The authors thank W. Sun and K. Jansen for the critical discussions, and acknowledge support by the Nano Biomechanics Lab at the National University of Singapore. N.A.K. acknowledges support by a Marie Curie IIF Fellowship.

1. Cell Harvesting
<ol>
	<li>Obtain MD-MBA-231 cells from the 37 &#176;C, 5% CO2 incubator. Detach cells from tissue culture plate using 0.5% Trypsin-EDTA solution. Use 1 ml of Trypsin-EDTA solution for cell cultured in a T25 flask.</li>
	<li>Pellet cells in a 15 ml conical tube by centrifugation at 200 &#215; g for 4 min, aspirate the supernatant, and resuspend cells in 5 ml of culture media.</li>
	<li>Count cell density, &#961;, using a hemocytometer. 
	Note: To prepare the cell-seeded inner ...

<ol>
	<li>Horwitz, R., Webb, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cell+migration.">Cell migration.</a> Curr Biol. 13 (19), R756-R759 (2003).</li><li>Liang, C. C., Park, A. Y., Guan, J. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vitro+scratch+assay:+a+convenient+and+inexpensive+method+for+analysis+of+cell+migration+in+vitro.">In vitro scratch assay: a convenient and inexpensive method for analysis of cell migration in vitro.</a> Nat. Protoc. 2 (2), 329-333 (2007).</li><li>Provenzano, P. P., Eliceiri, K. W., Inman, D. R., Keely, P. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Engineering+three-dimensional+collagen+matrices+to+provide+contact+guidance+during+3D+cell+migration.">Engineering three-dimensional collagen matrices to provide contact guidance during 3D cell migration.</a> Curr. Prot. Cell Biol. 10, 10-17 (2010).</li><li>Friedl, P., Sahai, E., Weiss, S., Yamada, K. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=New+dimensions+in+cell+migration.">New dimensions in cell migration.</a> Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 13 (11), 743-747 (2012).</li><li>Grinnell, F., Petroll, W. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cell+motility+and+mechanics+in+three-dimensional+collagen+matrices.">Cell motility and mechanics in three-dimensional collagen matrices.</a> Annu. Rev. Cell. Dev. Biol. 26, 335-361 (2010).</li><li>Wirtz, D., Konstantopoulos, K., Searson, P. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+physics+of+cancer:+the+role+of+physical+interactions+and+mechanical+forces+in+metastasis.">The physics of cancer: the role of physical interactions and mechanical forces in metastasis.</a> Nat. Rev. Cancer. 11 (7), 512-522 (2011).</li><li>Sun, W., Kurniawan, N. A., Kumar, A. P., Rajagopalan, R., Lim, C. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+migrating+cell-induced+matrix+reorganization+on+3D+cancer+cell+migration.">Effects of migrating cell-induced matrix reorganization on 3D cancer cell migration.</a> Cell. Mol. Bioeng. 7 (2), 205-217 (2014).</li><li>Achilli, M., Mantovani, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tailoring+mechanical+properties+of+collagen-based+scaffolds+for+vascular+tissue+engineering:+the+effects+of+pH,+temperature+and+ionic+strength+on+gelation.">Tailoring mechanical properties of collagen-based scaffolds for vascular tissue engineering: the effects of pH, temperature and ionic strength on gelation.</a> Polymers. 2 (4), 664-680 (2010).</li><li>Kurniawan, N. A., Wong, L. H., Rajagopalan, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Early+stiffening+and+softening+of+collagen:+interplay+of+deformation+mechanisms+in+biopolymer+networks.">Early stiffening and softening of collagen: interplay of deformation mechanisms in biopolymer networks.</a> Biomacromolecules. 13 (3), 691-698 (2012).</li><li>Sun, W., Lim, C. T., Kurniawan, N. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanistic+adaptability+of+cancer+cells+strongly+affects+anti-migratory+drug+efficacy.">Mechanistic adaptability of cancer cells strongly affects anti-migratory drug efficacy.</a> J. R. Soc. Interface. 11 (99), 20140638 (2014).</li><li>Guzman, A., Ziperstein, M. J., Kaufman, L. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+effect+of+fibrillar+matrix+architecture+on+tumor+cell+invasion+of+physically+challenging+environments.">The effect of fibrillar matrix architecture on tumor cell invasion of physically challenging environments.