Los fondos para el desarrollo del protocolo actual se apoya particularmente &quot;Objetivo para el Plan Universitario Top&quot; de la Universidad Nacional de Taiwán, Taiwán (donación ID-104R350144), así como el Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología de Taiwán (Identificación subvención: MAS 104 -2313-B-002-039-MY3). Agradecemos especialmente el Centro de Biotecnología de la Universidad Nacional de Taiwán para proporcionar una sala de los animales y el espacio de laboratorio para el estudio actual.

NOTA: Este procedimiento es una modificación de un protocolo de cultivo de pollo modelo desarrollado por Bauer et al 2013 y Nakazawa et al, 2011. 2.9.. 1. Preparar saludable embrionarias Día 5 Los embriones de codorniz japonesa <ol><li> Coloca 1 hombres y 3 mujeres sexualmente maduras codorniz japonesa juntos en la misma jaula. Suministro de alimento y agua ad libitum. Ajustar la luz en la sala de los animales a 14 horas de luz y 10 horas de oscuridad. </li><li> Recoger los huevos fertilizados en bolsas de plástico cada día por la tarde y mantenerlos en un 16 ° C refrigerador para retardar la tasa de crecimiento de los embriones. </li><li> Después de recoger un número suficiente de huevos dentro de un período de dos semanas, se incuban los huevos fertilizados en una incubadora a 37 ° con una buena ventilación durante cinco días. </li></ol> 2. Preparar medio basal y soluciones de lavado <ol><li> Utilice DMEM / F-12 medio (ajustado a pH 7,2) como el medio de crecimiento, y la completarácon el nuevo 10% de suero de ternero recién nacido (NBCS) y 1% de Pen-Strep Ampho. Solución (PSA; penicilina, 10 5 unidades / L; estreptomicina, 100 mg / l; anfotericina B, 0,25 mg / L). </li><li> Preparar la solución salina tamponada con fosfato (PBS) a una concentración 10 veces para el almacenamiento; utilizar la solución de PBS 1x (que contiene NaCl, 137.93 mM; KCl, 2.667 mM; KH 2 PO 4, 1.471 mM; Na 2 HPO 4 7H 2 O, 8,06 mM; ajustar el pH a 7,2) para lavar y humedecer la membrana del saco vitelino, mientras separar el endodermo de yema de huevo y albúmina. </li><li> Utilice medio DMEM (ajustado a pH 7,2) para volver a suspender gránulos endodermo. </li></ol> 3. Recogida de EECs primaria de YSMs codorniz japonesa <ol><li> Incubar los huevos recogidos durante 5 días (paso 1.3). Examinar los huevos por un candler huevo para confirmar el desarrollo embrionario normal. NOTA: En el día embrionario 5, el límite de YSM mesodermo es muy clara y las 3 capas embrionarias son menos ligada estrechamente juntos, por lo que es fácil de obendodermo Tain. Utilice sólo los huevos que presentan un desarrollo normal circulación capilar para las colecciones YSM. </li><li> Limpiar la cáscara de los huevos con cuidado con el agua dulce y el 75% de etanol. Abrir la cáscara de huevo de la posición de la cámara de aire por un par de tijeras, pelar suavemente y recoger toda la YSM con fórceps y colocar en una placa de cultivo de 10 cm llena de 37 ° C 1x PBS. </li><li> El uso de un par de tijeras eliminar el embrión, yema y clara de huevo, y suavemente lavar el YSM con 1x PBS tres veces y coloque YSM en solución PBS en una placa de cultivo de 10 cm. </li><li> El uso de fórceps y un par de tijeras para quitar el ectodermo de YSM. Utilice 2 pinzas, una para sujetar firmemente la capa de células endodérmico, y el otro para sujetar el mesodermo capilar. </li><li> Bajo un microscopio de disección, separar y separar el endodermo del borde del mesodermo en la dirección hacia el embrión. Recoger el endodermo de color amarillo claro en 50 ml tubos de centrifugación mediante un gotero y colocar en 15 ml de medio de cultivo en un wat 37 ° Cer baño hasta que se completen todas las colecciones de tejidos. </li></ol> 4. La digestión del endodermo rebanadas por digestión