Nina Irland, Weston Havens Foundation, NIMH R01 MH081880 und NIMH R37 MH049428 Autism Speaks,: Diese Arbeit wurde durch Zuschüsse aus JLRR unterstützt. PRW wurde durch ein Stipendium der National Science Council von Taiwan unterstützt. SFS wurde durch F32 (MH103003) unterstützt.

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The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

Die Verwendung von GABAergen kortikalen Internvorstufen aus den embryonalen Ganglien Eminenzen (GES) für Zelltherapien ist vielversprechend für viele Bedingungen 12 -1 4. Präzise molekulare Techniken sind erforderlich, um zu verfolgen und Express Gene von Interesse in bestimmten Interngruppen. Hier stellen wir ein ausführliches Protokoll zur Markierung embryonalen MGE Zellen mit Lentiviren vor der Transplantation, und zeigen, wie diese Technik verwendet werden, um Gene von Interesse in spezifischen kortik...

GABAerge kortikalen Interneuronen umfassen ~ 20-30% der Neuronen im Säuger-Neocortex, der Rest entsprechen, glutamatergen Neuronen Haupt exzitatorischen. Inter sind sehr unterschiedlich in elektrophysiologischen Eigenschaften, Axon und Dendriten Morphologie und synaptischen Ziel 1 und Ungleichgewichte in exzitatorischen / hemmende Ton werden die Hypothese aufgestellt, einige Phänotypen der neurologischen / neuropsychiatrische Störungen einschließlich Autismus, Schizophrenie und Epilepsie 2 zugrunde liegen. Das Gesamtziel des hierin beschriebenen Protokolls ist es, eine Einrichtung zu GABAergen kortikalen Intern Progenitoren vor der Transplantation in vivo Analysen effizienter genetisch zu verändern ist. Kortikale GABAergen Interneuronen sind in den medialen und kaudalen Ganglien Eminenzen (MGE und CGE, beziehungsweise) 3,4 sowie die präoptischen Bereich 5 geboren. Kortikale Intern Vorfahren unterziehen Fern tangentiale Migration gefolgtdurch radiale Migration ihrer endgültigen Ziele zu erreichen. Nach der Ankunft am Zielort, müssen diese kortikale Inter richtig in die bestehende neuronale Netzwerk zu integrieren, und jedes einzelne Interngruppe wird auf kortikale Schaltkreise in spezifischer Weise bei. Vier Hauptgruppen können durch molekulare Marker unterscheiden: MGE-abgeleitete Somatostatin (SST) + und Parvalbumin (PV) + Untergruppen und CGE-abgeleitete vasoaktive intestinale Peptid (VIP) + und Reelin +, SST - 6 Untergruppen. Verschiedenen kortikalen Interngruppen werden über verschiedenen Zeiten während der Embryonalentwicklung im MGE und CGE 7, 8 getragen. Diese und andere kortikalen GABAergen Intern Marker wurden verwendet, um spezifische Cre-Treiberleitungen für viele dieser Untergruppen 9-11 zu erzeugen. Die Transplantation von MGE Vorfahren hat als potenzielle zellbasierte Therapie zu Störungen, die durch Ungleichgewichte verursacht werden können, zu behandeln tauchtin Anregungs- / Hemmung 12-24. Diese therapeutische Nutzen kann zum Teil auf der einzigartigen Fähigkeit von MGE Vorfahren (zu zerstreuen, zu differenzieren und in eine Wirts Gehirn integriert) oder möglicherweise, weil viele Rand somatischen hemmende PV + Zellen aus dem MGE abgeleitet sein. MGE Zellen können auch schnell und effizient mit Lentiviren vor der Transplantation 15 transduziert, so dass Zellen, die in vitro genetisch modifiziert sind, um in vivo untersucht werden. Der Grund für die Entwicklung dieses Ansatzes war es, Hindernisse bei der Untersuchung GABAergen kortikalen Intern Entwicklung und Reifung zu überwinden. Insbesondere erlaubt MGE Transplantation Forscher die Entwicklung von mutierten Zellen in vivo zu untersuchen, wenn das mutierte Maus sonst haben starb in einem frühen Zeitpunkt. Weiterhin kann durch die Einführung von Genen von Interesse vor der Transplantation, die Auswirkungen spezifischer Gene auf einem mutierten Phänotyp könnte in einer eff beurteileniziente Weise. Hier bieten wir ein ausführliches Protokoll zu MGE Zellen mit Lentiviren vor der Transplantation zu transduzieren. Darüber hinaus zeigen wir, wie diese Technik angepasst werden, um ein Gen von Interesse an bestimmten Interngruppen aus einer heterogenen Gruppe von kortikalen Intern Vorläufer zu exprimieren, mit einer Kombination von Cre-abhängige Expression Lentiviren und verfügbare Cre-Treibermauslinien. Außerdem führt dieses Protokoll Techniken und eine Plattform für Forscher auf genetisch GABAergen kortikalen Intern Vorstufen zur in-vivo-Studien zu modifizieren in einer einzigartigen Weise. Ein Vorteil dieser Technik gegenüber anderen aktuellen Ansätzen ist, dass die transplantierten Zellen MGE wird von der Injektionsstelle zu zerstreuen. Auch im Gegensatz zu Schwervirusinjektionen nach MGE Zellen verteilen ihre Morphologie ist leichter zu beurteilen. Dieser Ansatz kann verwendet werden, um den Effekt der Einführung von Genen von Interesse in Wildtyp- oder mutierte Zellen, die Einführung eines Zelltyp-spezifische studierenReporter Morphologie beurteilen, oder potentiell, um die Wirkung des Krankheits Allele in vivo zu studieren.