</a> Biomaterials. 35 (25), 6954-6963 (2014).</li><li>Wolf, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Physical+limits+of+cell+migration:+control+by+ECM+space+and+nuclear+deformation+and+tuning+by+proteolysis+and+traction+force.">Physical limits of cell migration: control by ECM space and nuclear deformation and tuning by proteolysis and traction force.</a> J. Cell Biol. 201 (7), 1069-1084 (2013).</li><li>Friedl, P., Gilmour, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Collective+cell+migration+in+morphogenesis,+regeneration+and+cancer.">Collective cell migration in morphogenesis, regeneration and cancer.</a> Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 10 (7), 445-457 (2009).</li><li>Vedula, S. R. K., Ravasio, A., Lim, C. T., Ladoux, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Collective+cell+migration:+a+mechanistic+perspective.">Collective cell migration: a mechanistic perspective.</a> Physiology. 28 (6), 370-379 (2013).</li><li>Petrie, R. J., Doyle, A. D., Yamada, K. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Random+versus+directionally+persistent+cell+migration.">Random versus directionally persistent cell migration.</a> Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 10 (8), 538-549 (2009).</li><li>Miron-Mendoza, M., Seemann, J., Grinnell, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+differential+regulation+of+cell+motile+activity+through+matrix+stiffness+and+porosity+in+three+dimensional+collagen+matrices.">The differential regulation of cell motile activity through matrix stiffness and porosity in three dimensional collagen matrices.</a> Biomaterials. 31 (25), 6425-6435 (2010).</li><li>Mouw, J. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tissue+mechanics+modulate+microRNA-dependent+PTEN+expression+to+regulate+malignant+progression.">Tissue mechanics modulate microRNA-dependent PTEN expression to regulate malignant progression.</a> Nat. Med. 20 (4), 360-367 (2014).</li><li>Wolf, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Collagen-based+cell+migration+models+in+vitro+and+in+vivo.">Collagen-based cell migration models in vitro and in vivo.</a> Semin. Cell Dev. Biol. 20 (8), 931-941 (2009).</li><li>Wong, L. H., Kurniawan, N. A., Too, H. -. P., Rajagopalan, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spatially+resolved+microrheology+of+heterogeneous+biopolymer+hydrogels+using+covalently+bound+microspheres.">Spatially resolved microrheology of heterogeneous biopolymer hydrogels using covalently bound microspheres.</a> Biomech. Model. Mechanobiol. 13 (4), 839-849 (2014).</li><li>Gupton, S. L., Waterman-Storer, C. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spatiotemporal+feedback+between+actomyosin+and+focal-adhesion+systems+optimizes+rapid+cell+migration.">Spatiotemporal feedback between actomyosin and focal-adhesion systems optimizes rapid cell migration.</a> Cell. 125 (7), 1361-1374 (2006).</li><li>Provenzano, P. P., Inman, D. R., Eliceiri, K. W., Trier, S. M., Keely, P. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Contact+guidance+mediated+three-dimensional+cell+migration+is+regulated+by+Rho/ROCK-dependent+matrix+reorganization.">Contact guidance mediated three-dimensional cell migration is regulated by Rho/ROCK-dependent matrix reorganization.</a> Biophys. J. 95 (11), 5374-5384 (2008).</li><li>Wolf, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multi-step+pericellular+proteolysis+controls+the+transition+from+individual+to+collective+cancer+cell+invasion.">Multi-step pericellular proteolysis controls the transition from individual to collective cancer cell invasion.</a> Nat. Cell Biol. 9 (8), 893-904 (2007).</li><li>Jansen, K. A., Bacabac, R. G., Piechocka, I. K., Koenderink, G. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cells+actively+stiffen+fibrin+networks+by+generating+contractile+stress.">Cells actively stiffen fibrin networks by generating contractile stress.</a> Biophys. J. 105 (10), 2240-2251 (2013).</li></ol>

