Name: measurement of neurophysiological signals of ignoring and attending processes in attention control
Uploaded: 2015-07-05T14:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 9 min 37 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Measurement of Neurophysiological Signals of Ignoring and Attending Processes in Attention Control at JoVE.com

We would like to thank Jyoti Mishra for useful discussions regarding the paradigm. This research was supported by NIH grants R33DA026109 and R21MH096329 to MSC.

참고 :이 연구 프로토콜은 캘리포니아 로스 앤젤레스 대학에서 임상 시험 심의위원회의 승인을 윤리적 지침에 따라 개발되었다. 청각과 시각적 자극의 1. 준비 <ol><li> 비주얼 이미지를 생성 할 수있는 소프트웨어를 사용하여 직경 및 주파수 (시야각의 예 1.36 사이클 /도)의 두 계조 정현파 격자, 약 5.7 인치를 생성한다. 이미지는 100 밀리의 화면 시간이있을 것이다. <ol><li> 중앙값 오프 우측 10도 시각에 대한 격자 중 하나를 기울 격자의 좌측에 동일한 양 격자 다른 기울기. </li><li> 경사의 정도는 참가자가 추측에 의존하지 않고 오른쪽 기울기에서 왼쪽으로 기울기를 구별 할 수 있도록 충분한 지 확인합니다. </li></ol></li><li> 청각 음이 생성 될 수있는 소프트웨어를 사용하여, 100 msec의 지속 기간의 두 순수한 톤을 생성한다. <ol><li> M높은 피치의 톤 중 하나 낮은 피치의 다른 아케. 예를 들면, 1 피치가 750 Hz에서 900 Hz의 다른 일 수있다. </li><li> 시각적 자극에 관해서는, 톤 추측에 의존하지 않고 참가자들을 구별 할 수 있도록 충분히 구별되어 있는지 확인하십시오. </li></ol></li></ol> 자극 프리젠 테이션 2. 프로그래밍 <ol><li> 프리젠 테이션 소프트웨어를 사용하여, 실험 기간 동안의 청각 및 시각 자극의 프리젠 테이션을 제어 할 컴퓨터 코드를 생성한다. <ol><li> 우선 자극의 개수가 표시되도록 선택한다. 실험 조건에 따라 시각과 청각 자극, 각각의 적어도 150 현재 신뢰할 수있는 신경 생리 학적 반응에 대한 충분한 반복이 있음을 확인합니다. </li><li> 편안하게 볼 수있는 거리에 앉아 참가자와 중앙 회색 배경에있는 시각적 자극,. 애추의 양측에 위치하는 스피커를 통해 청각 적 자극이 제시N. 참고 : 시각적 자극을 위해 우리는 사인 곡선의 생성에 사용되는 흰색과 검은 색으로, 순수한 흰색 (255, 255, 255)과 순수한 검은 색 (0, 0, 0) 사이의 중간 점 (128,128,128)에 RGB 값으로, 회색 배경 추천 자극. 이 배경과 자극의 평균 밝기를 비교할 수 있음을 보장하고, 대비는 자극과 배경의 어떤 지점 사이의 상수이다. </li><li> 청각과 시각적 자극의 각각에 대해 독립적으로 자극의 타이밍을 선택합니다. 참고 :이 두 흐름 사이의 시간적 관계를 기반으로 자극을 기대에서 참가자를 방지 할 수 있습니다. </li><li> 같은 양상에서 자극의 순차적 인 프리젠 테이션 사이에 약 1 초 간 자극 간격 (ISIS)를 사용합니다. ISIS는 경계의 작업이 더 요구하게됩니다 느리게, 빠르게 ISIS는 불가능 참가자가 시간에 자신의 응답을 할 수 있도록 할 수 있습니다. </li><li> 예컨대 0.7 초 내지 2 등으로 임의로 범위 내에 정확한 ISI 카로기대와 관련된 신경 반응을 방지, 참가자들에게 자극을 예측할합니다. </li><li> 크로스 모달 상호 작용이 자극 (21, 22)를 발표 동시에 또는 거의 동시에에서 발생할 수 있기 때문에, 300 밀리 초 이하 이하로 두 개의 서로 다른 스트림에서 자극 사이의 ISI를 유지. </li></ol></li><li> 청각과 시각적 자극은 참가자들에게 인터리브 발생하는 것으로 나타나 있는지 확인합니다,하지만 결코 공동 발생하지 않습니다. </li><li> 마지막으로, 스물 다섯의 세그먼트로 자극을 나눕니다. 이러한 세그먼트들은 다음 섹션에서 설명하는 세 개의 무작위 선택된 작업 명령 중 하나가 선행 될 것이다. </li></ol> 3. 작업 지시 <ol><li> 이전에 두뇌 활동의 신경 생리 학적 조치를 수집에 작업에 참가자의 방향. <ol><li> 참석 및 청각 톤에 대응하고 명령이 &quot;들어&quot;인 경우 시각적 자극을 무시하는 참가자를 지시한다. 이 명령 B를 제시오디오 및 시각적 인 수단을 통해 OTH. </li><li> 참가자는 각 톤에 대한 응답을하는 두 개의 버튼을 할당합니다. 명령이 &quot;들어 봐&quot;인 경우 예를 들어, &quot;눌러 톤이 높은 경우 왼쪽 화살표 및 오른쪽 화살표 톤이 낮은 경우&quot;. </li><li> 마찬가지로, 참석하고 시각적 격자에 응답하고 명령이 &quot;모양&quot;인 경우 청각 자극을 무시하는 참가자를 지시합니다. </li><li> 시각적 격자에 대한 응답을 할 참가자 두 개의 버튼을 할당합니다. 