Name: electroactive polymer nanoparticles exhibiting photothermal properties
Uploaded: 2016-01-08T14:00:01.000+00:00
Duration: 10 min 16 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Electroactive Polymer Nanoparticles Exhibiting Photothermal Properties at JoVE.com

This work was funded in part by the Texas Emerging Technology Fund (Startup to TB), the Texas State University Research Enhancement Program, the Texas State University Doctoral Research Fellowship (to TC), the NSF Partnership for Research and Education in Materials (PREM, DMR-1205670), The Welch Foundation (AI-0045), and National Institutes of Health (R01CA032132).

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

この作業では、電気活性ポリマーNPは、癌治療のための潜在的なPTT剤として合成されています。 NPの調製は、乳化重合に続いて、モノマーの合成から出発し、記載されています。かかるEDOT及びピロールのような電気活性ポリマーを用いたNPの調製は以前に記載されているが、この論文では、このプロセスは、より大きな、より複雑な単量体に拡張することができることを実証し、ユニークな?...

電気活性ポリマーは、電場の存在下で、それらの特性（色、導電性、反応性、量など ）を変更します。迅速なスイッチング時間、同調性、耐久性、電気活性ポリマーの軽量特性は代替エネルギー、センサー、エレクトロクロミック、および生物医学的装置を含む多くの提案の用途、につながっています。電気活性ポリマーは、柔軟、軽量電池、キャパシタ電極として有用である可能性がある。エレクトロクロミック素子における電気活性ポリマーの1アプリケーションは、建物や自動車、サングラス、保護メガネ、光記憶装置、スマート繊維用グレア低減システムを含む。2-5スマートウィンドウは、オンデマンド特定の波長の光を遮断し、家庭や自動車の内装を保護することによって、エネルギー必要量を減らすことができます。スマートテキスタイルは、UV放射線から保護するために衣服に使用することができます。6電気活性ポリマーは、ALSを持っていますO医療機器で使用され始めて。生物医学装置に使用される電気活性ポリマーの中でも、ポリピロール（のPPy）、ポリアニリン（PANI）、およびポリ（3,4-エチレンジオキシチオフェン）（PEDOT）は、最も一般的なの一つです。例えば、ポリマーのこれらの種類は、一般的に、バイオセンサデバイス内のトランスデューサとして使用されている治 ​​療的送達7応用も有望であることが示されています。研究では、電気活性ポリマーから調製されたデバイスからの薬物および治療 ​​用タンパク質の放出を実証した。8-12最近では、電気活性ポリマーは、光熱治療における治療薬として使用されている。13-15を光熱治療において、光熱剤は、近くの光を吸収しなければなりませんまた、光は、典型的には、1センチメートルまで、組織に浸透の最大の深さを持っている治 ​​療の窓、として知られている、（NIR）領域（〜700〜900 nm）を-infrared。この範囲では16,17、ヘモグロビンのような生物学的な発色団は、 、酸化ヘモグロビン、脂質、および水が持っている少しツーなし簡単に浸透する光を可能に吸光度、。光熱剤は、この治療域の光を吸収するとき、光エネルギーは、光熱エネルギーに変換されます。 根岸カップリングを用いて合成したビス- EDOTベンゼンモノマー、置換アルコキシ、アービンおよび共同研究者は、以前に報告されている。18根岸カップリングは、炭素-炭素結合形成のための好ましい方法です。このプロセスは、低毒性であり、他の有機金属を用いるよりも高い反応性を有する傾向がある有機亜鉛中間体の使用を含む多くの利点を有している。19,20有機亜鉛化合物は、有機ハロゲン化物に官能基の幅広い互換性がある。20では根岸カップリング反応は、有機ハロゲン化物及び有機金属は、パラジウム（0）触媒の使用を介して連結されている20本明細書に提示研究では、このクロスカップリング法は、（1,4-ジアルコキシ-2,5-ビスの合成に利用されています3,4- ethylenedioxythienyl）benzeNE（BEDOT-B（OR）2）モノマー。これらのモノマーは、簡単に生物医学的用途における使用のための有望な候補であるポリマーを得るために、電気化学的または化学的に重合することができます。 生物医学的用途のための水性溶液中のコロイド状ポリマー懸濁液を調製するための従来の方法は、典型的には、ナノ析出またはエマルジ ​​ョン溶媒蒸発法に続いて、バルクポリマーの溶解を伴う。21,22のポリNPを（BEDOT-B（OR）2）を製造するためにNPは、 その場で乳化重合中により合成される場合には、ボトムアップアプローチがここで示されています。乳化重合は、容易にスケーラブルであり、NPの製造のための比較的高速な方法であるプロセスである。他の電気活性ポリマーのNPを製造するために乳化重合を用いて、22の研究は、のPPy及びPEDOTのために報告されている。15,23,24 PEDOTのNP、例えばスプレーエマルションpを使用して調製されていますolymerization。24、この方法は、再現するのが困難であり、通常はより大きなミクロンサイズの粒子が得られます。この資料に記載されているプロトコルは、再現性100-nmのポリマーのNPを製造するためのドロップ、超音波処理法の使用を探ります。 このプロトコルでは、以前に報告されたポリ同様のNIR領域の光を吸収するように調整電気活性ポリマー（BEDOT-B（OR）は、2） 合成されたエレクトロクロミックデバイスおよびPTT剤としての可能性を実証することを特徴とします。まず、根岸カップリングを介して、単量体の合成のための手順が記載されています。モノマーは、NMR及び紫外可視近赤外分光法を用いて特徴付けられます。水性媒体中で酸化乳化重合を介してNPのコロイド懸濁液の調製も記載されています。手順は、以前にHanらによって記載された2段階乳化重合プロセスに基づいている。別の単量体に適用されます。二界面活性剤系でありますNPの単分散性を制御するために使用されます。細胞生存率アッセイは、NPの細胞適合性を評価するために使用されます。最後に、PTTトランスデューサとして作用するこれらのNPの電位は、NIRレーザを照射することによって実証されます。