In this protocol we describe an in vitro assay to study the 3D migrational behavior of cells in matrix environments that topologically resemble ECMs encountered in vivo. There are three main strengths of this assay as compared to other currently available methods. First, this assay allows one to simultaneously examine the cell migration mechanisms at both population level and individual cell level. This opens up possibilities of studying collective cell migration13, which has to date been lar...

Migration of cells plays a key role in various physiological responses such as embryonic development, haemostasis, and immune response as well as in pathological processes such as vascular diseases, inflammation, and cancer1. Dissecting the biochemical and biophysical factors underlying cell migration is therefore fundamentally important not only to understand the basic principles of cellular functions, but also to advance various biomedical applications, such as in tissue engineering, anti-metastasis and anti-inflammatory drug development. Since in vivo observation is technically challenging, a lot of efforts has been focused on in vitro recapitulation of cell migration.
In vitro methods to study cell migration have largely been designed for assays on two dimensional (2D) surfaces, most notably the scratch or wound healing assay2. Such assays offer simple experimental setup, easy live-cell imaging, and provide useful insights into various biochemical mechanisms underlying cell migration. However, these assays do not account for extracellular matrix (ECM) architecture and remodeling, which are critical aspects in understanding in vivo migration. Recently, it has been increasingly appreciated that a 3D culture model, often in collagen-based matrices3, provides a platform that better resembles the in vivo situation. Indeed, cells exhibit migrational dynamics that are distinct from those on 2D surfaces, especially due to the different dimensionality of the environment4. Moreover, the biophysical and mechanical properties of the matrix sensitively affect cell migration5, including in the context of tumor cell invasion6.
Here, we present a method to study 3D cell migration behavior in ECM with biophysical properties that can be easily varied with preparation conditions. The cells are seeded in an &#8220;inner gel&#8221; and are allowed to escape into and invade the initially acellular &#8220;outer gel&#8221;. The method relies on the cell&#8217;s ability to recognize the presence of, and propensity to migrate into, cell-free regions in the outer gel, which is closely linked to cell mechanosensing7. In this study, we employ collagen networks as the ECMs invaded by highly invasive breast cancer cells, MD-MBA-231. The mechanical properties and microstructure of both the inner and outer gels can be tuned8 and characterized9 to achieve physiologically relevant conditions. Reconstruction and analysis of the cell tracks allow detailed quantitative examination of the spatiotemporal migration behavior at both population level and individual cell level. Importantly, the setup of the concentric gel system mimics the in vivo tissue topology faced by migrating cells, especially invading cancer cells, thus offering important insights into the physical mechanisms of cell migration and metastasis.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell culture incubator</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific Pte Ltd</td>
			<td>Model: 371, S/No 318854-6055</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Confocal microscope</td>
			<td>Nikon A1R</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Inverted confocal laser scanning microscope equipped with incubator chamber</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dulbecco&#39;s Modified Eagle&#39;s Medium (DMEM)</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>11965-092</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS)</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>10082-147</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fluorescent CellTracker dye CMTMR</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>C2927</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass-bottom dish</td>
			<td>IWAKI Cell Biology</td>
			<td>3931-035</td>
			<td>35 mm diameter dish with 12 mm diameter glass-bottom well</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hemocytometer</td>
			<td>iN CYTO</td>
			<td>DHC-N01 (Neubauer Improved)</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microprocessor pH meter</td>
			<td>Hanna Instruments</td>
			<td>pH 211</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nutragen Collagen</td>
			<td>Advanced BioMatrix</td>
			<td>#5010-D</td>
			<td>Acid-solubilized bovine collagen type I (stock pH ~ 2)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Objective lens</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>CFI Super Plan Fluor ELWD ADM 20XC, W.D. 8.2-6.9mm, NA 0.45.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin-Streptomycin</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>15140-122</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pH meter</td>
			<td>Sartorius</td>
			<td>S/No 29153352</td>
			<td>Basic pH Meter PB-11</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypsin-EDTA</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>15400-054</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

concentric gel system to study the biophysical role of matrix microenvironment on 3d cell migration

The ability of cells to migrate is crucial in a wide variety of cell functions throughout life&#160;from embryonic development and wound healing&#160;to tumor and cancer metastasis. Despite intense research efforts, the basic biochemical and biophysical principles of cell migration are still not fully understood, especially in the physiologically relevant three-dimensional (3D) microenvironments. Here, we describe an in vitro assay designed to allow quantitative examination of 3D cell migration behaviors. The method exploits the cell&#8217;s mechanosensing ability and propensity to migrate into previously unoccupied extracellular matrix (ECM). We use the invasion of highly invasive breast cancer cells, MDA-MB-231, in collagen gels as a model system. The spread of cell population and the migration dynamics of individual cells over weeks of culture can be monitored using live-cell imaging and analyzed to extract spatiotemporally-resolved data. Furthermore, the method is easily adaptable for diverse extracellular matrices, thus offering a simple yet powerful way to investigate the role of biophysical factors in the microenvironment on cell migration.

The concentric gel assay presented here was performed using highly invasive breast cancer cells, MDA-MB-231, with 2.4 mg/ml inner collagen gel and a cell seeding density of = 2 &#215; 106 cells/ml, as an example. As shown in Figure 2, typically after a few days of culture, the cells breached the inner&#8211;outer gel interface and started to invade the outer gel. The cell population spread predominantly radially outwards.
The polymerization conditions of the outer g...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Concentric Gel System to Study the Biophysical Role of Matrix Microenvironment on 3D Cell Migration at JoVE.com

Concentric Gel System to Study the Biophysical Role of Matrix Microenvironment on 3D Cell Migration

The mechanical properties and microstructure of the extracellular matrix strongly affect 3D migration of cells. An in vitro method to study the spatiotemporal cell migration behavior in biophysically variable environments, at both population and individual cell levels, is described.

The ability of cells to migrate is crucial in a wide variety of cell functions throughout life&#160;from embryonic development and wound healing&#160;to ...

concentric-gel-system-to-study-biophysical-role-matrix

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JoVE Journal

Bioengineering

8.4K ビュー.  FOM Institute AMOLF. 機械的性質と細胞外マトリックスの微細構造は強く、細胞の3D移行に影響。 インビトロ方法は、集団及び個々の細胞レベルの両方での生物物理学的に可変環境における時空間細胞移動の挙動を研究するために、記載されている。 

ビデオ: Concentric Gel System to Study the Biophysical Role of Matrix Microenvironment on 3D Cell Migration

The mechanical properties and microstructure of the extracellular matrix strongly affect 3D migration of cells. An in vitro method to study the spatiotemporal cell migration behavior in biophysically variable environments, at both population and individual cell levels, is...

in vitro investigation of the effects of the hyaluronan-rich extracellular matrix on neural crest cell migration

In Vitro Investigation of the Effects of the Hyaluronan-Rich Extracellular Matrix on Neural Crest Cell Migration

This protocol outlines an in vitro migration experiment suitable for the functional analysis of the molecules involved in the in vivo migration of neural crest cells into the hyaluronan-rich extracellular...