<table><tbody><tr><td colspan="4">Reagents and equipment for MGE cell transplantation</td></tr><tr><td>1 ml syringe</td><td>REF 309602</td><td>BD, Becton Dickinson and company</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>30 1/2 G needle</td><td>305106</td><td>BD, Becton Dickinson and company</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Precision bore to deliver 5 &amp;micro;l (comes with plunger)</td><td>5-000-1005</td><td>Drummond scientific company</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Parafilm</td><td>PM-999</td><td>Polysciences, Inc.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Stereo microscope with boomstand **</td><td>MZ6</td><td>Leica</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Digital just for mice stereotaxic instrument **</td><td>51725D</td><td>Stoelting company</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Single-axis oil hydraulic fine micromanipulator **</td><td>MO-10</td><td>Narishige</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Diamond coated rotary beveler</td><td></td><td>made in house</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Needle pipette puller</td><td>730</td><td>Kopf instruments</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Mineral oil</td><td></td><td>Any drug store or pharmacy</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Any pipette and tips that can reliaby measure 1 &amp;micro;l of volume</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">** These are the particular models we use, but many other setups should work</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">Optional Reagents (for making Lentiviruses)</td></tr><tr><td>25 mm, 0.45 &amp;micro;m filter</td><td>09-719B</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ultra-clear centrifuge tubes (25 x 89 mm)</td><td>344058</td><td>Beckman Coulter&amp;reg;</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Lipofectamine &lt;sup&gt;2000 &lt;/sup&gt;(1.5 ml size)</td><td>11668019</td><td>Invitrogen</td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">Other commercially available supplies</td></tr><tr><td>pMDLg/pRRE plasmid encoding gag/pol</td><td>12251</td><td>Addgene</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>pRSV-Rev plasmid encoding Rev</td><td>12253</td><td>Addgene</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>pMD2.G plasmid encoding VSVG</td><td>12259</td><td>Addgene</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>pAAV-Flex-GFP</td><td>28304</td><td>Addgene</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

viral-mediated labeling and transplantation of medial ganglionic eminence (mge) cells for in vivo studies

