This work was supported by National Institutes of Health Grant to A.S.M. (EY021784).

以下のプロトコルは、トーマス·ジェファーソン大学制度動物実験委員会のガイドラインに及び視覚研究における動物の使用に関するARVO声明に準拠しています。 ex vivoで創傷文化用レンズの1セットアップと準備<ol><li>無菌層流フード内で3 100ミリメートルペトリ皿を置きます。 RTで、途中トリス/デキストロース緩衝液を用いてペトリ皿を2つ（140ミリモルのNaCl、5mMの塩化カリウム、0.7ミリモルのNa 2 PO 4、5mMのD-グルコース、8.25 mMトリス塩基、HClで7.4にpHをTDバッファー）フィル、第三の空を残します。プレ暖かい培養培地（メディア199 1％L-グルタミンおよび1％ペニシリン/ストレプトマイシンを補充した）37 O Cに 注： インビボで起こるように培養培地を、標準的な治癒創傷は、無血清です。しかし、創傷修復の培養物は、血清または他の因子を含む定義された培地条件で正常に成長させることができます。 </li><li>肥沃な胚Dを削除しますAYインキュベーターから15白色レグホンニワトリの卵（穏やかに揺らしながら37.7℃に保持） </li><li>洗浄瓶からの層流フード、70％エタノールでシェルのきれいな外で選択された卵を置きます。滅菌溶液および器具を使用して、層流フード内で無菌条件下で、以下のすべての手順を実施しています。 </li><li>空の100mmペトリ皿に卵と場所の内容を解読。標準鉗子と細かいハサミを使用して胚を刎ねます。 TDバッファーを含むペトリ皿にニワトリ胚の頭部を置き、適切に胚の残りを処分。必要に応じてもう15分より、短時間のTDバッファにニワトリ胚の頭を維持しません。 </li><li>シャーレの蓋にニワトリ胚ヘッドを配置します。高精度の鉗子を使用して、以下の順序で目からその添付硝子体液と一緒にレンズを取り外してください。目の奥に小さな開口部を作成するために、ピンセットで目の奥ピンチ。 </li><li>そして、W硝子体液を把握i番目の鉗子と穏やかローリング運動と硝子体に引っ張るが、取り付けられたレンズと硝子体が眼から追い出されます。 TDバッファを含む残りのペトリ皿に入れレンズ/硝子体。レンズは、もはやよりも30分間TDバッファに残ることを可能にします。 </li><li>解剖顕微鏡下で新たなペトリ皿の蓋にレンズを移動します。この点以降は、解剖顕微鏡下にあるすべての手順を実行します。高精度なピンセットで慎重にレンズティッシュを傷つけないよう注意しながら、鉗子のエッジを使用してレンズを追い出された任意の毛様体（色素性細胞）を離れて磨きます。 注：毛様体の取り外しは、レンズに内因性ではない細胞タイプは、創傷修復培養に含まれていないことを保証します。 </li><li>後方レンズカプセルとの関連から硝子体をピンチオフすることにより、高精度なピンセットで硝子体液からレンズを分離します。 </li><li>高精度の鉗子を使用して、小滴の中にレンズを転送します35ミリメートルの組織培養皿でTDバッファ（約200μL）の。 </li></ol> 2.実行モック白内障手術<ol><li>オリエント上に向け、レンズの前方側面に35mm皿でTDバッファのドロップでレンズ。 注：レンズの前面を簡単にレンズ上皮の前部と赤道域の境界を指摘し、組織内の密度の高いリングの存在によって同定されます。対照的に、水晶体線維細胞が結合している水晶体嚢の後部上のマークが存在しないことがあります。 </li><li>二つの高精度なピンセットを使用すると、それぞれの手で1鉗子で組織を把持することにより、前方レンズカプセルの中心、レンズ組織を囲む厚い基底膜、及びそれに関連する前方レンズ上皮で小切開（約850μm）を作成し、静かに反対方向に引っ張ります。 </li><li>レンズ組織の大部分を構成する繊維細胞塊を、削除、dislodレンズ上皮にその添付ファイルからそれを銀杏、ハイドロ溶出（ 図1Aにモデル化された古典的な白内障手術に使用されるアプローチ）により、レンズカプセルを囲みます。 </li><li> TDバッファー300μlの27.5 G針の先端で1mlシリンジを埋めます。前部レンズカプセルに作られた切開部に針の先端を挿入し、ほぼ中間レンズへ。 </li><li>ゆっくりレンズ繊維細胞塊にTDバッファーを注入する注射器を押し下げます。 50〜200μlのTD、決して300以上μLを注入します。上皮およびレンズカプセルから自分自身を緩め繊維細胞塊を観察します。 </li><li>高精度の鉗子を使用して、前方切開部位を介してレンズから緩め繊維細胞塊を除去。 注：この手順は、このサイトにちょうど隣接する繊維細胞が付着細胞を裸出されていたに後方レンズ基底膜カプセル、損傷した水晶体上皮を残します。 </li></ol> 3. Preparinex vivoでの文化のためのG傷ついたレンズ<ol><li>カプセルバッグの前面に5つのカットをすることによって、培養皿上で、上記の白内障手術、細胞側を上にした結果、レンズカプセルバッグを平らに。 </li><li>レンズの赤道まで元の切開部位に垂直にカットします。ダウン培養皿カプセル側に取り付けられた上皮細胞面を上にして、レンズカプセルの合成5「フラップ」をフラット化。星や花のような形状（ 図1B参照 ）を取るべきである今ex vivoで負傷したレンズに注意してください。 </li><li>星の各ポイントでピンセットでそっと下、皿にプレスをカプセルを保護することができます。これは、外植片の5つの最も外側の先端に小さなくぼみを作り、皿に持続的な添付ファイルになります。 注：この手順の間にカプセルを損傷することが可能であるので、それは、FLAの先端に近い皿にカプセルを確保することが重要ですできるだけPS、並びに可能なように固定ポイントの最小量を作るために（一般的に2つ、フラップごとに3つの最大）。 </li><li> 35ミリメートル皿からTDバッファを削除し、予め温めておいたメディアの1.5ミリリットルと交換してください。インキュベーター内でその蓋と場所（37℃、5％CO 2）で35ミリメートル皿をカバーしています。 </li></ol>嚢の創傷領域の再上皮化は、定量分析のために、水晶体上皮細胞の元の添付ゾーン（OAZ）から、発生セントラル移行ゾーン（CMZ）、の4分離。 注：細胞が傷害に反応してすぐにCMZ領域に移動し始めます。文化の中で初日によって十分な細胞は、マイクロ解剖23によるCMZとOAZの分離後、分子および生化学的解析のためCMZ全体に移行しています。このプロトコルは、カプセルの創傷領域から一度に1つのフラップ（OAZ）の除去を含みます。 <ol><li> demarを観察カチオン、OAZとCMZの間、解剖顕微鏡下ではっきりと見える（ 図2A参照 ）。二つの高精度なピンセットを使用して、行のいずれかの側に、OAZ / CMZ線、他にちょうど隣接する一方の端部の両方鉗子で把持（ 図2A、B、矢印参照）。 </li><li>片手を使用して、/ CMZの側に1つの鉗子は、一方/ピンセットで、優しくOAZ / CMZ線に沿ってOAZを引き出しながら、負傷した文化に保持し続けます。 CMZは、簡単にこの線に沿ってOAZから分離します。二つの領域が完全に分離されるまで、培養物全体の周りに、この線に沿って進みます。 </li><li>例えば、ウェスタンブロットまたは免疫共沈降23,25のようなRNA-、配列24または生化学的解析などの分子解析のための分離OAZとCMZの分画を研究。 </li></ol>

