この作品は、からJLRRに助成金によってサポートされていました：自閉症は、ウェストンヘブンス財団、NIMH R01 MH081880、およびNIMH R37 MH049428、ニーナアイルランドを話す。 PRWは、台湾の国家科学委員会からのフェローシップによってサポートされていました。 SFSは、F32（MH103003）によってサポートされていました。

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Neurosci. 26 (4), 7380-7389 (2006).</li><li>Du, T., Xu, Q., Ocbina, P. J., Anderson, S. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=NKX2.1+specifies+cortical+interneuron+fate+by+activating+Lhx6.">NKX2.1 specifies cortical interneuron fate by activating Lhx6.</a> Development. 135 (8), 1559-1567 (2008).</li><li>Arguello, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dapper+Antagonist+of+Catenin-1+Cooperates+with+Dishevelled-1+during+Postsynaptic+Development+in+Mouse+Forebrain+GABAergic+Interneurons.">Dapper Antagonist of Catenin-1 Cooperates with Dishevelled-1 during Postsynaptic Development in Mouse Forebrain GABAergic Interneurons.</a> PLoS ONE. 8 (6), e67679 (2013).</li><li>Lee, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pyramidal+neurons+in+prefrontal+cortex+receive+subtype-specific+forms+of+excitation+and+inhibition.">Pyramidal neurons in prefrontal cortex receive subtype-specific forms of excitation and inhibition.</a> Neuron. 81 (1), 61-68 (2014).</li><li>Chen, Y. J. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Use+of+&#8220;MGE+Enhancers&#8221;+for+Labeling+and+Selection+of+Embryonic+Stem+Cell-Derived+Medial+Ganglionic+Eminence+(MGE)+Progenitors+and+Neurons.">Use of &#8220;MGE Enhancers&#8221; for Labeling and Selection of Embryonic Stem Cell-Derived Medial Ganglionic Eminence (MGE) Progenitors and Neurons.</a> PLoS ONE. 8 (5), e61956 (2013).</li><li>Pattabiraman, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transcriptional+regulation+of+enhancers+active+in+protodomains+of+the+developing+cerebral+cortex.">Transcriptional regulation of enhancers active in protodomains of the developing cerebral cortex.</a> Neuron. 82 (5), 989-1003 (2014).</li></ol>

The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

細胞ベースの治療のための胚性神経節隆起（GES）からGABA作動性皮質介在ニューロンの前駆体の使用は、多くの条件12 -1 4のための約束を示している。正確な分子技術を追跡し、特定のニューロンのサブグループ内の対象の遺伝子を発現するために必要とされる。ここでは、移植前にレンチウイルス胚MGE細胞を標識するための詳細なプロトコルを提供し、この技術は、 インビボでの<...

