現在のプロトコルの開発のための資金調達、特に国立台湾大学の「トップ大学の計画のねらい」によってサポートされ、台湾（グラントID-104R350144）、ならびに台湾の科学技術省（グラントID：MOST 104 -2313-B-002から039-MY3）。我々は、特に現在の研究のための動物室と実験室のスペースを提供するために国立台湾大学のバイオテクノロジーセンターに感謝します。

注：この手順では、バウアーら 2013と中澤らによって開発された鶏のモデル培養プロトコルの変形例であり、2011年2,9 1.健康な胚5日目胚ウズラからの準備<ol><li>同じケージで一緒に男性1人と女性3性的に成熟した日本のウズラを置きます。サプライ飼料と水を自由 。光の14時間と闇の10時間に動物室に光を調整します。 </li><li>午後には毎日のビニール袋に受精卵を収集し、胚の成長率を遅らせるために16℃の冷蔵庫に保管してください。 </li><li> 2週間の期間内に卵の十分な数を収集した後、5日間通気性のいい37℃のインキュベーター中で受精卵を培養します。 </li></ol> 2.基礎培地と洗浄ソリューションを準備します<ol><li>増殖培地として（pH7.2に調整）、DMEM / F-12培地を使用し、それを補完10％新生ウシ血清（NBCS）および1％ペニシリン - ストレプトマイシン両性で。ソリューション（PSA;ペニシリン、10 5単位/ L;ストレプトマイシン、100 mg / Lで、アムホテリシンB、0.25 mg / Lで）。 </li><li>貯蔵のために10倍濃度でリン酸緩衝生理食塩水（PBS）溶液を調製します。卵黄嚢膜しばらく洗浄し、湿らせる（pHを7.2に調整;のKCl、2.667ミリモル; KH 2 PO 4、1.471ミリモル;のNa 2 HPO 4・7H 2 O、8.06のNaCl、137.93ミリモルを含む）1×PBS溶液を使用卵黄とアルブミンから内胚葉を分離します。 </li><li>内胚葉ペレットを再懸濁する（pHを7.2に調整）DMEM培地を使用してください。 </li></ol>ウズラYSMsからプライマリEECSの3コレクション<ol><li> 5日間（ステップ1.3）のために収集した卵をインキュベートします。正常な胚発生を確認するために検卵器によって卵を調べます。 注：胚5日目に、YSMの中胚葉の境界が非常に明確であり、3胚層が少ない一緒に緊密にリンクされているので、OBするのは簡単ですTainの内胚葉。 YSMコレクションの正常な毛細血管循環の発達を示す卵のみを使用します。 </li><li>慎重に新鮮な水と75％エタノールを使用して卵殻を清掃してください。ハサミによって空気セル位置から卵殻を開き、そっと出て剥離し、37℃、1×PBSで満たされた10cmの培養皿で鉗子と場所によって全体YSMを集めます。 </li><li>はさみのペアを使用すると、胚、卵黄と卵白を削除し、穏やかに1×PBSで3回YSMを洗浄し、10cmの培養皿にPBS溶液中でYSMを配置します。 </li><li> YSMから外胚葉を除去するために鉗子やハサミを使用してください。 2ピンセットを使用し、一方はしっかりと内胚葉細胞層を保持し、他方は、毛管中胚葉を保持します。 </li><li>解剖顕微鏡下で、引き離すと胚に向かう方向に中胚葉の端から内胚葉を分離します。 37°Cワットで増殖培地15ml中ドロッパーと場所を使用して、50ml遠心管中で淡黄色胚葉を収集ER浴すべての組織のコレクションは完了するまで。 </li></ol>コラゲナーゼ消化により内胚葉スライスの4消化<ol><li>たてDMEM 10ml中のIV型コラゲナーゼの6.5単位を溶解します。 </li><li>遠心分離を室温で3分間、130×gで50mlチューブ（3.4）。培地を吸引し、ピペットを用いてを6cm培養皿内のすべての内胚葉を配置します。この培養皿に1ミリリットルのコラゲナーゼ溶液を追加します。 </li><li>各スライスのサイズが約2〜3mm程度になるまで、湾曲したハサミで2ウズラ胚から収集した内胚葉をスライス。新鮮なコラゲナーゼ溶液の9ミリリットルと一緒に50ミリリットルの遠心分離管にすべてのスライスを収集し、スポイトを使用してください。 </li><li> 175 rpmで37℃の振とう水浴中で30分間コラゲナーゼで組織を消化します。コラゲナーゼとこの部分消化は、外植片の細胞増殖を改善するために使用されます。 </li><li> RTで3分間130×gで遠心分離し、静かにピペットを用いて上清画分を除去。 20ミリリットルDMEM中に懸濁することによってペレットを洗浄し、3分間130×gで遠心分離後の上清画分を除去します。 </li><li>成長培地（10％NBCSと1％のPSAを含むDMEM / F12）の12ミリリットルでペレットを再懸濁し、（500μlの細胞溶液で各ウェル）を24ウェルプレートに穏やかに均等に種子。 </li><li>細胞は組織外に増殖することを可能にする2日間空気中に5％、37℃でCO 2の組織外植片をインキュベートします。 </li><li>さらに2日間、細胞をインキュベートし、細胞生存率アッセイプロトコルによって、細胞生存率を特徴付ける。15 注：生細胞は、細胞質ゾル内の還元環境を維持します。レサズリン、活性成分は、色が青色と実質的に非蛍光性である非毒性、細胞透過性化合物です。細胞培養物に添加した場合に、レサズリンは、ミトコンドリア酵素によって細胞質にレゾルフィンに還元されます。レゾルフィンの色は赤と非常に蛍光性です。生存細胞が連続レサズリンをレゾルフィンに変換、incre細胞周囲の培地の全体的な蛍光と色をasing。 </li><li>説明したように内胚葉上皮細胞の全RNAの単離を行い、逆転写し、マーカー遺伝子のmRNA発現の定量的リアルタイムPCR。16,17 <ol><li> SOAT1 mRNAを検出するために、逆転写酵素PCRを使用してください（センス：5&#39;-GAAGGGGCCTATCTGGAACG-3 &#39;;アンチセンス：5&#39;-ATCTGCACGTGACATGACCA-3&#39;; PCR産物= 168 bp）をEEC細胞に特異的なマーカーとして。 βアクチンのmRNAを使用し（センス：5&#39;TGGTGAAGCTGTAGCCTCTC-3 &#39;;アンチセンス：5&#39;GTGATGGACTCTGGTGATGG-3&#39;; PCR産物= 151 bp）のハウスキーピング遺伝子および内部コントロールとして。 </li><li> RT-qPCRのの製品サイズを検出するために、ゲル電気泳動を使用してください。 1％アガロースゲルを準備し、2μlのローディング色素と10μlの定量PCR産物を混合します。 1％アガロースゲル中の各ウェルに負荷10μlの混合物を、30分間100Vてゲルを実行します。 </li></ol></li></ol>

