We are grateful to Ms. Kaori Shimizu and Mr. Masaki Takasu of the Graduate School of Life Sciences, Toyo University, for their technical support. This project was supported by research grants from the Special Research Foundation and Bio-Nano Electronics Research Centre of Toyo University (to SK); by the Science Research Promotion Fund of the Promotion and Mutual Aid Corporation for Private Schools of Japan (to SK); by the New Project Fund for Risk Assessments, from the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (to SK); by a Grant-in-Aid for Challenging Exploratory Research (award 23651028 to SK); by a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B) and (C) (award 23310026 and 26340030 to SK); and by a Grant-in-Aid for Strategic Research Base Project for Private Universities (award S1411016 to SK) from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan.

本研究で用いたメダカは、苦痛や不快感の軽減に配慮し、東洋大学の制度ガイドラインに従って人道的に処理しました。 1.シルバーナノコロイド（SNCが） <ol><li>精製されたのSNCを購入した（20mg / L -1、純度99.99％、粒子は、蒸留水に懸濁28.4±8.5 nm程度の直径を意味します）。 </li><li>誘導結合プラズマ質量分析（ICP-MS）により、銀の純度および濃度を検証するには、取扱説明書8に記載の分析します。 ICP-MS分析のための前処理方法は、項7に記載されています。 </li></ol> SNCソリューション異なる塩分と（シルバーコロイドとAg +の混合物）の調製<ol><li> 60グラムのNaCl、1.8グラムのKCl、2.4グラムののCaCl 2・2H 2 O、およびULTの1L中9.78グラムのMgSO 4・7H 2 Oからなる60×ERMを準備rapure水;超純水中の1.25％NaHCO 3でpHを7.0に調整します。 </li><li>一晩25℃でのERMソリューションをかき混ぜます。 </li><li>希釈したERMとのSNCを混ぜます。各SNC-ERM混合溶液40mlを準備します。最終濃度は、ERMの異なる濃度でのSNCの10 mg / Lで-1である（1倍、5倍、10倍、15倍、20倍、または30倍）。 </li><li>超純水中の0.625パーセントのNaHCO 3で7.0にSNC-ERM混合溶液のpHを調整します。 Ag +放出は酸性条件9により促進されるため、pH調整は、SNCの溶液を調製する際に非常に重要です。 </li><li> SNCのための参照化合物としてのAgNO 3を使用してください。 <ol><li>希ERMとのAgNO 3を混ぜます。 15.7 mg / LでのAgNO 3濃度でのAgNO 3 -ERM混合溶液の40ミリリットルを準備-1 ERMの異なる濃度で（10 mg / Lで-1銀）（1倍、5倍、10倍、15倍、20倍、または30倍） 。 注：銀コロイド毒性を調べるために、 硝酸銀可溶性銀の供給源である溶液を、銀コロイドと可溶性銀の混合物であるのSNCのための参照化合物として使用されます。 </li></ol></li></ol> 3.メダカ文化と卵の収穫<ol><li>メダカ（O.のメダカ ）（橙赤色株）（60人の男性と60人の女性）を取得します。 </li><li>メダカフロースルー培養系を用いて、3 Lタンク内の1倍ERMで（1グループとして20人の男性と20人の女性）グループなどの文化メダカ。 <ol><li>以下の条件での文化： 培養液のpH範囲：6.2〜6.5 光：暗サイクル：16：8時間 培養液の温度：24±0.5°C 培地の浸透圧：257ミリオスモル</li></ol></li><li> （1日5回）（一日一回）10:00にアルテミア・サリナノープリウスにメダカをフィードし、午前9時、11時、午前13時、午後03時、および17時に人工乾燥魚食を食べます。 <ol><li> Aを得ました。サリナノープリウス。 </li> &lt;LI&gt;プラスチックビーカー中の3.0％塩溶液の5 Lを準備します。 </li><li>ビーカー内の塩溶液にブラインシュリンプの卵の30グラムを追加します。 </li><li>曝気ポンプを用いて、（4 L /分-1）を吹き込みながら48時間、25℃で卵をインキュベートします。 </li><li> 48時間後、バブリングを停止します。 </li><li>解決策は、斜線のA.を分離するために5〜10分間放置します未孵化卵や卵の殻（溶液の上部）からサ ​​リナノープリウス（溶液の下部）。 </li><li>デカンテーションにより溶液の上層を削除します。 </li><li> 283ミクロンの開口部を有するふるいを通してソリューションの下部をフィルタし、198ミクロンの開口部がネット上を通過ノープリウスを収集します。 </li><li> 6時間以内にメダカにノープリウスを養います。 </li></ol></li><li>女性のメダカが生み出した後、メスの体からそっと外部卵クラスタを削除するか、SMを使用して水槽の底から卵を集めますすべてのネット（正味サイズ5センチメートル×5センチ、穴の大きさ0.2ミリメートルX 0.2ミリメートル）。 </li><li> 5秒間水道水を流しながら卵のクラスタをすすぎます。 </li><li> 30倍ERM溶液にすすぎ卵クラスターのすべてを追加します。 </li><li> 1分後に溶液からクラスタを削除して、乾いたペーパータオルとロールとの間に卵のクラスタを配置します。 </li><li> 30倍ERMに戻って卵を入れてください。 </li><li>解剖顕微鏡下で受精卵を選択します。 </li><li>鉗子を用いて、6ウェルプラスチックプレートに1×ERMで選択した810卵を置きます。 </li><li> 21.発達段階までインキュベーター中に25±0.1℃で卵をインキュベート（メダカ胚の発達段階は岩松10の仕事から定義されていました。） </li><li>解剖顕微鏡下で発達段階21でインキュベートした卵を取り出します。 </li><li> 1倍ERMで選択した卵をすすぎます。 </li><li>曝露実験（セクション4）にすすいで卵をかけます。 </li></ol> 4.毒性のSNCの試験または硝酸銀 </sub&gt;別のERMの塩分で<ol><li>メダカの卵をすすぐ（ステージ21）試験溶液[SNCは（10 mg / Lの-1）または硝酸銀で3回ERMの各濃度（1×、5×で（15.7 mg / Lで-1は10mg / L -1銀など） 、10倍、15倍、20倍、または30倍）pH7の]。対照として、pH7で30×ERMに1×で卵を使用しています。 </li><li> 6ウェルプラスチックプレートの各試験溶液5mlに15すすい卵を加えます。 （各試験液を使用してSNCかのAgNO 3毒性試験のための露光実験三回実行）。 </li><li>アルミホイルでプレートを包みます。 </li><li>孵化するまで、または14日間暗所で25℃で包まれたプレートをインキュベートします。 </li><li>生物学的変化と死んだ卵のために露出卵ごとに24時間を守って（ 図1および図 2）。 </li><li>試験溶液を24時間毎に交換します。 </li><li>次のように観測を行います。 <ol><li>曝露の6日目に、O（15秒ごとに）心拍数を数えますストップウォッチ（ 図3a）を用いて、解剖顕微鏡下でのFメダカ胚。 </li><li>曝露の6日目に、マイクロメーター（ 図3b）を使用して、解剖顕微鏡下でメダカの胚の眼の大きさ（直径）を測定します。 </li><li>孵化日に、マイクロメーター（ 図3c）を使用して、解剖顕微鏡下で幼虫のフルボディの長さを測定します。 </li><li> 14日（ 図3d）の上に孵化露出した卵の総数をカウントします。 </li></ol></li></ol> 5. SNC溶液からの可溶性銀の単離、およびシルバー分析<ol><li> 14,000 xで3 kDaの膜フィル​​ターを通して濾過することにより、各SNC液（銀コロイドと可溶性銀の混合物）から水溶性銀を分離 gで10分間4°C。 1×ERM中の凝集のSNCの報告平均直径は67.8 nmの11であるため、SNCのから水溶性銀を分離するために3 kDaの膜フィルターを使用しますNDのAg +のそれは0.162 nmの12です。 3 kDaの膜が2nm以上13の直径を有する粒子を除外します。 </li><li> ICP-MS取扱説明書8に記載の ICP-MS分析（ 図3E）により濾過した溶液の50μl中銀濃度（=可溶性銀濃度）を測定します。 ICP-MS分析のための前処理方法は、項7に記載されています。 </li></ol>メダカ胚におけるシルバー生物蓄積の6.測定<ol><li>セクション4で説明したようにSNCのかのAgNO 3にメダカの卵（ステージ21）を公開します。 </li><li>曝露の6日目に、 メダカブック 14に記載のプロトコルに従って酵素を孵化メダカを用いて、卵（ すなわち 、dechorion）から絨毛膜を除去します。 </li><li> ICP-MS取扱説明書8（ 図3F）に応じてICP-MS分析によりdechorioned卵の銀濃度を測定します。前処理ICP-MS分析のための方法は、第7章に記載されています。 </li></ol> ICP-MS分析による銀濃度の7.測定<ol><li> （;セクション1の銀濃度の検証のための）サンプル[銀溶液50μlを追加します。 3 dechorionated胚（第5節）。または50ミリリットルのテフロンビーカーに濾過した溶液を50μl（セクション5）]。 </li><li> 50ミリリットルのビーカーに超純硝酸の2.0ミリリットルを追加します。 </li><li>それは（約3時間）乾く直前まで110℃のホットプレート上で混合物を加熱します。 </li><li>完全に有機物を溶解するために、ビーカーに超純硝酸と過酸化水素の0.5ミリリットルの2.0ミリリットルを追加します。 </li><li>それは（約3時間）乾く直前までホットプレート上で再び混合物を加熱します。 </li><li> 1.0％超高純度の硝酸溶液4mlに残留物を溶解します。 </li><li>転送遠心チューブに溶液4ml。 </li><li> （3回の合計）を2回7.7から7.6を繰り返します。最終容量は12.0ですミリリットル。 </li><li>取扱説明書8に記載のICP-MS分析を用いて（1.0％超純粋硝酸に溶解した）サンプルの銀の濃度を測定します。 <ol><li>内部および外部の標準液を使用して銀濃度を定量化するために（ 物質 一覧を参照してください）。内部および外部標準溶液は米国試験所認定協会（A2LA）の認定を受けています。銀の検出限界は0.0018 ng / mlで-1（溶液）と0.016 ngのMG-重量-1（胚体）でした。 </li></ol></li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 2 Effects on Biotic Systems. , (2015).</li><li>. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> National Coastal Condition Report. , (2001).</li><li>Sakaizumi, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+inorganic+salts+on+mercury-compound+toxicity+to+the+embryos+of+the+Medaka,+Oryzias+latipes.">Effect of inorganic salts on mercury-compound toxicity to the embryos of the Medaka, Oryzias latipes.