCs retained angiogenic potential, confirming their multiple lineage progenitor nature. Here we describe an optimized highly reproducible protocol to isolate and characterize hBM-MPCs by flow cytometry (CD73, CD90, CD31, and CD45), nestin expression, and F-actin organization. Protocols for mesengenic and angiogenic differentiation of MPCs are also provided. Here we also suggest a more appropriate nomenclature for these cells, which has been re-named as "Mesangiogenic Progenitor Cells".

Isolating Mesangiogenic Progenitor Cells MPCs from Human Bone Marrow

Here we describe an optimized, highly reproducible protocol to isolate Mesodermal Progenitor Cells (MPCs) from human bone marrow (hBM). MPCs were characterized by flow cytometry and nestin expression. They showed the ability to give rise to exponentially growing MSC-like cell cultures while retaining their angiogenic potential.

Isolare le cellule progenitrici Mesangiogenic (PPM) da midollo osseo umano

In a research study aimed to isolate human bone marrow (hBM)-derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells (MSCs) for clinical applications, we identified a novel ...

Temporal Ordering of Dynamic Expression Data from Detailed Spatial Expression Maps

During somitogenesis, pairs of epithelial somites form in a progressive manner, budding off from the anterior end of the pre-somitic mesoderm (PSM) with a strict species-specific periodicity. The periodicity of the process is regulated by a molecular oscillator, known as the "segmentation clock," acting in the PSM cells. This clock drives the oscillatory patterns of gene expression across the PSM in a posterior-anterior direction. These so-called clock genes are key components of three signaling pathways: Wnt, Notch, and fibroblast growth factor (FGF). In addition, Notch signaling is essential for synchronizing intracellular oscillations in neighboring cells. We recently gained insight into how this may be mechanistically regulated. Upon ligand activation, the Notch receptor is cleaved, releasing the intracellular domain (NICD), which moves to the nucleus and regulates gene expression. NICD is highly labile, and its phosphorylation-dependent turnover acts to restrict Notch signaling. The profile of NICD production (and degradation) in the PSM is known to be oscillatory and to resemble that of a clock gene. We recently reported that both the Notch receptor and the Delta ligand, which mediate intercellular coupling, themselves exhibit dynamic expression at both the mRNA and protein levels. In this article, we describe the sensitive detection methods and detailed image analysis tools that we used, in combination with the computational modeling that we designed, to extract and overlay expression data from distinct points in the expression cycle. This allowed us to construct a spatio-temporal picture of the dynamic expression profile for the receptor, the ligand, and the Notch target clock genes throughout an oscillation cycle. Here, we describe the protocols used to generate and culture the PSM explants, as well as the procedure to stain for the mRNA or protein. We also explain how the confocal images were subsequently analyzed and temporally ordered computationally to generate ordered sequences of clock expression snapshots, hereafter defined as "kymographs," for the visualization of the spatiotemporal expression of Delta-like1 (Dll1) and Notch1 throughout the PSM.

The segmentation clock drives oscillatory gene expression across the pre-somitic mesoderm (PSM). Dynamic Notch activity is key to this process. We use imaging and computational analyses to extract temporal dynamics from spatial expression data to demonstrate that Delta ligand and Notch receptor expression oscillate in the vertebrate PSM.

Temporale ordinazione di espressione Dynamic Data di espressione spaziale dettagliata Mappe

During somitogenesis, pairs of epithelial somites form in a progressive manner, budding off from the anterior end of the pre-somitic mesoderm (PSM) with a ...