残りは、興奮性グルタミン酸作動性に主ニューロンに対応しながら、GABA作動性、皮質介在ニューロンは、哺乳動物の新皮質におけるニューロンの〜20-30％を含む。介在ニューロンは、1をターゲットに軸索と樹状突起の形態およびシナプス電気生理学的特性において非常に多様であり、興奮性/抑制性トーンの不均衡は、自閉症、統合失調症やてんかん2を含む神経/精神神経疾患のいくつかの表現型の根底にあると仮定される。本明細書に記載されたプロトコルの全体的な目標は、効率的に、遺伝的にin vivoでの分析のために、移植前GABA作動性、皮質介在ニューロン前駆細胞を変更する手段を提供することである。 皮質GABA作動性介在ニューロンは、内側と尾側神経節隆起（MGE及びそれぞれCGE、）3,4と同様に視索前野5で生まれている。皮質介在ニューロン前駆細胞は、長距離接線の移行が続い受けるラジアル移行により、最終的な目標に到達する。彼らの目的地に到着すると、これらの皮質介在ニューロンが正しく、既存の神経細胞のネットワークに統合する必要があり、それぞれの固有の介在ニューロンのサブグループは、特定の方法で皮質回路に貢献していきます。 4つの主なサブグループは、分子マーカーによって識別することができます。MGE由来ソマトスタチン（SST）+及びパルブアルブミン（PV）+サブグループ、およびCGE由来血管作動性腸管ペプチド（VIP）+とリーリン+; SST -サブグループ6。異なる皮質介在ニューロンのサブグループは、MGE及びCGE 7,8における胚発生の間、異なる時間にわたって生まれている。これらおよび他の皮質GABA作動性介在ニューロンのマーカーはこれらのサブグループ9-11の多くの具体的なCre媒介ドライバラインを生成するために使用されてきた。 MGE前駆細胞の移植は、不均衡によって引き起こされる障害を治療するための潜在的な細胞ベースの治療法として浮上している24 - 12を励起/阻害で。これらの治療効果は、多くの周囲の体阻害PV +細胞はMGEから誘導される（分化し、宿主脳に統合、分散させる）、または潜在的にのでMGE前駆体のユニークな能力に一部起因し得る。 MGE細胞はまた、遺伝的に、インビトロで改変された細胞は、in vivoで研究することを可能にする、迅速かつ効率的に移植する前に、15レンチウイルスで形質導入することができる。このアプローチを開発するための理論的根拠は、GABA作動性皮質介在ニューロンの発達と成熟を研究する中で障害物を克服することであった。変異マウスは、そうでなければ、早期の時点で死亡していたとき、特に、MGE移植は、研究者が、in vivoで変異細胞の発達を研究することができた。また、移植前に目的の遺伝子を導入することによって、変異体の表現型に特異的な遺伝子の効果はeffはで評価することができるicient方法。 ここでは、移植前にレンチウイルスMGE細胞を形質導入するための詳細なプロトコルを提供する。さらに、この技術はCre依存発現レンチウイルスおよび入手のCreドライバマウス系統の組み合わせを使用して、皮質介在ニューロン前駆体の異種グループから特定のニューロンのサブグループにおいて、目的の遺伝子を発現するように適合させることができるかを示す。遺伝的にユニークな方法でin vivo試験のためのGABA作動性皮質介在ニューロン前駆体を変更するにはまた、このプロトコルは、技術者や研究者のためのプラットフォームを導入しています。他の現在のアプローチに対するこの技術の1つの利点は、移植MGE細胞が離れて注射部位から分散することである。また、焦点のウイルス注射とは異なり、MGE細胞が分散した後、それらの形態は、評価することが容易です。このアプローチは、特定の細胞型を導入する、野生型または変異型の細胞に、目的とする遺伝子を導入することの効果を研究するために使用することができレポーター形態を評価するための、または潜在的にin vivoでの疾患対立遺伝子の効果を研究する。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Reagents and equipment for MGE cell transplantation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1 ml syringe</td>
			<td>REF 309602</td>
			<td colspan="2">BD, Becton Dickinson and company</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>301/2 gauge needle</td>
			<td>305106</td>
			<td colspan="2">BD, Becton Dickinson and company</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Precision bore to deliver 5 &#181;l (comes with plunger)</td>
			<td>5-000-1005</td>
			<td colspan="2">Drummond scientific company</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Parafilm</td>
			<td>PM-999</td>
			<td colspan="2">Polysciences, Inc.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stereo microscope with boomstand **</td>
			<td>MZ6</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Digital just for mice stereotaxic instrument **</td>
			<td>51725D</td>
			<td colspan="2">Stoelting company</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Single-axis oil hydraulic fine micromanipulator **</td>
			<td>MO-10</td>
			<td>Narishige</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Diamond coated rotary beveler</td>
			<td>n.a.</td>
			<td colspan="2">made in house</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Needle pipette puller</td>
			<td>730</td>
			<td colspan="2">Kopf instruments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mineral oil</td>
			<td>n.a.</td>
			<td colspan="2">Any drug store or pharmacy</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="2">Any pipette and tips that can reliaby measure 1 &#181;l of volume</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="2">** These are the particular models we use, but many other setups should work</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Optional Reagents (for making Lentiviruses)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>25 mm, 0.45 &#181;m filter</td>
			<td>09-719B</td>
			<td colspan="2">Fisher Scientific</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ultra-clear centrifuge tubes (25 x 89 mm)</td>
			<td>344058</td>
			<td colspan="2">Beckman Coulter&#174;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lipofectamine 2000 (1.5 ml size)</td>
			<td>11668019</td>
			<td colspan="2">Invitrogen</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Other commercially available supplies</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pMDLg/pRRE plasmid encoding gag/pol</td>
			<td>12251</td>
			<td>Addgene</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pRSV-Rev plasmid encoding Rev</td>
			<td>12253</td>
			<td>Addgene</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pMD2.G plasmid encoding VSVG</td>
			<td>12259</td>
			<td>Addgene</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pAAV-Flex-GFP</td>
			<td>28304</td>
			<td>Addgene</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