</a> J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo. 14 (4), 369-384 (1980).</li><li>Sumitani, K., Kashiwada, S., Osaki, K., Yamada, M., Mohri, S., Yasumasu, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Medaka+(Oryzias+latipes)+Embryo+toxicity+of+treated+leachate+from+waste-landfill+sites.">Medaka (Oryzias latipes) Embryo toxicity of treated leachate from waste-landfill sites.</a> J. Jpn. Soc. Waste Manage. Exp. 15 (6), 472-479 (2004).</li><li>Kashiwada, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Distribution+of+Nanoparticles+in+the+See-through+Medaka+(Oryzias+latipes).">Distribution of Nanoparticles in the See-through Medaka (Oryzias latipes).</a> EHP. 114 (11), 1697-1702 (2006).</li><li>Iwamatsu, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> The Integrated Book for the Biology of the Medaka. , (2006).</li><li>Miyamoto, T., Machida, T., Kawashima, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Influence+of+environmental+salinity+on+the+development+of+chloride+cells+of+freshwater+and+brackish-water+medaka,+Oryzias+latipes.">Influence of environmental salinity on the development of chloride cells of freshwater and brackish-water medaka, Oryzias latipes.</a> Zoo. Sci. 3 (5), 859-865 (1986).</li><li>. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> XSERIES 2 ICP-MS Getting Started Guide Revision B - 121 9590. , (2007).</li><li>Kashiwada, S., Ariza, M. E., Kawaguchi, T., Nakagame, Y., Jayasinghe, B. S., Gartner, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Silver+nanocolloids+disrupt+medaka+embryogenesis+through+vital+gene+expressions.">Silver nanocolloids disrupt medaka embryogenesis through vital gene expressions.</a> ES &amp; T. 46 (11), 6278-6287 (2012).</li><li>Iwamatsu, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stages+of+normal+development+in+the+medaka+Oryzias+latipes.">Stages of normal development in the medaka Oryzias latipes.</a> Mech. Dev. 121, 605-618 (2004).</li><li>Kataoka, C., Ariyoshi, T., Kawaguchi, H., Nagasaka, S., Kashiwada, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Salinity+increases+the+toxicity+of+silver+nanocolloids+to+Japanese+medaka+embryos.">Salinity increases the toxicity of silver nanocolloids to Japanese medaka embryos.</a> Environ. Sci.: Nano. 2, 94-103 (2014).</li><li>Shannon, R. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Revised+effective+ionic+radii+and+systematic+studies+of+interatomic+distances+in+halides+and+chalcogenides.">Revised effective ionic radii and systematic studies of interatomic distances in halides and chalcogenides.</a> Acta Cryst. 32, 751-767 (1976).</li><li>Wakamatsu, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Medaka Book, 6.1: Preparation of hatching enzyme. , (2015).</li></ol>