GABAerge kortikale Inter, aus dem embryonalen medialen und kaudalen Ganglien Eminenzen (MGE und CGE) abgeleitet ist, sind funktionell und morphologisch vielfältig. Eingriffe in das Verständnis der Rolle der unterschiedlichen kortikalen Interngruppen hergestellt worden ist, aber es gibt immer noch viele Mechanismen ausgearbeitet werden, die zur Entwicklung und Reifung von verschiedenen Arten von GABAergen Zellen beitragen können. Darüber hinaus kann verändert GABAergen Signalisierung an Phänotypen von Autismus, Schizophrenie und Epilepsie beitragen. Spezifische Cre-Treiberleitungen begonnen, parzellieren die Funktionen einzigartige Interngruppen. Trotz der Fortschritte in Maus-Modellen, ist es oft schwierig, GABAergen kortikalen Intern Progenitoren effizient Studie mit molekularen Ansätzen in vivo. Eine wichtige Technik verwendet, um die Zelle autonom Programmierung dieser Zellen zu studieren, ist die Transplantation von MGE Zellen in Wirts Rinden. Diese transplantierten Zellen wandern ausführlich, zu differenzieren, einend funktional zu integrieren. Zusätzlich kann MGE Zellen effizient mit Lentivirus unmittelbar vor der Transplantation transduziert werden, so dass für eine Vielzahl von molekularen Ansätzen. Hier werden wir ausführlich ein Protokoll zu MGE-Zellen effizient zu transduzieren vor der Transplantation für die in vivo-Analyse, unter Verwendung verfügbarer Cre-Treiberleitungen und Cre-abhängigen Expressionsvektoren. Dieser Ansatz ist vorteilhaft, weil sie vereint präzise genetische Manipulation die Fähigkeit dieser Zellen nach einer Transplantation zu dispergieren, der eine größere Zelltyp-spezifische Auflösung in vivo.

Seit MGE Zellen haben die einzigartige Fähigkeit, Migration und Integration, wenn in eine Wirts Neocortex 16 transplantiert, bieten sie eine ausgezeichnete Modellsystem für die genetische Manipulation vor der in vivo-Studien. Hier zeigen wir, wie man MGE Gewebe von E13.5 Embryonen zu isolieren (1 und 2), die dann mit Lentiviren entweder in vitro oder in einer schnellen Art und Weise vor der Transplantation in vivo Studien transduziert werden kann. Labeling MGE üb...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Viral-mediated Labeling and Transplantation of Medial Ganglionic Eminence MGE Cells for In Vivo Studies at JoVE.com

Viral-mediated Labeling and Transplantation of Medial Ganglionic Eminence MGE Cells for In Vivo Studies

GABAerge kortikalen Internvorläuferzellen zu verteilen, zu entwickeln und synaptisch in eine Wirtsrinde nach der Transplantation zu integrieren. Diese Zellen können leicht vor der Transplantation für in vivo-Studien mit gentechnisch veränderten GABAerge Vorläufer transduziert werden. Hier zeigen wir virale Markierungstechniken auf bestimmte Interngruppen mit bestehenden Linien und Cre Cre-abhängigen Reporter Ziel.

Viral-vermittelte Kennzeichnung und Transplantation von Medial Ganglienhügel (MGE) Zellen für<em&gt; In-vivo-</em&gt; Studien

GABAergic cortical interneurons, derived from the embryonic medial and caudal ganglionic eminences (MGE and CGE), are functionally and morphologically ...

viral-mediated-labeling-transplantation-medial-ganglionic-eminence

Research

JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

Viral-mediated Labeling and Transplantation of Medial Ganglionic Eminence (MGE) Cells for In Vivo Studies

11.4K Aufrufe.  University of California San Francisco.  GABAerge kortikalen Internvorläuferzellen zu verteilen, zu entwickeln und synaptisch in eine Wirtsrinde nach der Transplantation zu integrieren. Diese Zellen können leicht vor der Transplantation für in vivo-Studien mit gentechnisch veränderten GABAerge Vorläufer transduziert werden. Hier zeigen wir virale Markierungstechniken auf bestimmte Interngruppen mit bestehenden Linien und Cre Cre-abhängigen Reporter Ziel. 

Serie: Viral-mediated Labeling and Transplantation of Medial Ganglionic Eminence MGE Cells for In Vivo Studies

Intracranial Injection of Adeno-associated Viral Vectors

Intracranial injection of viral vectors engineered to express a fluorescent protein is a versatile labeling technique for visualization of specific subsets of cells in different brain regions both in vivo and in brain sections. Unlike the injection of fluorescent dyes, viral labeling offers targeting of individual cell types and is less expensive and time consuming than establishing transgenic mouse lines. In this technique, an adeno-associated viral (AAV) vector is injected intracranially using stereotaxic coordinates, a micropipette and an automated pump for precise delivery of AAV to the desired area with minimal damage to the surrounding tissue. Injection parameters can be tailored to individual experiments by adjusting the animal age at injection, injection location, volume of injection, rate of injection, AAV serotype and the promoter driving gene expression. Depending on the conditions chosen, virally-induced transgene expression can allow visualization of groups of cells, individual cells or fine cellular processes, down to the level of dendritic spines. The experiment shown here depicts an injection of double-stranded AAV expressing green fluorescent protein for the labeling of neurons and glia in the mouse primary visual cortex.

