The authors thank Dara Frank and Carrie Harwood for their generous contribution of strains. University of Wisconsin Milwaukee Research Foundation holds patent no. 8,354,451; with claims broadly directed to treating or inhibiting the progression of infection of a microorganism in a patient by administering a 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase-inhibiting compound such as 2-[2-nitro-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzoyl]-1,3-cyclohexanedione (NTBC). Inventors are Graham Moran and Pang He. This research was supported by the National Institutes of Health (R00-GM083147). The University of Washington P. aeruginosa transposon mutant library is supported by NIH P30 DK089507.

培養培地、抗生物質の調製、及び2- [2-ニトロ-4-（トリフルオロメチル）ベンゾイル] -1,3-シクロヘキサンジオン（NTBC） <ol><li>適切なボリュームにLBブロス（1％トリプトン、0.5％酵母エキス、H 2 O中 0.25％のNaCl）、アリコートを行います。オートクレーブにより滅菌します。室温で保管してください。 </li><li> 250 mlのフラスコに100 mlのLB寒天培地（1％トリプトン、0.5％酵母エキス、0.25％のNaCl、H 2 O中の1.5％寒天）を作ります。室温でオートクレーブとストアによって滅菌します。寒天プレートに注ぐ前に溶けていることを確認します。 注：LB寒天100mlを含有するフラスコを4板が得られます。 LB寒天培地の量は、アッセイに必要なプレートの数に対応するように変更することができます。 </li><li> PBS（137mMの塩化ナトリウム、2.7のKCl、10mMのの Na 2 HPO 4、2mMのKH 2 PO 4）16ください。室温でオートクレーブまたは濾過し、ストアによって滅菌します。 </li><li>ゲンタマイシンのための抗生物質のストック溶液を準備し、カナマイシン、Dトブラマイシン。 <ol><li> Pの適切な抗生物質ストック濃度を準備100 mg / mlのゲンタマイシン、30 mg / mlのカナマイシン、および10mg / mlのトブラマイシンを含む緑膿菌菌株 。 4℃の水、フィルター滅菌し（0.2ミクロン）、および店舗での抗生物質を溶解します。研究細菌に応じて抗生物質および濃度を変更します。 </li></ol></li><li> NTBCストック溶液を準備します。 DMSOの400μlのNTBC 10mgを溶解します。これは、75.9 mMのNTBCの濃度が得られます。 -20℃で保存NTBC原液。必要に応じて室温でソリューションを解凍します。 注：NTBCの異なるソースは、溶解度の差があります。メーカーの推奨に基づいて、NTBCを溶解し、それに応じてステップ1.5を調整するためにする適切な車両を決定します。 </li></ol>細菌株の2 NTBC滴定<ol><li>テストされる株の一晩培養を設定します。 16×150 mmの試験管に2 mlのLBブロスを加えますS（1株あたり1）と、各株から1に単離したコロニーを接種します。空気インキュベーター中で組織培養回転子に通気しながら37℃で一晩インキュベートします。 </li><li>次の日は、LBブロス中でNTBCの滴定を準備します。異なる株がNTBCに対する感受性の違いを持っ​​ているので、0から900μMNTBCの初期範囲を使用してください。 <ol><li> 1株あたり4〜5本の試験管（16×150ミリメートル）に1ミリリットルのLBブロスを追加します。 </li><li>濃度の範囲内で試験管（16×150ミリメートル）にNTBC原液（75.9 mm）を追加します。 LBブロスの1mlに追加するには、NTBCの濃度とそれに対応する株式ボリュームについては、表1を参照してください。 </li></ol></li><li>一晩培養物のOD 600を測定します。培地中に存在pyomelanin排除するためにOD 600読み取りを行う前に、文化を洗ってください。 <ol><li> 2分間16,000×gで微量に1mlの培養物を遠心分離することによって培養液を洗います。上清を除去し、持つ任意の緩くペレット化した細胞ピペットとは、1ミリリットルのLB固体細胞ペレットを再懸濁</li></ol></li><li> OD 600 0.05で滴定チューブを接種します。チューブに接種するために必要な洗浄文化の量を計算します。 注：pyomelaninが存在してはならないので、予防接種のための洗浄の文化を使用してください。 </li><li>空気インキュベーター中で組織培養回転子を用いて通気しながら37℃で約24時間滴定チューブをインキュベートします。 </li><li>滴定チューブを撮影し、MICおよび酸化ストレスアッセイのために使用するNTBCの量を決定するために、内および系統間で色素産生を比較します。無細胞培養上清中pyomelaninの量を決定し、細胞密度を決定するために、OD 600測定値を使用します。 注：細胞の培養上清中のpyomelaninのOD 600比は、NTBCで処理した後pyomelanin生産の違いを定量化するために計算することができます。 </li></ol> 3.抗生物質の最小Inhibi96ウェルプレートでトリー濃度（MIC）アッセイ<ol><li>し、NTBCないLBにテストされる株の一晩培養を設定します。 注：このプロトコルは、300μMのNTBCの代表レベルを用いて説明します。使用されるNTBCの適切なレベルは、ステップ2.6で決定されます。 <ol><li> 2ミリリットルのLBに300μMのNTBCを追加無NTBC条件の2ミリリットルのLBにビヒクル（DMSO）の同等のボリュームを追加します。 </li><li>滅菌爪楊枝を使用して、細菌のつの単離されたコロニーをチューブに接種。 NTBCと1つの培養し、各株についてNTBCせずに1つの培養があります。空気インキュベーター中で組織培養回転子を用いて通気しながら37℃で一晩インキュベートします。 </li></ol></li><li>次の日、MICアッセイを設定するためのLB + NTBCし、LB + DMSOマスターソリューションを作ります。接種物は、300μMの最終濃度を得、追加されたときに、これは2倍に希釈されるように、600μMの濃度でNTBCを追加します。 <ol><li> 1 antibiをテストするには1株について、耳、2ミリリットルのLBに600μMのNTBCを追加し、NTBCマスター溶液を作製するために混ぜます。 2ミリリットルのLBにビヒクル（DMSO）の等量を追加し、何のNTBCマスター溶液を作成しないように混ぜます。抗生物質の原液を作成するだけでなく、96ウェルプレート中の希釈系列を設定するため、これらのソリューションを使用してください。 注：マスター溶液製剤は、ピペッティングの誤差を考慮して余分な溶液が得られます。試験した抗生物質および株の数に応じて必要に応じてマスターソリューションは拡大または縮小することができます。 </li></ol></li><li> LB + NTBCまたはLB + DMSOマスターソリューションの抗生物質溶液を調製します。 注：これらの溶液中の抗生物質濃度は、二重の最終的な所望の濃度にする必要があります。十分な溶液を、96ウェルプレートの4ウェルに100μlのを転送するようになされるべきです。 <ol><li> 64μgの/ mlのゲンタマイシン+/- NTBC原液を準備します。この溶液を作製するために、450にゲンタマイシン株式（100 mg / mlの）の0.288μlを添加しますμlのLB + NTBCまたはLB + DMSOマスターソリューション。 注：Pのゲンタマイシンの最大濃度緑膿菌 PAO1は、32μgの/ mlです。 </li><li>カナマイシン+/- 256 / mlのでNTBC原液を作ります。この溶液を作製するために、450μlのLB + NTBCまたはLB + DMSOマスターソリューションにカナマイシンストック（30 mg / mlの）の3.84μlを添加します。 注：Pのカナマイシンの最大濃度緑膿菌 PAO1は、128μgの/ mlです。 </li><li>トブラマイシン+/- 8 / mlのでNTBC原液を準備します。この溶液を作製するために、450μlのLB + NTBCまたはLB + DMSOマスターソリューションにトブラマイシンストック（10mg / ml）の0.36μlを添加します。 注：Pの緑膿菌 PAO1、トブラマイシンの最大濃度は、4 / mlのです。 