עבודה זו מומנה בחלקו על ידי קרן טקסס Emerging Technology (אתחול לשחפת), מדינה באוניברסיטת מחקר תכנית שיפור טקסס, מדינת אוניברסיטת דוקטורט מחקר טקסס (לTC), שותפות NSF למחקר ולחינוך בחומרים (PREM, DMR-1205670), קרן וולש (AI-0045), והמכונים לאומי לבריאות (R01CA032132).

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

בעבודה זו, צירופים ופולימר electroactive היו מסונתזים כסוכני PTT פוטנציאל לטיפול בסרטן. ההכנה של הצירופים ומתוארים, החלה בסינתזה של מונומרים אחרי פילמור תחליב. בעוד הכנת צירופים ובאמצעות פולימרים electroactive כגון מעדות וpyrrole תוארה קודם, מאמר זה מתאר את ההכנה של צירופים ופולימרי?...

פולימרים electroactive לשנות את תכונותיהם (צבע, מוליכות, תגובתיות, נפח, וכו &#39;) בנוכחות שדה חשמלי. פעמים המיתוג מהירות, tunability, עמידות, ומאפיינים קלים של פולימרים האלקטרו הובילו ליישומים רבים מוצעים, כוללים אנרגיה חלופית, חיישנים, electrochromics, והתקנים ביו-רפואיים. הפולימרים electroactive הם שעשוי להיות שימושיים כאלקטרודות סוללה וקבלים גמישות, קל משקל. 1 יישומים של פולימרים האלקטרו במכשירי electrochromic כוללים מערכות בוהק הפחתה לבניינים וכלי רכב, משקפי שמש, משקפי מגן, התקני אחסון אופטיים, וטקסטיל חכם. 2-5 חכמים חלונות יכולים להפחית את דרישות אנרגיה על ידי חסימת אורכי גל מסוים של אור על פי דרישה והגנת פנים של בתים ומכוניות. חכם טקסטיל ניתן להשתמש בבגדים כדי לסייע בהגנה מפני קרינת UV. יש לי 6 פולימרים electroactive also החל להיות בשימוש במכשירים רפואיים. בין הפולימרים electroactive בשימוש במכשירים ביו-רפואיים, polypyrrole (PPy), polyaniline (פאני), ופולי (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) הם בין הנפוצים ביותר. לדוגמא, אלו סוגים של פולימרים משמשים בדרך כלל כמתמרים במכשירי biosensor גם 7 יישומים במשלוח טיפולי הראו הבטחה.; מחקרים הוכיחו את שחרורו של תרופות וחלבונים טיפוליים מהתקנים שהוכנו מפולימרי electroactive. 8-12 לאחרונה, פולימרים electroactive שימשו כסוכנים טיפוליים בטיפול photothermal. 13-15 בטיפול photothermal, סוכני photothermal חייבים לקלוט אור בליד -infrared אזור (ניר) (~ 700-900 ננומטר), הידוע גם בחלון הטיפולי, שבו אור יש עומק המרבי של חדירה ברקמה, בדרך כלל עד 1 סנטימטר. 16,17 בטווח זה, chromophores ביולוגי כגון המוגלובין , יש לי המוגלובין, שומנים, מים וחומצן קטנים ללאהספיגה, המאפשרת לאור לחדור בקלות. כאשר סוכני photothermal לקלוט אור בחלון טיפולי זו, photoenergy מומר לאנרגיית photothermal. ארווין ועמיתים לעבודה שדווחו בעבר alkoxy-הוחלפו מונומרים בנזן BIS-מעדות שהיו מסונתזים באמצעות צימוד Negishi. 