con colagenasa <ol><li> Recién disolver 6,5 unidades de colagenasa tipo IV en 10 ml de DMEM. </li><li> Centrifugar los tubos de 50 ml (3.4) a 130 xg durante 3 min a TA. Aspirar el medio y lugar todo el endodermo en una placa de cultivo de 6 cm con una pipeta. Añadir 1 ml de solución de colagenasa a esta placa de cultivo. </li><li> Cortar el endodermo recogido de 2 embriones de codorniz con un par de tijeras curvas hasta que el tamaño de cada rebanada es de aproximadamente 2 a 3 mm. Use un gotero, recoger todas las rodajas en un tubo de centrífuga de 50 ml a lo largo con 9 ml de solución de colagenasa fresco. </li><li> Digerir el tejido con colagenasa durante 30 min en un baño de agua agitando 37 ° C a 175 rpm. Esta digestión parcial con colagenasa se utiliza para mejorar la proliferación de las células del explante. </li><li> Centrifugar a 130 xg durante 3 min a temperatura ambiente y eliminar suavemente la fracción sobrenadante usando una pipeta. Lavar el pellet mediante suspensión en 20 ml de DMEM y eliminar la fracción de sobrenadante después de la centrifugación 130 x g durante 3 min. </li><li> Vuelva a suspender el sedimento con 12 ml de medio de cultivo (DMEM / F12 con 10% NBCS y 1% PSA) y sembrar con cuidado e igualmente en una placa de 24 pocillos (de cada solución de células bien con 500 l). </li><li> Incubar explantes de tejido a 37 ° C en 5% de CO2 en aire durante 2 días para permitir que las células proliferan de los tejidos. </li><li> Se incuban las células durante otros 2 días y caracterizar para la viabilidad celular por un protocolo de ensayo de viabilidad celular. 15 NOTA: Living células mantienen un ambiente reductor en el citosol. La resazurina, el ingrediente activo, es un compuesto permeable no tóxico, célula que es de color azul y virtualmente no fluorescente. Cuando se añade a los cultivos celulares, resazurina a resorufina es reducida en el citosol por las enzimas mitocondriales. Resorufina es de color rojo y altamente fluorescente. Las células viables se convierten continuamente la resazurina a resorufina, increAsing la fluorescencia general y el color del medio de cultivo células de los alrededores. </li><li> Realizar endodermo células epiteliales RNA total aislamiento, transcripción inversa y cuantitativa en tiempo real PCR de la expresión de ARNm del gen marcador tal como se describe. 16,17 <ol><li> Utilice PCR transcriptasa inversa para detectar SOAT1 mRNA (sentido: 5&#39;-GAAGGGGCCTATCTGGAACG-3 &#39;; antisentido: 5&#39;-ATCTGCACGTGACATGACCA-3&#39;; producto de PCR = 168 pb) como un marcador específico de las células de la CEE. Utilice β-actina mRNA (sentido: 5&#39;-TGGTGAAGCTGTAGCCTCTC-3 &#39;; antisentido: 5&#39; GTGATGGACTCTGGTGATGG-3 &#39;; producto de PCR = 151 pb) como un gen de mantenimiento y control interno. </li><li> Utilice electroforesis en gel para detectar el tamaño del producto de RT-qPCR. Preparar 1% gel de agarosa, y mezclar 10 l producto qPCR con 2 l de colorante de carga. Cargar 10 mezcla l en cada pocillo en el gel de agarosa al 1%, y ejecutar el gel por 100 V durante 30 min. </li></ol></li></ol>

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There is no competing financial interests or other conflicts of interest. We did not get any funding from any private company.

Debido a que el sistema de cultivo anterior tiene un éxito limitado, se necesita un mejor sistema de cultivo. El endodermo codorniz japonesa YSM requiere tratamiento con enzimas proteolíticas tales como la colagenasa para aflojar las uniones célula-célula para lograr un mayor crecimiento en los explantes ex-vivo. Nuestros datos muestran que el número de células del tratamiento de digestión parcial fueron mayores que a partir del cultivo de tejido no digerido después de la siembra durante 2 días (Figura ...