Here we present the intracranial injection of AAV vectors for fluorescent labeling of neurons and glia in the visual cortex.

Intrakranielle Injektion von Adeno-assoziierte virale Vektoren

Intracranial injection of viral vectors engineered to express a fluorescent protein is a versatile labeling technique for visualization of specific ...

Forschung

Neurowissenschaften

Stable and Efficient Genetic Modification of Cells in the Adult Mouse V-SVZ for the Analysis of Neural Stem Cell Autonomous and Non-autonomous Effects

Relatively quiescent somatic stem cells support life-long cell renewal in most adult tissues. Neural stem cells in the adult mammalian brain are restricted to two specific neurogenic niches: the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus in the hippocampus and the ventricular-subventricular zone (V-SVZ; also called subependymal zone or SEZ) in the walls of the lateral ventricles. The development of in vivo gene transfer strategies for adult stem cell populations (i.e. those of the mammalian brain) resulting in long-term expression of desired transgenes in the stem cells and their derived progeny is a crucial tool in current biomedical and biotechnological research. Here, a direct in vivo method is presented for the stable genetic modification of adult mouse V-SVZ cells that takes advantage of the cell cycle-independent infection by LVs and the highly specialized cytoarchitecture of the V-SVZ niche. Specifically, the current protocol involves the injection of empty LVs (control) or LVs encoding specific transgene expression cassettes into either the V-SVZ itself, for the in vivo targeting of all types of cells in the niche, or into the lateral ventricle lumen, for the targeting of ependymal cells only. Expression cassettes are then integrated into the genome of the transduced cells and fluorescent proteins, also encoded by the LVs, allow the detection of the transduced cells for the analysis of cell autonomous and non-autonomous, niche-dependent effects in the labeled cells and their progeny.

Here we describe a procedure based on the use of lentiviral particles for the long-term genetic modification of neural stem cells and/or their adjacent ependymal cells in the adult ventricular-subventricular neurogenic niche which allows the separate analysis of cell autonomous and non-autonomous, niche-dependent effects on neural stem cells.

Stabile und effiziente genetische Veränderung von Zellen in der erwachsenen Maus V-SVZ für die Analyse von Neural Stem Cell Autonome und Nicht autonome Effekte

Relatively quiescent somatic stem cells support life-long cell renewal in most adult tissues. Neural stem cells in the adult mammalian brain are ...

Entwicklungsbiologie

Transfection of Mouse Retinal Ganglion Cells by in vivo Electroporation

The targeting and refinement of RGC projections to the midbrain is a popular and powerful model system for studying how precise patterns of neural connectivity form during development. In mice, retinofugal projections are arranged in a topographic manner and form eye-specific layers in the Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (dLGN) of the thalamus and the Superior Colliculus (SC). The development of these precise patterns of retinofugal projections has typically been studied by labeling populations of RGCs with fluorescent dyes and tracers, such as horseradish peroxidase1-4. However, these methods are too coarse to provide insight into developmental changes in individual RGC axonal arbor morphology that are the basis of retinotopic map formation. They also do not allow for the genetic manipulation of RGCs.
Recently, electroporation has become an effective method for providing precise spatial and temporal control for delivery of charged molecules into the retina5-11. Current retinal electroporation protocols do not allow for genetic manipulation and tracing of retinofugal projections of a single or small cluster of RGCs in postnatal mice. It has been argued that postnatal in vivo electroporation is not a viable method for transfecting RGCs since the labeling efficiency is extremely low and hence requires targeting at embryonic ages when RGC progenitors are undergoing differentiation and proliferation6. 
In this video we describe an in vivo electroporation protocol for targeted delivery of genes, shRNA, and fluorescent dextrans to murine RGCs postnatally. This technique provides a cost effective, fast and relatively easy platform for efficient screening of candidate genes involved in several aspects of neural development including axon retraction, branching, lamination, regeneration and synapse formation at various stages of circuit development. In summary we describe here a valuable tool which will provide further insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying sensory map development.

