This work was supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DU 1190/3-1).

全ての動物実験は、ドイツ動物保護法（TierSchG）に準拠して行きました。 FELASA（www.felasa.eu/guidelines.php）と全国動物福祉本体GV-SOLAS条約（www.gv-solas.de/index.html）で定義されているようにマウスが収容され、良好な動物の慣行に従って取り扱われました。フライブルク大学の動物福祉委員会だけでなく、自治体（Regierungspräsidiumフライブルク）は、すべての動物実験を承認しました。 1.動物の取り扱い、準備および炎症の誘導<ol><li> 16〜20グラムの重量範囲で6週齢の雄マウス - 4を使用してください。注：マウスは古いまたは重い場合、それらは顕微鏡観察を制限する、血管の周囲の過剰な脂肪を提示します。 </li><li>手術前にすべてのツールと​​顕微鏡テーブルを滅菌します。 </li><li>注入の20mg / kgのLPS（リポポリサッカライド）を腹腔内4細菌inflammを誘導するために生きているマウスに、顕微鏡の前に時間エーション。 </li><li>プラスチック容器および腸間膜組織を加湿するために37℃の水浴中で0.9％食塩水を予熱します。 </li><li>右の顕微鏡の手順の前に腹腔内ケタミンの注射（100mg / kg）およびキシラジン（5mg / kg）でマウスを麻酔。別の麻酔は、 例えば、2％イソフルラン吸入を用いることができます。反射刺激（しっかり圧でつま先やテールピンチ）に対する応答の喪失によって、適切な麻酔を確認してください。 </li><li>シェーバーを使用して腹部を脱毛するとエタノール70％で飽和したガーゼで抜け毛を取り除きます。 </li><li>麻酔下にある間、乾燥を防ぐために、マウスの目に獣医軟膏を適用します。 </li></ol> 2.手術<ol><li> 70％エタノールを用いて腹部を滅菌します。この方法は、滅菌方法ではなく、実験の終了時に致死的である可能性があります。 </li><li>正中開腹術を実行します。小さな、湾曲鉗子と小さなハサミを使用して腹部の皮膚を開きます。エピを特定gastrical血管や血管を保護するために、白線の領域で腹膜を開きます。 </li><li>湿った組織を維持するために腹腔内に予め加温した生理食塩水を数滴を適用します。 </li><li> 9,10前に説明したように眼窩50μlのローダミン6G（1mg / ml）を注入することにより、蛍光ラベルの白血球と血小板。 </li><li>直径10cmのペトリ皿にileumandの場所それのループを体外に出すし、37℃を適用することにより、湿った組織を維持することを確認してくださいは、生理食塩水（0.9％）、他のすべての分を予め加温しました。 </li></ol> 3.生体顕微鏡<ol><li>顕微鏡の下にマウスを置き、200の直径を有する腸間膜静脈を持って - ビューの中央には300μm。目に見える脂肪周囲と容器を選択してください。 </li><li>それによって内皮の刺激を避ける腸間膜血管を触れないでください。慎重回腸ループを処理します。 </li><li>血液細胞 - 内皮相互作用を可視化倒立または正立顕微鏡、顕微鏡ソフトウェアを使用して、カメラで。マウスあたり4つの異なる静脈の1分間の録音血液細胞 - 内皮相互作用。 </li><li>イメージング実験の完了後に頸椎脱臼によりマウスを安楽死させます。 </li></ol> 4.分析<ol><li>分析をオフラインで実行し、すべてのパラメータに対して盲目に。任意の適切なソフトウェアプログラムを用いて分析を行います。 </li><li>管腔内の血液細胞の流れに焦点を当て、高時間分解能のシネクリップで安定しており、interindividually同等の血流状態（最大フレームレート）を確認してください。 </li><li>ローリング白血球数を定量化します。そのための静脈を介して垂直線を描画し、1分でこのラインを交差するすべての白血球をカウントします。 </li><li>一つの白血球を安定して内皮上を転動しながら、50μmの距離を通過するのに必要な時間を測定することにより、圧延速度を決定。これを行うには、50ミクロンtの距離で2つの垂直線を描きます静脈hrough。 <ol><li>代表的な白血球が必要な時間（マイクロメートル/秒）を介して、50ミクロンを分割しother.Calculate行への白血球の速度を得るために必要な時間を測定します。 </li></ol></li><li> 0.04ミリメートル2のフィールドに白血球の接着を測定します。これを行うには、静脈に200μmの辺の長さの正方形を描画します。 <ol><li>この正方形の中に、30秒間、目に見える動きとして定義されてしっかりと付着性白血球を、数えます。 </li></ol></li><li>血小板 - 白血球の相互作用を定量化するために、1つの白血球に結合した血小板の数を数えます。 </li></ol>