The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

メダカは、海水に対して非常に寛容である淡水魚です。よくこの魚の本来の自然の生息地は、日本の沿岸6オフ海水だったことは知られていません。したがって、メダカは塩化セル7よく発達してきました。このユニークなプロパティは、魚の単独種のみを使用して、塩分（海水への淡水）の関数として、環境中の化学物質の毒性を試験するための新しい方法で科学者を提供し?...

1979年の試験化学物質のための経済協力開発機構（OECD）の試験のガイドラインについては組織の設立以来、38テストガイドラインはガイドライン、生物的システム1への影響の第2節で公開されています。テストした水生生物のすべては、淡水の生息地、すなわち淡水植物からなっています。藻類;このようなミジンコやユスリカなど無脊椎動物。そして、このようなメダカ、ゼブラフィッシュ、およびニジマスなどの魚。塩水環境と比較して、淡水環境はより直接的に人間の経済・産業活動の影響を受けています。彼らは汚染からリスクが高いので、したがって、淡水環境は、テストのために優先順位付けされています。 河口などの沿岸地域では、塩分は汽水や海水条件の間で変動し、これらの領域は、多くの場合、産業活動2によって汚染されています。沿岸地域とそれに関連する湿地は、時間によって特徴付けられます生態系の生物多様性と生産性IGH。沿岸の生態系は、したがって、化学物質汚染から保護されなければなりません。しかし、汽水、海水の生息地での限られた環境毒性学の研究がなされてきました。 Sakaizumi 3は、日本のメダカの卵中のメチル水銀と塩分との間に毒性の相互作用を研究し、試験溶液の浸透圧を増加させることがメチル水銀の毒性を増強することを見出しました。炭谷ら 4は、埋立地浸出水の毒性を調べるために、メダカの卵を使用。彼らは卵への浸出水の浸透等価が胚形成中に異常を誘発するための鍵であることがわかりました。また、柏田5は、プラスチック製のナノ粒子（直径39.4 nm）と簡単に塩気の条件の下でメダカ卵の漿膜（15X胚飼育培地（ERM））を透過していることを報告しました。 典型的な小魚モデル、日本のメダカ（ メダカ </emは&gt;）基礎生物学および生態毒性6で使用されてきました。日本のメダカは、その高度に発達した塩化セル7の淡水から海水までの条件で生きることができます。したがって、それらは、塩分の広い範囲の条件で試験するために有用である可能性があります。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="785">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:311px;">Silver nanocolloids</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">Utopia Silver Supplements</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:311px;">NaCl</td>
			<td>Nacalai Tesque, Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">31319-45</td>
			<td>For making ERM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:311px;">KCl</td>
			<td>Nacalai Tesque, Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">28513-85</td>
			<td>For making ERM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">CaCl2&#183;2H2O</td>
			<td>Nacalai Tesque, Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">06730-15</td>
			<td>For making ERM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">MgSO4&#183;7H2O</td>
			<td>Nacalai Tesque, Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">21002-85</td>
			<td>For making ERM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">NaHCO3&#160;</td>
			<td>Nacalai Tesque, Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">31212-25</td>
			<td>For making ERM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">AgNO3</td>
			<td>Nacalai Tesque, Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">31018-72</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">pH meter</td>
			<td>HORIBA, Ltd.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">F-51S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Balance</td>
			<td>Mettler-Toledo International Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">MS204S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">medaka (Oryzias latipes) orange-red strain&#160;</td>
			<td colspan="2">National Institute for Environmental Studies</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">medaka flow-through culturing system</td>
			<td>Meito Suien Co.</td>
			<td>MEITOsystem</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:311px;">Artemia salina nauplii eggs</td>
			<td>Japan pet design Co. Ltd</td>
			<td>4975677033759</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">aeration pomp</td>
			<td>Japan pet design Co. Ltd</td>
			<td>non-noise w300</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:311px;">Otohime larval &#946;-1</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">Marubeni Nissin Feed Co. Ltd</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Otohime larval &#946;-1</td>
			<td>Artificial dry fish diet</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">dissecting microscope</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">Leica microsystems</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">M165FC</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">micrometer</td>
			<td>Fujikogaku, Ltd.</td>
			<td>10450023</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">incubator</td>
			<td>Nksystem</td>
			<td>TG-180-5LB</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">shaker</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">ELMI Ltd.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Aizkraukles 21-136</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">6-well plastic plates</td>
			<td>Greiner CELLSTAR</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">M8562-100EA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">aluminum foil</td>
			<td>AS ONE Co.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">6-713-02</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">stopwatch</td>
			<td>DRETEC Co. Ltd.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SW-111YE</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">3-kDa membrane filter</td>
			<td>EMD Millipore Corporation</td>
			<td colspan="2">0.5-mL centrifugal-type filter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">50-mL Teflon beaker</td>
			<td>AS ONE Co.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">33431097</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:311px;">Custom claritas standard</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">SPEXertificate</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">ZSTC-538</td>
			<td>For internal standard</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:311px;">Custom claritas standard</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">SPEXertificate</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">ZSTC-622</td>
			<td>For external standard</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:311px;">ultrapure nitric acid</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">Kanto Chemical Co.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">28163-5B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:311px;">hydrogen peroxide&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">Kanto Chemical Co.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">18084-1B</td>
			<td>for atomic absorption spectrometry</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:311px;">ICP-MS</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td colspan="2">Thermo Scientific X Series 2&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">hot plate</td>
			<td>Tiger Co.</td>
			<td>CRC-A300</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

