This work was supported by NSERC grant 386634. We would like to thank members of the Screaton Lab for helpful discussions.

1. Preparation of Reagents, Plates, and Cells
<ol>
	<li>Make 500 ml lysis buffer: 25 mM Tris pH 7.5, 150 mM NaCl, 50 mM NaF, 0.5 mM EDTA pH 8.0, 0.5% TritonX-100, 5 mM beta-glycerophosphate, 5% glycerol. Store at 4 &#176;C. Immediately prior to use, add 1 mM dithiothreitol (DTT), 1 mM phenylmethyl sulfonyl fluoride (PMSF), and 1 mM sodium vanadate. After this step, PMSF is not required in any rinse buffer.</li>
	<li>Make 20 ml of 10x Kinase Buffer: 200 mM Tris pH 7.5, 50 mM beta-glycerophosphate (FW 216), 2 mM sodium v...

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	<li>Meisenhelder, J., Hunter, T., van der Geer, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Phosphopeptide+mapping+and+identification+of+phosphorylation+sites.">Phosphopeptide mapping and identification of phosphorylation sites.</a> Curr Protoc Mol Biol. 18, Unit 18 19 (2001).</li><li>Doll, S., Burlingame, A. 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T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Posttranslation Modification of Proteins: Expanding Nature's Inventory. , (2006).</li><li>Boersema, P. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In-depth+qualitative+and+quantitative+profiling+of+tyrosine+phosphorylation+using+a+combination+of+phosphopeptide+immunoaffinity+purification+and+stable+isotope+dimethyl+labeling.">In-depth qualitative and quantitative profiling of tyrosine phosphorylation using a combination of phosphopeptide immunoaffinity purification and stable isotope dimethyl labeling.</a> Mol Cell Proteomics. 9, 84-99 (2010).</li><li>Hutti, J. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+rapid+method+for+determining+protein+kinase+phosphorylation+specificity.">A rapid method for determining protein kinase phosphorylation specificity.</a> Nat Methods. 1, 27-29 (2004).</li><li>Johnson, S. A., Hunter, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Kinomics:+methods+for+deciphering+the+kinome.">Kinomics: methods for deciphering the kinome.</a> Nat Methods. 2, 17-25 (2005).</li><li>Pawson, T., Nash, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Assembly+of+cell+regulatory+systems+through+protein+interaction+domains.">Assembly of cell regulatory systems through protein interaction domains.</a> Science. 300, 445-452 (2003).</li><li>Zhu, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analysis+of+yeast+protein+kinases+using+protein+chips.">Analysis of yeast protein kinases using protein chips.</a> Nat Genet. 26, 283-289 (2000).</li><li>Shah, K., Shokat, K. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+chemical+genetic+approach+for+the+identification+of+direct+substrates+of+protein+kinases.">A chemical genetic approach for the identification of direct substrates of protein kinases.</a> Methods Mol Biol. 233, 253-271 (2003).</li><li>Zou, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=PKIS:+computational+identification+of+protein+kinases+for+experimentally+discovered+protein+phosphorylation+sites.">PKIS: computational identification of protein kinases for experimentally discovered protein phosphorylation sites.</a> BMC bioinform. 14, 247 (2013).</li><li>Varjosalo, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Application+of+active+and+kinase-deficient+kinome+collection+for+identification+of+kinases+regulating+hedgehog+signaling.">Application of active and kinase-deficient kinome collection for identification of kinases regulating hedgehog signaling.</a> Cell. 133, 537-548 (2008).</li><li>Jansson, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Glucose+controls+CREB+activity+in+islet+cells+via+regulated+phosphorylation+of+TORC2.">Glucose controls CREB activity in islet cells via regulated phosphorylation of TORC2.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 105, 10161-10166 (2008).</li><li>Fu, A., Screaton, R. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Using+kinomics+to+delineate+signaling+pathways:+control+of+CRTC2/TORC2+by+the+AMPK+family.">Using kinomics to delineate signaling pathways: control of CRTC2/TORC2 by the AMPK family.</a> Cell Cycle. 7, 3823-3828 (2008).</li><li>Abu-Thuraia, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Axl+phosphorylates+elmo+scaffold+proteins+to+promote+rac+activation+and+cell+invasion.">Axl phosphorylates elmo scaffold proteins to promote rac activation and cell invasion.</a> Mol Cell Biol. 35, 76-87 (2015).</li><li>Manning, G., Whyte, D. B., Martinez, R., Hunter, T., Sudarsanam, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+protein+kinase+complement+of+the+human+genome.">The protein kinase complement of the human genome.</a> Science. 298, 1912-1934 (2002).</li></ol>