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There is no competing financial interests or other conflicts of interest. We did not get any funding from any private company.

前培養系のみ限定された成功を有しているので、より良好な培養系が必要です。日本ウズラYSM内胚葉は、ex vivoでの外植片でより良い成長の性能を達成するために、細胞間結合を緩めコラゲナーゼのようなタンパク質分解酵素で処理することが必要です。我々のデータは、部分消化処理の細胞数は、2日間（ 図1）のために播種した後、未消化組織培養からより大きかったことを示?...

鳥類胚の主要な栄養リソースは、胚発生の間に33％脂質、17％のタンパク質、および1％の灰分から成る卵黄、。1で、卵黄嚢膜（YSM）は、胚腹腔内から成長し、次第に卵黄をカバー表面。胚2日目で開始し、脂質代謝と血管新生に関連した遺伝子発現が徐々にYSMに増加し、YSMはゆっくり絨毛状突起を開発しています。8,9これらの予測は、胚発生をサポートするために、卵黄の栄養素の吸収を増加させます。 YSMは、三胚葉、内胚葉、中胚葉および外胚葉が含まれている胚体外組織である。14卵黄嚢の外胚葉は優しく卵黄嚢をカバーするために卵黄膜と卵白とリンクに直面しています。内胚葉上皮細胞は、卵黄に向かって直接直面し、などの栄養素の利用ポータルを提供しています。6 YSMが拡大するにつれて、内胚葉上皮細胞（EECS）SHAPによって分割することができています二つのグループ、地域の卵黄と血管野にeと機能性。7 エリア卵黄は、内胚葉細胞で構成され、胚から遠いです。血管野は、中胚葉細胞で構成され、血管や結合組織に分化さEECSを覆っています。胚5日目までに、卵黄を完全にYSMの外胚葉と内胚葉で覆われていると血管領域が急速に成長してきました。 YSMは、胚の循環系に、吸収し再構成すると解放（卵黄由来の超低密度リポタンパク質など）、脂質やタンパク質。9、2はしたがって、我々は脂質のメカニズムを研究するために、主要な日本のウズラ胚性内胚葉上皮細胞培養系を確立しました鳥類の胚発生時のYSMで利用。 このようなトリアシルグリセロール、レシチン、リン脂質とコレステロールエステル（CE）などの脂質は、鳥類の胚のための一次エネルギー源です。開発の初期段階で、卵黄脂質は、Cでありますわずか1.3％のCEのomposed、それは鳥類の胚発生3、11の中期で10から15%に上昇する。コレステロールエステルは、鳥類の胚YSMにステロールO-アシルトランスフェラーゼ1（SOAT1）によってコレステロールから合成される。4 コレステロールの貯蔵形態は、CE、CEはリポタンパク質で運ばれており、リポタンパク質は、組織への循環によって輸送される。13週ハッチの前に鳥類の胚の急速な成長があります。約卵黄の残りの脂質含有量の68％は、この段階で吸収される。10脂質はEEC研究モデルによって明らかにすることができる利用されている卵黄れる機構。鶏のEEC培養プロトコルは、この研究の目標を達成するために設立されました。2、9しかし、改善されたEEC細胞培養手順はによって栄養利用を媒介に特定の酵素やタンパク質の機能を研究するために必要とされる組織外植片の低い成功率に開発中に鳥類の胚。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="845">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="50">
			<td height="50" style="height:50px;width:331px;">Dulbecco&#39;s Modified Eagle Medium</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Gibco by Life technologies</td>
			<td style="width:148px;">12800-017 10 X 1 L</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">For wash the EECs pellets</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="50">
			<td height="50" style="height:50px;width:331px;">D-MEM/F-12</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Gibco by Life technologies</td>
			<td style="width:148px;">12400-024 10 X 1 L</td>
			<td>As the basal medium in culturing EECs</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="50">
			<td height="50" style="height:50px;width:331px;">NBCS</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Gibco by Life technologies</td>
			<td style="width:148px;">16010-159</td>
			<td>As the supplyment serum in culturing EECs</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="50">
			<td height="50" style="height:50px;width:331px;">Pen-Strep Ampho. Solution</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">BI (Biological Industries)</td>
			<td style="width:148px;">03-033-1B 100ml</td>
			<td>For attenuating the possible infection&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="50">
			<td height="50" style="height:50px;width:331px;">Collagenase Type IV</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Gibco by Life technologies</td>
			<td style="width:148px;">17104-019 1g</td>
			<td>&#160;Collagenase is a protease with specificity for the bond between a neutral amino acid (X) and glycine in the sequence Pro-XGly-Pro. As the protease for dissociation of cells from primary tissue.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="30">
			<td height="30" style="height:30px;width:331px;">24 well plate</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">FALCON&#174;</td>
			<td style="width:148px;">REF-353047</td>
			<td>For EECs to attach and extension</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="30">
			<td height="30" style="height:30px;width:331px;">50 ML PP centrifuge tubes</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Corning&#174; CentriStarTM</td>
			<td style="width:148px;">430829</td>
			<td>For transportion of membranes and enzyme digestion</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;">50ML Conical bottomed Tube with Cap</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">PRO TECH</td>
			<td>CT-50-PL-TW</td>
			<td>For transportion of membranes and enzyme digestion</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:331px;">Reciprocal shaking bath</td>
			<td>DEAGLE</td>
			<td style="width:148px;">SB302</td>
			<td>For better enzymatic digestion on membranes</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

primary endodermal epithelial cell culture from the yolk sac membrane of japanese quail embryos

我々は、開発中に、鳥類の胚によって栄養利用を媒介に特定の酵素やタンパク質の機能を研究するための内胚葉上皮細胞培養モデル（EEC）を設立しました。受精したウズラの卵を、5日間37℃でインキュベートし、次いで嚢膜（YSM）がEEC培養システムを確立するために収集された卵黄ました。我々はYSMから胚の胚葉層を単離し、そして2内膜をスライス - 3mmの小片と部分的に24ウェル培養プレートに播種する前に、コラゲナーゼで消化しました。 EECSは、組織の外に増殖し、細胞培養研究のための準備ができています。我々は、ステロールO-アシルトランスフェラーゼ、およびリポタンパク質リパーゼの発現、例えば、EECSがインビボで YSMの典型的な特徴を有していること脂肪滴の蓄積を見出しました。部分的消化処理が大幅EEC文化の成功率を増加させました。 EECSを利用して、我々はSOAT1の発現がcAMPのDによって調節されることを実証しましたependentタンパク質は、関連経路キナーゼ。このプライマリ日本ウズラEEC培養システムは、胚脂質輸送を研究すると鳥類の胚発生の間YSMに栄養利用を媒介に関与する遺伝子の役割を明確にするために便利なツールです。