注：細菌を試験するために、抗生物質との濃度を調整することができます。 </li></ol></li><li> 96ウェルプレートの4つのウェルにそれぞれ2倍の抗生物質溶液100μlを追加します。 examplの行Aにこれらのソリューションを配置しますeは、ゲンタマイシンがA4を通じてA1に配置する必要があり、カナマイシンはA8を通じてA5に配置する必要があり、およびトブラマイシンはA12を通じてA9に配置する必要があります。セットアップ、96ウェルプレートの図については、図1Aを参照してください。 注：複数の抗生物質は、一枚のプレートで試験することができるが、唯一の1株は他の株からの交差汚染の可能性を排除するために、プレートごとにテストする必要があります。 </li><li> 96ウェルプレートのHを通じて行BにLB + NTBCまたはLB + DMSOマスター溶液50μlを追加します。一方のプレートは、LB + NTBCであることを確認し、一方のプレートは、LB + DMSOです。 図1Aを参照してください。 <ol><li> LB + NTBCにおける抗生物質のためのLB + NTBCを使用してください。 LB + DMSO中の抗生物質のためのLB + DMSOを使用してください。 </li></ol></li><li>マイクロピペットを使用すると、ピペットチップを変更、Bのミックスにソリューションを行ごとにAから溶液50μlを転送することにより、抗生物質の2倍連続希釈を行い、のためのC.繰り返しを行ごとにBから溶液50μlを転送remainingの行。行Gを希釈した後、その行から溶液50μlを除去し、廃棄します。細菌の増殖のための抗生物質のないコントロールとしてH列を使用してください。 図1Bを参照してください 。 注：Gを通じて行Aの各ウェルは現在の2倍でLB + NTBCまたはLB + DMSO中の抗生物質、50μlの最終的な所望の濃度が含まれています。 H列は、抗生物質なしでLB + NTBCまたはLB + DMSOが含まれています。 </li><li>一晩培養物のOD 600を測定します。培地中に存在pyomelaninを排除するためにOD 600読み取りを行う前に、すべての文化を洗ってください。 <ol><li> 2分間16,000×gで微量に1mlの培養物を遠心分離することによって培養液を洗います。ピペットで上清を除去し、1mlのLBに細胞ペレットを再懸濁</li></ol></li><li> LBの中で2.75x10 5 CFU / mlに一晩培養を希釈 注：1 OD 600ユニットは、Pの 1×10 9 CFU / mlと同等であると仮定緑膿菌 。 CFU / mlの変換へのODは、Dすることができます他の細菌でifferent。 </li><li>適切なウェルに希釈した細菌培養物の50μlのを追加します。 注：NTBCで増殖させた培養物は、DMSO中で増殖させ、培養物NTBCを含むウェルに添加されるべきではDMSOを含有するウェルに添加されるべきです。 図1Bを参照してください 。 <ol><li>各菌株と抗生物質濃度のための3つのウェルに細菌を追加します。細菌汚染のための対照として機能する第四ウェルにLB50μlのを追加します。 図1Bを参照してください 。 </li><li>井戸を接種するために、マルチチャンネルピペットを使用してください。近隣の井戸の汚染を防止するために、接種材料を追加する際にピペットチップは、ウェルの底近くにあることを確認してください。 注：ウェルに細菌培養を追加すると、抗生物質とNTBC濃度2倍に希釈します。 </li></ol></li><li>パラフィルムを有する96ウェルプレートを覆い、37℃で約24時間インキュベートします。空気インキュベーター中、静的96ウェルプレートをインキュベートします。 </li><li>調べウェル中の細菌増殖のためのプレート。 MICには、細菌の増殖を、各株のすべての3つの複製のために見ていないされている抗生物質の最低濃度です。 <ol><li>視覚的な成長のためにプレートを調べたり、OD 600に設定し、プレートリーダーを用いて読み取ります。 </li></ol></li></ol>酸化ストレス応答4.スポットプレートアッセイ<ol><li>ステップ3.1で説明したようにNTBCとないLB中でテストされる株の一晩培養を設定します。 </li><li>翌日、酸化的ストレッサーとしてH 2 O 2を含有する LB寒天プレートを調製します。 0〜1 mMのからのH 2 O 2濃度の範囲は、良い出発点です。 <ol><li> LB寒天フラスコを溶かします。室温で約50℃に冷却するメディア。 </li><li>所望の濃度の冷却媒体に直接H 2 O 2 を追加します 。スワールフラスコを混合します。 H 2 O 2の濃度は 、表2を参照そして濃縮し、H 2 O 2のボリュームが追加されます。これらの値は、LB寒天100mlのに基づいています。 </li><li>すぐにH 2 O 2を添加した後 、プレートを注ぎ、気泡を除去するために表面を火炎。収率はLB寒天の100ミリリットル当たり4板です。マーク・H 2 O 2濃度でプレート。 </li><li>プレートから余分な水分を除去するために、30分間実行しているファンとの生物学的な流フードで明らかになったプレートを置きます。 注：プレート、それらが用意されている同じ日に使用します。そうしないと、一貫性のないデータになることがあります。 注：例えば、パラコートなどの酸化ストレスは、このアッセイにおけるH 2 O 2の代わりに用いることができます。他の酸化ストレスのために使用される濃度は、H 2 O 2のために使用されるものと異なってもよいです。 </li></ol></li><li>洗浄ステップ3.7で説明したように一晩培養のOD 600を測定します 。 </li><li>すべて一晩のcuのOD 600を正規化テストされている株のセットの最低値にltures。P.緑膿菌は、一般的に 、LB + NTBCまたはLB + DMSO中で一晩増殖させ、約2.5のOD 600を持っています。 <ol><li> 1ミリリットルの全容量で最低のOD 600に文化を希釈するために必要な培養物の容量を決定します。例えば、培養物がOD 3の600を有しており、株のセットのための最小のOD 600が 2.5であり、次の計算実行する場合：（2.5）（1ミリリットル）=（3）（X）。 X = 0.833ミリリットル。文化の0.833ミリリットルをマイクロチューブ内に配置されます。 </li><li> 1mlに培養容量をもたらすために必要なLB + NTBC（300μM）またはLB + DMSOの量を計算します。ステップ4.4.1の例では、LB + NTBCまたはLB + DMSOの量は0.167ミリリットル（ - 0.833ミリリットル文化1ミリリットル総容量）になる培養液に添加。 LB + NTBCし、LB + DMSOのストック溶液は、すべての株を希釈するために必要な量に基づいて、これらの希釈液に使用するようにしてください。 </li><li>文化とLB + Nを混ぜますボルテックスによってTBCまたはLB + DMSO。 </li></ol></li><li> NTBCまたはDMSOの一定濃度で培養を維持するために、PBS + NTBCまたはPBS + DMSO中の正規化された一晩培養の10倍連続希釈を行います。 <ol><li> PBS + NTBCし、PBS + DMSOのストック溶液を作ります。 1株についての希釈液の1セットでは、720μLの総容量を得るために、PBSで300μMのNTBCまたはDMSOの等量を混ぜます。テストされてどのように多くの株に応じて上下にこれらの株式をスケール。 </li><li> 10 -7の連続希釈10〜-1のラベルマイクロチューブ。適切なチューブにPBS + NTBCまたはPBS + DMSO90μlのを追加します。 LB + NTBCで成長した株について、PBS + NTBCを使用し、LB + DMSO中で成長した株をPBS + DMSOを使用しています。 </li><li>適切な10 -1希釈チューブに文化の10μlのを追加します。ボルテックスで混合し、10 -2希釈チューブに10 -1希釈液10μlを移します。すべての希釈はperfoされるまで繰り返しますrmed。希釈液の間にピペットチップを変更します。 </li></ol></li><li>各株の重複でLB + H 2 O 2のプレートに10 -7希釈液を10〜-3のスポット5μlの。スポットがメッキされている場合は、ほとんどが少なくとも希（10 -7〜10 -3）に希釈から1ピペットチップを使用してください。液体がプレートに乾燥するまでプレートを傾けたり、傾けたりしないでください。 </li><li>歪みに応じて、37℃（空気インキュベーター）で24〜48時間、プレートをインキュベートします。 注：P。緑膿菌 PAO1は、インキュベーションの24時間後に、LBの良いサイズのコロニーを持つことになります。それらがコロニーをPAO1とほぼ同じ大きさになるまで株を培養します。 </li><li> transluminator上にCCDカメラを用いてプレートを撮影。必要に応じて、同じサイズとは対照的と作物のために写真を編集します。酸化ストレスに対する感受性の変化を決定するために各スポットにコロニー数をカウントします。 </li></ol>