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	<li>Lehr, H. A., Vollmar, B., Vajkoczy, P., Menger, M. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intravital+fluorescence+microscopy+for+the+study+of+leukocyte+interaction+with+platelets+and+endothelial+cells.">Intravital fluorescence microscopy for the study of leukocyte interaction with platelets and endothelial cells.</a> Methods in enzymology. 300, 462-481 (1999).</li><li>Atherton, A., Born, G. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantitative+investigations+of+the+adhesiveness+of+circulating+polymorphonuclear+leucocytes+to+blood+vessel+walls.">Quantitative investigations of the adhesiveness of circulating polymorphonuclear leucocytes to blood vessel walls.</a> The Journal of physiology. 222, 447-474 (1972).</li><li>Duerschmied, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Serotonin+stimulates+platelet+receptor+shedding+by+tumor+necrosis+factor-alpha-converting+enzyme+(ADAM17).">Serotonin stimulates platelet receptor shedding by tumor necrosis factor-alpha-converting enzyme (ADAM17).</a> Journal of thrombosis and haemostasis : JTH. 7, 1163-1171 (2009).</li><li>Chauhan, A. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=ADAMTS13:+a+new+link+between+thrombosis+and+inflammation.">ADAMTS13: a new link between thrombosis and inflammation.</a> The Journal of experimental medicine. 205, 2065-2074 (1084).</li><li>Baez, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+open+cremaster+muscle+preparation+for+the+study+of+blood+vessels+by+in+vivo+microscopy.">An open cremaster muscle preparation for the study of blood vessels by in vivo microscopy.</a> Microvascular research. 5, 384-394 (1973).</li><li>Leister, I., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+peritoneal+cavity+chamber+for+intravital+microscopy+of+the+liver+under+conditions+of+pneumoperitoneum.">A peritoneal cavity chamber for intravital microscopy of the liver under conditions of pneumoperitoneum.</a> Surgical endoscopy. 17, 939-942 (2003).</li><li>Duerschmied, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Platelet+serotonin+promotes+the+recruitment+of+neutrophils+to+sites+of+acute+inflammation+in+mice.">Platelet serotonin promotes the recruitment of neutrophils to sites of acute inflammation in mice.</a> Blood. 121, 1008-1015 (2013).</li><li>Herr, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Acute+fluoxetine+treatment+induces+slow+rolling+of+leukocytes+on+endothelium+in+mice.">Acute fluoxetine treatment induces slow rolling of leukocytes on endothelium in mice.</a> PloS one. 9, e88316 (2014).</li><li>Yardeni, T., Eckhaus, M., Morris, H. 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J., Werdan, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Platelet+activation+and+interaction+with+leucocytes+in+patients+with+sepsis+or+multiple+organ+failure.">Platelet activation and interaction with leucocytes in patients with sepsis or multiple organ failure.</a> European journal of clinical investigation. 25, 843-851 (1995).</li><li>Sarma, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Increased+platelet+binding+to+circulating+monocytes+in+acute+coronary+syndromes.">Increased platelet binding to circulating monocytes in acute coronary syndromes.</a> Circulation. 105, 2166-2171 (2002).</li><li>Sumagin, R., Sarelius, I. 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The authors have nothing to disclose.