Transfection of Mouse Retinal Ganglion Cells by in vivo Electroporation

We demonstrate an in vivo electroporation protocol for transfecting single or small clusters of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and other retinal cell types in postnatal mice over a wide range of ages. The ability to label and genetically manipulate postnatal RGCs in vivo is a powerful tool for developmental studies.

Die Transfektion von Maus retinalen Ganglienzellen durch In vivo Elektroporation

The targeting and refinement of RGC projections to the midbrain is a popular and powerful model system for studying how precise patterns of neural ...

Intraventricular Transplantation of Engineered Neuronal Precursors for In Vivo Neuroarchitecture Studies

Gene control of neuronal cytoarchitecture is currently the subject of intensive investigation. Described here is a simple method developed to study in vivo gene control of neocortical projection neuron morphology. This method is based on (1) in vitro lentiviral engineering of neuronal precursors as "test" and "control" cells, (2) their co-transplantation into wild-type brains, and (3) paired morphometric evaluation of their neuronal derivatives. Specifically, E12.5 pallial precursors from panneuronal, genetically labeled donors, are employed for this purpose. They are engineered to take advantage of selected promoters and tetON/OFF technology, and they are free-hand transplanted into neonatal lateral ventricles. Later, upon immunofluorescence profiling of recipient brains, silhouettes of transplanted neurons are fed into NeurphologyJ open source software, their morphometric parameters are extracted, and average length and branching index are calculated. Compared to other methods, this one offers three main advantages: it permits achieving of fine control of transgene expression at affordable costs, it only requires basic surgical skills, and it provides statistically reliable results upon analysis of a limited number of animals. Because of its design, however, it is not adequate to address non cell-autonomous control of neuroarchitecture. Moreover, it should be preferably used to investigate neurite morphology control after completion of neuronal migration. In its present formulation, this method is exquisitely tuned to investigate gene control of glutamatergic neocortical neuron architecture. Taking advantage of transgenic lines expressing EGFP in other specific neural cell types, it can be re-purposed to address gene control of their architecture.

Based on in vitro lentiviral engineering of neuronal precursors, their co-transplantation into wild-type brains and paired morphometric evaluation of "test" and "control" derivatives, this method allows accurate modeling of in vivo gene control of neocortical neuron morphology in a simple and affordable way.

Intraventrikuläre Transplantation von engineered Neuronal Precursors for In Vivo Neuroarchitecture Studies

Gene control of neuronal cytoarchitecture is currently the subject of intensive investigation. Described here is a simple method developed to study in ...

Genetik

Multimodal Imaging of Stem Cell Implantation in the Central Nervous System of Mice

During the past decade, stem cell transplantation has gained increasing interest as primary or secondary therapeutic modality for a variety of diseases, both in preclinical and clinical studies. However, to date results regarding functional outcome and/or tissue regeneration following stem cell transplantation are quite diverse. Generally, a clinical benefit is observed without profound understanding of the underlying mechanism(s)1. Therefore, multiple efforts have led to the development of different molecular imaging modalities to monitor stem cell grafting with the ultimate aim to accurately evaluate survival, fate and physiology of grafted stem cells and/or their micro-environment. Changes observed in one or more parameters determined by molecular imaging might be related to the observed clinical effect. In this context, our studies focus on the combined use of bioluminescence imaging (BLI), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and histological analysis to evaluate stem cell grafting.
BLI is commonly used to non-invasively perform cell tracking and monitor cell survival in time following transplantation2-7, based on a biochemical reaction where cells expressing the Luciferase-reporter gene are able to emit light following interaction with its substrate (e.g. D-luciferin)8, 9. MRI on the other hand is a non-invasive technique which is clinically applicable10 and can be used to precisely locate cellular grafts with very high resolution11-15, although its sensitivity highly depends on the contrast generated after cell labeling with an MRI contrast agent. Finally, post-mortem histological analysis is the method of choice to validate research results obtained with non-invasive techniques with highest resolution and sensitivity. Moreover end-point histological analysis allows us to perform detailed phenotypic analysis of grafted cells and/or the surrounding tissue, based on the use of fluorescent reporter proteins and/or direct cell labeling with specific antibodies.
In summary, we here visually demonstrate the complementarities of BLI, MRI and histology to unravel different stem cell- and/or environment-associated characteristics following stem cell grafting in the CNS of mice. As an example, bone marrow-derived stromal cells, genetically engineered to express the enhanced Green Fluorescent Protein (eGFP) and firefly Luciferase (fLuc), and labeled with blue fluorescent micron-sized iron oxide particles (MPIOs), will be grafted in the CNS of immune-competent mice and outcome will be monitored by BLI, MRI and histology (Figure 1).