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K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genome+mosaicism+is+conserved+but+not+unique+in+Pseudomonas+aeruginosa++from+the+airways+of+young+children+with+cystic+fibrosis.">Genome mosaicism is conserved but not unique in Pseudomonas aeruginosa from the airways of young children with cystic fibrosis.</a> Environ Microbiol. 5, 1341-1349 (2003).</li><li>Sanchez-Amat, A., Ruzafa, C., Solano, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparative+tyrosine+degradation+in+Vibrio+cholerae++The+strain+ATCC+14035+as+a+prokaryotic+melanogenic+model+of+homogentisate-releasing+cell.">Comparative tyrosine degradation in Vibrio cholerae The strain ATCC 14035 as a prokaryotic melanogenic model of homogentisate-releasing cell.</a> Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol. 119, 557-562 (1998).</li><li>Hunter, R. C., Newman, D. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Putative+ABC+Transporter,+HatABCDE,+Is+among+Molecular+Determinants+of+Pyomelanin+Production+in+Pseudomonas+aeruginosa.">A Putative ABC Transporter, HatABCDE, Is among Molecular Determinants of Pyomelanin Production in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.</a> J Bacteriol. 192, 5962-5971 (2010).</li><li>Ketelboeter, L. M., Potharla, V. Y., Bardy, S. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=NTBC+treatment+of+the+pyomelanogenic+Pseudomonas+aeruginosa++isolate+PA1111+inhibits+pigment+production+and+increases+sensitivity+to+oxidative+stress.">NTBC treatment of the pyomelanogenic Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolate PA1111 inhibits pigment production and increases sensitivity to oxidative stress.</a> Curr Microbiol. 69, 343-348 (2014).</li><li>Kavana, M., Moran, G. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Interaction+of+(4-Hydroxyphenyl)pyruvate+Dioxygenase+with+the+Specific+Inhibitor+2-[2-Nitro-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzoyl]-1,3-cyclohexanedione.">Interaction of (4-Hydroxyphenyl)pyruvate Dioxygenase with the Specific Inhibitor 2-[2-Nitro-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzoyl]-1,3-cyclohexanedione.</a> Biochemistry. 42, 10238-10245 (2003).</li><li>Andrews, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Determination+of+minimum+inhibitory+concentrations.">Determination of minimum inhibitory concentrations.</a> J Antimicrob Chemother. 48, 5-16 (2001).</li><li>Nikodinovic-Runic, J., Martin, L. B., Babu, R., Blau, W., O'Connor, K. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characterization+of+melanin-overproducing+transposon+mutants+of+Pseudomonas+putida+F6.">Characterization of melanin-overproducing transposon mutants of Pseudomonas putida F6.</a> FEMS Microbiol Lett. 298, 174-183 (2009).</li><li>Sambrook, J., Russell, D. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Molecular cloning: a laboratory manual. , (2001).</li><li>Roy-Burman, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Type+III+protein+secretion+is+associated+with+death+in+lower+respiratory+and+systemic+Pseudomonas+aeruginosa+infections.">Type III protein secretion is associated with death in lower respiratory and systemic Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections.</a> J Infect Dis. 183, 1767-1774 (2001).</li><li>Jacobs, M. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comprehensive+transposon+mutant+library+of+Pseudomonas+aeruginosa.">Comprehensive transposon mutant library of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 100, 14339-14344 (2003).</li><li>Youngchim, S., Pornsuwan, S., Nosanchuk, J. D., Dankai, W., Vanittanakom, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Melanogenesis+in+dermatophyte+species+in+vitro++during+infection.">Melanogenesis in dermatophyte species in vitro during infection.</a> Microbiology. 157, 2348-2356 (2011).</li><li>Khajo, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Protection+of+Melanized+Cryptococcus+neoformans+Lethal+Dose+Gamma+Irradiation+Involves+Changes+in+Melanin's+Chemical+Structure+and+Paramagnetism.">Protection of Melanized Cryptococcus neoformans Lethal Dose Gamma Irradiation Involves Changes in Melanin's Chemical Structure and Paramagnetism.</a> PLoS ONE. 6, e25092 (2011).</li><li>Hancock, R. E. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Hancock Laboratory Methods. , (2015).</li></ol>