一貫性のある有用な細胞モデルを確立する目的を達成するために、我々は、トリEECSの増殖速度と性能を拡張し、安定させる必要があります。我々は、部分的に、このようなコラゲナーゼまたはコラゲナーゼプラスディスパーゼの0.6 Uのようなタンパク質分解酵素で消化内胚葉と無酵素消化と内胚葉の直接のインキュベーションを比較しました。ディスパーゼは、非極?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Primary Endodermal Epithelial Cell Culture from the Yolk Sac Membrane of Japanese Quail Embryos at JoVE.com

Primary Endodermal Epithelial Cell Culture from the Yolk Sac Membrane of Japanese Quail Embryos

To study the mechanism of lipid utilization in yolk sac membranes during the late stages of avian embryonic development, we established a primary Japanese quail embryonic endodermal epithelial cell culture system.

ウズラ胚の卵黄嚢の膜からの一次内胚葉上皮細胞培養

We established an endodermal epithelial cell culture model (EEC) for studying the function of certain enzymes and proteins in mediating nutrient ...

primary-endodermal-epithelial-cell-culture-from-yolk-sac-membrane

Research

JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

8.8K ビュー.  National Taiwan University. To study the mechanism of lipid utilization in yolk sac membranes during the late stages of avian embryonic development, we established a primary Japanese quail embryonic endodermal epithelial cell culture system.

ビデオ: Primary Endodermal Epithelial Cell Culture from the Yolk Sac Membrane of Japanese Quail Embryos

Efficient Gene Transfer in Chick Retinas for Primary Cell Culture Studies: An Ex-ovo Electroporation Approach

The cone photoreceptor-enriched cultures derived from embryonic chick retinas have become an indispensable tool for researchers around the world studying the biology of retinal neurons, particularly photoreceptors. The applications of this system go beyond basic research, as they can easily be adapted to high throughput technologies for drug development. However, genetic manipulation of retinal photoreceptors in these cultures has proven to be very challenging, posing an important limitation to the usefulness of the system. We have recently developed and validated an ex&#160;ovo plasmid electroporation technique that increases the rate of transfection of retinal cells in these cultures by five-fold compared to other currently available protocols1. In this method embryonic chick eyes are enucleated at stage 27, the RPE is removed, and the retinal cup is placed in a plasmid-containing solution and electroporated using easily constructed custom-made electrodes. The retinas are then dissociated and cultured using standard procedures. This technique can be applied to overexpression studies as well as to the downregulation of gene expression, for example via the use of plasmid-driven RNAi technology, commonly achieving transgene expression in 25% of the photoreceptor population. The video format of the present publication will make this technology easily accessible to researchers in the field, enabling the study of gene function in primary retinal cultures. We have also included detailed explanations of the critical steps of this procedure for a successful outcome and reproducibility.

Efficient Gene Transfer in Chick Retinas for Primary Cell Culture Studies: An Ex-ovo Electroporation Approach

Embryonic chick retinal cell cultures constitute valuable tools for the study of photoreceptor biology. We have developed an efficient gene transfer technique based on ex&#160;ovo plasmid electroporation of the retinas prior to culture. This technique considerably increases transfection efficiencies over currently available protocols, making genetic manipulation feasible for this system.

初代細胞培養研究のためのひよこ網膜における効率的な遺伝子導入：<em&gt;元オボ</em&gt;エレクトロポレーションアプローチ

The cone photoreceptor-enriched cultures derived from embryonic chick retinas have become an indispensable tool for researchers around the world studying ...