This article describes an optimized sequence of events for multimodal imaging of cellular grafts in rodent brain using: (i) in vivo bioluminescence and magnetic resonance imaging, and (ii) post mortem histological analysis. Combining these imaging modalities on a single animal allows cellular graft evaluation with high resolution, sensitivity and specificity.

Multimodale Bildgebung von Stem Cell Implantation in das zentrale Nervensystem der Mäuse

During the past decade, stem cell transplantation has gained increasing interest as primary or secondary therapeutic modality for a variety of diseases, ...

Expansion of Embryonic and Adult Neural Stem Cells by In Utero Electroporation or Viral Stereotaxic Injection

Somatic stem cells can divide to generate additional stem cells (expansion) or more differentiated cell types (differentiation), which is fundamental for tissue formation during embryonic development and tissue homeostasis during adulthood 1. Currently, great efforts are invested towards controlling the switch of somatic stem cells from expansion to differentiation because this is thought to be fundamental for developing novel strategies for regenerative medicine 1,2. However, a major challenge in the study and use of somatic stem cell is that their expansion has been proven very difficult to control.
Here we describe a system that allows the control of neural stem/progenitor cell (altogether referred to as NSC) expansion in the mouse embryonic cortex or the adult hippocampus by manipulating the expression of the cdk4/cyclinD1 complex, a major regulator of the G1 phase of the cell cycle and somatic stem cell differentiation 3,4. Specifically, two different approaches are described by which the cdk4/cyclinD1 complex is overexpressed in NSC in vivo. By the first approach, overexpression of the cell cycle regulators is obtained by injecting plasmids encoding for cdk4/cyclinD1 in the lumen of the mouse telencephalon followed by in utero electroporation to deliver them to NSC of the lateral cortex, thus, triggering episomal expression of the transgenes 5-8. By the second approach, highly concentrated HIV-derived viruses are stereotaxically injected in the dentate gyrus of the adult mouse hippocampus, thus, triggering constitutive expression of the cell cycle regulators after integration of the viral construct in the genome of infected cells 9. Both approaches, whose basic principles were already described by other video protocols 10-14, were here optimized to i) reduce tissue damage, ii) target wide portions of very specific brain regions, iii) obtain high numbers of manipulated cells within each region, and iv) trigger high expression levels of the transgenes within each cell. Transient overexpression of the transgenes using the two approaches is obtained by different means i.e. by natural dilution of the electroporated plasmids due to cell division or tamoxifen administration in Cre-expressing NSC infected with viruses carrying cdk4/cyclinD1 flanked by loxP sites, respectively 9,15.
These methods provide a very powerful platform to acutely and tissue-specifically manipulate the expression of any gene in the mouse brain. In particular, by manipulating the expression of the cdk4/cyclinD1 complex, our system allows the temporal control of NSC expansion and their switch to differentiation, thus, ultimately increasing the number of neurons generated in the mammalian brain. Our approach may be critically important for basic research and using somatic stem cells for therapy of the mammalian central nervous system while providing a better understanding of i) stem cell contribution to tissue formation during development, ii) tissue homeostasis during adulthood, iii) the role of adult neurogenesis in cognitive functions, and perhaps, iv) better using somatic stem cells in models of neurodegenerative diseases.

Expansion of Embryonic and Adult Neural Stem Cells by In Utero Electroporation or Viral Stereotaxic Injection

Controlling the expansion of somatic stem cells is a major factor hampering their study and use in therapy. Here we describe a system to temporally control neural stem cells expansion during development and adulthood, which can be used to increase the number of neurons generated in the mouse brain.

Erweiterung der embryonalen und adulten neuralen Stammzellen<em&gt; In Utero</em&gt; Elektroporation oder Viral stereotaktische Injektion

Somatic stem cells can divide to generate additional stem cells (expansion) or more differentiated cell types (differentiation), which is fundamental for ...