salinity-dependent toxicity assay of silver nanocolloids using medaka eggs

塩分は水生環境の重要な特徴です。水生生物にとっては、淡水、汽水、海水の生息地を定義します。化学物質や水生生物への生態リスクの評価の毒性のテストは頻繁に淡水で実行されますが、水生生物への化学物質の毒性はpH、温度、および塩分濃度に依存します。何の方法は、水生生物への毒性の塩分濃度依存性を試験するために、しかし、ありません。彼らは淡水、汽水、海水に適応することができますので、ここでは、メダカ（ メダカ）を用いました 。胚飼育培地（ERM）の異なる濃度は、（1倍、5倍、10倍、15倍、20倍、および30倍）が卵をメダカする銀ナノコロイド粒子（SNCが）の毒性を試験するために使用した（1×ERMと30X ERMは、浸透圧相当を持っています）は、それぞれ、淡水と海水へ。 6ウェルプラスチックプレートでは、三連で15メダカの卵は、10mg / L＆でのSNCにさらされました＃8722;暗所でpH7のERMの異なる濃度で1〜25°C。 私たちは、日（セクション4）の孵化に6日目に15秒、眼の直径あたりの心拍数と幼虫のフルボディの長さを測定するために解剖顕微鏡やマイクロメーターを使用していました。胚を孵化または14日目まで観察されました。私たちは、その後、14日（第4章）のために毎日孵化率を数えました。胚における銀の蓄積を確認するために、我々は銀のテスト・ソリューション（第5節）の濃度とdechorionated胚（セクション6）明らかに増加塩分濃度とともに増加したメダカ胚へのSNCの選択図毒性を測定するために、誘導結合プラズマ質量分析法を使用していました。この新しい方法は、異なる塩分中の化学物質の毒性を試験することを可能にします。

SNCの毒性に対する塩分の影響は非常に明白であった：奇形や死の誘導は、塩分濃度依存（ 図1および図 2）でした。我々は（10 mg / Lで-1）-exposed胚SNCで表現型のバイオマーカー（心拍数、アイサイズ、フルボディの長さ、および孵化率）を測定しました。これらの表現型のバイオマーカーは、塩分濃度依存SNC毒性を明らか?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Salinity-dependent Toxicity Assay of Silver Nanocolloids Using Medaka Eggs at JoVE.com

Salinity-dependent Toxicity Assay of Silver Nanocolloids Using Medaka Eggs

Embryonic stages are the most susceptible to xenobiotics. Although chemical toxicity depends on salinity, no method exists to test the salinity dependence of toxicity to aquatic organisms. Here, we describe a new and high-throughput method for determining the salinity dependence of toxicity to aquatic embryos.

メダカの卵を使用したシルバーナノコロイドの塩分依存毒性アッセイ

Salinity is an important characteristic of the aquatic environment. For aquatic organisms it defines the habitats of freshwater, brackish water, and ...

salinity-dependent-toxicity-assay-silver-nanocolloids-using-medaka

Research

JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

7.9K ビュー.  Toyo University. Embryonic stages are the most susceptible to xenobiotics. Although chemical toxicity depends on salinity, no method exists to test the salinity dependence of toxicity to aquatic organisms. Here, we describe a new and high-throughput method for determining the salinity dependence of toxicity to aquatic embryos.

ビデオ: Salinity-dependent Toxicity Assay of Silver Nanocolloids Using Medaka Eggs

Human Pluripotent Stem Cell Based Developmental Toxicity Assays for Chemical Safety Screening and Systems Biology Data Generation

Efficient protocols to differentiate human pluripotent stem cells to various tissues in combination with -omics technologies opened up new horizons for in vitro toxicity testing of potential drugs. To provide a solid scientific basis for such assays, it will be important to gain quantitative information on the time course of development and on the underlying regulatory mechanisms by systems biology approaches. Two assays have therefore been tuned here for these requirements. In the UKK test system, human embryonic stem cells (hESC) (or other pluripotent cells) are left to spontaneously differentiate for 14 days in embryoid bodies, to allow generation of cells of all three germ layers. This system recapitulates key steps of early human embryonic development, and it can predict human-specific early embryonic toxicity/teratogenicity, if cells are exposed to chemicals during differentiation. The UKN1 test system is based on hESC differentiating to a population of neuroectodermal progenitor (NEP) cells for 6 days. This system recapitulates early neural development and predicts early developmental neurotoxicity and epigenetic changes triggered by chemicals. Both systems, in combination with transcriptome microarray studies, are suitable for identifying toxicity biomarkers. Moreover, they may be used in combination to generate input data for systems biology analysis. These test systems have advantages over the traditional toxicological studies requiring large amounts of animals. The test systems may contribute to a reduction of the costs for drug development and chemical safety evaluation. Their combination sheds light especially on compounds that may influence neurodevelopment specifically.

The protocols describe two in vitro developmental toxicity test systems (UKK and UKN1) based on human embryonic stem cells and transcriptome studies. The test systems predict human developmental toxicity hazard, and may contribute to reduce animal studies, costs and the time required for chemical safety testing.

化学物質安全性のスクリーニングおよびシステム生物学データの生成のために発生毒性アッセイベースのヒト多能性幹細胞

Efficient protocols to differentiate human pluripotent stem cells to various tissues in combination with -omics technologies opened up new horizons for in ...