El principal recurso alimenticio del embrión aviar es yema de huevo, compuesta de 33% de lípidos, 17% de proteína, y 1% de cenizas. 1 Durante el desarrollo embrionario, la membrana del saco vitelino (YSM) crece de dentro de la cavidad abdominal embrionario y cubre gradualmente la yema superficie. Comenzando en el día embrionario 2, la expresión de genes asociados con el metabolismo de los lípidos y la angiogénesis se incrementa gradualmente en YSM, y el YSM se desarrolla lentamente proyecciones vellosidades como 8,9. Estas proyecciones aumentan la absorción de los nutrientes de la yema para apoyar el desarrollo embrionario. El YSM es un tejido extraembrionario que contiene tres capas germinales, el endodermo, mesodermo y ectodermo. 14 del ectodermo del saco vitelino se enfrenta a la albúmina y enlaces con la membrana vitelina para cubrir suavemente el saco vitelino. Las células epiteliales del endodermo se enfrentan directamente hacia la yema de huevo y sirven como portales de utilización de nutrientes. 6 A medida que se expande la YSM, células epiteliales endodérmico (EEC) puede ser dividido por Shapcorreo y funcionalidad en dos grupos, el área de vitelina y vascular del área. 7 vitelina Area se compone de células endodérmicas y está distante del embrión; área vasculosa se compone de células mesodérmicas y cubre EECs diferenciados con vasos sanguíneos y tejidos conectivos. Por el día embrionario 5, la yema está totalmente cubierto por el ectodermo y el endodermo de YSM y el área vascular ha crecido rápidamente. El YSM absorbe, recompone y libera lípidos (como yema de derivados de lipoproteínas de muy baja densidad) y las proteínas en el sistema circulatorio embrionario. 9, 2 Por lo tanto, se estableció una codorniz sistema de cultivo celular primario japonés embrionario endodérmico epitelial, para estudiar los mecanismos de lípidos utilización en YSM durante el desarrollo embrionario aviar. Lípidos tales como triacilglicerol, lecitina, fosfolípidos y ésteres de colesterol (CE) son las fuentes primarias de energía para los embriones de aves. En las primeras etapas de desarrollo, lípidos de la yema son composed de sólo el 1,3% del CE y se eleva al 10-15% a medio plazo del desarrollo embrionario aviar 3, 11 éster de colesterol. Se sintetiza a partir del colesterol por esterol O-aciltransferasa 1 (SOAT1) en YSM embrión aviar. 4 La forma de almacenamiento de colesterol es CE, CE se realiza en las lipoproteínas, y lipoproteínas son transportados por la circulación a los tejidos. 13 Una semana antes de la eclosión hay un rápido crecimiento de los embriones de aves. Aproximadamente el 68% de los contenidos de lípidos restantes en la yema son absorbidos durante esta etapa. 10 El mecanismo por el cual la yema de los lípidos se utilizan pueden ser aclaradas por un modelo de investigación CEE. Un protocolo de cultivo CEE pollo se estableció para lograr este objetivo de investigación. 2, 9 Sin embargo, debido a la baja tasa de éxito de explantes de tejido, se necesita un procedimiento de cultivo celular CEE mejorada para estudiar la función de ciertas enzimas y proteínas en la mediación de la utilización de nutrientes por embriones de aves durante el desarrollo.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="845">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="50">
			<td height="50" style="height:50px;width:331px;">Dulbecco&#39;s Modified Eagle Medium</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Gibco by Life technologies</td>
			<td style="width:148px;">12800-017 10 X 1 L</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">For wash the EECs pellets</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="50">
			<td height="50" style="height:50px;width:331px;">D-MEM/F-12</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Gibco by Life technologies</td>
			<td style="width:148px;">12400-024 10 X 1 L</td>
			<td>As the basal medium in culturing EECs</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="50">
			<td height="50" style="height:50px;width:331px;">NBCS</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Gibco by Life technologies</td>
			<td style="width:148px;">16010-159</td>
			<td>As the supplyment serum in culturing EECs</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="50">
			<td height="50" style="height:50px;width:331px;">Pen-Strep Ampho. Solution</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">BI (Biological Industries)</td>
			<td style="width:148px;">03-033-1B 100ml</td>
			<td>For attenuating the possible infection&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="50">
			<td height="50" style="height:50px;width:331px;">Collagenase Type IV</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Gibco by Life technologies</td>
			<td style="width:148px;">17104-019 1g</td>
			<td>&#160;Collagenase is a protease with specificity for the bond between a neutral amino acid (X) and glycine in the sequence Pro-XGly-Pro. As the protease for dissociation of cells from primary tissue.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="30">
			<td height="30" style="height:30px;width:331px;">24 well plate</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">FALCON&#174;</td>
			<td style="width:148px;">REF-353047</td>
			<td>For EECs to attach and extension</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="30">
			<td height="30" style="height:30px;width:331px;">50 ML PP centrifuge tubes</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Corning&#174; CentriStarTM</td>
			<td style="width:148px;">430829</td>
			<td>For transportion of membranes and enzyme digestion</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;">50ML Conical bottomed Tube with Cap</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">PRO TECH</td>
			<td>CT-50-PL-TW</td>
			<td>For transportion of membranes and enzyme digestion</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:331px;">Reciprocal shaking bath</td>
			<td>DEAGLE</td>
			<td style="width:148px;">SB302</td>
			<td>For better enzymatic digestion on membranes</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