本明細書中で、我々は、in vivoでのマウスの腸間膜静脈の生体顕微鏡の製造及び性能を記載します。この方法は、私たちに生体内で直接白血球-内皮細胞および血小板-内皮相互作用11を観察する機会を与えてくれます。 内皮を炎症に対する初期応答として活性化されますと、ローリング、接着および遊出12で得られた白血球と血小板と相互作用します...

このプロトコルの目的は、炎症状態の下で白血球 - 内皮細胞および白血球、血小板の相互作用を直接観察するために生きているマウスにおける腸間膜静脈の生体内顕微鏡検査の簡略化された手法を記述することです。 生体顕微鏡は、炎症性白血球動員および機能を理解するために些細なしかし重要ではありません炎症状態1,2、下のin vivoでの白血球-内皮相互作用を研究するために開発されました。私たちはこのプロトコルで説明した方法は、以前に公開された刊行物に基づいて開発されました。公開されたものに成長して血栓3に並行して、血小板の取り込みを可視化と同様に、以前の4、体外に腸間膜静脈を透過光顕微鏡で観察されます。例えばラット5やマウスの肝臓およびラット6の精巣挙筋としてイントラ不可欠な顕微鏡の他の様々なモデルがあります。腸間膜静脈の生体内顕微鏡法が開発され、いくつかのグループによって以前の研究に適用されています。非神経セロトニンの欠損しているマウス、およびその血小板セロトニン薬理学的に長期的により枯渇したマウスとの調査結果を比較して - / - 我々は、野生型マウスとトリプトファンhydroxylase1（TPH1）との間の白血球動員の違いを観察するためにこの技術を使用していますアプリケーション選択的セロトニン再取り込み阻害剤フルオキセチン7。また、急性フルオキセチン処置8後に白血球-内皮相互作用を検討しました。 このプロトコルでは、このモデルは迅速に行うことができるので、腸間膜静脈の生体内顕微鏡検査に焦点を当てて、白血球 - 内皮細胞および血小板 - 白血球の相互作用の有効な測定を可能にします。これは、はるかに困難な、時間のかかる、骨、肝臓、皮膚、または精巣挙筋のような他の臓器の生体内顕微鏡検査です。モードここで説明するlは、このようなリポ多糖の腹腔内注射のような炎症性刺激、とそれをchallengeing後の炎症性細胞間相互作用の再現性の評価に最適です。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Rhodamine 6G</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>&#160;989-38-8</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lipopolysaccharides from Escherichia coli 055:B5</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>L2637&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

intravital microscopy of leukocyte-endothelial and platelet-leukocyte interactions in mesenterial veins in mice

生体顕微鏡は、生きている動物における異なる領域と血管内の異なるプロセスを研究するために使用することができる方法です。このプロトコルでは、我々は腸間膜静脈の生体顕微鏡を説明します。これは、再現性のある結果がインビボで白血球-内皮相互作用を示すと共に、短時間で行うことができます。我々は、内皮細胞のLPSチャレンジ後の炎症の設定について説明します。しかし、このモデルでは1は、細菌の化学的または生物学的のように、炎症性状態の多くの異なる種類を適用し、薬剤の投与と生きている動物に対するその直接効果と白血球動員への影響を調査することができます。このプロトコルは、異なるマウスの処置および血管における炎症反応に及ぼす影響の数に正常に適用されました。ここで、我々は、蛍光ローダミン6Gでこれらを標識することにより、白血球と血小板の可視化について説明します。さらに、特定のイメージングは​​、PEとすることができます対象となる蛍光標識された分子を用いてrformed。

このプロトコールに記載された実験設定の概要を図1に示されている。これは、生体顕微鏡で観察することができる、体外回腸ループと血管を有するマウスを示す。 図2に起因して、未処理の動物における活性化の特定の程度を示します手順自体。しかし、ほとんどない低速圧延またはLPS処置マウスと比較して、白血球の強固な接着性がある。また、野生型マウスのい...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Intravital Microscopy of Leukocyte-endothelial and Platelet-leukocyte Interactions in Mesenterial Veins in Mice at JoVE.com

Intravital Microscopy of Leukocyte-endothelial and Platelet-leukocyte Interactions in Mesenterial Veins in Mice

This simplified application of intravital microscopy of mesentery veins in mice can be used in different models of inflammation to observe leukocyte-endothelial and platelet-leukocyte interactions.