18 צימוד Negishi הוא שיטה מועדפת לקשר פחמן-פחמן היווצרות. תהליך זה יש יתרונות רבים, כוללים השימוש בחומרי ביניים organozinc, שהם פחות רעילים ונוטים להיות תגובתיות גבוהה מorganometallics האחר המשמשת. 19,20 תרכובות Organozinc הן גם תואמות עם מגוון רחב של קבוצות פונקציונליות על organohalides. 20 ב תגובת צימוד Negishi, organohalide וorganometal הם מצמידים באמצעות פלדיום (0) זרז. 20 בעבודה שהוצגה במסמך זה, שיטת צימוד צולבת זו מנוצלת בסינתזה של 1,4-2,5-BIS dialkoxy ( 3,4-ethylenedioxythienyl) benzene (BEDOT-B (OR) 2) מונומרים. אז יכולים להיות polymerized מונומרים אלה בקלות אלקטרוכימי או כימי להניב פולימרים שהם מועמדים מבטיחים לשימוש ביישומים ביו-רפואיים. שיטות מקובלות להכנת השעיות פולימרים קולואידים בתמיסות מימיות עבור יישומים ביו-רפואיים בדרך כלל כרוכות בפירוק של פולימרים בתפזורת ואחריו טכניקות אידוי nanoprecipitation או תחליב-ממס. 21,22 על מנת לייצר צירופים של פולי (BEDOT-B (OR) 2) , גישה מלמטה למעלה מודגמת כאן שם הצירופים ומסונתזים באמצעות בפילמור תחליב אתר. פילמור התחליב הוא תהליך שהוא להרחבה בקלות והיא שיטה מהירה יחסית להכנת NP. 22 מחקרים באמצעות פילמור התחליב לייצר צירופים של פולימרים האלקטרו אחרים דווחו לPPy וPEDOT. 15,23,24 צירופים וPEDOT, למשל, הוכן באמצעות p תחליב ספרייolymerization. 24 שיטה זו היא קשה לשחזר, ובדרך כלל תשואות חלקיקים גדולים יותר, בגודל מיקרון. הפרוטוקול המתואר במאמר זה בוחן את השימוש בשיטת הטיפה-sonication להכין reproducibly צירופים ופולימר 100 ננומטר. בפרוטוקול זה, פולימרים electroactive מותאמים לקלוט אור באזור ניר דומה לפולי שדווחו בעבר (BEDOT-B (OR) 2) מסונתזים ומאופיין להפגין את הפוטנציאל שלהם במכשירי electrochromic וכסוכני PTT. ראשית, הפרוטוקול לסינתזה של מונומרים באמצעות צימוד Negishi מתואר. מונומרים מאופיינים באמצעות NMR וספקטרוסקופיה UV-Vis-ניר. ההכנה של מתלי קולואיד NP באמצעות פילמור תחליב חמצוני בתקשורת מימית מתוארת גם. ההליך מבוסס על תהליך פילמור שני שלבים שתואר קודם לכן על ידי תחליב אל האן ואח. שמוחל על מונומרים השונים. מערכת דו-שטח היאמשמש לשליטה monodispersity NP. Assay כדאיות תא משמש להערכת cytocompatibility של הצירופים ו. לבסוף, את הפוטנציאל של צירופים ואלה לפעול כמתמרים PTT לידי ביטוי על ידי הקרנה עם לייזר ניר.