発生生物学

Comprehensive Assessment of Germline Chemical Toxicity Using the Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans

Identifying the reproductive toxicity of the thousands of chemicals present in our environment has been one of the most tantalizing challenges in the field of environmental health. This is due in part to the paucity of model systems that can (1) accurately recapitulate keys features of reproductive processes and (2) do so in a medium- to high-throughput fashion, without the need for a high number of vertebrate animals.
We describe here an assay in the nematode C. elegans that allows the rapid identification of germline toxicants by monitoring the induction of aneuploid embryos. By making use of a GFP reporter line, errors in chromosome segregation resulting from germline disruption are easily visualized and quantified by automated fluorescence microscopy. Thus the screening of a particular set of compounds for its toxicity can be performed in a 96- to 384-well plate format in a matter of days. Secondary analysis of positive hits can be performed to determine whether the chromosome abnormalities originated from meiotic disruption or from early embryonic chromosome segregation errors. Altogether, this assay represents a fast first-pass strategy for the rapid assessment of germline dysfunction following chemical exposure.

Comprehensive Assessment of Germline Chemical Toxicity Using the Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans

We describe the detailed steps of a high-throughput chemical assay in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans used to assess germline toxicity. In this assay, disruption of germline function following chemical exposure is monitored using a fluorescent reporter specific to aneuploid embryos.

線虫を用いて生殖化学毒性を総合的に評価<em&gt;線虫（Caenorhabditis elegans）</em

Identifying the reproductive toxicity of the thousands of chemicals present in our environment has been one of the most tantalizing challenges in the ...

Method of Studying Palatal Fusion using Static Organ Culture

Cleft lip and palate are among the most common of all birth defects. The secondary palate forms from mesenchymal shelves covered with epithelium that adheres to form the midline epithelial seam (MES). The theories suggest that MES cells follow an epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), apoptosis and migration, making a fused palate 1. Complete disintegration of the MES is the final essential phase of palatal confluence with surrounding mesenchymal cells. We provide a method for palate organ culture. The developed in vitro protocol allows the study of the biological and molecular processes during fusion. The applications of this technique are numerous, including evaluating responses to exogenous chemical agents, effects of regulatory and growth factors and specific proteins. Palatal organ culture has a number of advantages including manipulation at different stages of development that is not possible using in vivo studies.

Studies of palate development are motivated by the incidence of cleft palate, a birth defect that imposes a tremendous health burden and can leave lasting disfigurement. We demonstrate here a technique to culture palatal shelves that can be used to study different signaling pathways involved in palatal development and fusion.

静的器官培養を使用して口蓋の融合を研究の方法

Cleft lip and palate are among the most common of all birth defects. The secondary palate forms from mesenchymal shelves covered with epithelium that ...

Epicardial Outgrowth Culture Assay and Ex Vivo Assessment of Epicardial-derived Cell Migration

A single layer of epicardial cells lines the heart, providing paracrine factors that stimulate cardiomyocyte proliferation and directly contributing cardiovascular progenitors during development and disease. While a number of factors have been implicated in epicardium-derived cell (EPDC) mobilization, the mechanisms governing their subsequent migration and differentiation are poorly understood. Here, we present in vitro and ex vivo strategies to study EPDC motility and differentiation. First, we describe a method of obtaining primary epicardial cells by outgrowth culture from the embryonic mouse heart. We also introduce a detailed protocol to assess three-dimensional migration of labeled EPDC in an organ culture system. We provide evidence using these techniques that genetic deletion of myocardin-related transcription factors in the epicardium attenuates EPDC migration. This approach serves as a platform to evaluate candidate modifiers of EPDC biology and could be used to develop genetic or chemical screens to identify novel regulators of EPDC mobilization that might be useful for cardiac repair.

Epicardial Outgrowth Culture Assay and Ex Vivo Assessment of Epicardial-derived Cell Migration

Here, we describe methods for isolating primary mouse epicardial cells by an outgrowth culture assay and assessing the functional migration of epicardial-derived cells (EPDC) using an ex vivo heart culture system. These protocols are suitable for identifying genetic and chemical modulators of epicardial epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and motility.

心外膜の伸長文化検定と<em&gt; ex vivoで</em&gt;心外膜由来の細胞移動の評価

A single layer of epicardial cells lines the heart, providing paracrine factors that stimulate cardiomyocyte proliferation and directly contributing ...