マウスの腸間膜静脈内の生体顕微鏡白血球 - 内皮及び血小板 - 白血球の相互作用

Intravital microscopy is a method that can be used to investigate different processes in different regions and vessels in living animals. In this ...

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Immunology and Infection

12.0K ビュー.  Heart Center, University of Freiburg. This simplified application of intravital microscopy of mesentery veins in mice can be used in different models of inflammation to observe leukocyte-endothelial and platelet-leukocyte interactions.

ビデオ: Intravital Microscopy of Leukocyte-endothelial and Platelet-leukocyte Interactions in Mesenterial Veins in Mice

Intravital Microscopy of the Inguinal Lymph Node

Lymph nodes (LN's), located throughout the body, are an integral component of the immune system. They serve as a site for induction of adaptive immune response and therefore, the development of effector cells. As such, LNs are key to fighting invading pathogens and maintaining health. The choice of LN to study is dictated by accessibility and the desired model; the inguinal lymph node is well situated and easily supports studies of biologically relevant models of skin and genital mucosal infection.
The inguinal LN, like all LNs, has an extensive microvascular network supplying it with blood. In general, this microvascular network includes the main feed arteriole of the LN that subsequently branches and feeds high endothelial venules (HEVs). HEVs are specialized for facilitating the trafficking of immune cells into the LN during both homeostasis and infection. How HEVs regulate trafficking into the LN under both of these circumstances is an area of intense exploration. The LN feed arteriole, has direct upstream influence on the HEVs and is the main supply of nutrients and cell rich blood into the LN. Furthermore, changes in the feed arteriole are implicated in facilitating induction of adaptive immune response. The LN microvasculature has obvious importance in maintaining an optimal blood supply to the LN and regulating immune cell influx into the LN, which are crucial elements in proper LN function and subsequently immune response. 
The ability to study the LN microvasculature in vivo is key to elucidating how the immune system and the microvasculature interact and influence one another within the LN. Here, we present a method for in vivo imaging of the inguinal lymph node. We focus on imaging of the microvasculature of the LN, paying particular attention to methods that ensure the study of healthy vessels, the ability to maintain imaging of viable vessels over a number of hours, and quantification of vessel magnitude. Methods for perfusion of the microvasculature with vasoactive drugs as well as the potential to trace and quantify cellular traffic are also presented. 
Intravital microscopy of the inguinal LN allows direct evaluation of microvascular functionality and real-time interface of the direct interface between immune cells, the LN, and the microcirculation. This technique potential to be combined with many immunological techniques and fluorescent cell labelling as well as manipulated to study vasculature of other LNs.

A technique for performing intravital microscopy of the inguinal lymph node (LN) is outlined. Such technique allows for real-time, in vivo study of the lymph node microvasculature and structure both during homeostasis and infection. This technique can be adapted to cell trafficking studies and to other lymph node sites.

鼠径リンパ節の生体顕微鏡

Lymph nodes (LN's), located throughout the body, are an integral component of the immune system. They serve as a site for induction of adaptive immune ...

免疫・感染学

Tracking Neutrophil Intraluminal Crawling, Transendothelial Migration and Chemotaxis in Tissue by Intravital Video Microscopy