예를 들어, &quot;격자가 왼쪽으로 기울어 진 경우를 눌러 왼쪽 화살표 격자가 왼쪽 및 오른쪽 화살표를 기울이면&quot;. <ol><li> 청각 자극 양상 때문에주의 제어 메커니즘을 채용 할 필요성 사이의 간섭을 향상시키기 위해 같은 시각적 자극에 대해 동일한 두 개의 버튼을 사용한다. </li></ol></li><li> 마지막으로, 명령이 &quot;수동&quot;인 경우에는 응답하지 않습니다 참가자를 지시하지만 보장참가자들은 열린 눈을 유지하고 화면에 집중했다. </li></ol></li><li> 작업 세션을 통해, &quot;듣기&quot;따라서 그것은 강력한 distractor하고, 관련성이없는 것에 이전에 참석 양상을 전환 세그먼트 사이에 &quot;봐&quot;에 대한 지침을 번갈아. </li><li> 스크린의 중간 또는 시각 자극의 위치에 제시된 작은 도트 또는 십자선에 집착 그들의 눈을 유지하고, 실험 전반에 걸쳐 열린 눈을 유지하기 위해 상기시킨다. </li><li> 참가자가 자신의 눈을 휴식 할 수 있도록,뿐만 아니라 더 이상 1-2 분 휴식 등 모든 6-8 분, 피로의 영향을 완화하기 위해 세그먼트 사이 8-10초 휴식에 구축 할 수 있습니다. </li><li> 마지막으로, 올바르게 작업을 수행 할 수 있도록 충분한 연습과 각 참가자를 제공합니다. 그것은 특히주의 어려움이있는 참가자, 도움이 될 수 있습니다 난에 제시된 시각 및 참석 스트림 청각 작업을 연습solation, distractor 스트림의 동시 발표하지 않고. </li></ol> 4. 신경 생리학 데이터 수집 <ol><li> 참가자가 작업에 익숙해지면, IMAT 동안 참석 무시 신호에 신경 생리 학적 반응의 수집을 시작합니다. </li><li> 뇌파 (EEG) 모자 및 제조업체의 지침에 따라 녹음 장비 및 뇌파 연구 (26, 27)에 대한 현재의 방법론과 출판 기준에 따라 준비. 주 : EEG 기록 용 중요 EEG 기록 파라미터 IMAT 동안, 즉, 사용자 지정 될 수 있으며, 포함 : (a), 128-1,024 Hz에서의 샘플링 레이트 ERP 신호의 저주파수를 캡쳐하는 단계; (b) 느린 드리프트를 최소화하기 위해 전류 (AC)를 번갈아 기록; (c) 전체 두피의 샘플링과 원본 영상의 분석이 수행 될 경우, 센서 (64)의 최소와 그물. </li><li> 참가자의 두피에 캡을 적용하고 신호 임피던스를 확인하고센서들 각각에서 품질. 기록 전극의 임피던스가 균일하고 제조업체에서 권장하는 범위 내에 있는지 확인하기 위해 특별한주의를 기울이십시오. 참고 사항 : 호흡 또는 펄스와 같은 비 신경 생리 학적 신호를 수집하고자하는 경우이 때, 또한 추가 생리 학적 측정 장치를 추가 할 수 있습니다. </li><li> 자극 프리젠 테이션 소프트웨어 제조업체의 지침에 따라 신경 생리 학적 기록 소프트웨어와 신경 생리 학적 기록을 동기화합니다. </li><li> 참가자가 기록 소프트웨어가 각 자극과 후속 분석을 위해 반응의 타이밍의 정확한 기록을 가지고 있다고 보장하는 작업을 수행하는 동안 신경 생리 학적 신호를 기록한다. </li></ol> 5. 오프라인 데이터 분석 <ol><li> 분석 소프트웨어를 이용하여 통계적인 분석을 위해 신경 생리 학적 데이터를 준비한다. </li><li> 먼저 neurophy에 가변성 기여할 비 신경 신호 성분들을 제거뇌의 답변 siological 기록. <ol><li> 이러한 센서의 임피던스의 변화에​​ 의해 야기 된 것과 같은 느린 드리프트를 제거하기 위해, 0.1 Hz의 고역 통과 필터를 사용한다. </li><li> 전기적 노이즈에 의해 도입 된 고주파 성분을 제거하기 위해 30 ~ 50 Hz의 저역 통과 필터를 사용한다. </li><li> 신뢰할 수없는 데이터를 표시 센서를 식별하고 이들을 제외하거나 신호를 보간. </li><li> 식별 및 턱 수축 또는 이마의 움직임, 및 안구 운동 등의 체계적, 비 신경 기여에서 근육 유물 큰 드문 노이즈 성분을 제거한다. 주의 : 전형적인 알고리즘을 비 신경 요소는 독립 성분 분석 및 회귀뿐만 아니라, 명시 적 선택 기준 (예를 들면 임계치를 초과하는 전압의 변화)에 기초하여 반복 알고리즘을 포함 제거 하였다. 가능한 분석 소프트웨어의 지침을 따르십시오, 그리고 뇌파 연구 (26, 27)에 대한 현재의 기준에 따라 진행합니다. </li></ol></li><li&gt; 신경 생리 학적 데이터의 주요 비 신경 구성 요소가 제거되고 나면, 다시 참조 각 센서에서 다른 센서를 통해 평균 또는 좌우 유양 돌기 채널에서 평균을 뺀 각 전극의 데이터. 참고 :이 단계 제로 신경 신호를 포함하는 가정으로 중성 인 기준으로 각 센서 상대의 효과를 다시-표현한다. 참고 : 드문 드문 전극 몽타주는이 기술 (26, 27)의 가정을 충족하기에 충분한 샘플링이 없을 수 있습니다. 후자의 경우, 좌우의 유상 돌기의 평균보다 정확한 기준을 제공 할 수있다. </li><li> 약 1 각 청각을 둘러싼 삼성 전자와 각각의 시각적 이벤트의 다음 추출물 시간 신 (新) 시대가 표시. 자극 발병 이전 100 밀리 초는 자극 발병 다음 기준 간격 역할을 적어도 600 밀리 초에 포함합니다. </li><li> 동일한 조건에 해당하는 모든 시대의 데이터를 평균 - 참석, 자극을 무시하고, 수동적으로 인식# 8212; 평균 응답 잠재적 또는 &quot;ERP&quot;를 유발 계산합니다. 예비 자극 신호에 대하여 변화함에 ERP 진폭을 다시 표현 사전 자극 기준선에서의 데이터의 평균을 뺀다. </li><li> 패시브 조건 동안 이들에 대해, 진폭 및 타이밍뿐만 아니라 참석 자극 후에 ERP 응답의 공간 분포를 비교 참석 프로세스 시간 코스의 동정을 행 하였다. </li><li> 패시브 조건 동안 이들에 대해, 진폭 및 타이밍뿐만 아니라 무시 자극 후에 ERP 응답의 공간 분포를 비교 무시 시간 코스의 동정을 행 하였다. </li></ol>