The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

The NTBC titration method described in this protocol will allow the user to determine if NTBC can reduce or eliminate pyomelanin production in bacteria, and determine the concentration of NTBC required. The most critical step in the NTBC titration assay is determining the range of NTBC concentrations to use in the assay. Different strains of P. aeruginosa have different sensitivities to NTBC, and laboratory strains may be more sensitive to NTBC than clinical isolates12 (Figure 2). The...

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a Gram negative bacterium that produces a variety of pigments including pyomelanin, a red-brown pigment that helps provide protection from oxidative stress1-4 and binds a variety of compounds, including aminoglycoside antibiotics5-7. Pyomelanin production is caused by a defect in the tyrosine catabolism pathway4,8, either through deletions or mutations of the gene encoding homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase (HmgA)1,9 or through imbalances in the various enzymes in the pathway10. Homogentisate accumulates due to inactivation of HmgA, and is secreted and oxidized to form pyomelanin11. Production of pyomelanin can be abolished or reduced in a dose dependent manner through treatment with the herbicide 2-[2-nitro-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzoyl]-1,3-cyclohexanedione (NTBC)12, which inhibits 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (Hpd) in the tyrosine catabolism pathway13. Hpd is required for the formation of homogentisate, and therefore pyomelanin11. 
We describe in detail three techniques that were important in our studies of NTBC treatment of pyomelanin producing strains of P. aeruginosa. These techniques include titration of NTBC to determine the concentrations that will abolish or reduce pyomelanin production in laboratory and clinical pyomelanin producing strains, determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of antibiotics when bacteria are treated with NTBC, and the resulting sensitivity to oxidative stress with NTBC treatment.
The titration assay we developed serves two purposes. First, the assay will allow the user to determine if NTBC can abolish or reduce pyomelanin production in the bacterium being studied and at which concentrations. This will allow the user to determine sensitivity to NTBC, since different strains of bacteria may have different sensitivities to this compound, as observed in P. aeruginosa12. Second, the NTBC titration assay will allow the user to determine the appropriate concentration of NTBC to use in subsequent assays, such as antibiotic MIC and oxidative stress response assays, if the goal is to abolish or reduce pyomelanin production and determine the effects of pigment reduction. 
The titration assay works because a visible difference in pyomelanin production can be seen in strains treated with NTBC and the differences in pyomelanin production are dose dependent12. Additionally, this technique can be applied to the study of other compounds that may eliminate or enhance pigment production in bacteria.
Antibiotic MICs are used to determine the sensitivity of bacteria to antibiotics. There are several methods to determine MICs, including agar dilution plates and broth dilutions14. Broth dilutions can be performed in small test tubes or in a 96-well microtiter plate. The microtiter plate method of MIC determination described herein will allow the user to test a wide range of antibiotics using a minimum of resources. The assay provides reproducibility as well as flexibility in the number of antibiotics and strains tested by this method. Additionally, with the incorporation of NTBC in the assay, the user can determine if elimination or reduction of pyomelanin production alters antibiotic sensitivity in bacteria that produce pyomelanin.
Bacterial response to oxidative stress can be tested in several ways. The most common methods described are either viable counts of bacteria subjected to oxidative stress for a period of time1, or oxidative stress disc diffusion assays15. These methods tend to use high concentrations of oxidative stressors to examine the effects of oxidative stress in bacteria and results can be quite variable between biological replicates. The viable count assay also tends to use more agar plates than the other methods. The spot plate assay we describe uses low concentrations of H2O2 and allows the user to test the oxidative stress response of multiple strains using a minimum of plates. The assay is also consistently reproducible between technical and biological replicates. As pyomelanin is involved in resistance to oxidative stress, the incorporation of NTBC in the assay allows the user to determine the effects of elimination of pyomelanin production on oxidative stress resistance.