In Vitro Investigation of the Effects of the Hyaluronan-Rich Extracellular Matrix on Neural Crest Cell Migration

3d culture basement membrane assay: culturing cancer cells on 3d basement membrane protein matrix to study cell invasion

This video provides a detailed methodology to grow breast cancer cells in a 3D basement membrane protein matrix, exemplifying the potential of 3D culture in the assessment of cell invasion into the surrounding...

3D Culture Basement Membrane Assay: Culturing Cancer Cells on 3D Basement Membrane Protein Matrix to Study Cell Invasion

fibroblast-derived 3d matrix system applicable to endothelial tube formation assay

Fibroblast-Derived 3D Matrix System Applicable to Endothelial Tube Formation Assay

The aim of this method is to obtain fibroblast-derived 3D matrices as a natural scaffold for subsequent cellular assays. Fibroblasts are seeded in a pre-treated culture plate and stimulated with ascorbic acid for matrix generation. Matrices are decellularized and blocked to culture relevant cells (e.g., endothelial...

planar gradient diffusion system to investigate chemotaxis in a 3d collagen matrix

Planar Gradient Diffusion System to Investigate Chemotaxis in a 3D Collagen Matrix

Cell migration is an important part of human development and life. In order to understand the mechanisms that can alter cell migration, we present a planar gradient diffusion system to investigate chemotaxis in a 3D collagen matrix, which allows one to overcome modern diffusion chamber limitations of existing...

implantation of fibrin gel on mouse lung to study lung-specific angiogenesis

Implantation of Fibrin Gel on Mouse Lung to Study Lung-specific Angiogenesis

Recapitulation of the organ-specific microenvironment, which stimulates local angiogenesis, is indispensable for successful regeneration of damaged tissues. This report demonstrates a novel method to implant fibrin gels on the lung surface of living mouse in order to explore how the lung-specific microenvironment modulates angiogenesis and alveolar regeneration in adult mouse.

analysis of cell migration within a three-dimensional collagen matrix

Analysis of Cell Migration within a Three-dimensional Collagen Matrix

Cell migration is a biological phenomenon that is involved in a plethora of physiological, such as wound healing and immune responses, and pathophysiological processes, like cancer. The 3D-collagen matrix migration assay is a versatile tool to analyze the migratory properties of different cell types within in a 3D physiological-like...

study of cell migration in microfabricated channels

Study of Cell Migration in Microfabricated Channels

A quantitative method to study spontaneous migration of cells in a one-dimensional confined microenvironment is described. This method takes advantage of microfabricated channels and can be used to study migration of large number of cells under different conditions in single...

modified in vivo matrix gel plug assay for angiogenesis studies

Author Spotlight: Investigating Angiogenesis and Vessel Permeability Through a Modified Matrix Gel Plug Assay

The method presented here can evaluate the effect of reagents on angiogenesis or vascular permeability in vivo without staining. The method uses dextran-FITC injection via the tail vein to visualize neo-vessels or vascular...

Simplifying Angiogenesis Studies with a Modified Matrix Gel Plug Assay

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in vivo study of human endothelial-pericyte interaction using the matrix gel plug assay in mouse

In Vivo Study of Human Endothelial-Pericyte Interaction Using the Matrix Gel Plug Assay in Mouse

We present a protocol to study human endothelial-pericyte interactions in mouse using a variation of the matrix gel plug angiogenesis...

In Vivo Study of Human Endothelial-Pericyte Interaction Using the Matrix Gel Plug Assay in Mouse

light-induced molecular adsorption of proteins using the primo system for micro-patterning to study cell responses to extracellular matrix proteins

Light-Induced Molecular Adsorption of Proteins Using the PRIMO System for Micro-Patterning to Study Cell Responses to Extracellular Matrix Proteins

Our overall aim is to understand how cells sense extracellular cues that lead to directed axonal growth. Here, we describe the methodology of Light-Induced Molecular Adsorption of Proteins, used to produce defined micro-patterns of extracellular matrix components in order to study specific events that govern axon outgrowth and...

conditional knockdown of gene expression in cancer cell lines to study the recruitment of monocytes/macrophages to the tumor microenvironment

Conditional Knockdown of Gene Expression in Cancer Cell Lines to Study the Recruitment of Monocytes/Macrophages to the Tumor Microenvironment

This protocol serves as a scheme for setting up a functional Tet-ON system in cancer cell lines and its subsequent use, in particular for studying the role of tumor cell-derived proteins in recruitment of monocytes/macrophages to the tumor microenvironment.

live-cell imaging assays to study glioblastoma brain tumor stem cell migration and invasion

Live-Cell Imaging Assays to Study Glioblastoma Brain Tumor Stem Cell Migration and Invasion

Here, we describe live-cell imaging techniques to quantitatively measure the migration and invasion of glioblastoma brain tumor stem cells over time and under multiple treatment...

an assay to study the impact of extracellular matrix stiffness on bacterial infection

This video demonstrates an assay to study the effect of extracellular matrix (ECM) stiffness on bacterial infection of adherent cells. Polyacrylamide hydrogels of varying stiffness, overlaid with collagen, are layered in a multi-well plate to mimic the stiffness of physiological ECM. Upon overlaying human endothelial cells on the hydrogels and infecting the cells with Listeria monocytogenes bacteria engineered to express a fluorescent protein once intracellular, flow cytometry is used to...