Since the original publications describing the approach 14,15, the original library of 180 GST-kinases has been expanded to 420 members, or ~80% of the human protein kinome. With the expanded library, the protocol as described takes 4-5 days and then 1-4 days to develop films (as deemed necessary), which could be shortened by use of phosphorimaging and digital signal enhancement. There are several key steps where care must be taken (See Figure 1 for overview of protocol). First, is the health ...

Protein post-translational modifications (PTMs) are essential for intracellular communication. Perhaps the best studied of all PTMs is phosphorylation, catalyzed by protein kinases, which regulate a myriad of protein functions, including their biochemical activity, subcellular localization, conformation, and stability. The identification of phosphorylation sites on target proteins can be accomplished by tryptic phosphopeptide mapping or by now-standard proteomic techniques using samples enriched for phosphorylated peptides 1,2. While three quarters of the expressed proteome are expected to be phosphorylated 3 and an identified 200,000 phosphorylation sites 5, with estimates up to 1 million 6, many of these have no assigned biology, signaling pathway, or protein kinase.
While identification of phosphorylated sites is relatively straightforward, a comparatively greater challenge is to identify the cognate kinase(s) that targets these sites, a process we refer to as mapping kinase:substrate pairs. Several approaches for identifying kinase:substrate pairs have been described, either starting with a kinase of interest and looking for its substrates or starting with a substrate of interest and attempting to find a modifying kinase experimentally 7-11 or computationally 12. To identify kinases for a known phosphorylated substrate, bioinformatics can be used to identify proteins that contain a short conserved sequence of amino acids flanking the phosphorylated residue (the consensus site), as well as identifying kinases that form a precipitable complex with the substrate. However, these approaches are time-consuming and often do not meet with success.
We developed a systematic functional approach to rapidly identify kinases that can phosphorylate a given substrate 13. The screen assay produces excellent specificity, with very clear selection for potential cognate kinases. Given the centrality of phosphorylation to biological signaling, the screen is useful for discovery in virtually all cell signaling pathways 14-16. The screen involves performing a large-scale kinase assay with a library of human protein kinases. The kinases have been tagged with bacterial glutathione S-transferase (GST) protein and are purified from mammalian cell extracts, which means that the recombinant enzymes &#8212; unlike those prepared from bacteria &#8212; are generated in the presence of the upstream protein kinases often required for the recombinant enzymes to have activity in vitro. Indeed, while serine, threonine, and tyrosine kinase activity required for downstream kinase activation are present in yeast 10, the yeast genome encodes 122 protein kinases, indicating that the mammalian kinome, with over 500 genes 17, has become significantly more complex in order to regulate the processes unique to higher order organisms. Moreover, the effect of different stimuli relevant to cell biology and human disease (such as small molecules, growth factors, hormones, etc.) can be used to 14,15modulate kinase activity in an appropriate context.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Lysis buffer</td>
			<td>Made in house</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>See Protocol step 1.1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10x kinase buffer</td>
			<td>Made in house</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>See Protocol step 1.2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10x M-ATP</td>
			<td>Made in house</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>See Protocol step 1.3</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Human kinase plasmids</td>
			<td>Orfeome, Invitrogen, Origene</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>GST-tagged in house</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>96 well plates</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>CS003595</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>293T cells</td>
			<td>ATCC</td>
			<td>CRL-11268</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM&#160;</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>SH3002201</td>
			<td>supplement with 100U/ml penicillin, 100ug/ml streptomycin, 10% fetal calf serum.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CO2 incubator</td>
			<td>Sanyo</td>
			<td>MCO-17AIC</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>15 cm cell culture dishes</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>877224</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Reduced serum medium</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>22600-050</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lipid-based transfection reagent</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>11668-019</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Automated liquid dispenser</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>5840300</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Small cassette attachment</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>24073295</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Standard cassette attachment</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>14072670</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>4mM pervanadate</td>
			<td>Made in house</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>See Protocol step 3.1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>0.25 M CaCl2</td>
			<td>Made in house</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Multichannel pipette (20-200 uL)</td>
			<td>Labnet</td>
			<td>p4812-200</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Multichannel pipette (1-10 uL)</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>4661040</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>V-bottom 6-well plates</td>
			<td>Evergreen Scientific</td>
			<td>290-8116-01V</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glutathione coated 96-well plates</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>PI-15240</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hybridization oven</td>
			<td>Biostad</td>
			<td>350355</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GST tagged substrate</td>
			<td>Made in house</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Myelin Basic Protein (MBP)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>M1891</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Repeater pipette (1 mL)</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>22266209</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>32P gamma-ATP</td>
			<td>Perkin Elmer</td>
			<td>BLU502Z500UC</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2X SDS lysis buffer (100 mL)</td>
			<td>Made in house</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>See Protocol step 1.4</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>26-well precast TGX gels</td>
			<td>BioRad</td>
			<td>567-1045</td>
			<td>gel percentage required is dependent on the molecular weight of the substrate of interest</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Coomassie stain</td>
			<td>Made in house</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>0.1% Coomassie R250, 10% acetic acid, 40% methanol</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Coomassie destain</td>
			<td>Made in house</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>10% acetic acid, 20% methanol</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Labeled gel containers</td>
			<td>Made in house</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Used plastic lids from empty tip boxes, just big enough to contain one gel</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Whatman filter paper</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>57144</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cellophane sheets (2)</td>
			<td>BioRad</td>
			<td>165-0963</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gel dryer</td>
			<td>Labconco</td>
			<td>4330150</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Double emulsion autoradiography film</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>IB1651454</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Film cassette</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>FBAC-1417</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Intensifying screen</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>FBIS-1417</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Plate sealing rubber roller</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>R1275</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