<table><tbody><tr><td>2 mm diameter platinum working electrode</td><td>CH Instruments</td><td>CH102</td><td>Polished using very fine sandpaper</td></tr><tr><td>3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>483028</td><td>Purified by vacuum distillation</td></tr><tr><td>3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-Diphenyltetrazolium Bromide (MTT) 98%</td><td>Alfa Aesar</td><td>L11939</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>505 Sonic Dismembrator</td><td>Fisher Scientific&amp;trade;&amp;nbsp;</td><td>FB505110</td><td>1/8&amp;ldquo; tip and rated at 500&amp;nbsp;watts</td></tr><tr><td>808 nm laser diode</td><td>ThorLabs</td><td>L808P1WJ</td><td>Rated at 1 W</td></tr><tr><td>Acetonitrile anhydrous 99%</td><td>Acros</td><td>61022-0010</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Avanti J-26 XPI</td><td>Beckman Coulter</td><td>393127</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Bromohexane 98%</td><td>MP Biomedicals</td><td>202323</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dialysis (100,000) MWCO</td><td>SpectrumLabs</td><td>G235071</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dimethyl sulfoxide 99% (DMSO)</td><td>BDH</td><td>BDH1115</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dimethylformamide anhydrous (DMF) 99%</td><td>Acros</td><td>326870010</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dodecyl benzenesulfonate (DBSA)&amp;nbsp;</td><td>TCI</td><td>D0989</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dulbecco&amp;rsquo;s modified eagle medium (DMEM)&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Corning</td><td>10-013 CV</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>EMS 150 TES sputter coater</td><td>Electron Microscopy Sciences</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ethanol (EtOH) 100%</td><td>BDH</td><td>BDH1156</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>ethyl 4-bromobutyrate (98%)</td><td>Acros</td><td>173551000</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ethyl acetate 99%</td><td>Fisher</td><td>UN1173</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fetal bovine serum (FBS)</td><td>Corning</td><td>35-010-CV</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Helios NanoLab 400</td><td>FEI</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Hexane</td><td>Fisher</td><td>H306-4</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Hydrochloric acid (HCl)</td><td>Fisher</td><td>A142-212</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Hydroquinone 99.5%</td><td>Acros</td><td>120915000</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Hydrozine anhydrous 98%</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>215155</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Indium tin oxide (ITO) coated galss</td><td>Delta Technologies</td><td>CG-41IN-CUV</td><td>4-8 &amp;Omega;/sq</td></tr><tr><td>Iron chloride 97% FeCl&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>157740</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Magnesium sulfate (MgSO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;)</td><td>Fisher</td><td>593295</td><td>Dried at 100 &amp;#176;C</td></tr><tr><td>SKOV-3</td><td>ATCC</td><td>HTB-26</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Methanol</td><td>BDH</td><td>BHD1135</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>n-Butlithium (2.5 M)&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>230707</td><td>Pyrophoric</td></tr><tr><td>Poly(styrenesulfonate-co-malic acid) (PSS-co-MA) 20,000 MW</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>434566</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Potassium carbonate</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>209619</td><td>Dried at 100 &amp;#176;C</td></tr><tr><td>Potassium hydroxide</td><td>Alfa Aesar</td><td>A18854</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Potassium iodide</td><td>Fisher</td><td>P410-100</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>RO-5 stirplate</td><td>IKA-Werke</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>SC4000 IR camera</td><td>FLIR</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Synergy H4 Hybrid Reader</td><td>Biotek</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Tetrabutylammonium perchlorate (TBAP) 99%</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>3579274</td><td>Purified by recrystallization in ethyl acetate</td></tr><tr><td>Tetrahydrofuran anhydrous (THF) 99%</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>401757</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>tetrakis(triphenylphosphine) palladium(0)</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>216666</td><td>Moisture sensitive</td></tr><tr><td>Thermomixer</td><td>Eppendorf</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>USB potentiostat/galvanostat</td><td>WaveNow</td><td>AFTP1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Zetasizer Nano Zs</td><td>Malvern</td><td></td><td>Optical Arrangment 175&amp;#176;</td></tr><tr><td>Zinc chloride (1 M) ZnCl&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;</td><td>Acros</td><td>370057000</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