Isolation and Characterization of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells from Human Umbilical Cord and Fetal Placenta

The human umbilical cord (UC) and placenta are non-invasive, primitive and abundant sources of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) that have increasingly gained attention because they do not pose any ethical or moral concerns. Current methods to isolate MSCs from UC yield low amounts of cells with variable proliferation potentials. Since UC is an anatomically-complex organ, differences in MSC properties may be due to the differences in the anatomical regions of their isolation. In this study, we first dissected the cord/placenta samples into three discrete anatomical regions: UC, cord-placenta junction (CPJ), and fetal placenta (FP). Second, two distinct zones, cord lining (CL) and Wharton&#39;s jelly (WJ), were separated. The explant culture technique was then used to isolate cells from the four sources. The time required for the primary culture of cells from the explants varied depending on the source of the tissue. Outgrowth of the cells occurred within 3 - 4 days of the CPJ explants, whereas growth was observed after 7 - 10 days and 11 - 14 days from CL/WJ and FP explants, respectively. The isolated cells were adherent to plastic and displayed fibroblastoid morphology and surface markers, such as CD29, CD44, CD73, CD90, and CD105, similarly to bone marrow (BM)-derived MSCs. However, the colony-forming efficiency of the cells varied, with CPJ-MSCs and WJ-MSCs showing higher efficiency than BM-MSCs. MSCs from all four sources differentiated into adipogenic, chondrogenic, and osteogenic lineages, indicating that they were multipotent. CPJ-MSCs differentiated more efficiently in comparison to other MSC sources. These results suggest that the CPJ is the most potent anatomical region and yields a higher number of cells, with greater proliferation and self-renewal capacities in vitro. In conclusion, the comparative analysis of the MSCs from the four sources indicated that CPJ is a more promising source of MSCs for cell therapy, regenerative medicine, and tissue engineering.

Here, we present a protocol for the dissection of human umbilical cord (UC) and fetal placenta sample into cord lining (CL), Wharton&#39;s jelly (WJ), cord-placenta junction (CPJ), and fetal placenta (FP) for the isolation and characterization of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) using the explant culture technique.

Isolamento e caratterizzazione di cellule mesenchimali stromali dal Cordone ombelicale e placenta fetale

The human umbilical cord (UC) and placenta are non-invasive, primitive and abundant sources of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) that have increasingly ...

Preparation of Plasma Membrane Vesicles from Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Potential Cytoplasm Replacement Therapy

We have previously reported on the generation of plasma membrane vesicles (PMVs) through the mechanical extrusion of mammalian cells. The fusion of PMVs with mitochondrial deficient Rho0 cells restored mitotic activity under normal culture conditions. Atherosclerosis, type 2 diabetes, Alzheimer&#39;s disease, and cancer are age-related diseases that have been reported to be associated with multiple mechanical and functional defects in the cytosol and organelles of a variety of cell types. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) represent a unique cell population from the bone marrow that possess self-renewal capabilities while maintaining their multipotency. The supplementation of senescence cells with young cytoplasm from autologous BMSCs via the fusion of PMVs provides a promising approach to ameliorate or even reverse age-associated phenotypes. This protocol describes how to prepare PMVs from BMSCs via extrusion through a polycarbonate membrane with 3 &#181;m pores, determine the existence of mitochondria and examine the maintenance of membrane potential within PMVs using a confocal microscope, concentrate PMVs by centrifugation, and carry out the in vivo injection of PMVs into the gastrocnemius muscle of mice.

Age-related diseases are associated with multiple defects in components of the cytoplasm. Here, we present a protocol to prepare plasma membrane vesicles from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. This technique could potentially be used as a means of cytoplasm replacement therapy to ameliorate or even reverse age-associated phenotypes.

Preparazione di vescicole a membrana plasmatica da cellule staminali mesenchimali del midollo osseo per potenziali terapie di sostituzione del citoplasma

We have previously reported on the generation of plasma membrane vesicles (PMVs) through the mechanical extrusion of mammalian cells. The fusion of PMVs ...