<table><tbody><tr><td>2 mm diameter platinum working electrode</td><td>CH Instruments</td><td>CH102</td><td>Polished using very fine sandpaper</td></tr><tr><td>3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>483028</td><td>Purified by vacuum distillation</td></tr><tr><td>3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-Diphenyltetrazolium Bromide (MTT) 98%</td><td>Alfa Aesar</td><td>L11939</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>505 Sonic Dismembrator</td><td>Fisher Scientific&amp;trade;&amp;nbsp;</td><td>FB505110</td><td>1/8&amp;ldquo; tip and rated at 500&amp;nbsp;watts</td></tr><tr><td>808 nm laser diode</td><td>ThorLabs</td><td>L808P1WJ</td><td>Rated at 1 W</td></tr><tr><td>Acetonitrile anhydrous 99%</td><td>Acros</td><td>61022-0010</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Avanti J-26 XPI</td><td>Beckman Coulter</td><td>393127</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Bromohexane 98%</td><td>MP Biomedicals</td><td>202323</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dialysis (100,000) MWCO</td><td>SpectrumLabs</td><td>G235071</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dimethyl sulfoxide 99% (DMSO)</td><td>BDH</td><td>BDH1115</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dimethylformamide anhydrous (DMF) 99%</td><td>Acros</td><td>326870010</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dodecyl benzenesulfonate (DBSA)&amp;nbsp;</td><td>TCI</td><td>D0989</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dulbecco&amp;rsquo;s modified eagle medium (DMEM)&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Corning</td><td>10-013 CV</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>EMS 150 TES sputter coater</td><td>Electron Microscopy Sciences</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ethanol (EtOH) 100%</td><td>BDH</td><td>BDH1156</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>ethyl 4-bromobutyrate (98%)</td><td>Acros</td><td>173551000</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ethyl acetate 99%</td><td>Fisher</td><td>UN1173</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fetal bovine serum (FBS)</td><td>Corning</td><td>35-010-CV</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Helios NanoLab 400</td><td>FEI</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Hexane</td><td>Fisher</td><td>H306-4</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Hydrochloric acid (HCl)</td><td>Fisher</td><td>A142-212</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Hydroquinone 99.5%</td><td>Acros</td><td>120915000</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Hydrozine anhydrous 98%</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>215155</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Indium tin oxide (ITO) coated galss</td><td>Delta Technologies</td><td>CG-41IN-CUV</td><td>4-8 &amp;Omega;/sq</td></tr><tr><td>Iron chloride 97% FeCl&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>157740</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Magnesium sulfate (MgSO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;)</td><td>Fisher</td><td>593295</td><td>Dried at 100 &amp;#176;C</td></tr><tr><td>SKOV-3</td><td>ATCC</td><td>HTB-26</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Methanol</td><td>BDH</td><td>BHD1135</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>n-Butlithium (2.5 M)&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>230707</td><td>Pyrophoric</td></tr><tr><td>Poly(styrenesulfonate-co-malic acid) (PSS-co-MA) 20,000 MW</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>434566</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Potassium carbonate</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>209619</td><td>Dried at 100 &amp;#176;C</td></tr><tr><td>Potassium hydroxide</td><td>Alfa Aesar</td><td>A18854</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Potassium iodide</td><td>Fisher</td><td>P410-100</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>RO-5 stirplate</td><td>IKA-Werke</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>SC4000 IR camera</td><td>FLIR</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Synergy H4 Hybrid Reader</td><td>Biotek</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Tetrabutylammonium perchlorate (TBAP) 99%</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>3579274</td><td>Purified by recrystallization in ethyl acetate</td></tr><tr><td>Tetrahydrofuran anhydrous (THF) 99%</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>401757</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>tetrakis(triphenylphosphine) palladium(0)</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>216666</td><td>Moisture sensitive</td></tr><tr><td>Thermomixer</td><td>Eppendorf</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>USB potentiostat/galvanostat</td><td>WaveNow</td><td>AFTP1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Zetasizer Nano Zs</td><td>Malvern</td><td></td><td>Optical Arrangment 175&amp;#176;</td></tr><tr><td>Zinc chloride (1 M) ZnCl&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;</td><td>Acros</td><td>370057000</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