electroactive polymer nanoparticles exhibiting photothermal properties

A method for the synthesis of electroactive polymers is demonstrated, starting with the synthesis of extended conjugation monomers using a three-step process that finishes with Negishi coupling. Negishi coupling is a cross-coupling process in which a chemical precursor is first lithiated, followed by transmetallation with ZnCl2. The resultant organozinc compound can be coupled to a dibrominated aromatic precursor to give the conjugated monomer. Polymer films can be prepared via electropolymerization of the monomer and characterized using cyclic voltammetry and ultraviolet-visible-near infrared (UV-Vis-NIR) spectroscopy. Nanoparticles (NPs) are prepared via emulsion polymerization of the monomer using a two-surfactant system to yield an aqueous dispersion of the polymer NPs. The NPs are characterized using dynamic light scattering, electron microscopy, and UV-Vis-NIR-spectroscopy. Cytocompatibility of NPs is investigated using the cell viability assay. Finally, the NP suspensions are irradiated with a NIR laser to determine their effectiveness as potential materials for photothermal therapy (PTT).

פרוטוקול תגובת מניב M1 ו- M2 מוצג באיור 1. ניתן לאפיין מונומרים על ידי H 1 ו- 13 ספקטרוסקופיה NMR C, נקודת התכה, וניתוח יסודי. ספקטרום NMR H 1 מספק מידע בנוגע לקישוריות של אטומים והסביבות האלקטרוניים שלהם; כך, הוא משמש באופן שיגרתי כדי ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Electroactive Polymer Nanoparticles Exhibiting Photothermal Properties at JoVE.com

Electroactive Polymer Nanoparticles Exhibiting Photothermal Properties

A protocol is presented for the synthesis and preparation of nanoparticles consisting of electroactive polymers.

מאפייני electroactive פולימר החלקיקים מציגים photothermal

A method for the synthesis of electroactive polymers is demonstrated, starting with the synthesis of extended conjugation monomers using a three-step ...

electroactive-polymer-nanoparticles-exhibiting-photothermal-properties

Research

JoVE Journal

Engineering

13.7K Views.  Texas State University. A protocol is presented for the synthesis and preparation of nanoparticles consisting of electroactive polymers. 

Video: Electroactive Polymer Nanoparticles Exhibiting Photothermal Properties

A 'Plug and Play' Method to Create Water-dispersible Nanoassemblies Containing an Amphiphilic Polymer, Organic Dyes and Upconverting Nanoparticles

In this protocol, we first describe a procedure to synthesize lanthanide doped upconverting nanoparticles (UCNPs). We then demonstrate how to generate amphiphilic polymers in situ, and describe a protocol to encapsulate the prepared UCNPs and different organic dye molecules (porphyrins and diarylethenes) using polymer shells to form stable water-dispersible nanoassemblies. The nanoassembly samples containing both the UCNPs and the diarylethene organic dyes have interesting photochemical and photophysical properties. Upon 365 nm UV irradiation, the diarylethene group undergoes a visual color change. When the samples are irradiated with visible light of another specific wavelength, the color fades and the samples return to the initial colorless state. The samples also emit visible light from the UCNPs upon irradiation with 980 nm near-infrared light. The emission intensity of the samples can be tuned through alternate irradiation with UV and visible light. Modulation of fluorescence can be performed for many cycles without observable degradation of the samples. This versatile encapsulation procedure allows for the transfer of hydrophobic molecules and nanoparticles from an organic solvent to an aqueous medium. The polymer helps to maintain a lipid-like microenvironment for the organic molecules to aid in preservation of their photochemical behavior in water. Thus this method is ideal to prepare water-dispersible photoresponsive systems. The use of near-infrared light to activate upconverting nanoparticles allows for lower energy light to be used to activate photoreactions instead of more harmful ultraviolet light.

Organic dye molecules and oleic acid coated upconverting nanoparticles are not water-soluble. This protocol describes a &#8216;plug and play&#8217; method that enables the transfer of organic dye molecules and upconverting particles from their initial hydrophobic solvent to water.

שיטה &#39;הכנס והפעל&#39; ליצירת Nanoassemblies מים מסיסות המכיל פולימר amphiphilic, צבעים אורגניים וupconverting חלקיקים

In this protocol, we first describe a procedure to synthesize lanthanide doped upconverting nanoparticles (UCNPs). We then demonstrate how to generate ...