Bioengineering of Humanized Bone Marrow Microenvironments in Mouse and Their Visualization by Live Imaging

Human hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) reside in the bone marrow (BM) niche, an intricate, multifactorial network of components producing cytokines, growth factors, and extracellular matrix. The ability of HSCs to remain quiescent, self-renew or differentiate, and acquire mutations and become malignant depends upon the complex interactions they establish with different stromal components. To observe the crosstalk between human HSCs and the human BM niche in physiological and pathological conditions, we designed a protocol to ectopically model and image a humanized BM niche in immunodeficient mice. We show that the use of different cellular components allows for the formation of humanized structures and the opportunity to sustain long-term human hematopoietic engraftment. Using two-photon microscopy, we can live-image these structures in situ at the single-cell resolution, providing a powerful new tool for the functional characterization of the human BM microenvironment and its role in regulating normal and malignant hematopoiesis.

A method to create and live-image different humanized bone-marrow niches in mice is presented. Based on the supportive niche created by human mesenchymal cells, the addition of human endothelial cells induces the formation of human vessels, while the addition of rhBMP-2 induces the formation of human-mouse chimeric mature bone tissue.

Bioingegneria dei microrganismi del midollo osseo umano nel mouse e la loro visualizzazione mediante imaging live

Human hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) reside in the bone marrow (BM) niche, an intricate, multifactorial network of components producing cytokines, growth ...

Isolation, Culture, and Differentiation of Bone Marrow Stromal Cells and Osteoclast Progenitors from Mice

Bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) constitute a cell population routinely used as a representation of mesenchymal stem cells in vitro. They reside within the bone marrow cavity alongside hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), which can give rise to red blood cells, immune progenitors, and osteoclasts. Thus, extractions of cell populations from the bone marrow results in a very heterogeneous mix of various cell populations, which can present challenges in experimental design and confound data interpretation. Several isolation and culture techniques have been developed in laboratories in order to obtain more or less homogeneous populations of BMSCs and HSCs invitro. Here, we present two methods for isolation of BMSCs and HSCs from mouse long bones: one method that yields a mixed population of BMSCs and HSCs and one method that attempts to separate the two cell populations based on adherence. Both methods provide cells suitable for osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation experiments as well as functional assays.

In this article, we present methods to isolate and differentiate bone marrow stromal cells and hematopoietic stem cells from mouse long bones. Two different protocols are presented yielding different cell populations suitable for expansion and differentiation into osteoblasts, adipocytes, and osteoclasts.

Isolamento, la cultura e la differenziazione delle cellule stromali del midollo osseo e dei progenitori degli osteoclasti dai topi

Bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) constitute a cell population routinely used as a representation of mesenchymal stem cells in vitro. They reside within ...

Isolation and Characterization of Cardiac Mesenchymal Stromal Cells from Endomyocardial Bioptic Samples of Arrhythmogenic Cardiomyopathy Patients

A normal adult heart is composed of several different cell types, among which cardiac mesenchymal stromal cells represent an abundant population. The isolation of these cells offers the possibility of studying their involvement in cardiac diseases, and, in addition, provides a useful primary cell model to investigate biological mechanisms.
Here, the method for the isolation of C-MSC from arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy patients&#39; bioptic samples is described. The endomyocardial biopsy sampling is guided in the right ventricular areas adjacent to the scar visualized by electro-anatomical mapping. The digestion of the biopsies in collagenase and their plating on a plastic dish in culture medium to allow C-MSC growth is described. The isolated cells can be expanded in culture for several passages. To confirm their mesenchymal phenotype, the description of immuno-phenotypical characterization is provided. C-MSC are able to differentiate into several cell types like adipocytes, chondrocytes, and osteoblasts: in the context of ACM, characterized by adipocyte deposits in patients&#39; hearts, the protocols for the adipogenic differentiation of C-MSC and the characterization of lipid droplet accumulation are described.

In this article, a method to isolate cardiac mesenchymal stromal cells from endomyocardial bioptic samples of arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy patients is provided. Their characterization and the protocol to boost their adipogenic differentiation are described.

Isolamento e caratterizzazione di cellule Stromal Mesenchymal cardiache da Endomyocardial campioni bioptici di pazienti cardiomiopatia aritmogena

A normal adult heart is composed of several different cell types, among which cardiac mesenchymal stromal cells represent an abundant population. The ...