electroactive polymer nanoparticles exhibiting photothermal properties

A method for the synthesis of electroactive polymers is demonstrated, starting with the synthesis of extended conjugation monomers using a three-step process that finishes with Negishi coupling. Negishi coupling is a cross-coupling process in which a chemical precursor is first lithiated, followed by transmetallation with ZnCl2. The resultant organozinc compound can be coupled to a dibrominated aromatic precursor to give the conjugated monomer. Polymer films can be prepared via electropolymerization of the monomer and characterized using cyclic voltammetry and ultraviolet-visible-near infrared (UV-Vis-NIR) spectroscopy. Nanoparticles (NPs) are prepared via emulsion polymerization of the monomer using a two-surfactant system to yield an aqueous dispersion of the polymer NPs. The NPs are characterized using dynamic light scattering, electron microscopy, and UV-Vis-NIR-spectroscopy. Cytocompatibility of NPs is investigated using the cell viability assay. Finally, the NP suspensions are irradiated with a NIR laser to determine their effectiveness as potential materials for photothermal therapy (PTT).

M1とM2を生じる反応プロトコルは、図1に示されている。モノマーは、1 H及び13 C NMRスペクトル、融点、および元素分析によって特徴づけることができます。 1 H NMRスペクトルは、原子およびそれらの電子環境の接続性に関する情報を提供します。このように、それは日常の反応が正常に完了していることを確認するために使用され?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Electroactive Polymer Nanoparticles Exhibiting Photothermal Properties at JoVE.com

Electroactive Polymer Nanoparticles Exhibiting Photothermal Properties

A protocol is presented for the synthesis and preparation of nanoparticles consisting of electroactive polymers.

電気活性ポリマーナノ粒子出展光熱プロパティ

A method for the synthesis of electroactive polymers is demonstrated, starting with the synthesis of extended conjugation monomers using a three-step ...

electroactive-polymer-nanoparticles-exhibiting-photothermal-properties

Research

JoVE Journal

Engineering

13.7K ビュー.  Texas State University. A protocol is presented for the synthesis and preparation of nanoparticles consisting of electroactive polymers. 