Drug Treatment and In Vivo Imaging of Osteoblast-Osteoclast Interactions in a Medaka Fish Osteoporosis Model

Bone-forming osteoblasts interact with bone-resorbing osteoclasts to coordinate the turnover of bone matrix and to control skeletal homeostasis. Medaka and zebrafish larvae are widely used to analyze the behavior of bone cells during bone formation, degeneration, and repair. Their optical clarity allows the visualization of fluorescently labeled bone cells and fluorescent dyes bound to the mineralized skeletal matrix. Our lab has generated transgenic medaka fish that express the osteoclast-inducing factor Receptor Activator of Nuclear-factor &#954;B Ligand (RANKL) under the control of a heat&#160;shock-inducible promoter. Ectopic expression of RANKL results in the excess formation of activated osteoclasts, which can be visualized in reporter lines with nlGFP expression under the control of the cathepsin K (ctsk) promoter. RANKL induction and ectopic osteoclast formation leads to severe osteoporosis-like phenotypes. Compound transgenic medaka lines that express ctsk:nlGFP in osteoclasts, as well as mCherry under the control of the osterix (osx) promoter in premature osteoblasts, can be used to study the interaction of both cell types. This facilitates the in vivo observation of cellular behavior under conditions of bone degeneration and repair. Here, we describe the use of this system to test a drug commonly used in human osteoporosis therapy and describe a protocol for live imaging. The medaka model complements studies in cell culture and mice, and offers a novel system for the in vivo analysis of drug action in the skeletal system.

Drug Treatment and In Vivo Imaging of Osteoblast-Osteoclast Interactions in a Medaka Fish Osteoporosis Model

Small laboratory fish have become popular models for bone research on the mechanisms underlying human bone disorders and for the screening of bone-modulating drugs. In this report, we describe a protocol to assess the effect of alendronate on bone cells in medaka larvae with osteoporotic lesions.

薬物治療と<em&gt;インビボ</em&gt;メダカ骨粗鬆症モデルにおける骨芽細胞破骨細胞の相互作用のイメージング

Bone-forming osteoblasts interact with bone-resorbing osteoclasts to coordinate the turnover of bone matrix and to control skeletal homeostasis. Medaka ...

Incorporating Pericytes into an Endothelial Cell Bead Sprouting Assay

Angiogenesis is the growth of new vessels from pre-existing vasculature and is an important component of many biological processes, including embryogenesis and development, wound healing, tumor growth and metastasis, and ocular and cardiovascular diseases. Effective in vitro models that recapitulate the biology of angiogenesis are needed to appropriately study this process and identify mechanisms of regulation that can be ultimately targeted for novel therapeutic strategies. The bead angiogenesis assay has been previously demonstrated to recapitulate the multiple stages of endothelial sprouting in vitro. However, a limitation of this assay is a lack of endothelial &#8211; mural cell interactions, which are key to the molecular and phenotypic regulation of endothelial cell function in vivo. The protocol given here presents a methodology for the incorporation of mural cells into the bead angiogenesis assay and demonstrates a tight association of endothelial cells and pericytes during sprouting in vitro. The protocol also details a methodology for effective silencing of target genes using siRNA in endothelial cells for mechanistic studies. Altogether, this protocol provides an in vitro assay that more appropriately models the diverse cell types involved in sprouting angiogenesis, and provides a more physiologically-relevant platform for therapeutic assessment and novel discovery of mechanisms of angiogenesis regulation.

This protocol presents a novel in vitro bead assay that more appropriately models the process of in vivo sprouting angiogenesis by incorporating pericytes. This modification enables the bead assay to more faithfully recapitulate the heterotypic cellular interactions between endothelial cells and mural cells that are critical for angiogenesis.

ペリサイトの発芽アッセイ内皮細胞ビーズを組み込む

Angiogenesis is the growth of new vessels from pre-existing vasculature and is an important component of many biological processes, including ...

HUVEC Tube-formation Assay to Evaluate the Impact of Natural Products on Angiogenesis

Angiogenesis is a phenomenon that includes different processes, such as endothelial cell proliferation, differentiation, and migration, that lead to the formation of new blood vessels and involve several signal transduction pathways. Here we show that the tube formation assay is a simple in vitro method to evaluate the impact of natural products on angiogenesis and to investigate the molecular mechanisms involved. In particular, in the presence of the water extract of Ruta graveolens (RGWE), endothelial cells are no longer able to form a cell-cell network and that the RGWE effects on human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) tube formation is abolished by the constitutive activation of MEK.

Here, we evaluate the effects of the water extract of Ruta graveolens on vessel network formation by using a tube formation assay on a gelled basement matrix.

血管新生に対する天然物の影響を評価するHUVECチューブ形成アッセイ

Angiogenesis is a phenomenon that includes different processes, such as endothelial cell proliferation, differentiation, and migration, that lead to the ...