発生生物学

Isolation and Characterization of Single Cells from Zebrafish Embryos

The zebrafish (Danio rerio) is a powerful model organism to study vertebrate development. Though many aspects of zebrafish embryonic development have been described at the morphological level, little is known about the molecular basis of cellular changes that occur as the organism develops. With recent advancements in microfluidics and multiplexing technologies, it is now possible to characterize gene expression in single cells. This allows for investigation of heterogeneity between individual cells of specific cell populations to identify and classify cell subtypes, characterize intermediate states that occur during cell differentiation, and explore differential cellular responses to stimuli. This study describes a protocol to isolate viable, single cells from zebrafish embryos for high throughput multiplexing assays. This method may be rapidly applied to any zebrafish embryonic cell type with fluorescent markers. An extension of this method may also be used in combination with high throughput sequencing technologies to fully characterize the transcriptome of single cells. As proof of principle, the relative abundance of cardiac differentiation markers was assessed in isolated, single cells derived from nkx2.5 positive cardiac progenitors. By evaluation of gene expression at the single cell level and at a single time point, the data support a model in which cardiac progenitors coexist with differentiating progeny. The method and work flow described here is broadly applicable to the zebrafish research community, requiring only a labeled transgenic fish line and access to microfluidics technologies.

This protocol describes a method for isolating single cells from zebrafish embryos, enriching for cells of interest, capturing zebrafish cells in microfluidic based single cell multiplex systems, and assessing gene expression from single cells.

ゼブラフィッシュ胚からの単一細胞の単離とキャラクタリゼーション

The zebrafish (Danio rerio) is a powerful model organism to study vertebrate development. Though many aspects of zebrafish embryonic development have been ...

Large-Scale Production of Cardiomyocytes from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells Using a Highly Reproducible Small Molecule-Based Differentiation Protocol

Maximizing the benefit of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) for research, disease modeling, pharmaceutical and clinical applications requires robust methods for the large-scale production of functional cell types, including cardiomyocytes. Here we demonstrate that the temporal manipulation of WNT, TGF-&#946;, and SHH signaling pathways leads to highly efficient cardiomyocyte differentiation of single-cell passaged hPSC lines in both static suspension and stirred suspension bioreactor systems. Employing this strategy resulted in ~ 100% beating spheroids, consistently containing &#62; 80% cardiac troponin T-positive cells after 15 days of culture, validated in multiple hPSC lines. We also report on a variation of this protocol for use with cell lines not currently adapted to single-cell passaging, the success of which has been verified in 42 hPSC lines. Cardiomyocytes generated using these protocols express lineage-specific markers and show expected electrophysiological functionalities. Our protocol presents a simple, efficient and robust platform for the large-scale production of human cardiomyocytes.

Here, we present a robust, fast and scalable cardiomyocyte differentiation protocol for human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs). Cardiomyocytes derived using this large-scale method can provide sufficient cell numbers for their effective use in human cardiovascular disease modeling, high-throughput drug screening, and potentially clinical applications.

再現性の高い小分子ベースの分化プロトコルを使用したヒト多能性幹細胞から心筋細胞の大規模生産

Maximizing the benefit of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) for research, disease modeling, pharmaceutical and clinical applications requires robust ...

Affinity Labeling Detection of Endogenous Receptors from Zebrafish Embryos

By combining the powers of Affinity Labeling and Immunoprecipitation (AFLIP), a technique for the detection of low abundance receptors in zebrafish embryos has been implemented. This technique takes advantage of the selectivity and sensitivity conferred by affinity labeling of a given receptor by its ligand with the specificity of the immunoprecipitation. We have used AFLIP to detect the type III TGF-&#946; receptor (TGFBR3), also know as betaglycan, during early zebrafish development. AFLIP was instrumental in validating the efficacy of a TGFBR3 morphant zebrafish phenotype. In the first step, embryo protein extracts are prepared and used to generate 125I-TGF-&#946;2-TGFBR3 complexes that are purified by immunoprecipitation. Later, these complexes are covalently cross-linked and revealed using SDS-PAGE separation and autoradiography detection. This technique requires the availability of a labeled ligand for, and a specific antibody against, the receptor to be detected, and shall be easily adapted to identify any growth factor or cytokine receptor that meets these requirements.

A novel technique for the detection of low abundance endogenous receptors present in zebrafish embryos is described. We have named it AFLIP because it consists of affinity labeling of the receptor by its ligand linked to immunoprecipitation.

ゼブラフィッシュ胚からの内因性受容体の親和性ラベリング検出

By combining the powers of Affinity Labeling and Immunoprecipitation (AFLIP), a technique for the detection of low abundance receptors in zebrafish ...