An Assay to Study the Impact of Extracellular Matrix Stiffness on Bacterial Infection

matrix gel mixture injection into mouse for matrix gel plug assay

Matrix Gel Mixture Injection into Mouse for Matrix Gel Plug Assay

competitive homing assays to study gut-tropic t cell migration

Competitive Homing Assays to Study Gut-tropic T Cell Migration

Competitive homing experiments allow to directly assessing the migratory properties of two different cell populations in a single mouse. Here we illustrate this procedure by comparing the migration of ex vivo-generated gut-tropic versus non-gut tropic T...

a computational modeling approach to investigate the influence of hyperthermia on the tumor microenvironment

Author Spotlight: Computing the Effects of a Local Radiofrequency Hyperthermia Intervention on Tumor Biomechanics

The article describes a protocol to simulate the transient temperature profiles and the coupled spatiotemporal variation of the interstitial fluid pressure following the heating delivered by a dipolar radiofrequency hyperthermia system. The protocol can be used to assess the response of biophysical parameters characterizing the tumor microenvironment to interventional hyperthermia techniques.

A Computational Modeling Approach to Investigate the Influence of Hyperthermia on the Tumor Microenvironment

Prepare the infection mix by combining 10 or 50 microliters of the bacterial suspension with 1 milliliter of MCDB-131 full medium for a multiplicity of infection, or MOI, of approximately 50 bacteria per host cell or 10 bacteria per host cell. Remove the medium from the wells of the 24-well plates, taking care not to disrupt the hydrogels or the cells. Use 1 milliliter of MCDB-131 full medium to wash the cells once, then, add 1 milliliter of the bacteria to each...

co-culture of glioblastoma stem-like cells on patterned neurons to study migration and cellular interactions

Co-culture of Glioblastoma Stem-like Cells on Patterned Neurons to Study Migration and Cellular Interactions

Here, we present an easy-to-use co-culture assay to analyze glioblastoma (GBM) migration on patterned neurons. We developed a macro in FiJi software for easy quantification of GBM cell migration on neurons, and observed that neurons modify GBM cell invasive capacity.

prostate organoid assay: a matrix gel ring-based ex vivo culture technique to study the differentiation capacity of prostate epithelial cells

In this video, we demonstrate the culturing of isolated mouse prostate epithelial cells using a matrix gel-ring based culture technique. This approach can provide complementary information about the differentiation capacity of prostate epithelial cells to form 3D glandular structures in response to genetic or pharmacological...

Prostate Organoid Assay: A Matrix Gel Ring-based Ex Vivo Culture Technique to Study the Differentiation Capacity of Prostate Epithelial Cells

Design of a Cyclic Pressure Bioreactor for the Ex Vivo Study of Aortic Heart Valves

The aortic valve, located between the left ventricle and the aorta, allows for unidirectional blood flow, preventing backflow into the ventricle. Aortic valve leaflets are composed of interstitial cells suspended within an extracellular matrix (ECM) and are lined with an endothelial cell monolayer. The valve withstands a harsh, dynamic environment and is constantly exposed to shear, flexion, tension, and compression. Research has shown calcific lesions in diseased valves occur in areas of high mechanical stress as a result of endothelial disruption or interstitial matrix damage1-3. Hence, it is not surprising that epidemiological studies have shown high blood pressure to be a leading risk factor in the onset of aortic valve disease4. 
The only treatment option currently available for valve disease is surgical replacement of the diseased valve with a bioprosthetic or mechanical valve5. Improved understanding of valve biology in response to physical stresses would help elucidate the mechanisms of valve pathogenesis. In turn, this could help in the development of non-invasive therapies such as pharmaceutical intervention or prevention. Several bioreactors have been previously developed to study the mechanobiology of native or engineered heart valves6-9. Pulsatile bioreactors have also been developed to study a range of tissues including cartilage10, bone11 and bladder12. The aim of this work was to develop a cyclic pressure system that could be used to elucidate the biological response of aortic valve leaflets to increased pressure loads. 
The system consisted of an acrylic chamber in which to place samples and produce cyclic pressure, viton diaphragm solenoid valves to control the timing of the pressure cycle, and a computer to control electrical devices. The pressure was monitored using a pressure transducer, and the signal was conditioned using a load cell conditioner. A LabVIEW program regulated the pressure using an analog device to pump compressed air into the system at the appropriate rate. The system mimicked the dynamic transvalvular pressure levels associated with the aortic valve; a saw tooth wave produced a gradual increase in pressure, typical of the transvalvular pressure gradient that is present across the valve during diastole, followed by a sharp pressure drop depicting valve opening in systole. The LabVIEW program allowed users to control the magnitude and frequency of cyclic pressure. The system was able to subject tissue samples to physiological and pathological pressure conditions. This device can be used to increase our understanding of how heart valves respond to changes in the local mechanical environment.