viral-mediated labeling and transplantation of medial ganglionic eminence (mge) cells for in vivo studies

胚の内側と尾側神経節隆起（MGE及びCGE）由来のGABA作動性皮質介在ニューロンは、機能的および形態学的に多様である。進出が別個の皮質ニューロンのサブグループの役割を理解する上でなされているが、GABA作動性細胞の異なるタイプの発生および成熟に寄与し得る働いする多くのメカニズムがまだある。また、変更されたGABA作動性シグナル伝達は、自閉症、統合失調症およびてんかんの表現型に寄与し得る。具体的なのCre-ドライバーラインはユニークな介在ニューロンのサブグループの機能を実行小包し始めている。マウスモデルにおける進歩にもかかわらず、効率的に、インビボでの分子アプローチとGABA作動性、皮質介在ニューロン前駆細胞を研究することはしばしば困難である。これらの細胞の細胞自律的なプログラミングを研究するために使用される一つの重要な技術は、宿主皮質にMGE細胞の移植である。これらの移植細胞は、差別化、広範囲に移動するND機能的に統合する。また、MGE細胞を効率的に分子アプローチの多数を可能にする、移植の直前にレンチウイルスで形質導入することができる。ここでは詳細に効率よく利用できるのCreドライバライン及びCre依存の発現ベクターを用いて、in vivoでの分析のために、移植前にMGE細胞を形質導入するためのプロトコル。それは大きなインビボ細胞型特異的解像度を可能にする、移植後に分散させるためにこれらの細胞の能力を正確に遺伝子操作を組み合わせるので、このアプローチは有利で ​​ある。

MGE細胞は16新皮質宿主に移植する際の移行と統合するためのユニークな能力を持っているので、それらはin vivo試験の前に遺伝子操作のための優れたモデルシステムを提供する。ここで、我々はその後、インビボ研究のために、移植前にインビトロまたは迅速な方法のいずれかにおいてレンチウイルスで形質導入することができます（ 図1,2）、1はE13.5?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Viral-mediated Labeling and Transplantation of Medial Ganglionic Eminence MGE Cells for In Vivo Studies at JoVE.com

Viral-mediated Labeling and Transplantation of Medial Ganglionic Eminence MGE Cells for In Vivo Studies

GABA作動性皮質介在ニューロンの前駆細胞は、移植後のホスト皮質に統合シナプスの開発と、分散させる。これらの細胞は、容易に遺伝的に改変されたGABA作動性前駆体のインビボでの研究のために、移植前に形質導入することができる。ここでは、既存のCreラインとCre依存レポーターを使用して、特定の介在ニューロンのサブグループをターゲットとするウイルス性標識技術を示している。

ウイルス媒介標識およびための内側神経節隆起（MGE）の移植は、細胞<em&gt;インビボ</em&gt;研究

GABAergic cortical interneurons, derived from the embryonic medial and caudal ganglionic eminences (MGE and CGE), are functionally and morphologically ...

viral-mediated-labeling-transplantation-medial-ganglionic-eminence

Research

JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

Viral-mediated Labeling and Transplantation of Medial Ganglionic Eminence (MGE) Cells for In Vivo Studies

11.4K ビュー.  University of California San Francisco.  GABA作動性皮質介在ニューロンの前駆細胞は、移植後のホスト皮質に統合シナプスの開発と、分散させる。これらの細胞は、容易に遺伝的に改変されたGABA作動性前駆体のインビボでの研究のために、移植前に形質導入することができる。ここでは、既存のCreラインとCre依存レポーターを使用して、特定の介在ニューロンのサブグループをターゲッ?...