ビデオ: Electroactive Polymer Nanoparticles Exhibiting Photothermal Properties

A 'Plug and Play' Method to Create Water-dispersible Nanoassemblies Containing an Amphiphilic Polymer, Organic Dyes and Upconverting Nanoparticles

In this protocol, we first describe a procedure to synthesize lanthanide doped upconverting nanoparticles (UCNPs). We then demonstrate how to generate amphiphilic polymers in situ, and describe a protocol to encapsulate the prepared UCNPs and different organic dye molecules (porphyrins and diarylethenes) using polymer shells to form stable water-dispersible nanoassemblies. The nanoassembly samples containing both the UCNPs and the diarylethene organic dyes have interesting photochemical and photophysical properties. Upon 365 nm UV irradiation, the diarylethene group undergoes a visual color change. When the samples are irradiated with visible light of another specific wavelength, the color fades and the samples return to the initial colorless state. The samples also emit visible light from the UCNPs upon irradiation with 980 nm near-infrared light. The emission intensity of the samples can be tuned through alternate irradiation with UV and visible light. Modulation of fluorescence can be performed for many cycles without observable degradation of the samples. This versatile encapsulation procedure allows for the transfer of hydrophobic molecules and nanoparticles from an organic solvent to an aqueous medium. The polymer helps to maintain a lipid-like microenvironment for the organic molecules to aid in preservation of their photochemical behavior in water. Thus this method is ideal to prepare water-dispersible photoresponsive systems. The use of near-infrared light to activate upconverting nanoparticles allows for lower energy light to be used to activate photoreactions instead of more harmful ultraviolet light.

Organic dye molecules and oleic acid coated upconverting nanoparticles are not water-soluble. This protocol describes a &#8216;plug and play&#8217; method that enables the transfer of organic dye molecules and upconverting particles from their initial hydrophobic solvent to water.

「プラグアンドプレイ」両親媒性ポリマー、有機染料及びアップコンバーティングナノ粒子を含む水分散性Nanoassembliesを作成する方法を

In this protocol, we first describe a procedure to synthesize lanthanide doped upconverting nanoparticles (UCNPs). We then demonstrate how to generate ...

化学

Photodynamic Therapy with Blended Conducting Polymer/Fullerene Nanoparticle Photosensitizers

In this article a method for the fabrication and reproducible in-vitro evaluation of conducting polymer nanoparticles blended with fullerene as the next generation photosensitizers for Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) is reported. The nanoparticles are formed by hydrophobic interaction of the semiconducting polymer MEH-PPV (poly[2-methoxy-5-(2-ethylhexyloxy)-1,4-phenylenevinylene]) with the fullerene PCBM (phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester) in the presence of a non-compatible solvent. MEH-PPV has a high extinction coefficient that leads to high rates of triplet formation, and efficient charge and energy transfer to the fullerene PCBM. The latter processes enhance the efficiency of the PDT system through fullerene assisted triplet and radical formation, and ultrafast deactivation of MEH-PPV excited stated. The results reported here show that this nanoparticle PDT sensitizing system is highly effective and shows unexpected specificity to cancer cell lines.

This protocol describes a method for the fabrication of conducting polymer nanoparticles blended with fullerene. These nanoparticles were investigated for their potential use as a next generation photosensitizers for Photodynamic Therapy (PDT).

ポリマー/フラーレンナノ粒子の光増感を実施ブレンドと光線力学療法

In this article a method for the fabrication and reproducible in-vitro evaluation of conducting polymer nanoparticles blended with fullerene as the next ...

Multifunctional Hybrid Fe2O3-Au Nanoparticles for Efficient Plasmonic Heating

One of the most widely used methods for manufacturing colloidal gold nanospherical particles involves the reduction of chloroauric acid (HAuCl4) to neutral gold Au(0) by reducing agents, such as sodium citrate or sodium borohydride. The extension of this method to decorate iron oxide or similar nanoparticles with gold nanoparticles to create multifunctional hybrid Fe2O3-Au nanoparticles is straightforward. This approach yields fairly good control over Au nanoparticle dimensions and loading onto Fe2O3. Additionally, the Au metal size, shape, and loading can easily be tuned by changing experimental parameters (e.g., reactant concentrations, reducing agents, surfactants, etc.). An advantage of this procedure is that the reaction can be done in air or water, and, in principle, is amenable to scaling up. The use of such optically tunable Fe2O3-Au nanoparticles for hyperthermia studies is an attractive option as it capitalizes on plasmonic heating of gold nanoparticles tuned to absorb light strongly in the VIS-NIR region. In addition to its plasmonic effects, nanoscale Au provides a unique surface for interesting chemistries and catalysis. The Fe2O3 material provides additional functionality due to its magnetic property. For example, an external magnetic field could be used to collect and recycle the hybrid Fe2O3-Au nanoparticles after a catalytic experiment, or alternatively, the magnetic Fe2O3 can be used for hyperthermia studies through magnetic heat induction. The photothermal experiment described in this report measures bulk temperature change and nanoparticle solution mass loss as functions of time using infrared thermocouples and a balance, respectively. The ease of sample preparation and the use of readily available equipment are distinct advantages of this technique. A caveat is that these photothermal measurements assess the bulk solution temperature and not the surface of the nanoparticle where the heat is transduced and the temperature is likely to be higher.