primary endodermal epithelial cell culture from the yolk sac membrane of japanese quail embryos

Hemos establecido un modelo de cultivo de células epiteliales endodérmico (CEE) para el estudio de la función de ciertas enzimas y proteínas en la mediación de la utilización de nutrientes por los embriones de aves durante el desarrollo. Fertilizados huevos de codorniz japonesa se incubaron a 37 ° C durante 5 días y luego la yema se recogieron membranas de la bolsa (YSM) para establecer el sistema de cultivo CEE. Se aislaron la capa endodermo embrionario de YSM, y en rodajas la membrana en 2 - 3 mm piezas y se digirió parcialmente con colagenasa antes de la siembra en placas de cultivo de 24 pocillos. El EECs proliferan fuera del tejido y están listos para estudios de cultivo celular. Hemos encontrado que la EECs tenía características típicas de YSM in vivo, por ejemplo, la acumulación de gotitas de lípidos, esteroles expresión de O-aciltransferasa y la lipoproteína lipasa. El tratamiento de digestión parcial aumentó significativamente la tasa de éxito de la cultura CEE. Utilizando el EECs, hemos demostrado que la expresión de SOAT1 estaba regulado por el cAMP dependent proteína quinasa A vía relacionada. Este sistema de cultivo de codorniz japonesa CEE primaria es una herramienta útil para estudiar el transporte de lípidos embrionario y para aclarar el papel de los genes implicados en la mediación de la utilización de nutrientes en los ADM durante el desarrollo embrionario aviar.

Con el fin de lograr el objetivo de establecer un modelo celular consistente y útil, necesitamos ampliar y estabilizar la tasa de proliferación y el rendimiento de EECs aviar. Se comparó la incubación directa de la endodermo sin digestión con enzimas con endodermo parcialmente digerido con enzimas proteolíticas, tales como la colagenasa o colagenasa plus 0,6 U de dispasa. Dispasa es un amino-endopeptidasa que hidroliza los enlaces peptídicos N-terminal de los residuos de aminoáci...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Primary Endodermal Epithelial Cell Culture from the Yolk Sac Membrane of Japanese Quail Embryos at JoVE.com

Primary Endodermal Epithelial Cell Culture from the Yolk Sac Membrane of Japanese Quail Embryos

To study the mechanism of lipid utilization in yolk sac membranes during the late stages of avian embryonic development, we established a primary Japanese quail embryonic endodermal epithelial cell culture system.