Chemistry

Photodynamic Therapy with Blended Conducting Polymer/Fullerene Nanoparticle Photosensitizers

In this article a method for the fabrication and reproducible in-vitro evaluation of conducting polymer nanoparticles blended with fullerene as the next generation photosensitizers for Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) is reported. The nanoparticles are formed by hydrophobic interaction of the semiconducting polymer MEH-PPV (poly[2-methoxy-5-(2-ethylhexyloxy)-1,4-phenylenevinylene]) with the fullerene PCBM (phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester) in the presence of a non-compatible solvent. MEH-PPV has a high extinction coefficient that leads to high rates of triplet formation, and efficient charge and energy transfer to the fullerene PCBM. The latter processes enhance the efficiency of the PDT system through fullerene assisted triplet and radical formation, and ultrafast deactivation of MEH-PPV excited stated. The results reported here show that this nanoparticle PDT sensitizing system is highly effective and shows unexpected specificity to cancer cell lines.

This protocol describes a method for the fabrication of conducting polymer nanoparticles blended with fullerene. These nanoparticles were investigated for their potential use as a next generation photosensitizers for Photodynamic Therapy (PDT).

פוטודינמי תרפיה עם Blended ניצוח פולימר / פולרן Nanoparticle פוטוסנסיטייסרים

In this article a method for the fabrication and reproducible in-vitro evaluation of conducting polymer nanoparticles blended with fullerene as the next ...

Multifunctional Hybrid Fe2O3-Au Nanoparticles for Efficient Plasmonic Heating

One of the most widely used methods for manufacturing colloidal gold nanospherical particles involves the reduction of chloroauric acid (HAuCl4) to neutral gold Au(0) by reducing agents, such as sodium citrate or sodium borohydride. The extension of this method to decorate iron oxide or similar nanoparticles with gold nanoparticles to create multifunctional hybrid Fe2O3-Au nanoparticles is straightforward. This approach yields fairly good control over Au nanoparticle dimensions and loading onto Fe2O3. Additionally, the Au metal size, shape, and loading can easily be tuned by changing experimental parameters (e.g., reactant concentrations, reducing agents, surfactants, etc.). An advantage of this procedure is that the reaction can be done in air or water, and, in principle, is amenable to scaling up. The use of such optically tunable Fe2O3-Au nanoparticles for hyperthermia studies is an attractive option as it capitalizes on plasmonic heating of gold nanoparticles tuned to absorb light strongly in the VIS-NIR region. In addition to its plasmonic effects, nanoscale Au provides a unique surface for interesting chemistries and catalysis. The Fe2O3 material provides additional functionality due to its magnetic property. For example, an external magnetic field could be used to collect and recycle the hybrid Fe2O3-Au nanoparticles after a catalytic experiment, or alternatively, the magnetic Fe2O3 can be used for hyperthermia studies through magnetic heat induction. The photothermal experiment described in this report measures bulk temperature change and nanoparticle solution mass loss as functions of time using infrared thermocouples and a balance, respectively. The ease of sample preparation and the use of readily available equipment are distinct advantages of this technique. A caveat is that these photothermal measurements assess the bulk solution temperature and not the surface of the nanoparticle where the heat is transduced and the temperature is likely to be higher.

Multifunctional Hybrid Fe2O3-Au Nanoparticles for Efficient Plasmonic Heating

We describe the synthesis and properties of multifunctional Fe2O3-Au nanoparticles produced by a wet chemical approach and investigate their photothermal properties using laser irradiation. The composite Fe2O3-Au nanoparticles retain the properties of both materials, creating a multifunctional structure with excellent magnetic and plasmonic properties.

Fe ההיברידי משולב<sub&gt; 2</sub&gt; O<sub&gt; 3</sub&gt; חלקיקי -Au עבור חימום יעיל Plasmonic

One of the most widely used methods for manufacturing colloidal gold nanospherical particles involves the reduction of chloroauric acid (HAuCl4) to ...