The recruitment of circulating leukocytes from blood stream to the inflamed tissue is a crucial and complex process of inflammation1,2. In the postcapillary venules of inflamed tissue, leukocytes initially tether and roll on the luminal surface of venular wall. Rolling leukocytes arrest on endothelium and undergo firm adhesion in response to chemokine or other chemoattractants on the venular surface. Many adherent leukocytes relocate from the initial site of adhesion to the junctional extravasation site in endothelium, a process termed intraluminal crawling3. Following crawling, leukocytes move across endothelium (transmigration) and migrate in extravascular tissue toward the source of chemoattractant (chemotaxis)4. Intravital microscopy is a powerful tool for visualizing leukocyte-endothelial cell interactions in vivo and revealing cellular and molecular mechanisms of leukocyte recruitment2,5. In this report, we provide a comprehensive description of using brightfield intravital microscopy to visualize and determine the detailed processes of neutrophil recruitment in mouse cremaster muscle in response to the gradient of a neutrophil chemoattractant. To induce neutrophil recruitment, a small piece of agarose gel (~1-mm3 size) containing neutrophil chemoattractant MIP-2 (CXCL2, a CXC chemokine) or WKYMVm (Trp-Lys-Tyr-Val-D-Met, a synthetic analog of bacterial peptide) is placed on the muscle tissue adjacent to the observed postcapillary venule. With time-lapsed video photography and computer software ImageJ, neutrophil intraluminal crawling on endothelium, neutrophil transendothelial migration and the migration and chemotaxis in tissue are visualized and tracked. This protocol allows reliable and quantitative analysis of many neutrophil recruitment parameters such as intraluminal crawling velocity, transmigration time, detachment time, migration velocity, chemotaxis velocity and chemotaxis index in tissue. We demonstrate that using this protocol, these neutrophil recruitment parameters can be stably determined and the single cell locomotion conveniently tracked in vivo.

We describe a protocol of brightfield intravital microscopy for measuring dynamic neutrophil-endothelial cell interactions during neutrophil recruitment in response to the source of a neutrophil chemoattractant in vivo. Neutrophil intraluminal crawling, transendothelial migration and chemotaxis in mouse cremaster muscle tissue are visualized with time-lapsed video photography and tracked with ImageJ.

生体内ビデオ顕微鏡による組織内好中球腔内クロールを追跡、経内皮移動と走

The recruitment of circulating leukocytes from blood stream to the inflamed tissue is a crucial and complex process of inflammation1,2. In the ...

Intravital Imaging of the Mouse Thymus using 2-Photon Microscopy

Two-photon Microscopy (TPM) provides image acquisition in deep areas inside tissues and organs. In combination with the development of new stereotactic tools and surgical procedures, TPM becomes a powerful technique to identify "niches" inside organs and to document cellular "behaviors" in live animals. While intravital imaging provides information that best resembles the real cellular behavior inside the organ, it is both more laborious and technically demanding in terms of required equipment/procedures than alternative ex vivo imaging acquisition. Thus, we describe a surgical procedure and novel "stereotactic" organ holder that allows us to follow the movements of Foxp3+ cells within the thymus.
Foxp3 is the master regulator for the generation of regulatory T cells (Tregs). Moreover, these cells can be classified according to their origin: ie. thymus-differentiated Tregs are called "naturally-occurring Tregs" (nTregs), as opposed to peripherally-converted Tregs (pTregs). Although significant amount of research has been reported in the literature concerning the phenotype and physiology of these T cells, very little is known about their in vivo interactions with other cells. This deficiency may be due to the absence of techniques that would permit such observations. The protocol described in this paper provides a remedy for this situation.
Our protocol consists of using nude mice that lack an endogenous thymus since they have a punctual mutation in the DNA sequence that compromises the differentiation of some epithelial cells, including thymic epithelial cells. Nude mice were gamma-irradiated and reconstituted with bone marrows (BM) from Foxp3-KIgfp/gfp mice. After BM recovery (6 weeks), each animal received embryonic thymus transplantation inside the kidney capsule. After thymus acceptance (6 weeks), the animals were anesthetized; the kidney containing the transplanted thymus was exposed, fixed in our organ holder, and kept under physiological conditions for in vivo imaging by TPM. We have been using this approach to study the influence of drugs in the generation of regulatory T cells.

We have developed novel laboratory tools and protocols for intravital imaging acquisition of the thymus. Our technique should help in the identification of &#x201C;niches&#x201D; within the thymus where T cell development occurs.

2光子顕微鏡を用いてマウスの胸腺の生体内イメージング

Two-photon Microscopy (TPM) provides image acquisition in deep areas inside tissues and organs. In combination with the development of new stereotactic ...