Endodérmico primario de células epiteliales Cultura de la membrana del saco vitelino de embriones de codorniz japonesa

We established an endodermal epithelial cell culture model (EEC) for studying the function of certain enzymes and proteins in mediating nutrient ...

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8.8K vistas.  National Taiwan University. To study the mechanism of lipid utilization in yolk sac membranes during the late stages of avian embryonic development, we established a primary Japanese quail embryonic endodermal epithelial cell culture system.

Video: Primary Endodermal Epithelial Cell Culture from the Yolk Sac Membrane of Japanese Quail Embryos

Efficient Gene Transfer in Chick Retinas for Primary Cell Culture Studies: An Ex-ovo Electroporation Approach

The cone photoreceptor-enriched cultures derived from embryonic chick retinas have become an indispensable tool for researchers around the world studying the biology of retinal neurons, particularly photoreceptors. The applications of this system go beyond basic research, as they can easily be adapted to high throughput technologies for drug development. However, genetic manipulation of retinal photoreceptors in these cultures has proven to be very challenging, posing an important limitation to the usefulness of the system. We have recently developed and validated an ex&#160;ovo plasmid electroporation technique that increases the rate of transfection of retinal cells in these cultures by five-fold compared to other currently available protocols1. In this method embryonic chick eyes are enucleated at stage 27, the RPE is removed, and the retinal cup is placed in a plasmid-containing solution and electroporated using easily constructed custom-made electrodes. The retinas are then dissociated and cultured using standard procedures. This technique can be applied to overexpression studies as well as to the downregulation of gene expression, for example via the use of plasmid-driven RNAi technology, commonly achieving transgene expression in 25% of the photoreceptor population. The video format of the present publication will make this technology easily accessible to researchers in the field, enabling the study of gene function in primary retinal cultures. We have also included detailed explanations of the critical steps of this procedure for a successful outcome and reproducibility.

Efficient Gene Transfer in Chick Retinas for Primary Cell Culture Studies: An Ex-ovo Electroporation Approach

Embryonic chick retinal cell cultures constitute valuable tools for the study of photoreceptor biology. We have developed an efficient gene transfer technique based on ex&#160;ovo plasmid electroporation of the retinas prior to culture. This technique considerably increases transfection efficiencies over currently available protocols, making genetic manipulation feasible for this system.

Transferencia génica eficaz en polluelo retinas para estudios de cultivo celular primario: Un<em&gt; Ex-ovo</em&gt; Enfoque electroporación

The cone photoreceptor-enriched cultures derived from embryonic chick retinas have become an indispensable tool for researchers around the world studying ...

Investigación

Biología del Desarrollo

Isolation and Characterization of Single Cells from Zebrafish Embryos

The zebrafish (Danio rerio) is a powerful model organism to study vertebrate development. Though many aspects of zebrafish embryonic development have been described at the morphological level, little is known about the molecular basis of cellular changes that occur as the organism develops. With recent advancements in microfluidics and multiplexing technologies, it is now possible to characterize gene expression in single cells. This allows for investigation of heterogeneity between individual cells of specific cell populations to identify and classify cell subtypes, characterize intermediate states that occur during cell differentiation, and explore differential cellular responses to stimuli. This study describes a protocol to isolate viable, single cells from zebrafish embryos for high throughput multiplexing assays. This method may be rapidly applied to any zebrafish embryonic cell type with fluorescent markers. An extension of this method may also be used in combination with high throughput sequencing technologies to fully characterize the transcriptome of single cells. As proof of principle, the relative abundance of cardiac differentiation markers was assessed in isolated, single cells derived from nkx2.5 positive cardiac progenitors. By evaluation of gene expression at the single cell level and at a single time point, the data support a model in which cardiac progenitors coexist with differentiating progeny. The method and work flow described here is broadly applicable to the zebrafish research community, requiring only a labeled transgenic fish line and access to microfluidics technologies.

This protocol describes a method for isolating single cells from zebrafish embryos, enriching for cells of interest, capturing zebrafish cells in microfluidic based single cell multiplex systems, and assessing gene expression from single cells.