ビデオ: Viral-mediated Labeling and Transplantation of Medial Ganglionic Eminence MGE Cells for In Vivo Studies

Structure-function Studies in Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells Using Recombinase-mediated Cassette Exchange

Gene engineering in mouse embryos or embryonic stem cells (mESCs) allows for the study of the function of a given protein. Proteins are the workhorses of the cell and often consist of multiple functional domains, which can be influenced by posttranslational modifications. The depletion of the entire protein in conditional or constitutive knock-out (KO) mice does not take into account this functional diversity and regulation. An mESC line and a derived mouse model, in which a docking site for FLPe recombination-mediated cassette exchange (RMCE) was inserted within the ROSA26 (R26) locus, was previously reported. Here, we report on a structure-function approach that allows for molecular dissection of the different functionalities of a multidomain protein. To this end, RMCE-compatible mice must be crossed with KO mice and then RMCE-compatible KO mESCs must be isolated. Next, a panel of putative rescue constructs can be introduced into the R26 locus via RMCE targeting. The candidate rescue cDNAs can be easily inserted between RMCE sites of the targeting vector using recombination cloning. Next, KO mESCs are transfected with the targeting vector in combination with an FLPe recombinase expression plasmid. RMCE reactivates the promoter-less neomycin-resistance gene in the ROSA26 docking sites and allows for the selection of the correct targeting event. In this way, high targeting efficiencies close to 100% are obtained, allowing for insertion of multiple putative rescue constructs in a semi-high throughput manner. Finally, a multitude of R26-driven rescue constructs can be tested for their ability to rescue the phenotype that was observed in parental KO mESCs. We present a proof-of-principle structure-function study in p120 catenin (p120ctn) KO mESCs using endoderm differentiation in embryoid bodies (EBs) as the phenotypic readout. This approach enables the identification of important domains, putative downstream pathways, and disease-relevant point mutations that underlie KO phenotypes for a given protein.

Proteins often contain multiple domains that can exert different cellular functions. Gene knock-outs (KO) do not consider this functional diversity. Here, we report a recombination-mediated cassette exchange (RMCE)-based structure-function approach in KO embryonic stem cells that allows for the molecular dissection of various functional domains or variants of a protein.

リコンビナーゼ媒介カセット交換を用いて、マウス胚性幹細胞における構造と機能の研究

Gene engineering in mouse embryos or embryonic stem cells (mESCs) allows for the study of the function of a given protein. Proteins are the workhorses of ...

発生生物学

A Novel Mammary Fat Pad Transplantation Technique to Visualize the Vessel Generation of Vascular Endothelial Stem Cells

Endothelial cells (ECs) are the fundamental building blocks of the vascular architecture and mediate vascular growth and remodeling to ensure proper vessel development and homeostasis. However, studies on endothelial lineage hierarchy remain elusive due to the lack of tools to gain access as well as to directly evaluate their behavior in vivo. To address this shortcoming, a new tissue model to study angiogenesis using the mammary fat pad has been developed. The mammary gland develops mostly in the postnatal stages, including puberty and pregnancy, during which robust epithelium proliferation is accompanied by extensive vascular remodeling. Mammary fat pads provide space, matrix, and rich angiogenic stimuli from the growing mammary epithelium. Furthermore, mammary fat pads are located outside the peritoneal cavity, making them an easily accessible grafting site for assessing the angiogenic potential of exogenous cells. This work also describes an efficient tracing approach using fluorescent reporter mice to specifically label the targeted population of vascular endothelial stem cells (VESCs) in vivo. This lineage tracing method, coupled with subsequent tissue whole-mount microscopy, enable the direct visualization of targeted cells and their descendants, through which the proliferation capability can be quantified and the differentiation commitment can be fate-mapped. Using these methods, a population of bipotent protein C receptor (Procr) expressing VESCs has recently been identified in multiple vascular systems. Procr+ VESCs, giving rise to both new ECs and pericytes, actively contribute to angiogenesis during development, homeostasis, and injury repair. Overall, this manuscript describes a new mammary fat pad transplantation and in vivo lineage tracing techniques that can be used to evaluate the stem cell properties of VESCs.