Intravital Microscopy of the Spleen: Quantitative Analysis of Parasite Mobility and Blood Flow

The advent of intravital microscopy in experimental rodent malaria models has allowed major advances to the knowledge of parasite-host interactions 1,2. Thus, in vivo imaging of malaria parasites during pre-erythrocytic stages have revealed the active entrance of parasites into skin lymph nodes 3, the complete development of the parasite in the skin 4, and the formation of a hepatocyte-derived merosome to assure migration and release of merozoites into the blood stream 5. Moreover, the development of individual parasites in erythrocytes has been recently documented using 4D imaging and challenged our current view on protein export in malaria 6. Thus, intravital imaging has radically changed our view on key events in Plasmodium development. Unfortunately, studies of the dynamic passage of malaria parasites through the spleen, a major lymphoid organ exquisitely adapted to clear infected red blood cells are lacking due to technical constraints.
Using the murine model of malaria Plasmodium yoelii in Balb/c mice, we have implemented intravital imaging of the spleen and reported a differential remodeling of it and adherence of parasitized red blood cells (pRBCs) to barrier cells of fibroblastic origin in the red pulp during infection with the non-lethal parasite line P.yoelii 17X as opposed to infections with the P.yoelii 17XL lethal parasite line 7. To reach these conclusions, a specific methodology using ImageJ free software was developed to enable characterization of the fast three-dimensional movement of single-pRBCs. Results obtained with this protocol allow determining velocity, directionality and residence time of parasites in the spleen, all parameters addressing adherence in vivo. In addition, we report the methodology for blood flow quantification using intravital microscopy and the use of different colouring agents to gain insight into the complex microcirculatory structure of the spleen. 
Ethics statement
All the animal studies were performed at the animal facilities of University of Barcelona in accordance with guidelines and protocols approved by the Ethics Committee for Animal Experimentation of the University of Barcelona CEEA-UB (Protocol No DMAH: 5429). Female Balb/c mice of 6-8 weeks of age were obtained from Charles River Laboratories.

We show the method for performing intravital microscopy of the spleen using GFP transgenic malaria parasites and the quantification of parasite mobility and blood flow within this organ.

脾臓の生体顕微鏡検査：寄生虫モビリティと血流​​の定量的解析

The advent of intravital microscopy in experimental rodent malaria models has allowed major advances to the knowledge of parasite-host interactions 1,2. ...

Highly Resolved Intravital Striped-illumination Microscopy of Germinal Centers

Monitoring cellular communication by intravital deep-tissue multi-photon microscopy is the key for understanding the fate of immune cells within thick tissue samples and organs in health and disease. By controlling the scanning pattern in multi-photon microscopy and applying appropriate numerical algorithms, we developed a striped-illumination approach, which enabled us to achieve 3-fold better axial resolution and improved signal-to-noise ratio, i.e. contrast, in more than 100 &#181;m tissue depth within highly scattering tissue of lymphoid organs as compared to standard multi-photon microscopy. The acquisition speed as well as photobleaching and photodamage effects were similar to standard photo-multiplier-based technique, whereas the imaging depth was slightly lower due to the use of field detectors. By using the striped-illumination approach, we are able to observe the dynamics of immune complex deposits on secondary follicular dendritic cells &#8211; on the level of a few protein molecules in germinal centers.

High-resolution intravital imaging with enhanced contrast up to 120 &#181;m depth in lymph nodes of adult mice is achieved by spatially modulating the excitation pattern of a multi-focal two-photon microscope. In 100 &#181;m depth we measured resolutions of 487 nm (lateral) and 551 nm (axial), thus circumventing scattering and diffraction limits.

胚中心の高解像度生体内ストライプ照明顕微鏡

Monitoring cellular communication by intravital deep-tissue multi-photon microscopy is the key for understanding the fate of immune cells within thick ...