Aislamiento y caracterización de células individuales a partir de embriones de pez cebra

The zebrafish (Danio rerio) is a powerful model organism to study vertebrate development. Though many aspects of zebrafish embryonic development have been ...

Large-Scale Production of Cardiomyocytes from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells Using a Highly Reproducible Small Molecule-Based Differentiation Protocol

Maximizing the benefit of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) for research, disease modeling, pharmaceutical and clinical applications requires robust methods for the large-scale production of functional cell types, including cardiomyocytes. Here we demonstrate that the temporal manipulation of WNT, TGF-&#946;, and SHH signaling pathways leads to highly efficient cardiomyocyte differentiation of single-cell passaged hPSC lines in both static suspension and stirred suspension bioreactor systems. Employing this strategy resulted in ~ 100% beating spheroids, consistently containing &#62; 80% cardiac troponin T-positive cells after 15 days of culture, validated in multiple hPSC lines. We also report on a variation of this protocol for use with cell lines not currently adapted to single-cell passaging, the success of which has been verified in 42 hPSC lines. Cardiomyocytes generated using these protocols express lineage-specific markers and show expected electrophysiological functionalities. Our protocol presents a simple, efficient and robust platform for the large-scale production of human cardiomyocytes.

Here, we present a robust, fast and scalable cardiomyocyte differentiation protocol for human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs). Cardiomyocytes derived using this large-scale method can provide sufficient cell numbers for their effective use in human cardiovascular disease modeling, high-throughput drug screening, and potentially clinical applications.

La producción a gran escala de los cardiomiocitos de células madre pluripotentes utilizando un pequeño protocolo de diferenciación basada en la molécula altamente reproducible

Maximizing the benefit of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) for research, disease modeling, pharmaceutical and clinical applications requires robust ...

Affinity Labeling Detection of Endogenous Receptors from Zebrafish Embryos

By combining the powers of Affinity Labeling and Immunoprecipitation (AFLIP), a technique for the detection of low abundance receptors in zebrafish embryos has been implemented. This technique takes advantage of the selectivity and sensitivity conferred by affinity labeling of a given receptor by its ligand with the specificity of the immunoprecipitation. We have used AFLIP to detect the type III TGF-&#946; receptor (TGFBR3), also know as betaglycan, during early zebrafish development. AFLIP was instrumental in validating the efficacy of a TGFBR3 morphant zebrafish phenotype. In the first step, embryo protein extracts are prepared and used to generate 125I-TGF-&#946;2-TGFBR3 complexes that are purified by immunoprecipitation. Later, these complexes are covalently cross-linked and revealed using SDS-PAGE separation and autoradiography detection. This technique requires the availability of a labeled ligand for, and a specific antibody against, the receptor to be detected, and shall be easily adapted to identify any growth factor or cytokine receptor that meets these requirements.

A novel technique for the detection of low abundance endogenous receptors present in zebrafish embryos is described. We have named it AFLIP because it consists of affinity labeling of the receptor by its ligand linked to immunoprecipitation.

Detección de afinidad etiquetado Endógeno receptores de embriones de pez cebra

By combining the powers of Affinity Labeling and Immunoprecipitation (AFLIP), a technique for the detection of low abundance receptors in zebrafish ...

Biosensing Motor Neuron Membrane Potential in Live Zebrafish Embryos

The protocols described here are designed to allow researchers to study cell communication without altering the integrity of the environment in which the cells are located. Specifically, they have been developed to analyze the electrical activity of excitable cells, such as spinal neurons. In such a scenario, it is crucial to preserve the integrity of the spinal cell, but it is also important to preserve the anatomy and physiological shape of the systems involved. Indeed, the comprehension of the manner in which the nervous system-and other complex systems-works must be based on a systemic approach. For this reason, the live zebrafish embryo was chosen as a model system, and the spinal neuron membrane voltage changes were evaluated without interfering with the physiological conditions of the embryos. 
Here, an approach combining the employment of zebrafish embryos with a FRET-based biosensor is described. Zebrafish embryos are characterized by a very simplified nervous system and are particularly suited for imaging applications thanks to their transparency, allowing for the employment of fluorescence-based voltage indicators at the plasma membrane during zebrafish development. The synergy between these two components makes it possible to analyze the electrical activity of the cells in intact living organisms, without perturbing the physiological state. Finally, this non-invasive approach can co-exist with other analyses (e.g., spontaneous movement recordings, as shown here).