Multifunctional Hybrid Fe2O3-Au Nanoparticles for Efficient Plasmonic Heating

We describe the synthesis and properties of multifunctional Fe2O3-Au nanoparticles produced by a wet chemical approach and investigate their photothermal properties using laser irradiation. The composite Fe2O3-Au nanoparticles retain the properties of both materials, creating a multifunctional structure with excellent magnetic and plasmonic properties.

多機能ハイブリッドのFe<sub&gt; 2</sub&gt; O<sub&gt; 3</sub&gt; -Auナノ粒子の効率的なプラズモニック暖房

One of the most widely used methods for manufacturing colloidal gold nanospherical particles involves the reduction of chloroauric acid (HAuCl4) to ...

工学

Facile Synthesis of Worm-like Micelles by Visible Light Mediated Dispersion Polymerization Using Photoredox Catalyst

Presented herein is a protocol for the facile synthesis of worm-like micelles by visible light mediated dispersion polymerization. This approach begins with the synthesis of a hydrophilic poly(oligo(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate) (POEGMA) homopolymer using reversible addition-fragmentation chain-transfer (RAFT) polymerization. Under mild visible light irradiation (&#955; = 460 nm, 0.7 mW/cm2), this macro-chain transfer agent (macro-CTA) in the presence of a ruthenium based photoredox catalyst, Ru(bpy)3Cl2 can be chain extended with a second monomer to form a well-defined block copolymer in a process known as Photoinduced Electron Transfer RAFT (PET-RAFT). When PET-RAFT is used to chain extend POEGMA with benzyl methacrylate (BzMA) in ethanol (EtOH), polymeric nanoparticles with different morphologies are formed in situ according to a polymerization-induced self-assembly (PISA) mechanism. Self-assembly into nanoparticles presenting POEGMA chains at the corona and poly(benzyl methacrylate) (PBzMA) chains in the core occurs in situ due to the growing insolubility of the PBzMA block in ethanol. Interestingly, the formation of highly pure worm-like micelles can be readily monitored by observing the onset of a highly viscous gel in situ due to nanoparticle entanglements occurring during the polymerization. This process thereby allows for a more reproducible synthesis of worm-like micelles simply by monitoring the solution viscosity during the course of the polymerization. In addition, the light stimulus can be intermittently applied in an ON/OFF manner demonstrating temporal control over the nanoparticle morphology.

This article describes a process for producing polymeric self-assembled nanoparticles using visible light mediated dispersion polymerization. Using low energy visible light to control the polymerization allows for the reproducible formation of self-assembled worm-like micelles at high solids content.

Photoredox触媒を用いた可視光媒介分散重合によるワームのようなミセルの簡便な合成

Presented herein is a protocol for the facile synthesis of worm-like micelles by visible light mediated dispersion polymerization. This approach begins ...

One Minute, Sub-One-Watt Photothermal Tumor Ablation Using Porphysomes, Intrinsic Multifunctional Nanovesicles

We recently developed porphysomes as intrinsically multifunctional nanovesicles. A photosensitizer, pyropheophorbide &alpha;, was conjugated to a phospholipid and then self-assembled to liposome-like spherical vesicles. Due to the extremely high density of porphyrin in the porphyrin-lipid bilayer, porphysomes generated large extinction coefficients, structure-dependent fluorescence self-quenching, and excellent photothermal efficacy. In our formulation, porphysomes were synthesized using high pressure extrusion, and displayed a mean particle size around 120 nm. Twenty-four hr post-intravenous injection of porphysomes, the local temperature of the tumor increased from 30 &deg;C to 62 &deg;C rapidly upon one minute exposure of 750 mW (1.18 W/cm2), 671 nm laser irradiation. Following the complete thermal ablation of the tumor, eschars formed and healed within 2 weeks, while in the control groups the tumors continued to grow and all reached the defined end point within 3 weeks. These data show how porphysomes can be used as potent photothermal therapy (PTT) agents.