Design of a Cyclic Pressure Bioreactor for the Ex Vivo Study of Aortic Heart Valves

A cyclic pressure bioreactor capable of subjecting heart valve tissue to physiological and pathological pressure conditions has been designed. A LabVIEW program allows users to control pressure magnitude, amplitude and frequency. This device can be used to study the mechanobiology of heart valve tissue or isolated cells.

The aortic valve, located between the left ventricle and the aorta, allows for unidirectional blood flow, preventing backflow into the ventricle. Aortic ...

The method described here allows the study of cell migration under confinement in one dimension. It is based on the use of microfabricated channels, which impose a polarized phenotype to cells by physical constraints. Once inside channels, cells have only two possibilities: move forward or backward. This simplified migration in which directionality is restricted facilitates the automatic tracking of cells and the extraction of quantitative parameters to describe cell movement. These parameters include cell velocity, changes in direction, and pauses during motion. Microchannels are also compatible with the use of fluorescent markers and are therefore suitable to study localization of intracellular organelles and structures during cell migration at high resolution. Finally, the surface of the channels can be functionalized with different substrates, allowing the control of the adhesive properties of the channels or the study of haptotaxis. In summary, the system here described is intended to analyze the migration of large cell numbers in conditions in which both the geometry and the biochemical nature of the environment are controlled, facilitating the normalization and reproducibility of independent experiments.

A quantitative method to study spontaneous migration of cells in a one-dimensional confined microenvironment is described. This method takes advantage of microfabricated channels and can be used to study migration of large number of cells under different conditions in single experiments.

The method described here allows the study of cell migration under confinement in one dimension. It is based on the use of microfabricated channels, which ...

The ability to migrate is a hallmark of various cell types and plays a crucial role in several physiological processes, including&#160;embryonic development, wound healing, and immune responses. However, cell migration is also a key mechanism in cancer enabling these cancer cells to detach from the primary tumor to start metastatic spreading. Within the past years various cell migration assays have been developed to analyze the migratory behavior of different cell types. Because the locomotory behavior of cells markedly differs between a two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) environment it can be assumed that the analysis of the migration of cells that are embedded within a 3D environment would yield in more significant cell migration data. The advantage of the described 3D collagen matrix migration assay is that cells are embedded within a physiological 3D network of collagen fibers representing the major component of the extracellular matrix. Due to time-lapse video microscopy real cell migration is measured allowing the determination of several migration parameters as well as their alterations in response to pro-migratory factors or inhibitors. Various cell types could be analyzed using this technique, including lymphocytes/leukocytes, stem cells, and tumor cells. Likewise, also cell clusters or spheroids could be embedded within the collagen matrix concomitant with analysis of the emigration of single cells from the cell cluster/ spheroid into the collagen lattice. We conclude that the 3D collagen matrix migration assay is a versatile method to analyze the migration of cells within a physiological-like 3D environment.

Cell migration is a biological phenomenon that is involved in a plethora of physiological, such as wound healing and immune responses, and pathophysiological processes, like cancer. The 3D-collagen matrix migration assay is a versatile tool to analyze the migratory properties of different cell types within in a 3D physiological-like environment.

The ability to migrate is a hallmark of various cell types and plays a crucial role in several physiological processes, including&#160;embryonic ...

The importance of cell migration can be seen through the development of human life. When cells migrate, they generate forces and transfer these forces to their surrounding area, leading to cell movement and migration. In order to understand the mechanisms that can alter and/or affect cell migration, one can study these forces. In theory, understanding the fundamental mechanisms and forces underlying cell migration holds the promise of effective approaches for treating diseases and promoting cellular transplantation. Unfortunately, modern chemotaxis chambers that have been developed are usually restricted to two dimensions (2D) and have complex diffusion gradients that make the experiment difficult to interpret. To this end, we have developed, and describe in this paper, a direct-viewing chamber for chemotaxis studies, which allows one to overcome modern chemotaxis chamber obstacles able to measure cell forces and specific concentration within the chamber in a 3D environment to study cell 3D migration. More compelling, this approach allows one to successfully model diffusion through 3D collagen matrices and calculate the coefficient of diffusion of a chemoattractant through multiple different concentrations of collagen, while keeping the system simple and user friendly for traction force microscopy (TFM) and digital volume correlation (DVC) analysis.

Cell migration is an important part of human development and life. In order to understand the mechanisms that can alter cell migration, we present a planar gradient diffusion system to investigate chemotaxis in a 3D collagen matrix, which allows one to overcome modern diffusion chamber limitations of existing assays.