Protocols described here allow for the study of the electrical properties of excitable cells in the most non-invasive physiological conditions by employing zebrafish embryos in an in vivo system together with a fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based genetically encoded voltage indicator (GEVI) selectively expressed in the cell type of interest.

Potencial de membrana de la neurona motora de Biosensing en los embriones vivos de pez cebra

The protocols described here are designed to allow researchers to study cell communication without altering the integrity of the environment in which the ...

Whole-cell Patch-clamp Recordings of Isolated Primary Epithelial Cells from the Epididymis

The epididymis is an essential organ for sperm maturation and reproductive health. The epididymal epithelium consists of intricately connected cell types that are distinct not only in molecular and morphological features but also in physiological properties. These differences reflect their diverse functions, which together establish the necessary microenvironment for the post-testicular sperm development in the epididymal lumen. The understanding of the biophysical properties of the epididymal epithelial cells is critical for revealing their functions in sperm and reproductive health, under both physiological and pathophysiological conditions. While their functional properties have yet to be fully elucidated, the epididymal epithelial cells can be studied using the patch-clamp technique, a tool for measuring the cellular events and the membrane properties of single cells. Here, we describe the methods of cell isolation and whole-cell patch-clamp recording to measure the electrical properties of primary dissociated epithelial cells from the rat cauda epididymides.

We present a protocol that combines cell isolation and whole-cell patch-clamp recording to measure the electrical properties of the primary dissociated epithelial cells from the rat cauda epididymides. This protocol allows for investigation of the functional properties of primary epididymal epithelial cells to further elucidate the physiological role of the epididymis.

Grabaciones de parche de sujeción de células enteras de células epiteliales primarias aisladas del epidídimo

The epididymis is an essential organ for sperm maturation and reproductive health. The epididymal epithelium consists of intricately connected cell types ...

Derivation of Stem Cell Lines from Mouse Preimplantation Embryos

Mouse embryonic stem cell (mESC) derivation is the process by which pluripotent cell lines are established from preimplantation embryos. These lines retain the ability to either self-renew or differentiate under specific conditions. Due to these properties, mESC are a useful tool in regenerative medicine, disease modeling, and tissue engineering studies. This article describes a simple protocol to obtain mESC lines with high derivation efficiencies (60-80%) by culturing blastocysts from permissive mouse strains on feeder cells in defined medium supplemented with leukemia inhibitory factor. The protocol can also be applied to efficiently derive mESC lines from non-permissive mouse strains, by the simple addition of a cocktail of two small-molecule inhibitors to the derivation medium (2i medium). Detailed procedures on the preparation and culture of feeder cells, collection and culture of mouse embryos, and derivation and culture of mESC lines are provided. This protocol does not require specialized equipment and can be carried out in any laboratory with basic mammalian cell culture expertise.

This article describes a protocol to efficiently derive and culture pluripotent stem cell lines from mouse embryos at the blastocyst stage.

Derivación de líneas de células madre de embriones de preimplantación de ratón

Mouse embryonic stem cell (mESC) derivation is the process by which pluripotent cell lines are established from preimplantation embryos. These lines ...

AFM and Microrheology in the Zebrafish Embryo Yolk Cell

Elucidating the factors that direct the spatio-temporal organization of evolving tissues is one of the primary purposes in the study of development. Various propositions claim to have been important contributions to the understanding of the mechanical properties of cells and tissues in their spatiotemporal organization in different developmental and morphogenetic processes. However, due to the lack of reliable and accessible tools to measure material properties and tensional parameters in vivo, validating these hypotheses has been difficult. Here we present methods employing atomic force microscopy (AFM) and particle tracking with the aim of quantifying the mechanical properties of the intact zebrafish embryo yolk cell during epiboly. Epiboly is an early conserved developmental process whose study is facilitated by the transparency of the embryo. These methods are simple to implement, reliable, and widely applicable since they overcome intrusive interventions that could affect tissue mechanics. A simple strategy was applied for the mounting of specimens, AFM recording, and nanoparticle injections and tracking. This approach makes these methods easily adaptable to other developmental times or organisms.