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C., Pick, H., Saltzmann, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Modes of Perceiving and Processing Information. , 137-157 (1978).</li><li>Gazzaley, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Influence+of+early+attentional+modulation+on+working+memory.">Influence of early attentional modulation on working memory.</a> Neuropsychologia. 49, 1410-1424 (2011).</li><li>Johnson, J. A., Zatorre, R. 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P., Gazzaley, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neural+Suppression+of+Irrelevant+Information+Underlies+Optimal+Working+Memory+Performance.">Neural Suppression of Irrelevant Information Underlies Optimal Working Memory Performance.</a> J Neurosci. 29, 3059-3066 (2009).</li><li>Lenartowicz, A., Simpson, G. V., Haber, C. M., Cohen, M. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neurophysiological+Signals+of+Ignoring+and+Attending+Are+Separable+and+Related+to+Performance+during+Sustained+Intersensory+Attention.">Neurophysiological Signals of Ignoring and Attending Are Separable and Related to Performance during Sustained Intersensory Attention.</a> J Cogn Neurosci. , 1-15 (2014).</li><li>Daffner, K. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Does+modulation+of+selective+attention+to+features+reflect+enhancement+or+suppression+of+neural+activity.">Does modulation of selective attention to features reflect enhancement or suppression of neural activity.</a> Biol Psychol. 89, 398-407 (2012).</li><li>Weissman, D. H., Warner, L. M., Woldorff, M. 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O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Recalibration+of+multisensory+simultaneity:+Cross-modal+transfer+coincides+with+a+change+in+perceptual+latency.">Recalibration of multisensory simultaneity: Cross-modal transfer coincides with a change in perceptual latency.</a> J Vision. 9, (2009).</li><li>Makeig, S., Jung, T. P., Bell, A. J., Ghahremani, D., Sejnowski, T. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Blind+separation+of+event-related+brain+response+components.">Blind separation of event-related brain response components.</a> Psychophysiology. 33, S58-S58 (1996).</li><li>Baillet, S., Mosher, J. C., Leahy, R. 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The authors have nothing to disclose.

참석에 관심 컨트롤에서 무시와 관련된 프로세스는 신경 경로와 시간 과정 다른를 포함 할 수있다. 따라서, 이러한 프로세스를 별도로 측정하는 값이다. IMAT 하나가 지속적인 관심에 동시에 참석과 별도로 무시의 신경 생리 학적 신호를 캡처 할 수 있지만있는 도구입니다. 청각 또는 시각 중 - 참가자가 참석 무시 또는 수동적으로 주어진 양상에 제시된 자극을 지각 할 때 중요한 단계는 감각 신경...