The importance of cell migration can be seen through the development of human life. When cells migrate, they generate forces and transfer these forces to ...

Preparation of 3D Collagen Gels and Microchannels for the Study of 3D Interactions In Vivo

Historically, most cellular processes have been studied in only 2 dimensions. While these studies have been informative about general cell signaling mechanisms, they neglect important cellular cues received from the structural and mechanical properties of the local microenvironment and extracellular matrix (ECM). To understand how cells interact within a physiological ECM, it is important to study them in the context of 3 dimensional assays. Cell migration, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation are only a few processes that have been shown to be impacted by local changes in the mechanical properties of a 3-dimensional ECM. Collagen I, a core fibrillar component of the ECM, is more than a simple structural element of a tissue. Under normal conditions, mechanical cues from the collagen network direct morphogenesis and maintain cellular structures. In diseased microenvironments, such as the tumor microenvironment, the collagen network is often dramatically remodeled, demonstrating altered composition, enhanced deposition and altered fiber organization. In breast cancer, the degree of fiber alignment is important, as an increase in aligned fibers perpendicular to the tumor boundary has been correlated to poorer patient prognosis1. Aligned collagen matrices result in increased dissemination of tumor cells via persistent migration2,3. The following is a simple protocol for embedding cells within a 3-dimensional, fibrillar collagen hydrogel. This protocol is readily adaptable to many platforms, and can reproducibly generate both aligned and random collagen matrices for investigation of cell migration, cell division, and other cellular processes in a tunable, 3-dimensional, physiological microenvironment.

Preparation of 3D Collagen Gels and Microchannels for the Study of 3D Interactions In Vivo

Collagen is a core component of the ECM, and provides essential cues for several cellular processes ranging from migration to differentiation and proliferation. Provided here is a protocol for embedding cells within 3D collagen hydrogels, and a more advanced technique for generating randomized or aligned collagen matrices using PDMS microchannels.

Historically, most cellular processes have been studied in only 2 dimensions.  While these studies have been informative about general cell signaling ...

Tunable Hydrogels from Pulmonary Extracellular Matrix for 3D Cell Culture

Here we present a method for establishing multiple component cell culture hydrogels for in vitro lung cell culture. Beginning with healthy en bloc lung tissue from porcine, rat, or mouse, the tissue is perfused and submerged in subsequent chemical detergents to remove the cellular debris. Histological comparison of the tissue before and after processing confirms removal of over 95% of double stranded DNA and alpha galactosidase staining suggests the majority of cellular debris is removed. After decellularization, the tissue is lyophilized and then cryomilled into a powder. The matrix powder is digested for 48 hr in an acidic pepsin digestion solution and then neutralized to form the pregel solution. Gelation of the pregel solution can be induced by incubation at 37 &#176;C and can be used immediately following neutralization or stored at 4 &#176;C for up to two weeks. Coatings can be formed using the pregel solution on a non-treated plate for cell attachment. Cells can be suspended in the pregel prior to self-assembly to achieve a 3D culture, plated on the surface of a formed gel from which the cells can migrate through the scaffold, or plated on the coatings. Alterations to the strategy presented can impact gelation temperature, strength, or protein fragment sizes. Beyond hydrogel formation, the hydrogel stiffness may be increased using genipin.

This is a method to create a 3-dimensional cell culture scaffold from pulmonary extracellular matrix. Intact lung is processed into hydrogels that can support the growth of cells in three-dimensions.

Here we present a method for establishing multiple component cell culture hydrogels for in vitro lung cell culture. Beginning with healthy en bloc lung ...

Measuring Global Cellular Matrix Metalloproteinase and Metabolic Activity in 3D Hydrogels

Three-dimensional (3D) cell culture systems often more closely recapitulate in vivo cellular responses and functions than traditional two-dimensional (2D) culture systems. However, measurement of cell function in 3D culture is often more challenging. Many biological assays require retrieval of cellular material which can be difficult in 3D cultures. One way to address this challenge is to develop new materials that enable measurement of cell function within the material. Here, a method is presented for measurement of cellular matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity in 3D hydrogels in a 96-well format. In this system, a poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) hydrogel is functionalized with a fluorogenic MMP cleavable sensor. Cellular MMP activity is proportional to fluorescence intensity and can be measured with a standard microplate reader. Miniaturization of this assay to a 96-well format reduced the time required for experimental set up by 50% and reagent usage by 80% per condition as compared to the previous 24-well version of the assay. This assay is also compatible with other measurements of cellular function. For example, a metabolic activity assay is demonstrated here, which can be conducted simultaneously with MMP activity measurements within the same hydrogel. The assay is demonstrated with human melanoma cells encapsulated across a range of cell seeding densities to determine the appropriate encapsulation density for the working range of the assay. After 24 h of cell encapsulation, MMP and metabolic activity readouts were proportional to cell seeding density. While the assay is demonstrated here with one fluorogenic degradable substrate, the assay and methodology could be adapted for a wide variety of hydrogel systems and other fluorescent sensors. Such an assay provides a practical, efficient and easily accessible 3D culturing platform for a wide variety of applications.