This work demonstrates a novel approach to assess the proliferation, differentiation, and vessel-forming potential of vascular endothelial stem cells (VESCs) through mammary fat pad transplantation followed by whole-mount tissue preparation for microscopic observation. A lineage tracing strategy to investigate the behavior of VESCs in vivo is also presented.

血管内皮幹細胞の血管形成を視覚化するための新規乳腺脂肪移植技術

Endothelial cells (ECs) are the fundamental building blocks of the vascular architecture and mediate vascular growth and remodeling to ensure proper ...

Horizontal Whole Mount: A Novel Processing and Imaging Protocol for Thick, Three-dimensional Tissue Cross-sections of Skin

Processing a tissue of interest to generate a microscopic image that supports a scientific argument can be challenging. The acquisition of high-quality microscopic images is not entirely dependent upon the quality of the microscope, but also upon the methods of tissue processing, which often involve multiple critical actions or steps. Furthermore, mesenchymal cell types in the skin and other tissues represent a new challenge for tissue preparation and imaging. Here, we present a complete process, from tissue harvest to microscopy. Our technique, called &#34;horizontal whole mount,&#34; is one that novices can quickly become proficient in and that allows for antigen preservation and detection in 60-300 &#181;m-thick sections cut with a cryostat. Sections of this thickness provide enhanced visualization of tissue microarchitecture in a three-dimensional environment. In addition, the protocol preserves mesenchymal cells in a manner that enhances image quality when compared to standard cryostat or paraffin sections, thereby increasing the efficacy and reliability of immunostaining. We believe that this protocol will benefit all laboratories that visualize skin, and possibly other tissues and organs.

This work presents a novel processing and imaging protocol for thick, three-dimensional tissue cross-section analysis that enables the full exploitation of confocal imaging modalities. This protocol preserves antigenicity and represents a robust system to analyze skin histology and potentially other tissue types.

水平全マウント：皮膚の厚い3次元組織断面のための新規処理および画像化プロトコール

Processing a tissue of interest to generate a microscopic image that supports a scientific argument can be challenging. The acquisition of high-quality ...

Immuno-fluorescent Labeling of Microtubules and Centrosomal Proteins in Ex Vivo Intestinal Tissue and 3D In Vitro Intestinal Organoids

The advent of 3D in vitro organoids that mimic the in vivo tissue architecture and morphogenesis has greatly advanced the ability to study key biological questions in cell and developmental biology. In addition, organoids together with recent technical advances in gene editing and viral gene delivery promises to advance medical research and development of new drugs for treatment of diseases. Organoids grown in vitro in basement matrix provide powerful model systems for studying the behavior and function of various proteins and are well suited for live-imaging of fluorescent-tagged proteins. However, establishing the expression and localization of the endogenous proteins in ex vivo tissue and in in vitro organoids is important to verify the behavior of the tagged proteins. To this end we have developed and modified tissue isolation, fixation, and immuno-labeling protocols for localization of microtubules, centrosomal, and associated proteins in ex vivo intestinal tissue and in in vitro intestinal organoids. The aim was for the fixative to preserve the 3D architecture of the organoids/tissue while also preserving antibody antigenicity and enabling good penetration and clearance of fixative and antibodies. Exposure to cold depolymerizes all but stable microtubules and this was a key factor when modifying the various protocols. We found that increasing the ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) concentration from 3 mM to 30 mM gave efficient detachment of villi and crypts in the small intestine while 3 mM EDTA was sufficient for colonic crypts. The developed formaldehyde/methanol fixation protocol gave very good structural preservation while also preserving antigenicity for effective labeling of microtubules, actin, and the end-binding (EB) proteins. It also worked for the centrosomal protein ninein although the methanol protocol worked more consistently. We further established that fixation and immuno-labeling of microtubules and associated proteins could be achieved with organoids isolated from or remaining within the basement matrix.