identification of kinase-substrate pairs using high throughput screening

We have developed a screening platform to identify dedicated human protein kinases for phosphorylated substrates which can be used to elucidate novel signal transduction pathways. Our approach features the use of a library of purified GST-tagged human protein kinases and a recombinant protein substrate of interest. We have used this technology to identify MAP/microtubule affinity-regulating kinase 2 (MARK2) as the kinase for a glucose-regulated site on CREB-Regulated Transcriptional Coactivator 2 (CRTC2), a protein required for beta cell proliferation, as well as the Axl family of tyrosine kinases as regulators of cell metastasis by phosphorylation of the adaptor protein ELMO. We describe this technology and discuss how it can help to establish a comprehensive map of how cells respond to environmental stimuli.

Representative results from a screen are shown in Figure 2. 180 kinases were screened using a GST-tagged peptide substrate corresponding to aa 268-283 from CRTC2 as well as the classic kinase assay substrate myelin basic protein (MBP). Only two kinases, MARK2 and the highly related kinase MARK3 phosphorylated the CRTC2 peptide. MBP is included as an internal control in all assays, as it contains many phosphorylatable residues and runs at 18 kDa, toward the bottom of the gel. This allows for an interpreta...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Identification of Kinase-substrate Pairs Using High Throughput Screening at JoVE.com

Identification of Kinase-substrate Pairs Using High Throughput Screening

Protein phosphorylation is a central feature of how cells interpret and respond to information in their extracellular milieu. Here, we present a high throughput screening protocol using kinases purified from mammalian cells to rapidly identify kinases that phosphorylate a substrate(s) of interest.


We have developed a screening platform to identify dedicated human protein kinases for phosphorylated substrates which can be used to elucidate novel ...

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8.0K visualizações.  Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute. Protein phosphorylation is a central feature of how cells interpret and respond to information in their extracellular milieu. Here, we present a high throughput screening protocol using kinases purified from mammalian cells to rapidly identify kinases that phosphorylate a substrate(s) of interest.