Adeno-associated Virus-mediated Transgene Expression in Genetically Defined Neurons of the Spinal Cord

Selective manipulation of spinal neuronal subpopulations has mainly been achieved by two different methods: 1) Intersectional genetics, whereby double or triple transgenic mice are generated in order to achieve selective expression of a reporter or effector gene (e.g., from the Rosa26 locus) in the desired spinal population. 2) Intraspinal injection of Cre-dependent recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV); here Cre-dependent AAV vectors coding for the reporter or effector gene of choice are injected into the spinal cord of mice expressing Cre recombinase in the desired neuronal subpopulation. This protocol describes how to generate Cre-dependent rAAV vectors and how to transduce neurons in the dorsal horn of the lumbar spinal cord segments L3-L5 with rAAVs. As the lumbar spinal segments L3-L5 are innervated by those peripheral sensory neurons that transmit sensory information from the hindlimbs, spontaneous behavior and responses to sensory tests applied to the hindlimb ipsilateral to the injection side can be analyzed in order to interrogate the function of the manipulated neurons in sensory processing. We provide examples of how this technique can be used to analyze genetically defined subsets of spinal neurons. The main advantages of virus-mediated transgene expression in Cre transgenic mice compared to classical reporter mouse-induced transgene expression are the following: 1) Different Cre-dependent rAAVs encoding various reporter or effector proteins can be injected into a single Cre transgenic line, thus overcoming the need to create several multiple transgenic mouse lines. 2) Intraspinal injection limits manipulation of Cre-expressing cells to the injection site and to the time after injection. The main disadvantages are: 1) Reporter gene expression from rAAVs is more variable. 2) Surgery is required to transduce the spinal neurons of interest. Which of the two methods is more appropriate depends on the neuron population and research question to be addressed.

Intraspinal injection of recombinase dependent recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) can be used to manipulate any genetically labelled cell type in the spinal cord. Here we describe how to transduce neurons in the dorsal horn of the lumbar spinal cord. This technique enables functional interrogation of the manipulated neuron subtype.

Adeno-assoziierten Virus-vermittelten Transgene Ausdruck in genetisch definierten Nervenzellen des Rückenmarks

Selective manipulation of spinal neuronal subpopulations has mainly been achieved by two different methods: 1) Intersectional genetics, whereby double or ...

In Vivo Direct Reprogramming of Resident Glial Cells into Interneurons by Intracerebral Injection of Viral Vectors

Converting resident glia in the brain into functional and subtype-specific neurons in vivo provides a step forward towards the development of alternative cell replacement therapies while also creating tools to study cell fate in situ. To date, it has been possible to obtain neurons via in vivo reprogramming, but the precise phenotype of these neurons or how they mature has not been analyzed in detail. In this protocol, we describe a more efficient conversion and cell-specific identification of the in vivo reprogrammed neurons, using an AAV-based viral vector system. We also provide a protocol for functional assessment of the reprogrammed cells&#8217; neuronal maturation. By injecting flip-excision (FLEX) vectors, containing the reprogramming and synapsin-driven reporter genes&#160;to specific cell types in the brain that serve as the target for cell reprogramming. This technique allows for the easy identification of newly reprogrammed neurons. Results show that the obtained reprogrammed neurons functionally mature over time, receive synaptic contacts and show electrophysiological properties of different types of interneurons. Using the transcription factors Ascl1, Lmx1a and Nurr1, the majority of the reprogrammed cells have properties of fast-spiking, parvalbumin-containing interneurons.

This protocol aims at generating directly reprogrammed interneurons in vivo, using an AAV-based viral system in the brain and a FLEX synapsin-driven GFP reporter, which allows for cell identification and further analysis in vivo.

In Vivo Direkte Reprogrammierung von Resident Glial Cells in Interneurons durch Intracerebral Injection of Viral Vectors

Converting resident glia in the brain into functional and subtype-specific neurons in vivo provides a step forward towards the development of alternative ...