We developed novel intrinsic multifunctional nanovesicles called porphysomes, which have structure-dependent fluorescence self-quenching and unique photothermal properties, thus functioning as potent photothermal therapy agents. We formulated porphysomes using high pressure extrusion and investigated their photothermal therapy efficacy in a xenograft tumor model.

1分Porphysomesを使用してサブワンワット光熱腫瘍焼灼、真性多機能ナノベシクル

We recently developed porphysomes as intrinsically multifunctional nanovesicles. A photosensitizer, pyropheophorbide &alpha;, was conjugated to a ...

生物工学

Optical Control of Living Cells Electrical Activity by Conjugated Polymers

Hybrid interfaces between organic semiconductors and living tissues represent a new tool for in-vitro and in-vivo applications. In particular, conjugated polymers display several optimal properties as substrates for biological systems, such as good biocompatibility, excellent mechanical properties, cheap and easy processing technology, and possibility of deposition on light, thin and flexible substrates. These materials have been employed for cellular interfaces like neural probes, transistors for excitation and recording of neural activity, biosensors and actuators for drug release. Recent experiments have also demonstrated the possibility to use conjugated polymers for all-optical modulation of the electrical activity of cells. Several in-vitro study cases have been reported, including primary neuronal networks, astrocytes and secondary line cells. Moreover, signal photo-transduction mediated by organic polymers has been shown to restore light sensitivity in degenerated retinas, suggesting that these devices may be used for artificial retinal prosthesis in the future. All in all, light sensitive conjugated polymers represent a new approach for optical modulation of cellular activity.
In this work, all the steps required to fabricate a bio-polymer interface for optical excitation of living cells are described. The function of the active interface is to transduce the light stimulus into a modulation of the cell membrane potential. As a study case, useful for in-vitro studies, a polythiophene thin film is used as the functional, light absorbing layer, and Human Embryonic Kidney (HEK-293) cells are employed as the biological component of the interface. Practical examples of successful control of the cell membrane potential upon stimulation with light pulses of different duration are provided. In particular, it is shown that both depolarizing and hyperpolarizing effects on the cell membrane can be achieved depending on the duration of the light stimulus. The reported protocol is of general validity and can be straightforwardly extended to other biological preparations.

A method for stimulation of in-vitro cell cultures electrical activity with visible light, based on the use of organic semiconducting polymers is described.

生細胞共役ポリマーにより電気的活動の光制御

Hybrid interfaces between organic semiconductors and living tissues represent a new tool for in-vitro and in-vivo applications. In particular, conjugated ...

Magnetic and Thermal-sensitive Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-based Microgels for Magnetically Triggered Controlled Release

Magnetically and thermally sensitive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm)/Fe3O4-NH2 microgels with the encapsulated anti-cancer drug curcumin (Cur) were designed and fabricated for magnetically triggered release. PNIPAAm-based magnetic microgels with a spherical structure were produced via a temperature-induced emulsion followed with physical-crosslinking by mixing PNIPAAm, polyethylenimine (PEI), and Fe3O4-NH2 magnetic nanoparticles. Because of their dispersity, the Fe3O4-NH2 nanoparticles were embedded inside the polymer matrix. The amine groups exposed on the Fe3O4-NH2 and PEI surface supported the spherical structure by physically crosslinking with the amide groups of the PNIPAAm. The hydrophobic anti-cancer drug curcumin can be dispersed in water after encapsulation into the microgels. The microgels were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and UV-Vis spectral analysis. Furthermore, magnetically triggered release was studied under an external high frequency magnetic field (HFMF). A significant &#34;burst release&#34; of curcumin was observed after applying the HFMF to the microgels due to the magnetic inductive heating (hyperthermia) effect. This manuscript describes the magnetically triggered controlled release of Cur-PNIPAAm/Fe3O4-NH2 encapsulated curcumin, which can be potentially applied for tumor therapy.