Immuno-fluorescent Labeling of Microtubules and Centrosomal Proteins in Ex Vivo Intestinal Tissue and 3D In Vitro Intestinal Organoids

We present protocols for isolation of intestinal 3D structures from in vivo tissue and in vitro basement matrix embedded organoids, and detail different fixation and staining protocols optimized for immuno-labeling of microtubule, centrosomal, and junctional proteins as well as cell markers including the stem cell protein Lgr5.

微小管と 3 D培養腸 Organoids とEx Vivo腸組織における Centrosomal 蛋白質の免疫蛍光ラベリング

The advent of 3D in vitro organoids that mimic the in vivo tissue architecture and morphogenesis has greatly advanced the ability to study key biological ...

Single-cell Photoconversion in Living Intact Zebrafish

Animal and plant tissue is composed of distinct populations of cells. These cells interact over time to build and maintain the tissue and can cause disease when disrupted. Scientists have developed clever techniques to investigate characteristics and natural dynamics of these cells within intact tissue by expressing fluorescent proteins in subsets of cells. However, at times, experiments require more selected visualization of cells within the tissue, sometimes at the single-cell or population-of-cells manner. To achieve this and visualize single cells within a population of cells, scientists have utilized single-cell photoconversion of fluorescent proteins. To demonstrate this technique, we show here how to direct UV light to an Eos-expressing cell of interest in an intact, living zebrafish. We then image those photoconverted Eos+ cells 24 h later to determine how they changed in the tissue. We describe two techniques: single cell photoconversion and photoconversions of populations of cell. These techniques can be used to visualize cell-cell interactions, cell-fate and differentiation, and cell migrations, making it a technique that is applicable in numerous biological questions.

Here, we present a protocol to show how cell photoconversion is achieved through UV exposure to specific areas expressing the fluorescent protein, Eos, in living animals.

生活そのままゼブラフィッシュの単一セルの光電

Animal and plant tissue is composed of distinct populations of cells. These cells interact over time to build and maintain the tissue and can cause ...

Intravenous and Intra-amniotic In Utero Transplantation in the Murine Model

In utero transplantation (IUT) is a unique and versatile mode of therapy that can be used to introduce stem cells, viral vectors, or any other substances early in the gestation. The rationale behind IUT for therapeutic purposes is based on the small size of the fetus, the fetal immunologic immaturity, the accessibility and proliferative nature of the fetal stem or progenitor cells, and the potential to treat a disease or the onset of symptoms prior to birth. Taking advantage of these normal developmental properties of the fetus, the delivery of hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) via an IUT has the potential to treat congenital hematologic disorders such as sickle cell disease, without the required myeloablative or immunosuppressive conditioning required for postnatal HSC transplants. Similarly, the accessibility of progenitor cells in multiple organs during development potentially allows for a more efficient targeting of stem/progenitor cells following an IUT of viral vectors for gene therapy or genome editing. Additionally, IUT can be used to study normal developmental processes including, but not limited to, the development of immunologic tolerance. The murine model provides a valuable and affordable means to understanding the potential and limitations of IUT prior to pre-clinical large animal studies and an eventual clinical application. Here, we describe a protocol for performing an IUT in the murine fetus through intravenous and intra-amniotic routes. This protocol has been used successfully to elucidate the necessary conditions and mechanisms behind in utero hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, tolerance induction, and in utero gene therapy.