Facile Synthesis of Worm-like Micelles by Visible Light Mediated Dispersion Polymerization Using Photoredox Catalyst

Presented herein is a protocol for the facile synthesis of worm-like micelles by visible light mediated dispersion polymerization. This approach begins with the synthesis of a hydrophilic poly(oligo(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate) (POEGMA) homopolymer using reversible addition-fragmentation chain-transfer (RAFT) polymerization. Under mild visible light irradiation (&#955; = 460 nm, 0.7 mW/cm2), this macro-chain transfer agent (macro-CTA) in the presence of a ruthenium based photoredox catalyst, Ru(bpy)3Cl2 can be chain extended with a second monomer to form a well-defined block copolymer in a process known as Photoinduced Electron Transfer RAFT (PET-RAFT). When PET-RAFT is used to chain extend POEGMA with benzyl methacrylate (BzMA) in ethanol (EtOH), polymeric nanoparticles with different morphologies are formed in situ according to a polymerization-induced self-assembly (PISA) mechanism. Self-assembly into nanoparticles presenting POEGMA chains at the corona and poly(benzyl methacrylate) (PBzMA) chains in the core occurs in situ due to the growing insolubility of the PBzMA block in ethanol. Interestingly, the formation of highly pure worm-like micelles can be readily monitored by observing the onset of a highly viscous gel in situ due to nanoparticle entanglements occurring during the polymerization. This process thereby allows for a more reproducible synthesis of worm-like micelles simply by monitoring the solution viscosity during the course of the polymerization. In addition, the light stimulus can be intermittently applied in an ON/OFF manner demonstrating temporal control over the nanoparticle morphology.

This article describes a process for producing polymeric self-assembled nanoparticles using visible light mediated dispersion polymerization. Using low energy visible light to control the polymerization allows for the reproducible formation of self-assembled worm-like micelles at high solids content.

סינתזה קלילה של Micelles תולעת דמוית ידי גלוי אור מתווכת פילמור נפיצה שימוש Photoredox Catalyst

Presented herein is a protocol for the facile synthesis of worm-like micelles by visible light mediated dispersion polymerization. This approach begins ...

One Minute, Sub-One-Watt Photothermal Tumor Ablation Using Porphysomes, Intrinsic Multifunctional Nanovesicles

We recently developed porphysomes as intrinsically multifunctional nanovesicles. A photosensitizer, pyropheophorbide &alpha;, was conjugated to a phospholipid and then self-assembled to liposome-like spherical vesicles. Due to the extremely high density of porphyrin in the porphyrin-lipid bilayer, porphysomes generated large extinction coefficients, structure-dependent fluorescence self-quenching, and excellent photothermal efficacy. In our formulation, porphysomes were synthesized using high pressure extrusion, and displayed a mean particle size around 120 nm. Twenty-four hr post-intravenous injection of porphysomes, the local temperature of the tumor increased from 30 &deg;C to 62 &deg;C rapidly upon one minute exposure of 750 mW (1.18 W/cm2), 671 nm laser irradiation. Following the complete thermal ablation of the tumor, eschars formed and healed within 2 weeks, while in the control groups the tumors continued to grow and all reached the defined end point within 3 weeks. These data show how porphysomes can be used as potent photothermal therapy (PTT) agents.

We developed novel intrinsic multifunctional nanovesicles called porphysomes, which have structure-dependent fluorescence self-quenching and unique photothermal properties, thus functioning as potent photothermal therapy agents. We formulated porphysomes using high pressure extrusion and investigated their photothermal therapy efficacy in a xenograft tumor model.

דקה אחת, אבלציה גידול תת-One-Watt photothermal שימוש Porphysomes, הפנימי משולבת nanovesicles

We recently developed porphysomes as intrinsically multifunctional nanovesicles. A photosensitizer, pyropheophorbide &alpha;, was conjugated to a ...