Magnetic and Thermal-sensitive PolyN-isopropylacrylamide-based Microgels for Magnetically Triggered Controlled Release

This manuscript describes the preparation of magnetic and thermal-sensitive microgels via a temperature-induced emulsion without chemical reaction. These sensitive microgels were synthesized by mixing poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm), polyethylenimine (PEI) and Fe3O4-NH2 nanoparticles for the potential use in magnetically and thermally triggered drug-release.

磁気および感熱性ポリ（<em&gt; N</em&gt; - イソプロピルアクリルアミド）ベースのミクロゲル

Magnetically and thermally sensitive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm)/Fe3O4-NH2 microgels with the encapsulated anti-cancer drug curcumin (Cur) were ...

Gold Nanorod-assisted Optical Stimulation of Neuronal Cells

Recent studies have demonstrated that nerves can be stimulated in a variety of ways by the transient heating associated with the absorption of infrared light by water in neuronal tissue. This technique holds great potential for replacing or complementing standard stimulation techniques, due to the potential for increased localization of the stimulus and minimization of mechanical contact with the tissue. However, optical approaches are limited by the inability of visible light to penetrate deep into tissues. Moreover, thermal modelling suggests that cumulative heating effects might be potentially hazardous when multiple stimulus sites or high laser repetition rates are used. The protocol outlined below describes an enhanced approach to the infrared stimulation of neuronal cells. The underlying mechanism is based on the transient heating associated with the optical absorption of gold nanorods, which can cause triggering of neuronal cell differentiation and increased levels of intracellular calcium activity. These results demonstrate that nanoparticle absorbers can enhance and/or replace the process of infrared neural stimulation based on water absorption, with potential for future applications in neural prostheses and cell therapies.

This protocol outlines how to use the transient heating associated with the optical absorption of gold nanorods to stimulate differentiation and intracellular calcium activity in neuronal cells. These results potentially open up new applications in neural prostheses and fundamental studies in neuroscience.

神経細胞の金ナノロッド補助光刺激

Recent studies have demonstrated that nerves can be stimulated in a variety of ways by the transient heating associated with the absorption of infrared ...

神経科学

持続性発光ナノ粒子の水熱合成

Synthesis of Persistent Luminescent Nanoparticles for Rewritable Displays and Illumination Applications

Persistent luminescent nanoparticles (PLNPs) possess the capabilities to maintain extended longevity and robust emission even after the excitation has ceased. PLNPs have been widely used across various domains, including information displays, data encryption, biological imaging, and artistic decoration with sustained and vivid luminosity, providing boundless possibilities for a variety of innovative technology and artistic projects. This protocol focuses on an experimental procedure for the hydrothermal synthesis of PLNPs. The successful synthesis of enduring luminescent nanomaterials with Mn2+ or Cr3+ serving as a luminescent center in Zn2GeO4: Mn (ZGO: Mn) or ZnGa2O4: Cr highlights the universality of this synthetic method. On the other hand, the optical properties of ZGO: Mn can be changed by adjusting the pH of precursor solutions, demonstrating the tunability of the protocol. When charged with ultraviolet (UV) at a wavelength of 365 nm for 3 min and then stopped, PLNPs exhibit the remarkable capacity to generate afterglow efficiently and consistently, which makes them ideal for making two-dimensional rewritable displays and three-dimensional transparent, luminous artworks. This protocol outlined in this paper provides a feasible method for the synthesis of persistent luminescent nanoparticles for further illumination and imaging applications, opening up novel prospects for the fields of science and art.

著者スポットライト:機能性ナノ材料によるバイオイメージングと治療の進歩

A protocol is presented for the synthesis of persistent luminescent nanomaterials (PLNPs) and their potential applications in rewritable displays and artistic processing utilizing the afterglow effect under ultraviolet light (365 nm) irradiation.

リライタブルディスプレイおよび照明アプリケーションのための持続性発光ナノ粒子の合成

Persistent luminescent nanoparticles (PLNPs) possess the capabilities to maintain extended longevity and robust emission even after the excitation has ...

電気活性ポリマーナノ粒子出展光熱プロパティ

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磁気および感熱性ポリ（

神経細胞の金ナノロッド補助光刺激

リライタブルディスプレイおよび照明アプリケーションのための持続性発光ナノ粒子の合成

リライタブルディスプレイおよび照明アプリケーションのための持続性発光ナノ粒子の合成