The lack of tools to measure material properties and tensional parameters in vivo prevents validating their roles during development. We employed atomic force microscopy (AFM) and nanoparticle-tracking to quantify mechanical features on the intact zebrafish embryo yolk cell during epiboly. These methods are reliable and widely applicable avoiding intrusive interventions.

AFM y Microrheology en la celda de yema de embrión de pez cebra

Elucidating the factors that direct the spatio-temporal organization of evolving tissues is one of the primary purposes in the study of development. ...

Application of Aorta-gonad-mesonephros Explant Culture System in Developmental Hematopoiesis

The limitation of using mouse embryos for hematopoiesis studies is the added inconvenience in operations, which is largely due to the intrauterine development of the embryo. Although genetic data from knockout (KO) mice are convincing, it is not realistic to generate KO mice for all genes as needed. In addition, performing in vivo rescue experiments to consolidate the data obtained from KO mice is not convenient. To overcome these limitations, the Aorta-Gonad-Mesonephros (AGM) explant culture was developed as an appropriate system to study hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) development. Especially for rescue experiments, it can be used to recover the impaired hematopoiesis in KO mice. By adding the appropriate chemicals into the medium, the impaired signaling can be reactivated or up-regulated pathways can be inhibited. With the use of this method, many experiments can be performed to identify the critical regulators of HSC development, including HSC related gene expression at mRNA and protein levels, colony formation ability, and reconstitution capacity. This series of experiments would be helpful in defining the underlying mechanisms essential for HSC development in mammals.

This protocol describes using cultured Aorta-Gonad-Mesonephros for expression analyses, colony-forming units in the culture and spleen, and long-term reconstitution to determine the effect of regulatory factors and signaling pathways on hematopoietic stem cell development. This has been demonstrated as an effective system for studying hematopoietic stem cell biology and function.

Aplicación de sistema de cultivo de explantes de Aorta-gónada-mesonefros en hematopoyesis del desarrollo

The limitation of using mouse embryos for hematopoiesis studies is the added inconvenience in operations, which is largely due to the intrauterine ...

The Isolation and Culture of Primary Epicardial Cells Derived from Human Adult and Fetal Heart Specimens

The epicardium, an epithelial cell layer covering the myocardium, has an essential role during cardiac development, as well as in the repair response of the heart after ischemic injury. When activated, epicardial cells undergo a process known as epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) to provide cells to the regenerating myocardium. Furthermore, the epicardium contributes via secretion of essential paracrine factors. To fully appreciate the regenerative potential of the epicardium, a human cell model is required. Here we outline a novel cell culture model to derive primary epicardial derived cells (EPDCs) from human adult and fetal cardiac tissue. To isolate EPDCs, the epicardium is dissected from the outside of the heart specimen and processed into a single cell suspension. Next, EPDCs are plated and cultured in EPDC medium containing the ALK 5-kinase inhibitor SB431542 to maintain their epithelial phenotype. EMT is induced by stimulation with TGF&#946;. This method enables, for the first time, the study of the process of human epicardial EMT in a controlled setting, and facilitates gaining more insight in the secretome of EPDCs that may aid heart regeneration. Furthermore, this uniform approach allows for direct comparison of human adult and fetal epicardial behavior.

The epicardium plays a crucial role in the development and repair of the heart by providing cells and growth factors to the myocardial wall. Here, we describe a method to culture human primary epicardial cells that enables the study and comparison of their developmental and adult characteristics.

El aislamiento y cultivo de células epicárdicas principales derivan de ejemplares de corazón humano adulto y Fetal

The epicardium, an epithelial cell layer covering the myocardium, has an essential role during cardiac development, as well as in the repair response of ...