주어진 목표 한 행동에 기초하여, 다른 신호에 대한 액세스를 제한하면서, 선택 입력 신호에 대한 우리의 신경인지 자원을 지시 제어하여 경고 가이드 동작. 이러한 옆방 TV 등 - - distractor 신호가 감쇠하는 책을 읽을 때 예를 들어, 책에 해당하는 영상 신호는 다른 감각 신호 반면 타겟 신호가 강화 될 수있다. 인간과 인간이 아닌 영장류 1-4 모두 녹음, 뇌의 감각 입력의 강도 여부의 함수로 변조 된 것을 나타내는, 감각 피질의 신경 반응이 선택적주의 동안 무시 방해 자극에 대해 참석 대상에 대해 강화 된 것을 나타냅니다 그들은 대상 또는 방해 자극 5-7로 분류됩니다. 관심 변조 효과로 무시 대에 참석했을 때 우리는 신호 강도에 차이를 참조하십시오. 증가하는 관심입니다무시 신경 프로세스 별도로, 주의력 장애 및 그 제어에 기여할 참석 여부와 얼마나 신경 프로세스의 질문. 또한 산만을 무시하는 능력이 목표물에 참석하는 능력 독립적 손상 될 수 있다는 것을 더욱 알 수있다. 예를 들어, distractor 억제 대상 충실 감소없이 증가 된 작업 부하 (8), (9) 및인지 노화 수면 부족 (10)이 손상 될 수있다. 대상 향상의 감소도 distractor 억제에 적자없이 존재할 수 있다면 현재 알려져 있지 않다. 아마도 더 중요한 것은, 그것이 해결되지 참석 또는 무시 있지만 두주의 컨트롤이 손상되는 신경 조건을 규명 할 수 있습니다의 적자 여부. 이와 같이, 더 참석하고 신경 역학 다르면 방법, 세퍼 피질 경로에서 발생 무시할지 여부를 이해할 유용하다. 측정 참석하여별도 프로세스를 무시하고, 같은 질문을 해결할 수 있습니다. 여기에서 우리는 지속적인 관심에 동시에 참석과 별도로 무시의 신경 생리 학적 신호를 측정하는 방법을 설명하지만. 그 개인이 지각 스트림 자극에 비해 무시 참석 신경 감각의 진폭 응답에서의 차이 :이 방법은 관심 변조 효과를 만든다. 관심 변조 효과 감각 신호 위에 주목 변조를 검출하기위한 강력한 도구이지만 참석과 프로세스를 무시하는 별도의 역학을 평가하는 능력을 방해한다. 즉, 감각 신경 반응에 변화가 관심의 대상 프로세스 감각 신호를 강화하기 때문에 발생할 수있는 무시 대 다니는 경우, 또는 감쇠 distractor에게 감각 신호를 무시하는, 또는 둘 모두로 인해. 이러한 대안들 사이 테스트하기 위해 추가의 제어 조건의 사용은 하나하고 힘을 정량화하는 필요그들은 둘 다 참석하지 않고 무시됩니다 자연베이스 라인에서 감각 입력의 시간. 이 차의 전체 바쁜 길을 걷고 비슷하지만 어느 쪽도 적극적으로 (택시, 예를 들어)보고되지도 적극적으로 (예를 들면, 비 택시 자동차와 버스) 지나가는 자동차를 무시. 프로세스에 참석하고 무시하는 수동적 인 기준 조건, 규모와시기를 기준으로 유인 또는 무시됩니다 감각 신호를 평가하여 개별적으로 정량화 할 수있다. 참석하고 무시하는 프로세스를 측정하는 등의 수동 제어의 효과적인 사용은 선행주의 11 ~ 13과 메모리주의 상호 작용 9,10,14-17의 연구에서 이전에보고 된 바있다. 여기에서는 비 보이기, 연속 복합 (즉, 청각 시각)의 주목 태스크 (IMAT) (18)에 지속적인 관심의 맥락에서이 방법의 사용을 기술한다. 즉,이 방법은 계속 라스의 연구에 적절한시간에 걸쳐 이러한 프로세스의 추적을 가능하게 준비 제어 프로세스보다 어. 이 방법은, 따라서 특정 감각 또는 콘텐츠 도메인 내에서 전문화되지 않은 프로세스에 초점을 맞추고, (시각 대 즉, 청각) 다른 감각 양식에서 감각 반응을 조절하는 제어 프로세스를 정량화. 이전 기능 자기 공명 영상이 15,19,20을 연구는 달리,이 방법은 트랙 참석 따라서 참석과 프로세스를 무시하는 시간 프로파일에 대한 밀리 초 해상도를 제공하는, 시간적으로 해결 신경 생리 학적 신호 (뇌파, EEG)를 이용하여 프로세스를 무시. 우리의 대표적인 결과는 분리 대뇌 피질의 소스 및 참석과 무시의 신경 과정의 시간적 역학 및주의 변조 효과에 독특한 기여에 대한 직접적인 증거를 식별 기술의 사용을 보여줍니다.

<table><tbody><tr><td>NetStation Software</td><td>Electrical Geodesic, Inc.</td><td>version 4.5.1</td><td>Alternate recording software may be used.</td></tr><tr><td>Matlab Software</td><td>The MathWorks, Inc.</td><td>7.10.0 (R2010a)</td><td>Alternate analysis and presentation software may be used.</td></tr><tr><td>PsychToolbox Software</td><td>http://psychtoolbox.org/</td><td>v3.0.8 (2010-03-06)</td><td>Open-source software. Alternate stimulus presentation software may be used.</td></tr><tr><td>Netstation Amplifier</td><td>Electrical Geodesic, Inc.</td><td>300</td><td>Alternate amplifier may be used.</td></tr><tr><td>EEG Net</td><td>Electrical Geodesic, Inc.</td><td>HCGSN130</td><td>Alternate EEG cap may be used.</td></tr><tr><td>Saline-Based Electrolyte (Potassium Chloride)</td><td>Electrical Geodesic, Inc.</td><td>n/a</td><td>Electrolyte used in soaking of net for this high-impedance EEG system. Alternate electrolyte mediate can be used.</td></tr></tbody></table>

measurement of neurophysiological signals of ignoring and attending processes in attention control