Injecting Gryllus bimaculatus Eggs

Altering gene function in a developing organism is central to different kinds of experiments. While tremendously powerful genetic tools have been developed in traditional model systems, it is difficult to manipulate genes or messenger RNA (mRNA) in most other organisms. At the same time, evolutionary and comparative approaches rely on an exploration of gene function in many different species, necessitating the development and adaptation of techniques for manipulating expression outside currently genetically tractable species. This protocol describes a method for injecting reagents into cricket eggs to assay the effects of a given manipulation on embryonic or larval development. Instructions for how to collect and inject eggs with beveled needles are described. This relatively straightforward technique is flexible and potentially adaptable to other insects. One can gather and inject dozens of eggs in a single experiment, and survival rates for buffer-only injections improve with practice and can be as high as 80%. This technique will support several types of experimental approaches including injection of pharmacological agents, in vitro capped mRNA to express genes of interest, double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) to achieve RNA interference, use of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) in concert with CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9) reagents for genomic modification, and transposable elements to generate transient or stable transgenic lines.

Injecting Gryllus bimaculatus Eggs

Here we present a protocol to inject cricket eggs, a technique which serves as a foundational method in many experiments in the cricket, including, but not limited to, RNA interference and genomic manipulation.

グリルス・ビマキュラトゥス・エッグを注入する

Altering gene function in a developing organism is central to different kinds of experiments. While tremendously powerful genetic tools have been ...

Three-dimensional Angiogenesis Assay System using Co-culture Spheroids Formed by Endothelial Colony Forming Cells and Mesenchymal Stem Cells

Studies in the field of angiogenesis have been aggressively growing in the last few decades with the recognition that angiogenesis is a hallmark of more than 50 different pathological conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis, oculopathy, cardiovascular diseases, and tumor metastasis. During angiogenesis drug development, it is crucial to use in vitro assay systems with appropriate cell types and proper conditions to reflect the physiologic angiogenesis process. To overcome limitations of current in vitro angiogenesis assay systems using mainly endothelial cells, we developed a 3-dimensional (3D) co-culture spheroid sprouting assay system. Co-culture spheroids were produced by two human vascular cell precursors, endothelial colony forming cells (ECFCs) and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) with a ratio of 5 to 1. ECFCs+MSCs spheroids were embedded into type I collagen matrix to mimic the in vivo extracellular environment. A real-time cell recorder was utilized to continuously observe the progression of angiogenic sprouting from spheroids for 24 h. Live cell fluorescent labeling technique was also applied to tract the localization of each cell type during sprout formation. Angiogenic potential was quantified by counting the number of sprouts and measuring the cumulative length of sprouts generated from the individual spheroids. Five randomly-selected spheroids were analyzed per experimental group. Comparison experiments demonstrated that ECFCs+MSCs spheroids showed greater sprout number and cumulative sprout length compared with ECFCs-only spheroids. Bevacizumab, an FDA-approved angiogenesis inhibitor, was tested with the newly-developed co-culture spheroid assay system to verify its potential to screen anti-angiogenic drugs. The IC50 value for ECFCs+MSCs spheroids compared to the ECFCs-only spheroids was closer to the effective plasma concentration of bevacizumab obtained from the xenograft tumor mouse model. The present study suggests that the 3D ECFCs+MSCs spheroid angiogenesis assay system is relevant to physiologic angiogenesis, and can predict an effective plasma concentration in advance of animal experiments.

Three-dimensional co-culture spheroid angiogenesis assay system is designed to mimic the physiologic angiogenesis. Co-culture spheroids are formed by two human vascular cell precursors, ECFCs and MSCs, and embedded in collagen gel. The new system is effective for evaluating angiogenic modulators, and provides more relevant information to the in vivo study.

内皮コロニー形成細胞と間葉系幹細胞によって形成された共培養スフェロイドを用いた3次元血管新生アッセイ系

Studies in the field of angiogenesis have been aggressively growing in the last few decades with the recognition that angiogenesis is a hallmark of more ...

In Situ Detection of Ribonucleoprotein Complex Assembly in the C. elegans Germline using Proximity Ligation Assay

Understanding when and where protein-protein interactions (PPIs) occur is critical to understanding protein function in the cell and how broader processes such as development are affected. The Caenorhabditis elegans germline is a great model system for studying PPIs that are related to the regulation of stem cells, meiosis, and development. There are a variety of well-developed techniques that allow proteins of interest to be tagged for recognition by standard antibodies, making this system advantageous for proximity ligation assay (PLA) reactions. As a result, the PLA is able to show where PPIs occur in a spatial and temporal manner in germlines more effectively than alternative approaches. Described here is a protocol for the application and quantification of this technology to probe PPIs in the C. elegans germline.

In Situ Detection of Ribonucleoprotein Complex Assembly in the C. elegans Germline using Proximity Ligation Assay

This protocol demonstrates use of the proximity ligation assay to probe for protein-protein interactions in situ in the C. elegans germline.

近接ライゲーションアッセイを用いたC.エレガンス生殖細胞系列におけるリボヌクレオプロテイン複合体集合体のSITU検出

Understanding when and where protein-protein interactions (PPIs) occur is critical to understanding protein function in the cell and how broader processes ...

メダカの卵を使用したシルバーナノコロイドの塩分依存毒性アッセイ

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