Long Term Intravital Multiphoton Microscopy Imaging of Immune Cells in Healthy and Diseased Liver Using CXCR6.Gfp Reporter Mice

Liver inflammation as a response to injury is a highly dynamic process involving the infiltration of distinct subtypes of leukocytes including monocytes, neutrophils, T cell subsets, B cells, natural killer (NK) and NKT cells. Intravital microscopy of the liver for monitoring immune cell migration is particularly challenging due to the high requirements regarding sample preparation and fixation, optical resolution and long-term animal survival. Yet, the dynamics of inflammatory processes as well as cellular interaction studies could provide critical information to better understand the initiation, progression and regression of inflammatory liver disease. Therefore, a highly sensitive and reliable method was established to study migration and cell-cell-interactions of different immune cells in mouse liver over long periods (about 6 hr) by intravital two-photon laser scanning microscopy (TPLSM) in combination with intensive care monitoring.
The method provided includes a gentle preparation and stable fixation of the liver with minimal perturbation of the organ; long term intravital imaging using multicolor multiphoton microscopy with virtually no photobleaching or phototoxic effects over a time period of up to 6 hr, allowing tracking of specific leukocyte subsets; and stable imaging conditions due to extensive monitoring of mouse vital parameters and stabilization of circulation, temperature and gas exchange.
To investigate lymphocyte migration upon liver inflammation CXCR6.gfp knock-in mice were subjected to intravital liver imaging under baseline conditions and after acute and chronic liver damage induced by intraperitoneal injection(s) of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4).
CXCR6 is a chemokine receptor expressed on lymphocytes, mainly on Natural Killer T (NKT)-, Natural Killer (NK)- and subsets of T lymphocytes such as CD4 T cells but also mucosal associated invariant (MAIT) T cells1. Following the migratory pattern and positioning of CXCR6.gfp+ immune cells allowed a detailed insight into their altered behavior upon liver injury and therefore their potential involvement in disease progression.

Stable intravital high-resolution imaging of immune cells in the liver is challenging. Here we provide a highly sensitive and reliable method to study migration and cell-cell-interactions of immune cells in mouse liver over long periods (about 6 hours) by intravital multiphoton laser scanning microscopy in combination with intensive care monitoring.

CXCR6.Gfpレポーターマウスを使用して、健康で罹患肝臓における免疫細胞の長期生体内多光子顕微鏡イメージング

Liver inflammation as a response to injury is a highly dynamic process involving the infiltration of distinct subtypes of leukocytes including monocytes, ...

Imaging Neutrophils and Monocytes in Mesenteric Veins by Intravital Microscopy on Anaesthetized Mice in Real Time

Efficient immune response is dependent on rapid mobilization of blood leukocytes to the site of infection or injury. Investigating leukocyte migration in vivo is crucial for understanding the molecular basis of leukocyte transendothelial migration and interaction with vascular endothelium. One powerful approach involves intravital microscopy on transgenic mice expressing fluorescent proteins in cells of interest.
Here we present a protocol for imaging monocytes and neutrophils in the CX3CR1gfp/wt mouse i.v. injected with orange dye-labeled neutrophils with an inverted confocal microscope. Time-lapse movies gathered from 30 min&#160;to several hours of imaging allow the analysis of leukocyte behavior in mesenteric veins under both steady state and inflammatory conditions. We also describe the steps to locally induce blood vessel inflammation with TLR2/TLR1 agonist Pam3SK4 and monitor the subsequent recruitment of neutrophils and monocytes.
The presented technique can also be used to monitor other populations of leukocytes and investigate molecules implicated in leukocyte recruitment or trafficking using other stimuli or transgenic mice.

We detail a protocol to monitor the behavior of neutrophils and monocytes in mesenteric veins under steady state and inflammatory conditions using intravital confocal microscopy on anaesthetized mice.

リアルタイムで麻酔したマウスに生体顕微鏡により腸間膜静脈に好中球および単球のイメージング

Efficient immune response is dependent on rapid mobilization of blood leukocytes to the site of infection or injury. Investigating leukocyte migration in ...

Preparation of Murine Submandibular Salivary Gland for Upright Intravital Microscopy

The submandibular salivary gland (SMG) is one of the three major salivary glands, and is of interest for many different fields of biological research, including cell biology, oncology, dentistry, and immunology. The SMG is an exocrine gland comprised of secretory epithelial cells, myofibroblasts, endothelial cells, nerves, and extracellular matrix. Dynamic cellular processes in the rat and mouse SMG have previously been imaged, mostly using inverted multi-photon microscope systems. Here, we describe a straightforward protocol for the surgical preparation and stabilization of the murine SMG in anesthetized mice for in vivo imaging with upright multi-photon microscope systems. We present representative intravital image sets of endogenous and adoptively transferred fluorescent cells, including the labeling of blood vessels or salivary ducts and second harmonic generation to visualize fibrillar collagen. In sum, our protocol allows for surgical preparation of mouse salivary glands in upright microscopy systems, which are commonly used for intravital imaging in the field of immunology.