Attention control is the ability to selectively attend to some sensory signals while ignoring others. This ability is thought to involve two processes: enhancement of sensory signals that are to be attended and the attenuation of sensory signals that are to be ignored. The overall strength of attentional modulation is often measured by comparing the amplitude of a sensory neural response to an external input when attended versus when ignored. This method is robust for detecting attentional modulation, but precludes the ability to assess the separate dynamics of attending and ignoring processes. Here, we describe methodology to measure independently the neurophysiological signals of attending and ignoring using the intermodal attention task (IMAT). This task, when combined with electroencephalography, isolates neurophysiological sensory responses in auditory and visual modalities, when either attending or ignoring, with respect to a passive control. As a result, independent dynamics of attending and of a ignoring can be assessed in either modality. Our results using this task indicate that the timing and cortical sources of attending and ignoring effects differ, as do their contributions to the attention modulation effect, pointing to unique neural trajectories and demonstrating sample utility of measuring them separately.

IMAT 프로토콜 참석 지속적인 관심 18 중에 응답 속도로 프로세스를 무시하는 독특한 기여를 식별하기 위해 이전에 사용되었다. 이 연구에서 우리는 35 건강한 오른 손잡이 개인 테스트 (22 여성, 나이 : X = 21.0, σ = 5.4), 캘리포니아 대학 로스 앤젤레스에서 심리학 부서 대상 풀을 통해 모집. 모든 참가자는 이전 연구에 참여에 동의를 통보하여 작성 제공했다. 대표 결과 참석을 측정 값을 선택...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Measurement of Neurophysiological Signals of Ignoring and Attending Processes in Attention Control at JoVE.com

Measurement of Neurophysiological Signals of Ignoring and Attending Processes in Attention Control

Attention control comprises enhancement of target signals and attenuation of distractor signals. We describe an approach to measure separately but concurrently, the neurophysiology of attending and ignoring in sustained intermodal attention, utilizing a passive control condition during which neither process is continuously engaged.

주의 컨트롤의 프로세스를 무시하고 참석의 신경 생리학 신호의 측정

Attention control is the ability to selectively attend to some sensory signals while ignoring others. This ability is thought to involve two processes: ...

measurement-neurophysiological-signals-ignoring-attending-processes

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

9.0K 조회수.  University of California Los Angeles. Attention control comprises enhancement of target signals and attenuation of distractor signals. We describe an approach to measure separately but concurrently, the neurophysiology of attending and ignoring in sustained intermodal attention, utilizing a passive control condition during which neither process is continuously engaged. 

비디오: Measurement of Neurophysiological Signals of Ignoring and Attending Processes in Attention Control

A Pressure Injection System for Investigating the Neuropharmacology of Information Processing in Awake Behaving Macaque Monkey Cortex

The top-down modulation of feed-forward cortical information processing is functionally important for many cognitive processes, including the modulation of sensory information processing by attention. However, little is known about which neurotransmitter systems are involved in such modulations. A practical way to address this question is to combine single-cell recording with local and temporary neuropharmacological manipulation in a suitable animal model. Here we demonstrate a technique combining acute single-cell recordings with the injection of neuropharmacological agents in the direct vicinity of the recording electrode. The video shows the preparation of the pressure injection/recording system, including preparation of the substance to be injected. We show a rhesus monkey performing a visual attention task and the procedure of single-unit recording with block-wise pharmacological manipulations.

Here, we show the pressure injection of neuropharmacological substances during single-cell recording in an awake, behaving macaque monkey. This procedure allows pharmacological manipulation in the direct vicinity of a cortical recording site.

깨어되는 행동 원숭이 원숭이 코어 텍스에서 정보 처리의 신경 약리학 조사에 대한 압력 분사 시스템

The top-down modulation of feed-forward cortical information processing is functionally important for many cognitive processes, including the modulation ...

연구

행동분석학

Measuring Attention and Visual Processing Speed by Model-based Analysis of Temporal-order Judgments

This protocol describes how to conduct temporal-order experiments to measure visual processing speed and the attentional resource distribution. The proposed method is based on a new and synergistic combination of three components: the temporal-order judgments (TOJ) paradigm, Bundesen&#39;s Theory of Visual Attention (TVA), and a hierarchical Bayesian estimation framework. The method provides readily interpretable parameters, which are supported by the theoretical and neurophysiological underpinnings of TVA. Using TOJs, TVA-based estimates can be obtained for a broad range of stimuli, whereas traditional paradigms used with TVA are mainly limited to letters and digits. Finally, the meaningful parameters of the proposed model allow for the establishment of a hierarchical Bayesian model. Such a statistical model allows assessing results in one coherent analysis both on the subject and the group level.
To demonstrate the feasibility and versatility of this new approach, three experiments are reported with attention manipulations in synthetic pop-out displays, natural images, and a cued letter-report paradigm.

Temporal-order judgments can be used to estimate processing speed parameters and attentional weights and thereby to infer the mechanisms of attentional processing. This methodology can be applied to a wide range of visual stimuli and works with many attention manipulations.

시간적 순서 심판의 모델 기반 분석에 의해주의 및 Visual 처리 속도를 측정

This protocol describes how to conduct temporal-order experiments to measure visual processing speed and the attentional resource distribution. The ...