Intravenous and Intra-amniotic In Utero Transplantation in the Murine Model

We describe a protocol for performing an in utero transplantation (IUT) through intravenous and intra-amniotic routes of injection in the murine model. This protocol can be used to introduce cells, viral vectors, and other substances into the unique immune-tolerant fetal environment.

マウス モデルにおける静脈内投与と胎嚢内子宮内移植

In utero transplantation (IUT) is a unique and versatile mode of therapy that can be used to introduce stem cells, viral vectors, or any other substances ...

In Vitro Generation of Somite Derivatives from Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

In response to signals such as WNTs, bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), and sonic hedgehog (SHH) secreted from surrounding tissues, somites (SMs) give rise to multiple cell types, including the myotome (MYO), sclerotome (SCL), dermatome (D), and syndetome (SYN), which in turn develop into skeletal muscle, axial skeleton, dorsal dermis, and axial tendon/ligament, respectively. Therefore, the generation of SMs and their derivatives from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) is critical to obtain pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) for application in regenerative medicine and for disease research in the field of orthopedic surgery. Although the induction protocols for MYO and SCL from PSCs have been previously reported by several researchers, no study has yet demonstrated the induction of SYN and D from iPSCs. Therefore, efficient induction of fully competent SMs remains a major challenge. Here, we recapitulate human SM patterning with human iPSCs in vitro by mimicking the signaling environment during chick/mouse SM development, and report on methods of systematic induction of SM derivatives (MYO, SCL, D, and SYN) from human iPSCs under chemically defined conditions through the presomitic mesoderm (PSM) and SM states. Knowledge regarding chick/mouse&#160;SM development was successfully applied to the induction of SMs with human iPSCs. This method could be a novel tool for studying human somitogenesis and patterning without the use of embryos and for cell-based therapy and disease modeling.

We present here a protocol for the differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells into each somite derivative (myotome, sclerotome, dermatome, and syndetome) in chemically defined conditions, which has applications in future disease modeling and cell-based therapies in orthopedic surgery.

体節誘導体誘導される人間からの体外世代多能性幹細胞します。

In response to signals such as WNTs, bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), and sonic hedgehog (SHH) secreted from surrounding tissues, somites (SMs) give ...

Controlled Cortical Impact Model of Mouse Brain Injury with Therapeutic Transplantation of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Neural Cells

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Disease pathology due to TBI progresses from the primary mechanical insult to secondary injury processes, including apoptosis and inflammation. Animal modeling has been valuable in the search to unravel injury mechanisms and evaluate potential neuroprotective therapies. This protocol describes the controlled cortical impact (CCI) model of focal, open-head TBI. Specifically, parameters for producing a mild unilateral cortical injury are described. Behavioral consequences of CCI are analyzed using the adhesive tape removal test of bilateral sensorimotor integration. Regarding experimental therapy for TBI pathology, this protocol also illustrates a process for transplanting cultured cells into the brain. Neural cell cultures derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) were chosen for their potential to show superior functional restoration in human TBI patients. Chronic survival of hiPSCs in the host mouse brain tissue is detected using a modified DAB immunohistochemical process.

This protocol demonstrates methodologies for a mouse model of open-skull traumatic brain injury and transplantation of cultured human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cells into the injury site. Behavioral and histologic tests of outcomes from these procedures are also described in brief.

ヒト誘導多能性幹細胞由来神経細胞の治療移植によるマウス脳損傷の制御された皮質衝撃モデル

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Disease pathology due to TBI progresses from the primary mechanical ...