Intracerebral Transplantation and In Vivo Bioluminescence Tracking of Human Neural Progenitor Cells in the Mouse Brain

Cell therapy has long been an emerging treatment paradigm in experimental neurobiology. However, cell transplantation studies often rely on end-point measurements and can therefore only evaluate longitudinal changes of cell migration and survival to a limited extent. This paper provides a reliable, minimally invasive protocol to transplant and longitudinally track neural progenitor cells (NPCs) in the adult mouse brain. Before transplantation, cells are transduced with a lentiviral vector comprising a bioluminescent (firefly-luciferase) and fluorescent (green fluorescent protein [GFP]) reporter. The NPCs are transplanted into the right cortical hemisphere using stereotaxic injections in the sensorimotor cortex. Following transplantation, grafted cells were detected through the intact skull for up to five weeks (at days 0, 3, 14, 21, 35) with a resolution limit of 6,000 cells using in vivo bioluminescence imaging. Subsequently, the transplanted cells are identified in histological brain sections and further characterized with immunofluorescence. Thus, this protocol provides a valuable tool to transplant, track, quantify, and characterize cells in the mouse brain.

Intracerebral Transplantation and In Vivo Bioluminescence Tracking of Human Neural Progenitor Cells in the Mouse Brain

We describe the intraparenchymal transplantation of human neural progenitor cells transduced with a dual reporter vector expressing luciferase-green fluorescent protein (GFP) in the mouse brain. After transplantation, the luciferase signal is repeatedly measured using in vivo bioluminescence and GFP-expressing grafted cells identified in brain sections using fluorescence microscopy.

Intracerebrale Transplantation und In Vivo Biolumineszenz-Tracking von menschlichen neuralen Vorläuferzellen im Gehirn der Maus

Cell therapy has long been an emerging treatment paradigm in experimental neurobiology. However, cell transplantation studies often rely on end-point ...

In vivo Visualisierung des Trigeminusganglion der Ratte mit Calciumindikatoren

In-Vivo Calcium Imaging of Sensory Neurons in the Rat Trigeminal Ganglion

Genetically encoded calcium indicators (GECIs) enable imaging techniques to monitor changes in intracellular calcium in targeted cell populations. Their large signal-to-noise ratio makes GECIs a powerful tool for detecting stimulus-evoked activity in sensory neurons. GECIs facilitate population-level analysis of stimulus encoding with the number of neurons that can be studied simultaneously. This population encoding is most appropriately done in vivo. Dorsal root ganglia (DRG), which house the soma of sensory neurons innervating somatic and visceral structures below the neck, are used most extensively for in vivo imaging because these structures are accessed relatively easily. More recently, this technique was used in mice to study sensory neurons in the trigeminal ganglion (TG) that innervate oral and craniofacial structures. There are many reasons to study TG in addition to DRG, including the long list of pain syndromes specific to oral and craniofacial structures that appear to reflect changes in sensory neuron activity, such as trigeminal neuralgia. Mice are used most extensively in the study of DRG and TG neurons because of the availability of genetic tools. However, with differences in size, ease of handling, and potentially important species differences, there are reasons to study rat rather than mouse TG neurons. Thus, we developed an approach for imaging rat TG neurons in vivo. We injected neonatal pups (p2) intraperitoneally with an AAV encoding GCaMP6s, resulting in &gt;90% infection of both TG and DRG neurons. TG was visualized in the adult following craniotomy and decortication, and changes in GCaMP6s fluorescence were monitored in TG neurons following stimulation of mandibular and maxillary regions of the face. We confirmed that increases in fluorescence were stimulus-evoked with peripheral nerve block. While this approach has many potential uses, we are using it to characterize the subpopulation(s) of TG neurons changed following peripheral nerve injury.

Autor im Rampenlicht: Erforschung peripherer Mechanismen neuropathischer Schmerzen bei Verletzungen des Trigeminusnervs 

Genetically encoded calcium indicators (GECI) enable a robust, population-level analysis of sensory neuron signaling. Here, we have developed a novel approach that allows for in vivo GECI visualization of rat trigeminal ganglia neuron activity.

In-vivo Kalzium-Bildgebung von sensorischen Neuronen im Trigeminusganglion der Ratte

Genetically encoded calcium indicators (GECIs) enable imaging techniques to monitor changes in intracellular calcium in targeted cell populations. Their ...

Viral-vermittelte Kennzeichnung und Transplantation von Medial Ganglienhügel (MGE) Zellen für

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