Correlating Behavioral Responses to fMRI Signals from Human Prefrontal Cortex: Examining Cognitive Processes Using Task Analysis

The aim of this methods paper is to describe how to implement a neuroimaging technique to examine complementary brain processes engaged by two similar tasks. Participants' behavior during task performance in an fMRI scanner can then be correlated to the brain activity using the blood-oxygen-level-dependent signal. We measure behavior to be able to sort correct trials, where the subject performed the task correctly and then be able to examine the brain signals related to correct performance. Conversely, if subjects do not perform the task correctly, and these trials are included in the same analysis with the correct trials we would introduce trials that were not only for correct performance. Thus, in many cases these errors can be used themselves to then correlate brain activity to them. We describe two complementary tasks that are used in our lab to examine the brain during suppression of an automatic responses: the stroop1 and anti-saccade tasks. The emotional stroop paradigm instructs participants to either report the superimposed emotional 'word' across the affective faces or the facial 'expressions' of the face stimuli1,2. When the word and the facial expression refer to different emotions, a conflict between what must be said and what is automatically read occurs. The participant has to resolve the conflict between two simultaneously competing processes of word reading and facial expression. Our urge to read out a word leads to strong 'stimulus-response (SR)' associations; hence inhibiting these strong SR's is difficult and participants are prone to making errors. Overcoming this conflict and directing attention away from the face or the word requires the subject to inhibit bottom up processes which typically directs attention to the more salient stimulus. Similarly, in the anti-saccade task3,4,5,6, where an instruction cue is used to direct only attention to a peripheral stimulus location but then the eye movement is made to the mirror opposite position. Yet again we measure behavior by recording the eye movements of participants which allows for the sorting of the behavioral responses into correct and error trials7 which then can be correlated to brain activity. Neuroimaging now allows researchers to measure different behaviors of correct and error trials that are indicative of different cognitive processes and pinpoint the different neural networks involved.

The goal of our research is to correlate behavior to brain activity. Accurate behavioral measures and imaging techniques allow us to elucidate brain-behavior relationships.

인간의 전두엽 피질에서 fMRI 신호에 행동 응답을 연관 : 작업 분석을 사용하여인지 과정을 검토

The aim of this methods paper is to describe how to implement a neuroimaging technique to examine complementary brain processes engaged by two similar ...

신경과학

Mapping Cortical Dynamics Using Simultaneous MEG/EEG and Anatomically-constrained Minimum-norm Estimates: an Auditory Attention Example

Magneto- and electroencephalography (MEG/EEG) are neuroimaging techniques that provide a high temporal resolution particularly suitable to investigate the cortical networks involved in dynamical perceptual and cognitive tasks, such as attending to different sounds in a cocktail party. Many past studies have employed data recorded at the sensor level only, i.e., the magnetic fields or the electric potentials recorded outside and on the scalp, and have usually focused on activity that is time-locked to the stimulus presentation. This type of event-related field / potential analysis is particularly useful when there are only a small number of distinct dipolar patterns that can be isolated and identified in space and time. Alternatively, by utilizing anatomical information, these distinct field patterns can be localized as current sources on the cortex. However, for a more sustained response that may not be time-locked to a specific stimulus (e.g., in preparation for listening to one of the two simultaneously presented spoken digits based on the cued auditory feature) or may be distributed across multiple spatial locations unknown a priori, the recruitment of a distributed cortical network may not be adequately captured by using a limited number of focal sources.
Here, we describe a procedure that employs individual anatomical MRI data to establish a relationship between the sensor information and the dipole activation on the cortex through the use of minimum-norm estimates (MNE). This inverse imaging approach provides us a tool for distributed source analysis. For illustrative purposes, we will describe all procedures using FreeSurfer and MNE software, both freely available. We will summarize the MRI sequences and analysis steps required to produce a forward model that enables us to relate the expected field pattern caused by the dipoles distributed on the cortex onto the M/EEG sensors. Next, we will step through the necessary processes that facilitate us in denoising the sensor data from environmental and physiological contaminants. We will then outline the procedure for combining and mapping MEG/EEG sensor data onto the cortical space, thereby producing a family of time-series of cortical dipole activation on the brain surface (or "brain movies") related to each experimental condition. Finally, we will highlight a few statistical techniques that enable us to make scientific inference across a subject population (i.e., perform group-level analysis) based on a common cortical coordinate space.

We use magneto- and electroencephalography (MEG/EEG), combined with anatomical information captured by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), to map the dynamics of the cortical network associated with auditory attention.

동시 멕 / EEG와 해부학적인 몸의 구조 제약 최소 - 표준 견적을 사용하여 매핑 두피 역학 : 청각주의 예

Magneto- and electroencephalography (MEG/EEG) are neuroimaging techniques that provide a high temporal resolution particularly suitable to investigate the ...

Investigating the Deployment of Visual Attention Before Accurate and Averaging Saccades via Eye Tracking and Assessment of Visual Sensitivity

This experimental protocol was designed to investigate whether visual attention is obligatorily deployed at the endpoint of saccades. To this end, we recorded the eye position of human participants engaged in a saccade task via eye tracking and assessed visual orientation discrimination performance at various locations during saccade preparation. Importantly, instead of using a single saccade target paradigm for which the saccade endpoint typically coincides roughly with the target, this protocol comprised the presentation of two nearby saccade targets, leading to a distinct spatial dissociation between target locations and saccade endpoint on a substantial number of trials. The paradigm allowed us to compare presaccadic visual discrimination performance at the endpoint of accurate saccades (landing at one of the saccade targets) and of averaging saccades (landing at an intermediate location in between the two targets). We observed a selective enhancement of visual sensitivity at the endpoint of accurate saccades but not at the endpoint of averaging saccades. Rather, before the execution of averaging saccades, visual sensitivity was equally enhanced at both targets, suggesting that saccade averaging follows from unresolved attentional selection among the saccade targets. These results argue against a mandatory coupling between visual attention and saccade programming based on a direct measure of presaccadic visual sensitivity rather than saccadic reaction times, which have been used in other protocols to draw similar conclusions. While our protocol provides a useful framework to investigate the relationship between visual attention and saccadic eye movements at the behavioral level, it can also be combined with electrophysiological measures to extend insights at the neuronal level.