<table><tbody><tr><td>2-[2-nitro-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzoyl]-1,3-cyclohexanedione (NTBC)</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>SML0269-50mg</td><td>Also called nitisinone.&amp;nbsp; Soluble in DMSO.</td></tr><tr><td>H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>216763-100ML</td><td>30 wt. % in H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O.&amp;nbsp; Stabilized.</td></tr><tr><td>Gentamicin</td><td>Gold Bio</td><td>G-400-100</td><td>Soluble in H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O.&amp;nbsp; Filter sterilize.</td></tr><tr><td>Kanamycin</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>BP906-5</td><td>Soluble in H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O.&amp;nbsp; Filter sterilize.</td></tr><tr><td>Tobramycin</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>T4014-100MG</td><td>Soluble in H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O.&amp;nbsp; Filter sterilize.</td></tr></tbody></table>

methods to inhibit bacterial pyomelanin production and determine the corresponding increase in sensitivity to oxidative stress

Pyomelanin is an extracellular red-brown pigment produced by several bacterial and fungal species. This pigment is derived from the tyrosine catabolism pathway and contributes to increased oxidative stress resistance. Pyomelanin production in Pseudomonas aeruginosa is reduced in a dose dependent manner through treatment with 2-[2-nitro-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzoyl]-1,3-cyclohexanedione (NTBC). We describe a titration method using multiple concentrations of NTBC to determine the concentration of drug that will reduce or abolish pyomelanin production in bacteria. The titration method has an easily quantifiable outcome, a visible reduction in pigment production with increasing drug concentrations. We also describe a microtiter plate method to assay antibiotic minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) in bacteria. This method uses a minimum of resources and can easily be scaled up to test multiple antibiotics in one microtiter plate for one strain of bacteria. The MIC assay can be adapted to test the affects of non-antibiotic compounds on bacterial growth at specific concentrations. Finally, we describe a method for testing bacterial sensitivity to oxidative stress by incorporating H2O2 into agar plates and spotting multiple dilutions of bacteria onto the plates. Sensitivity to oxidative stress is indicated by reductions in colony number and size for the different dilutions on plates containing H2O2 compared to a no H2O2 control. The oxidative stress spot plate assay uses a minimum of resources and low concentrations of H2O2. Importantly, it also has good reproducibility. This spot plate assay could be adapted to test bacterial sensitivity to various compounds by incorporating the compounds in agar plates and characterizing the resulting bacterial growth.

NTBC滴定 NTBCはP.でpyomelanin産生を減少させることができた場合にNTBC滴定を決定するために使用されました緑膿菌 、また、追加のアッセイにおける使用のためのpyomelanin生産性を排除または低減されるNTBCの濃度を特定します。そこ異なる複製で生産pyo​​melaninのレベルの変化であるが、一般的な傾向は一定のままであってもよいです。 NTBC滴定アッセイはまた?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Methods to Inhibit Bacterial Pyomelanin Production and Determine the Corresponding Increase in Sensitivity to Oxidative Stress at JoVE.com

Methods to Inhibit Bacterial Pyomelanin Production and Determine the Corresponding Increase in Sensitivity to Oxidative Stress

Bacterial pyomelanin production results in increased resistance to oxidative stress and virulence. We report on techniques that can be used to determine inhibition of pyomelanin production and assay the resulting increase in sensitivity to oxidative stress in bacteria, as well as determine antibiotic minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC).

細菌Pyomelanin産生を阻害し、酸化ストレスに対する感受性の増加に対応を決定するための方法

Pyomelanin is an extracellular red-brown pigment produced by several bacterial and fungal species. This pigment is derived from the tyrosine catabolism ...

methods-to-inhibit-bacterial-pyomelanin-production-determine

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

8.1K ビュー.  University of Wisconsin Milwaukee. Bacterial pyomelanin production results in increased resistance to oxidative stress and virulence. We report on techniques that can be used to determine inhibition of pyomelanin production and assay the resulting increase in sensitivity to oxidative stress in bacteria, as well as determine antibiotic minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC).

ビデオ: Methods to Inhibit Bacterial Pyomelanin Production and Determine the Corresponding Increase in Sensitivity to Oxidative Stress

Imaging Approaches to Assessments of Toxicological Oxidative Stress Using Genetically-encoded Fluorogenic Sensors

While oxidative stress is a commonly cited toxicological mechanism, conventional methods to study it suffer from a number of shortcomings, including destruction of the sample, introduction of potential artifacts, and a lack of specificity for the reactive species involved. Thus, there is a current need in the field of toxicology for non-destructive, sensitive, and specific methods that can be used to observe and quantify intracellular redox perturbations, more commonly referred to as oxidative stress. Here, we present a method for the use of two genetically-encoded fluorogenic sensors, roGFP2 and HyPer, to be used in live-cell imaging studies to observe xenobiotic-induced oxidative responses. roGFP2 equilibrates with the glutathione redox potential (EGSH), while HyPer directly detects hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Both sensors can be expressed into various cell types via transfection or transduction, and can be targeted to specific cellular compartments. Most importantly, live-cell microscopy using these sensors offers high spatial and temporal resolution that is not possible using conventional methods. Changes in the fluorescence intensity monitored at 510 nm serves as the readout for both genetically-encoded fluorogenic sensors when sequentially excited by 404 nm and 488 nm light. This property makes both sensors ratiometric, eliminating common microscopy artifacts and correcting for differences in sensor expression between cells. This methodology can be applied across a variety of fluorometric platforms capable of exciting and collecting emissions at the prescribed wavelengths, making it suitable for use with confocal imaging systems, conventional wide-field microscopy, and plate readers. Both genetically-encoded fluorogenic sensors have been used in a variety of cell types and toxicological studies to monitor cellular EGSH and H2O2 generation in real-time. Outlined here is a standardized method that is widely adaptable across cell types and fluorometric platforms for the application of roGFP2 and HyPer in live-cell toxicological assessments of oxidative stress.