Here, a protocol is presented for encapsulating and culturing cells in poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) hydrogels functionalized with a fluorogenic matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-degradable peptide. Cellular MMP and metabolic activity are measured directly from the hydrogel cultures using a standard microplate reader.

Three-dimensional (3D) cell culture systems often more closely recapitulate in vivo cellular responses and functions than traditional two-dimensional (2D) ...

A Human 3D Extracellular Matrix-Adipocyte Culture Model for Studying Matrix-Cell Metabolic Crosstalk

The extracellular matrix (ECM) plays a central role in regulating tissue homeostasis, engaging in crosstalk with cells and regulating multiple aspects of cellular function. The ECM plays a particularly important role in adipose tissue function in obesity, and alterations in adipose tissue ECM deposition and composition are associated with metabolic disease in mice and humans. Tractable in vitro models that permit dissection of the roles of the ECM and cells in contributing to global tissue phenotype are sparse. We describe a novel 3D in vitro model of human ECM-adipocyte culture that permits study of the specific roles of the ECM and adipocytes in regulating adipose tissue metabolic phenotype. Human adipose tissue is decellularized to isolate ECM, which is subsequently repopulated with preadipocytes that are then differentiated within the ECM into mature adipocytes. This method creates ECM-adipocyte constructs that are metabolically active and retain characteristics of the tissues and patients from which they are derived. We have used this system to demonstrate disease-specific ECM-adipocyte crosstalk in human adipose tissue. This culture model provides a tool for dissecting the roles of the ECM and adipocytes in contributing to global adipose tissue metabolic phenotype and permits study of the role of the ECM in regulating adipose tissue homeostasis.

We describe a 3D human extracellular matrix-adipocyte in vitro culture system that permits dissection of the roles of the matrix and adipocytes in contributing to adipose tissue metabolic phenotype.

The extracellular matrix (ECM) plays a central role in regulating tissue homeostasis, engaging in crosstalk with cells and regulating multiple aspects of ...

Labeling of Extracellular Vesicles for Monitoring Migration and Uptake in Cartilage Explants

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are used in different studies to prove their potential as a cell-free treatment due to their cargo derived from their cellular source, such as platelet lysate (PL). When used as treatment, EVs are expected to enter the target cells and effect a response from these. In this research, PL-derived EVs have been studied as a cell-free treatment for osteoarthritis (OA). Thus, a method was set up to label EVs and test their uptake on cartilage explants. PL-derived EVs are labeled with the lipophilic dye PKH26, washed twice through a column, and then tested in an in vitro inflammation-driven&#160;OA model for 5 h after particle quantification by nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA). Hourly, cartilage explants are fixed, paraffined, cut into 6 &#181;m sections to mount on slides, and observed under a confocal microscope. This allows verification of whether EVs enter the target cells (chondrocytes) during this period and analyze their direct effect.

Here, we present a protocol to label platelet lysate-derived extracellular vesicles to monitor their migration and uptake in cartilage explants used as a model for osteoarthritis.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are used in different studies to prove their potential as a cell-free treatment due to their cargo derived from their ...

Microgel-Extracellular Matrix Composite Support for the Embedded 3D Printing of Human Neural Constructs

The embedded 3D printing of cells inside a granular support medium has emerged in the past decade as a powerful approach for the freeform biofabrication of soft tissue constructs. However, granular gel formulations have been restricted to a limited number of biomaterials that allow for the cost-effective generation of large amounts of hydrogel microparticles. Therefore, granular gel support media have generally lacked the cell-adhesive and cell-instructive functions found in the native extracellular matrix (ECM).
To address this, a methodology has been developed for the generation of self-healing annealable particle-extracellular matrix (SHAPE) composites. SHAPE composites consist of a granular phase (microgels) and a continuous phase (viscous ECM solution) that, together, allow for both programmable high-fidelity printing and an adjustable biofunctional extracellular environment. This work describes how the developed methodology can be utilized for the precise biofabrication of human neural constructs.
First, alginate microparticles, which serve as the granular component in the SHAPE composites, are fabricated and combined with a collagen-based continuous component. Then, human neural stem cells are printed inside the support material, followed by the annealing of the support. The printed constructs can be maintained for weeks to allow the differentiation of the printed cells into neurons. Simultaneously, the collagen continuous phase allows for axonal outgrowth and the interconnection of regions. Finally, this works provides information on how to perform live-cell fluorescence imaging and immunocytochemistry to characterize the 3D-printed human neural constructs.

This work describes a protocol for the freeform embedded 3D printing of neural stem cells inside self-healing annealable particle-extracellular matrix composites. The protocol enables the programmable patterning of interconnected human neural tissue constructs with high fidelity.

The embedded 3D printing of cells inside a granular support medium has emerged in the past decade as a powerful approach for the freeform biofabrication ...