Biosensing Motor Neuron Membrane Potential in Live Zebrafish Embryos

The protocols described here are designed to allow researchers to study cell communication without altering the integrity of the environment in which the cells are located. Specifically, they have been developed to analyze the electrical activity of excitable cells, such as spinal neurons. In such a scenario, it is crucial to preserve the integrity of the spinal cell, but it is also important to preserve the anatomy and physiological shape of the systems involved. Indeed, the comprehension of the manner in which the nervous system-and other complex systems-works must be based on a systemic approach. For this reason, the live zebrafish embryo was chosen as a model system, and the spinal neuron membrane voltage changes were evaluated without interfering with the physiological conditions of the embryos. 
Here, an approach combining the employment of zebrafish embryos with a FRET-based biosensor is described. Zebrafish embryos are characterized by a very simplified nervous system and are particularly suited for imaging applications thanks to their transparency, allowing for the employment of fluorescence-based voltage indicators at the plasma membrane during zebrafish development. The synergy between these two components makes it possible to analyze the electrical activity of the cells in intact living organisms, without perturbing the physiological state. Finally, this non-invasive approach can co-exist with other analyses (e.g., spontaneous movement recordings, as shown here).

Protocols described here allow for the study of the electrical properties of excitable cells in the most non-invasive physiological conditions by employing zebrafish embryos in an in vivo system together with a fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based genetically encoded voltage indicator (GEVI) selectively expressed in the cell type of interest.

生きたゼブラフィッシュ胚における運動ニューロン膜電位のバイオセンシング

The protocols described here are designed to allow researchers to study cell communication without altering the integrity of the environment in which the ...

Whole-cell Patch-clamp Recordings of Isolated Primary Epithelial Cells from the Epididymis

The epididymis is an essential organ for sperm maturation and reproductive health. The epididymal epithelium consists of intricately connected cell types that are distinct not only in molecular and morphological features but also in physiological properties. These differences reflect their diverse functions, which together establish the necessary microenvironment for the post-testicular sperm development in the epididymal lumen. The understanding of the biophysical properties of the epididymal epithelial cells is critical for revealing their functions in sperm and reproductive health, under both physiological and pathophysiological conditions. While their functional properties have yet to be fully elucidated, the epididymal epithelial cells can be studied using the patch-clamp technique, a tool for measuring the cellular events and the membrane properties of single cells. Here, we describe the methods of cell isolation and whole-cell patch-clamp recording to measure the electrical properties of primary dissociated epithelial cells from the rat cauda epididymides.

We present a protocol that combines cell isolation and whole-cell patch-clamp recording to measure the electrical properties of the primary dissociated epithelial cells from the rat cauda epididymides. This protocol allows for investigation of the functional properties of primary epididymal epithelial cells to further elucidate the physiological role of the epididymis.

精巣上体から分離した一次上皮細胞の全細胞パッチクランプ記録

The epididymis is an essential organ for sperm maturation and reproductive health. The epididymal epithelium consists of intricately connected cell types ...

Derivation of Stem Cell Lines from Mouse Preimplantation Embryos

Mouse embryonic stem cell (mESC) derivation is the process by which pluripotent cell lines are established from preimplantation embryos. These lines retain the ability to either self-renew or differentiate under specific conditions. Due to these properties, mESC are a useful tool in regenerative medicine, disease modeling, and tissue engineering studies. This article describes a simple protocol to obtain mESC lines with high derivation efficiencies (60-80%) by culturing blastocysts from permissive mouse strains on feeder cells in defined medium supplemented with leukemia inhibitory factor. The protocol can also be applied to efficiently derive mESC lines from non-permissive mouse strains, by the simple addition of a cocktail of two small-molecule inhibitors to the derivation medium (2i medium). Detailed procedures on the preparation and culture of feeder cells, collection and culture of mouse embryos, and derivation and culture of mESC lines are provided. This protocol does not require specialized equipment and can be carried out in any laboratory with basic mammalian cell culture expertise.

This article describes a protocol to efficiently derive and culture pluripotent stem cell lines from mouse embryos at the blastocyst stage.

マウス着床前胚幹細胞の誘導

Mouse embryonic stem cell (mESC) derivation is the process by which pluripotent cell lines are established from preimplantation embryos. These lines ...