This manuscript describes the use of genetically-encoded fluorogenic reporters in an application of live-cell imaging for the examination of xenobiotic-induced oxidative stress. This experimental approach offers unparalleled spatiotemporal resolution, sensitivity, and specificity while avoiding many of the shortcomings of conventional methods used for the detection of toxicological oxidative stress.

遺伝子にコードされた蛍光センサーを用いた毒性酸化ストレスの評価へのアプローチをイメージング

While oxidative stress is a commonly cited toxicological mechanism, conventional methods to study it suffer from a number of shortcomings, including ...

がん研究

Quantification of Hypopigmentation Activity In Vitro

This study presents laboratory methods for the quantification of hypopigmentation activity in vitro. Melanin, the major pigment in melanocytes, is synthesized in response to multiple cellular and environmental factors. Melanin protects skin cells from ultraviolet damage, but also has biophysical and biochemical functions. Excessive production or accumulation of melanin in melanocytes can cause dermatological problems, such as freckles, dark spots, melasma, and moles. Therefore, the control of melanogenesis with hypopigmentation agents is important in individuals with clinical or cosmetic needs. Melanin is primarily synthesized in the melanosomes of melanocytes in a complex biochemical process called melanogenesis, which is influenced by extrinsic and intrinsic factors, such as hormones, inflammation, age, and ultraviolet light exposure. We describe three methods to determine the hypopigmentation activity of chemicals or natural substances in melanocytes: measurement of the 1) cellular tyrosinase activity and 2) melanin content, and 3) staining and quantifying cellular melanin with image analysis.
In melanogenesis, tyrosinase catalyzes the rate-limiting step that converts L-tyrosine into 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) and then into dopaquinone. Therefore, the inhibition of tyrosinase is a primary hypopigmentation mechanism. In cultured melanocytes, tyrosinase activity can be quantified by adding L-DOPA as a substrate and measuring dopaquinone production by spectrophotometry. Melanogenesis can also be measured by quantifying the melanin content. The melanin-containing cellular fraction is extracted with NaOH and melanin is quantified spectrophotometrically. Finally, the melanin content can be quantified by image analysis following Fontana-Masson staining of melanin. Although the results of these in vitro assays may not always be reproduced in human skin, these methods are widely used in melanogenesis research, especially as the initial step to identify potential hypopigmentation activity. These methods can also be used to assess melanocyte activity, growth, and differentiation. Consistent results with the three different methods ensure the validity of the effects.

We describe three experimental methods for evaluating the hypopigmentation activity of chemicals in vitro: quantification of 1) cellular tyrosinase activity and 2) melanin content, and 3) measurement of melanin by cellular melanin staining and image analysis.

培養色素脱失活動の定量化

This study presents laboratory methods for the quantification of hypopigmentation activity in vitro. Melanin, the major pigment in melanocytes, is ...

生化学

Pharmacologic Induction of Epidermal Melanin and Protection Against Sunburn in a Humanized Mouse Model

Fairness of skin, UV sensitivity and skin cancer risk all correlate with the physiologic function of the melanocortin 1 receptor, a Gs-coupled signaling protein found on the surface of melanocytes. Mc1r stimulates adenylyl cyclase and cAMP production which, in turn, up-regulates melanocytic production of melanin in the skin. In order to study the mechanisms by which Mc1r signaling protects the skin against UV injury, this study relies on a mouse model with "humanized skin" based on epidermal expression of stem cell factor (Scf). K14-Scf transgenic mice retain melanocytes in the epidermis and therefore have the ability to deposit melanin in the epidermis. In this animal model, wild type Mc1r status results in robust deposition of black eumelanin pigment and a UV-protected phenotype. In contrast, K14-Scf animals with defective Mc1r signaling ability exhibit a red/blonde pigmentation, very little eumelanin in the skin and a UV-sensitive phenotype. Reasoning that eumelanin deposition might be enhanced by topical agents that mimic Mc1r signaling, we found that direct application of forskolin extract to the skin of Mc1r-defective fair-skinned mice resulted in robust eumelanin induction and UV protection 1. Here we describe the method for preparing and applying a forskolin-containing natural root extract to K14-Scf fair-skinned mice and report a method for measuring UV sensitivity by determining minimal erythematous dose (MED). Using this animal model, it is possible to study how epidermal cAMP induction and melanization of the skin affect physiologic responses to UV exposure.

Epidermal melanin is induced by topical application of forskolin in a murine model of the fair-skinned UV-sensitive human. Pharmacologic manipulation of cAMP levels in the skin and epidermal darkening strongly protect against UV-mediated inflammation (sunburn) as measured by the minimum erythematous dose (MED) assay.

ヒト化マウスモデルにおける表皮のメラニンと保護に対する日焼け薬理学的誘導

Fairness of skin, UV sensitivity and skin cancer  risk all correlate with the physiologic function of the melanocortin 1  receptor, a Gs-coupled signaling ...