Bioengineering

Optical Control of Living Cells Electrical Activity by Conjugated Polymers

Hybrid interfaces between organic semiconductors and living tissues represent a new tool for in-vitro and in-vivo applications. In particular, conjugated polymers display several optimal properties as substrates for biological systems, such as good biocompatibility, excellent mechanical properties, cheap and easy processing technology, and possibility of deposition on light, thin and flexible substrates. These materials have been employed for cellular interfaces like neural probes, transistors for excitation and recording of neural activity, biosensors and actuators for drug release. Recent experiments have also demonstrated the possibility to use conjugated polymers for all-optical modulation of the electrical activity of cells. Several in-vitro study cases have been reported, including primary neuronal networks, astrocytes and secondary line cells. Moreover, signal photo-transduction mediated by organic polymers has been shown to restore light sensitivity in degenerated retinas, suggesting that these devices may be used for artificial retinal prosthesis in the future. All in all, light sensitive conjugated polymers represent a new approach for optical modulation of cellular activity.
In this work, all the steps required to fabricate a bio-polymer interface for optical excitation of living cells are described. The function of the active interface is to transduce the light stimulus into a modulation of the cell membrane potential. As a study case, useful for in-vitro studies, a polythiophene thin film is used as the functional, light absorbing layer, and Human Embryonic Kidney (HEK-293) cells are employed as the biological component of the interface. Practical examples of successful control of the cell membrane potential upon stimulation with light pulses of different duration are provided. In particular, it is shown that both depolarizing and hyperpolarizing effects on the cell membrane can be achieved depending on the duration of the light stimulus. The reported protocol is of general validity and can be straightforwardly extended to other biological preparations.

A method for stimulation of in-vitro cell cultures electrical activity with visible light, based on the use of organic semiconducting polymers is described.

שליטה אופטית של תאי חיים פעילות חשמלית על ידי פולימרים מצומדות

Hybrid interfaces between organic semiconductors and living tissues represent a new tool for in-vitro and in-vivo applications. In particular, conjugated ...

Magnetic and Thermal-sensitive Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-based Microgels for Magnetically Triggered Controlled Release

Magnetically and thermally sensitive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm)/Fe3O4-NH2 microgels with the encapsulated anti-cancer drug curcumin (Cur) were designed and fabricated for magnetically triggered release. PNIPAAm-based magnetic microgels with a spherical structure were produced via a temperature-induced emulsion followed with physical-crosslinking by mixing PNIPAAm, polyethylenimine (PEI), and Fe3O4-NH2 magnetic nanoparticles. Because of their dispersity, the Fe3O4-NH2 nanoparticles were embedded inside the polymer matrix. The amine groups exposed on the Fe3O4-NH2 and PEI surface supported the spherical structure by physically crosslinking with the amide groups of the PNIPAAm. The hydrophobic anti-cancer drug curcumin can be dispersed in water after encapsulation into the microgels. The microgels were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and UV-Vis spectral analysis. Furthermore, magnetically triggered release was studied under an external high frequency magnetic field (HFMF). A significant &#34;burst release&#34; of curcumin was observed after applying the HFMF to the microgels due to the magnetic inductive heating (hyperthermia) effect. This manuscript describes the magnetically triggered controlled release of Cur-PNIPAAm/Fe3O4-NH2 encapsulated curcumin, which can be potentially applied for tumor therapy.

Magnetic and Thermal-sensitive PolyN-isopropylacrylamide-based Microgels for Magnetically Triggered Controlled Release

This manuscript describes the preparation of magnetic and thermal-sensitive microgels via a temperature-induced emulsion without chemical reaction. These sensitive microgels were synthesized by mixing poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm), polyethylenimine (PEI) and Fe3O4-NH2 nanoparticles for the potential use in magnetically and thermally triggered drug-release.

מגנטי תרמי רגיש פולי (<em&gt; N</em&gt; -isopropylacrylamide) מבוססי microgels עבור מגנטית מופעל מבוקר שחרור

Magnetically and thermally sensitive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm)/Fe3O4-NH2 microgels with the encapsulated anti-cancer drug curcumin (Cur) were ...