This experimental protocol combined eye tracking and the assessment of presaccadic visual sensitivity in a dual task paradigm, consisting of a free choice saccade task and a visual discrimination task, to investigate the deployment of visual spatial attention before both, accurate and averaging saccades.

안구 추적을 통해 정확 하 고 평균 Saccades 전에 시각적 관심의 배포 및 시각적인 감도의 평가 조사

This experimental protocol was designed to investigate whether visual attention is obligatorily deployed at the endpoint of saccades. To this end, we ...

Measuring the Switch Cost of Smartphone Use While Walking

This paper presents a study protocol to measure the task-switching cost of using a smartphone while walking. This method involves having participants walk on a treadmill under two experimental conditions: a control condition (i.e., simply walking) and a multitasking condition (i.e., texting while walking). During these conditions, the participants must switch between the tasks related to the experimental condition and a direction determining task. This direction task is done with a point-light walker figure, seemingly walking towards the left or the right of the participant. Performance on the direction task represents the participant&#8217;s task-switching costs. There were two performance measures: 1) correct identification of the direction and 2) response time. EEG data are recorded in order to measure the alpha oscillations and cognitive engagement occurring during the task switch. This method is limited in its ecological validity: pedestrian environments have many stimuli occurring simultaneously and competing for attention. Nonetheless, this method is appropriate for pinpointing task-switching costs. The EEG data allow the study of the underlying mechanisms in the brain that are related to differing task-switching costs. This design allows the comparison between task switching when doing one task at a time, as compared to task switching when multitasking, prior to the stimulus presentation. This allows understanding and pinpointing both the behavioral and neurophysiological impact of these two different task-switching conditions. Furthermore, by correlating the task-switching costs with the brain activity, we can learn more about what causes these behavioral effects. This protocol is an appropriate base for studying the switching cost of different smartphone uses. Different tasks, questionnaires, and other measures can be added to it in order to understand the different factors involved in the task-switching cost of smartphone use while walking.

This study design measures the task-switching cost of using a smartphone while walking. Participants undergo two experimental conditions: a control condition (walking) and a multitasking condition (texting while walking). Participants switch between these tasks and a direction determining task. EEG data as well as behavioral measures are recorded.

걷는 동안 스마트 폰 사용의 스위치 비용 측정

This paper presents a study protocol to measure the task-switching cost of using a smartphone while walking. This method involves having participants walk ...

Touchscreen Sustained Attention Task (SAT) for Rats

Sustained attention is the ability to monitor intermittent and unpredictable events over a prolonged period of time. This attentional process subserves other aspects of cognition and is disrupted in certain neurodevelopmental, neuropsychiatric, and neurodegenerative disorders. Thus, it is clinically important to identify mechanisms that impair and improve sustained attention. Such mechanisms are often first discovered using rodent models. Therefore, several behavior procedures for testing aspects of sustained attention have been developed for rodents. One, first described by McGaughy and Sarter (1995), called the sustained attention task (SAT), trains rats to distinguish between signal (i.e., brief light presentation) and non-signal trials. The signals are short and thus require careful attention to be perceived. Attentional demands can be increased further by introducing a distractor (e.g., flashing houselight). We have modified this task for touchscreen operant chambers, which are configured with a touchscreen on one wall that can present stimuli and record responses. Here we detail our protocol for SAT in touchscreen chambers. Additionally, we present standard measures of performance in male and female Sprague-Dawley rats. Comparable performance on this task in both sexes highlights its use for attention studies, especially as more researchers are including female rodents in their experimental design. Moreover, the easy implementation of SAT for the increasingly popular touchscreen chambers increases its utility.

Touchscreen Sustained Attention Task SAT for Rats

Sustained attention, or continuously monitoring situations for intermittent and unpredictable events, is a critical aspect of cognition. Here we detail how to test sustained attention in rats using touchscreen operant chambers. We demonstrate comparable performance in male and female rats, making this task useful for studying attention in both sexes.

터치 스크린 지속 주의 작업 (토) 쥐에 대 한

Sustained attention is the ability to monitor intermittent and unpredictable events over a prolonged period of time. This attentional process subserves ...

Using Brain Activation (nir-HEG/Q-EEG) and Execution Measures (CPTs) in a ADHD Assessment Protocol

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a problem that impacts academic performance and has serious consequences that result in difficulties in scholastic, social and familial contexts. One of the most common problems in the identification of this disorder relates to the apparent over diagnosis of the disorder due to the absence of global protocols for assessment. The research group of School Learning, Difficulties and Academic Performance (ADIR) from the University of Oviedo, has developed a complete protocol that suggests the existence of certain patterns of cortical activation and executive control for identifying ADHD more objectively. This protocol takes into consideration some of the hypothetical determinants of ADHD, including the relationship between activation of selected areas of the brain, and differences in performance on various aspects of executive functioning such as omissions, commissions or response times, using innovative tools of Continuous Performance Testing (based on Virtual Reality CPT and Traditional CPT) and brain activation measures (two different tools, based on Hemoencephalography- nirHEG; and Quantified Electroencephalography --Q-EEG, respectively). This model of assessment aims to provide an effective assessment of ADHD symptomatology in order to design an accurate intervention and make appropriate recommendations for parents and teachers.