医学

Adsorptive Bioprocess Improves Yield of Melanin from Pseudomonas stutzeri

Melanins are natural pigments, and the presence of indole ring and numerous functional groups makes melanin an ideal choice for many applications such as UV protective agents, skincare, cosmetics etc. A marine Pseudomonas stutzeri produces melanin without the addition of tyrosine. The feedback inhibition was observed by melanin in the culture of a melanin-producing marine bacterium, Pseudomonas stutzeri. Melanin also demonstrated microbial growth inhibition. The Han-Levenspiel model-based analysis identified uncompetitive type product inhibition of melanin on the cell growth. Tyrosinase enzyme, which produces melanin, was inhibited by melanin. The double reciprocal plot of the enzymatic reaction in the presence of different melanin concentrations revealed uncompetitive product inhibition. An adsorbent-based adsorptive bioprocess was developed to reduce the feedback inhibition by melanin. Different adsorbents were screened to select the best adsorbent for melanin adsorption. Dosage amount and time were optimized to develop the adsorptive bioprocess, which resulted in an 8.8-fold enhancement in melanin production by the marine bacteria Pseudomonas stutzeri (153 mg/L to 1349 mg/L) without supplementation of tyrosine and yeast extract.

Adsorptive Bioprocess Improves Yield of Melanin from Pseudomonas stutzeri

Here we present a protocol on adsorptive bioprocess to produce a biological product, especially a pigment that inhibits its own biosynthesis and inhibits the growth of the microorganism that produces it.

Melanins are natural pigments, and the presence of indole ring and numerous functional groups makes melanin an ideal choice for many applications such as ...

工学

Inactivation of Pathogens via Visible-Light Photolysis of Riboflavin-5&#8242;-Phosphate

Riboflavin-5&#39;-phosphate (or flavin mononucleotide; FMN) is sensitive to visible light. Various compounds, including reactive oxygen species (ROS), can be generated from FMN photolysis upon irradiation with visible light. The ROS generated from FMN photolysis are harmful to microorganisms, including pathogenic bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). This article presents a protocol for deactivating S. aureus, as an example, via photochemical reactions involving FMN under visible light irradiation. The superoxide radical anion (<img alt="Equation 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/63531/63531eq01v3.png" style="margin: auto;" />) generated during the FMN photolysis is evaluated via nitro blue tetrazolium (NBT) reduction. The microbial viability of S. aureus that is attributed to reactive <img alt="Equation 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/63531/63531eq01v3.png" style="margin: auto;" /> species was used to determine the effectiveness of the process. The bacterial inactivation rate is proportional to FMN concentration. Violet light is more efficient in inactivating S. aureus than blue light irradiation, while the red or green light does not drive FMN photolysis. The present article demonstrates FMN photolysis as a simple and safe method for sanitary processes.

Inactivation of Pathogens via Visible-Light Photolysis of Riboflavin-5&#8242;-Phosphate

Here, we present a protocol to inactivate pathogenic bacteria with reactive oxygen species produced during photolysis of flavin mononucleotide (FMN) under blue and violet light irradiation of low intensity. FMN photolysis is demonstrated to be a simple and safe method for sanitary processes.

リボフラビン-5′-リン酸の可視光光分解 による 病原体の不活化

Riboflavin-5&#39;-phosphate (or flavin mononucleotide; FMN) is sensitive to visible light. Various compounds, including reactive oxygen species (ROS), can ...

生物工学

Induction and Analysis of Oxidative Stress in Sleeping Beauty Transposon-Transfected Human Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells

Oxidative stress plays a critical role in several degenerative diseases, including age-related macular degeneration (AMD), a pathology that affects ~30 million patients worldwide. It leads to a decrease in retinal pigment epithelium (RPE)-synthesized neuroprotective factors, e.g., pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), followed by the loss of RPE cells, and eventually photoreceptor and retinal ganglion cell (RGC) death. We hypothesize that the reconstitution of the neuroprotective and neurogenic retinal environment by the subretinal transplantation of transfected RPE cells overexpressing PEDF and GM-CSF has the potential to prevent retinal degeneration by mitigating the effects of oxidative stress, inhibiting inflammation, and supporting cell survival. Using the Sleeping Beauty transposon system (SB100X) human RPE cells have been transfected with the PEDF and GM-CSF genes and shown stable gene integration, long-term gene expression, and protein secretion using qPCR, western blot, ELISA, and immunofluorescence. To confirm the functionality and the potency of the PEDF and GM-CSF secreted by the transfected RPE cells, we have developed an in vitro assay to quantify the reduction of H2O2-induced oxidative stress on RPE cells in culture. Cell protection was evaluated by analyzing cell morphology, density, intracellular level of glutathione, UCP2 gene expression, and cell viability. Both, transfected RPE cells overexpressing PEDF and/or GM-CSF and cells non-transfected but pretreated with PEDF and/or GM-CSF (commercially available or purified from transfected cells) showed significant antioxidant cell protection compared to non-treated controls. The present H2O2-model is a simple and effective approach to evaluate the antioxidant effect of factors that may be effective to treat AMD or similar neurodegenerative diseases.

Induction and Analysis of Oxidative Stress in Sleeping Beauty Transposon-Transfected Human Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells

We present a protocol for the development and use ofan oxidative stress-model by treating retinal pigment epithelial cells with H2O2, analyzing cell morphology, viability, density, glutathione, and UCP-2 level. It is a useful model to investigate the antioxidant effect of proteins secreted by transposon-transfected cells to treat neuroretinal degeneration.

睡眠美容トランスポゾントランスポゾントランスフェクトヒト網膜色素上皮細胞における酸化ストレスの誘導と分析

Oxidative stress plays a critical role in several degenerative diseases, including age-related macular degeneration (AMD), a pathology that affects ~30 ...

Stimulation of Stem Cell Niches and Tissue Regeneration in Mouse Skin by Switchable Protoporphyrin IX-Dependent Photogeneration of Reactive Oxygen Species In Situ

Here, we describe a protocol to induce switchable in vivo photogeneration of endogenous reactive oxygen species (ROS) in mouse skin. This transient production of ROS in situ efficiently activates cell proliferation in stem cell niches and stimulates tissue regeneration as strongly manifested through the acceleration of burn healing and hair follicle growth processes. The protocol is based on a regulatable photodynamic treatment that treats the tissue with precursors of the endogenous photosensitizer protoporphyrin IX and further irradiates the tissue with red light under tightly controlled physicochemical parameters. Overall, this protocol constitutes an interesting experimental tool to analyze ROS biology.