AFM and Microrheology in the Zebrafish Embryo Yolk Cell

Elucidating the factors that direct the spatio-temporal organization of evolving tissues is one of the primary purposes in the study of development. Various propositions claim to have been important contributions to the understanding of the mechanical properties of cells and tissues in their spatiotemporal organization in different developmental and morphogenetic processes. However, due to the lack of reliable and accessible tools to measure material properties and tensional parameters in vivo, validating these hypotheses has been difficult. Here we present methods employing atomic force microscopy (AFM) and particle tracking with the aim of quantifying the mechanical properties of the intact zebrafish embryo yolk cell during epiboly. Epiboly is an early conserved developmental process whose study is facilitated by the transparency of the embryo. These methods are simple to implement, reliable, and widely applicable since they overcome intrusive interventions that could affect tissue mechanics. A simple strategy was applied for the mounting of specimens, AFM recording, and nanoparticle injections and tracking. This approach makes these methods easily adaptable to other developmental times or organisms.

The lack of tools to measure material properties and tensional parameters in vivo prevents validating their roles during development. We employed atomic force microscopy (AFM) and nanoparticle-tracking to quantify mechanical features on the intact zebrafish embryo yolk cell during epiboly. These methods are reliable and widely applicable avoiding intrusive interventions.

原子間力顕微鏡とゼブラフィッシュ胚の卵黄細胞のレオロジー

Elucidating the factors that direct the spatio-temporal organization of evolving tissues is one of the primary purposes in the study of development. ...

Application of Aorta-gonad-mesonephros Explant Culture System in Developmental Hematopoiesis

The limitation of using mouse embryos for hematopoiesis studies is the added inconvenience in operations, which is largely due to the intrauterine development of the embryo. Although genetic data from knockout (KO) mice are convincing, it is not realistic to generate KO mice for all genes as needed. In addition, performing in vivo rescue experiments to consolidate the data obtained from KO mice is not convenient. To overcome these limitations, the Aorta-Gonad-Mesonephros (AGM) explant culture was developed as an appropriate system to study hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) development. Especially for rescue experiments, it can be used to recover the impaired hematopoiesis in KO mice. By adding the appropriate chemicals into the medium, the impaired signaling can be reactivated or up-regulated pathways can be inhibited. With the use of this method, many experiments can be performed to identify the critical regulators of HSC development, including HSC related gene expression at mRNA and protein levels, colony formation ability, and reconstitution capacity. This series of experiments would be helpful in defining the underlying mechanisms essential for HSC development in mammals.

This protocol describes using cultured Aorta-Gonad-Mesonephros for expression analyses, colony-forming units in the culture and spleen, and long-term reconstitution to determine the effect of regulatory factors and signaling pathways on hematopoietic stem cell development. This has been demonstrated as an effective system for studying hematopoietic stem cell biology and function.

造血の発達における大動脈生殖巣中植文化システムのアプリケーション

The limitation of using mouse embryos for hematopoiesis studies is the added inconvenience in operations, which is largely due to the intrauterine ...

The Isolation and Culture of Primary Epicardial Cells Derived from Human Adult and Fetal Heart Specimens

The epicardium, an epithelial cell layer covering the myocardium, has an essential role during cardiac development, as well as in the repair response of the heart after ischemic injury. When activated, epicardial cells undergo a process known as epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) to provide cells to the regenerating myocardium. Furthermore, the epicardium contributes via secretion of essential paracrine factors. To fully appreciate the regenerative potential of the epicardium, a human cell model is required. Here we outline a novel cell culture model to derive primary epicardial derived cells (EPDCs) from human adult and fetal cardiac tissue. To isolate EPDCs, the epicardium is dissected from the outside of the heart specimen and processed into a single cell suspension. Next, EPDCs are plated and cultured in EPDC medium containing the ALK 5-kinase inhibitor SB431542 to maintain their epithelial phenotype. EMT is induced by stimulation with TGF&#946;. This method enables, for the first time, the study of the process of human epicardial EMT in a controlled setting, and facilitates gaining more insight in the secretome of EPDCs that may aid heart regeneration. Furthermore, this uniform approach allows for direct comparison of human adult and fetal epicardial behavior.

The epicardium plays a crucial role in the development and repair of the heart by providing cells and growth factors to the myocardial wall. Here, we describe a method to culture human primary epicardial cells that enables the study and comparison of their developmental and adult characteristics.

人間の成人および胎児心標本由来分離とプライマリの心外膜細胞の培養

The epicardium, an epithelial cell layer covering the myocardium, has an essential role during cardiac development, as well as in the repair response of ...