Using Brain Activation nir-HEG/Q-EEG and Execution Measures CPTs in a ADHD Assessment Protocol

This work presents a new protocol for the assessment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) by providing a more objective diagnostic procedure for this developmental disorder based on the use of innovative tools. It also analyzes the relationship between activation measures and executive function measures.

ADHD 평가 프로토콜의 뇌 활성화 (nir-HEG/Q-EEG) 및 실행 조치 (청구서)를 사용 하 여

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a problem that impacts academic performance and has serious consequences that result in difficulties in ...

Event Related Potentials (ERPs) and other EEG Based Methods for Extracting Biomarkers of Brain Dysfunction: Examples from Pediatric Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

Neuropsychiatric diagnoses like ADHD are based on subjective methods like interviews, rating scales and observations. There is a need for more brain-based supplements. Stimulant medication is the most common treatment for ADHD. Clinically useful predictors of response have so far not been reported. The aim of this paper is to describe the EEG based methods we apply to extract potential biomarkers for brain dysfunction. Examples relate to biomarkers for pediatric ADHD, and prediction of medication response. The main emphasis is on Event Related Potentials (ERPs).
A nineteen channel EEG is recorded during a 3 min eyes-opened task, a 3 min eyes-closed task, and a 20 min cued visual GO/NOGO task (VCPT). ERPs are recorded during this task. The goal of the ERP protocol is to extract biomarkers of assumed brain dysfunctions that significantly differentiate between a patient group and healthy controls. The protocol includes recording during standard conditions and artifact correction. ERP waves can be used or transformed into latent components. The components of the patient group are compared with controls, empathizing components that, when compared, show relatively high effect sizes. Sub-groups of the patients are selected on the basis of the cluster analysis in the space of the components. Treatment procedure (such as medication, tDCS or neurofeedback protocol) can be applied and the changes in components related to treatment in the subgroups are observed, forming the basis for clinical recommendations.
The methods described were applied in a study of 87 pediatric ADHD patients. The index of medication response discriminated significantly between responders and non-responders with a large, and clinically meaningful effect size (d = 1.84). In an ongoing study comparing ADHD children with matched controls, several variables discriminate significantly between patients and controls. The global index will exceed d = .8. The EEG based methods described here could be clinically meaningful.

Event Related Potentials ERPs and other EEG Based Methods for Extracting Biomarkers of Brain Dysfunction: Examples from Pediatric Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder ADHD

EEG-methods are applied for extracting biomarkers of brain dysfunctions. The focus is on multi-channel event-related potentials (ERPs) recorded in a cued GO/NOGO task. Non-brain artifacts are corrected and ERPs are compared with the normative data. Examples relate to biomarkers for ADHD diagnosis and prediction of medication response.

이벤트 관련 잠재력 (ERPs) 및 뇌 기능 장애의 바이오 마커를 추출 하기위한 다른 EEG 기반 방법: 소아 주의력 결핍/과잉 행동 장애에서 예 (ADHD)

Neuropsychiatric diagnoses like ADHD are based on subjective methods like interviews, rating scales and observations. There is a need for more brain-based ...

A Visuospatial Planning Task Coupled with Eye-Tracker and Electroencephalogram Systems

The planning process, characterized by the capability to formulate an organized plan to reach a goal, is essential for human goal-directed behavior. Since planning is compromised in several neuropsychiatric disorders, the implementation of proper clinical and experimental tests to examine planning is critical. Due to the nature of the deployment of planning, in which several cognitive domains participate, the assessment of planning and the design of behavioral paradigms coupled with neuroimaging methods are current challenges in cognitive neuroscience. A planning task was evaluated in combination with an electroencephalogram (EEG) system and eye movement recordings in 27 healthy adult participants. Planning can be separated into two stages: a mental planning stage in which a sequence of steps is internally represented and an execution stage in which motor action is used to achieve a previously planned goal. Our protocol included a planning task and a control task. The planning task involved solving 36 maze trials, each representing a zoo map. The task had four periods: i) planning, where the subjects were instructed to plan a path to visit the locations of four animals according to a set of rules; ii) maintenance, where the subjects had to retain the planned path in their working memory; iii) execution, where the subjects used eye movements to trace the previously planned path as indicated by the eye-tracker system; and iv) response, where the subjects reported the order of the visited animals. The control task had a similar structure, but the cognitive planning component was removed by modifying the task goal. The spatial and temporal patterns of the EEG revealed that planning induces a gradual and lasting rise in frontal-midline theta activity (FM&#952;) over time. The source of this activity was identified within the prefrontal cortex by source analyses. Our results suggested that the experimental paradigm combining EEG and eye-tracker systems was optimal for evaluating cognitive planning.

The study of cognitive planning combining EEG and eye-tracking systems provides a multimodal approach to investigate the neural mechanisms that mediate cognitive control and goal-directed behavior in humans. Here, we describe a protocol for investigating the role of brain oscillations and eye movements in planning performance.

The planning process, characterized by the capability to formulate an organized plan to reach a goal, is essential for human goal-directed behavior. Since ...