We describe a protocol to surgically expose and stabilize the murine submandibular salivary gland for intravital imaging using upright intravital microscopy. This protocol is easily adaptable to other exocrine glands of the head and neck region of mice and other small rodents.

マウス顎下腺唾液腺の直立した生体顕微鏡検査のための準備

The submandibular salivary gland (SMG) is one of the three major salivary glands, and is of interest for many different fields of biological research, ...

Imaging Cell Interaction in Tracheal Mucosa During Influenza Virus Infection Using Two-photon Intravital Microscopy

The analysis of cell-cell or cell-pathogen interaction in vivo is an important tool to understand the dynamics of the immune response to infection. Two-photon intravital microscopy (2P-IVM) allows the observation of cell interactions in deep tissue in living animals, while minimizing the photobleaching generated during image acquisition. To date, different models for 2P-IVM of lymphoid and non-lymphoid organs have been described. However, imaging of respiratory organs remains a challenge due to the movement associated with the breathing cycle of the animal.
Here, we describe a protocol to visualize in vivo immune cell interactions in the trachea of mice infected with influenza virus using 2P-IVM. To this purpose, we developed a custom imaging platform, which included the surgical exposure and intubation of the trachea, followed by the acquisition of dynamic images of neutrophils and dendritic cells (DC) in the mucosal epithelium. Additionally, we detailed the steps needed to perform influenza intranasal infection and flow cytometric analysis of immune cells in the trachea. Finally, we analyzed neutrophil and DC motility as well as their interactions during the course of a movie. This protocol allows for the generation of stable and bright 4D images necessary for the assessment of cell-cell interactions in the trachea.

In this study, we present a protocol to perform two-photon intravital imaging and cell interaction analysis in the murine tracheal mucosa after infection with influenza virus. This protocol will be relevant for researchers studying immune cell dynamics during respiratory infections.

イメージング 2 光子生体顕微鏡を用いたインフルエンザ ウイルス感染症の中に気管粘膜の細胞相互作用

The analysis of cell-cell or cell-pathogen interaction in vivo is an important tool to understand the dynamics of the immune response to infection. ...

Human Colonoid Monolayers to Study Interactions Between Pathogens, Commensals, and Host Intestinal Epithelium

Human 3-dimensional (3D) enteroid or colonoid cultures derived from crypt base stem cells are currently the most advanced ex vivo model of the intestinal epithelium. Due to their closed structures and significant supporting extracellular matrix, 3D cultures are not ideal for host-pathogen studies. Enteroids or colonoids can be grown as epithelial monolayers on permeable tissue culture membranes to allow manipulation of both luminal and basolateral cell surfaces and accompanying fluids. This enhanced luminal surface accessibility facilitates modeling bacterial-host epithelial interactions such as the mucus-degrading ability of enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) on colonic epithelium. A method for 3D culture fragmentation, monolayer seeding, and transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) measurements to monitor the progress towards confluency and differentiation are described. Colonoid monolayer differentiation yields secreted mucus that can be studied by the immunofluorescence or immunoblotting techniques. More generally, enteroid or colonoid monolayers enable a physiologically-relevant platform to evaluate specific cell populations that may be targeted by pathogenic or commensal microbiota.

Here, we present a protocol to culture human enteroid or colonoid monolayers that have intact barrier function to study host epithelial-microbiota interactions at the cellular and biochemical level.

病原体、共生生物、およびホストの腸上皮間の相互作用を研究する人間 Colonoid 単分子膜

Human 3-dimensional (3D) enteroid or colonoid cultures derived from crypt base stem cells are currently the most advanced ex vivo model of the intestinal ...