The aim of this protocol is to induce transient in vivo production of nonlethal levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in mouse skin, further promoting physiological responses in the tissue.

切り替え可能なプロトポルフィリンIX依存性活性酸素種のin situ光生成によるマウス皮膚における幹細胞ニッチの刺激と組織再生

Here, we describe a protocol to induce switchable in vivo photogeneration of endogenous reactive oxygen species (ROS) in mouse skin. This transient ...

生物学

Y-27632 Enriches the Yield of Human Melanocytes from Adult Skin Tissues

The isolation and culture of primary melanocytes from skin tissues is very important for biological research and has been widely used for clinical applications. Isolating primary melanocytes from skin tissues by the conventional method usually takes about 3 to 4 weeks to passage sufficiently. More importantly, the tissues used are usually newborn foreskins and it is still a challenge to efficiently isolate primary melanocytes from adult tissues. We recently developed a new isolation method for melanocytes that adds Y-27632, a Rho kinase inhibitor, to the initial culture medium for 48 h. Compared with the conventional protocol, this new method dramatically increases the yield of melanocytes and shortens the time required to isolate melanocytes from foreskin tissues. We now describe this new method in more detail using adult epidermis to efficiently culture primary melanocytes. Importantly, we show that melanocytes obtained from adult tissues prepared by this new method can function normally. This new protocol will significantly benefit studies of pigmentation defects and melanomas using primary melanocytes prepared from easily accessed adult skin tissues.

This paper reports that the addition of Y-27632 to TIVA medium can significantly increase the yield of melanocytes from adult skin tissues.

Y-27632 成人皮膚組織からのヒトメラノサイトの収穫量を豊かにする

The isolation and culture of primary melanocytes from skin tissues is very important for biological research and has been widely used for clinical ...

Minimum Erythematous Dose Assay: A Method for Measuring UV Sensitivity in Mouse Models

Source: Amaro-Ortiz, A. et al. <a href="https://www.jove.com/v/50670"> Pharmacologic Induction of Epidermal Melanin and Protection Against Sunburn in a Humanized Mouse Model</a>. J. Vis. Exp. (2013)
This video describes a method to measure UV sensitivity in a humanized mouse model&#8212;a mouse model that mimics human skin. We determine the minimal erythematous dose (MED) of UV radiation that can cause erythema or edema on the skin. The method can help to find out the efficacy of drugs used to reduce UV sensitivity.

最小紅斑性用量アッセイ:マウスモデルにおけるUV感度の測定方法

Source: Amaro-Ortiz, A. et al.  Pharmacologic Induction of Epidermal Melanin and Protection Against Sunburn in a Humanized Mouse Model. J. Vis. Exp. ...

JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments

皮膚がん

動物モデル研究

A Spot Plate Assay for Evaluating Oxidative Stress Responses in Bacterial Strains

Source: Ketelboeter, L. M. et al., <a href="https://app.jove.com/v/53105">Methods to Inhibit Bacterial Pyomelanin Production and Determine the Corresponding Increase in Sensitivity to Oxidative Stress.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (2015)
This video demonstrates a spot plate assay tailored to assess the oxidative stress responses of bacterial strains. Some strains produce pyomelanin, an antioxidant pigment. Conversely, strains treated with a test agent, leading to reduced pyomelanin production, exhibit increased susceptibility to oxidative stress, resulting in decreased cell viability compared to pyomelanin-producing strains.

細菌株の酸化ストレス応答を評価するためのスポットプレートアッセイ

1. Preparation of Culture Media, Antibiotics, and 2-[2-nitro-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzoyl]-1,3-cyclohexanedione (NTBC)

	Make Luria-Bertani (LB) broth (1% ...

細菌Pyomelanin産生を阻害し、酸化ストレスに対する感受性の増加に対応を決定するための方法

要約

さらに動画を探す

この動画の章

遺伝子にコードされた蛍光センサーを用いた毒性酸化ストレスの評価へのアプローチをイメージング

培養色素脱失活動の定量化

ヒト化マウスモデルにおける表皮のメラニンと保護に対する日焼け薬理学的誘導

Adsorptive Bioprocess Improves Yield of Melanin from Pseudomonas stutzeri

リボフラビン-5′-リン酸の可視光光分解による病原体の不活化

睡眠美容トランスポゾントランスポゾントランスフェクトヒト網膜色素上皮細胞における酸化ストレスの誘導と分析

切り替え可能なプロトポルフィリンIX依存性活性酸素種のin situ光生成によるマウス皮膚における幹細胞ニッチの刺激と組織再生

Y-27632 成人皮膚組織からのヒトメラノサイトの収穫量を豊かにする

最小紅斑性用量アッセイ:マウスモデルにおけるUV感度の測定方法

細菌株の酸化ストレス応答を評価するためのスポットプレートアッセイ

細菌Pyomelanin産生を阻害し、酸化ストレスに対する感受性の増加に対応を決定するための方法

要約

さらに動画を探す

この動画の章

遺伝子にコードされた蛍光センサーを用いた毒性酸化ストレスの評価へのアプローチをイメージング

培養色素脱失活動の定量化

ヒト化マウスモデルにおける表皮のメラニンと保護に対する日焼け薬理学的誘導

Adsorptive Bioprocess Improves Yield of Melanin from Pseudomonas stutzeri

リボフラビン-5′-リン酸の可視光光分解 による 病原体の不活化

睡眠美容トランスポゾントランスポゾントランスフェクトヒト網膜色素上皮細胞における酸化ストレスの誘導と分析

切り替え可能なプロトポルフィリンIX依存性活性酸素種のin situ光生成によるマウス皮膚における幹細胞ニッチの刺激と組織再生

Y-27632 成人皮膚組織からのヒトメラノサイトの収穫量を豊かにする

最小紅斑性用量アッセイ:マウスモデルにおけるUV感度の測定方法

細菌株の酸化ストレス応答を評価するためのスポットプレートアッセイ

リボフラビン-5′-リン酸の可視光光分解による病原体の不活化