Generation of Induced Neural Stem Cells from Peripheral Mononuclear Cells and Differentiation Toward Dopaminergic Neuron Precursors for Transplantation Studies

Parkinson&#39;s disease (PD) is caused by degeneration of dopaminergic (DA) neurons at the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) in the ventral mesencephalon (VM). Cell replacement therapy holds great promise for treatment of PD. Recently, induced neural stem cells (iNSCs) have emerged as a potential candidate for cell replacement therapy due to the reduced risk of tumor formation and the plasticity to give rise to region-specific neurons and glia. iNSCs can be reprogrammed from autologous somatic cellular sources, such as fibroblasts, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMNCs) and various other types of cells. Compared with other types of somatic cells, PBMNCs are an appealing starter cell type because of the ease to access and expand in culture. Sendai virus (SeV), an RNA non-integrative virus, encoding reprogramming factors including human OCT3/4, SOX2, KLF4 and c-MYC, has a negative-sense, single-stranded, non-segmented genome that does not integrate into host genome, but only replicates in the cytoplasm of infected cells, offering an efficient and safe vehicle for reprogramming. In this study, we describe a protocol in which iNSCs are obtained by reprogramming PBMNCs, and differentiated into specialized VM DA neurons by a two-stage method. Then DA precursors are transplanted into unilaterally 6-hyroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-lesioned PD mouse models to evaluate the safety and efficacy for treatment of PD. This method provides a platform to investigate the functions and therapeutic effects of patient-specific DA neural cells in vitro and in vivo.

The protocol presents the reprogramming of peripheral blood mononuclear cells to induce neural stem cells by Sendai virus infection, differentiation of iNSCs into dopaminergic neurons, transplantation of DA precursors into the unilaterally-lesioned Parkinson&#39;s disease mouse models, and evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iNSC-derived DA precursors for PD treatment.

末梢単核細胞からの誘導神経幹細胞の生成と移植研究におけるドーパミン作動性ニューロン前駆体への分化

Parkinson&#39;s disease (PD) is caused by degeneration of dopaminergic (DA) neurons at the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) in the ventral ...

Isolation of Rat Adipose Tissue Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Differentiation into Insulin-producing Cells

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs)-especially those isolated from adipose tissue (Ad-MSCs)-have gained special attention as a renewable, abundant source of stem cells that does not pose any ethical concerns. However, current methods to isolate Ad-MSCs are not standardized and employ complicated protocols that require special equipment. We isolated Ad-MSCs from the epididymal fat of Sprague-Dawley rats using a simple, reproducible method. The isolated Ad-MSCs usually appear within 3 days post isolation, as adherent cells display fibroblastic morphology. Those cells reach 80% confluency within 1 week of isolation. Afterward, at passage 3-5 (P3-5), a full characterization was carried out for the isolated Ad-MSCs by immunophenotyping for characteristic MSC cluster of differentiation (CD) surface markers such as CD90, CD73, and CD105, as well as inducing differentiation of these cells down the osteogenic, adipogenic, and chondrogenic lineages. This, in turn, implies the multipotency of the isolated cells. Furthermore, we induced the differentiation of the isolated Ad-MSCs toward the insulin-producing cells (IPCs) lineage via a simple, relatively short protocol by incorporating high glucose Dulbecco&#39;s modified Eagle medium (HG-DMEM), &#946;-mercaptoethanol, nicotinamide, and exendin-4. IPCs differentiation was genetically assessed, firstly, via measuring the expression levels of specific &#946;-cell markers such as MafA, NKX6.1, Pdx-1, and Ins1, as well as dithizone staining for the generated IPCs. Secondly, the assessment was also carried out functionally by a glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) assay. In conclusion, Ad-MSCs can be easily isolated, exhibiting all MSC characterization criteria, and they can indeed provide an abundant, renewable source of IPCs in the lab for diabetes research.

Adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (Ad-MSCs) can be a potential source of MSCs that differentiate into insulin-producing cells (IPCs). In this protocol, we provide detailed steps for the isolation and characterization of rat epididymal Ad-MSCs, followed by a simple, short protocol for the generation of IPCs from the same rat Ad-MSCs.

インスリン産生細胞への分化のためのラット脂肪組織間葉系幹細胞の単離

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs)-especially those isolated from adipose tissue (Ad-MSCs)-have gained special attention as a renewable, abundant source of ...