Gold Nanorod-assisted Optical Stimulation of Neuronal Cells

Recent studies have demonstrated that nerves can be stimulated in a variety of ways by the transient heating associated with the absorption of infrared light by water in neuronal tissue. This technique holds great potential for replacing or complementing standard stimulation techniques, due to the potential for increased localization of the stimulus and minimization of mechanical contact with the tissue. However, optical approaches are limited by the inability of visible light to penetrate deep into tissues. Moreover, thermal modelling suggests that cumulative heating effects might be potentially hazardous when multiple stimulus sites or high laser repetition rates are used. The protocol outlined below describes an enhanced approach to the infrared stimulation of neuronal cells. The underlying mechanism is based on the transient heating associated with the optical absorption of gold nanorods, which can cause triggering of neuronal cell differentiation and increased levels of intracellular calcium activity. These results demonstrate that nanoparticle absorbers can enhance and/or replace the process of infrared neural stimulation based on water absorption, with potential for future applications in neural prostheses and cell therapies.

This protocol outlines how to use the transient heating associated with the optical absorption of gold nanorods to stimulate differentiation and intracellular calcium activity in neuronal cells. These results potentially open up new applications in neural prostheses and fundamental studies in neuroscience.

זהב nanorod בסיוע גירוי אופטי של תאים עצביים

Recent studies have demonstrated that nerves can be stimulated in a variety of ways by the transient heating associated with the absorption of infrared ...

Neuroscience

סינתזה הידרותרמית של ננו-חלקיקים זוהרים מתמשכים

Synthesis of Persistent Luminescent Nanoparticles for Rewritable Displays and Illumination Applications

Persistent luminescent nanoparticles (PLNPs) possess the capabilities to maintain extended longevity and robust emission even after the excitation has ceased. PLNPs have been widely used across various domains, including information displays, data encryption, biological imaging, and artistic decoration with sustained and vivid luminosity, providing boundless possibilities for a variety of innovative technology and artistic projects. This protocol focuses on an experimental procedure for the hydrothermal synthesis of PLNPs. The successful synthesis of enduring luminescent nanomaterials with Mn2+ or Cr3+ serving as a luminescent center in Zn2GeO4: Mn (ZGO: Mn) or ZnGa2O4: Cr highlights the universality of this synthetic method. On the other hand, the optical properties of ZGO: Mn can be changed by adjusting the pH of precursor solutions, demonstrating the tunability of the protocol. When charged with ultraviolet (UV) at a wavelength of 365 nm for 3 min and then stopped, PLNPs exhibit the remarkable capacity to generate afterglow efficiently and consistently, which makes them ideal for making two-dimensional rewritable displays and three-dimensional transparent, luminous artworks. This protocol outlined in this paper provides a feasible method for the synthesis of persistent luminescent nanoparticles for further illumination and imaging applications, opening up novel prospects for the fields of science and art.

מחבר זרקור: קידום הדמיה ביולוגית וטיפול בננו-חומרים פונקציונליים

A protocol is presented for the synthesis of persistent luminescent nanomaterials (PLNPs) and their potential applications in rewritable displays and artistic processing utilizing the afterglow effect under ultraviolet light (365 nm) irradiation.

סינתזה של ננו-חלקיקים זוהרים מתמידים עבור תצוגות לצריבה חוזרת ויישומי תאורה

Persistent luminescent nanoparticles (PLNPs) possess the capabilities to maintain extended longevity and robust emission even after the excitation has ...

מאפייני electroactive פולימר החלקיקים מציגים photothermal

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שיטה 'הכנס והפעל' ליצירת Nanoassemblies מים מסיסות המכיל פולימר amphiphilic, צבעים אורגניים וupconverting חלקיקים

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שליטה אופטית של תאי חיים פעילות חשמלית על ידי פולימרים מצומדות

מגנטי תרמי רגיש פולי (

זהב nanorod בסיוע גירוי אופטי של תאים עצביים

סינתזה של ננו-חלקיקים זוהרים מתמידים עבור תצוגות לצריבה חוזרת ויישומי תאורה

סינתזה של ננו-חלקיקים זוהרים מתמידים עבור תצוגות לצריבה חוזרת ויישומי תאורה