<ol>
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The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

Here is described a technique for preparing a culture model of wound repair that involves performing an ex vivo cataract surgery on chick embryo lenses after their removal from the eye. The lens epithelium responds to this clinically relevant wounding with a repair process that closely mimics that which occurs in vivo, and shares features with wound repair in other epithelial tissues2,4. While the protocol is straightforward and simple to follow, performing mock cataract surgery with embryoni...

臨床的に関連する、モック白内障手術は、ここで説明するex vivoでの上皮の創傷治癒モデルは、損傷に応答して、上皮組織の修復を制御する機構を調査するためのツールを提供するために開発されました。このモデルを作成する際にを目的とした主な機能は、1を含む）と密接画像へのカルチャ設定で負傷、2）修理の調節要素を調節のしやすさ、および3）能力修復プロセスへのインビボ応答をレプリケート条件を提供します、その全体を、リアルタイムで。課題は、したがって、細胞のネイティブの微小環境では、上皮創傷修復を研究することが可能とされた培養モデルを作成し、操作することでした。この創傷修復モデルの利用可能性は、修復プロセスを調節するマトリックスタンパク質、サイトカインおよびケモカインからの内因性シグナル伝達の手がかりを識別するための新たな可能性を開きます。また、モデルがどのように検査するための理想的ですnは上皮が創傷領域2,3を 、再上皮化する集団シートとして負傷した上皮4の集団移動を導くで機能創傷端に間葉リーダー細胞の系統を決定するために移動することができます。また、このモデルでは、効果的な創傷治癒を促進し、異常な創傷修復5を防ぐことができる治療薬を同定する際のプラットフォームを提供します。 今日創傷修復プロセスについて知られているものの大部分を提供してきた文化およびin vivoの両方で利用可能な創傷修復モデル、の数が既にあります。このような角膜6-12や皮膚13-17のような動物損傷モデルでは、からの寄与を含むプロセスに関与することができたすべての修復メディエーターの文脈で負傷に組織の反応を研究する機会があります血管系と神経系。しかし、experiを操作するには限界がありますインビボでの精神状態、それが継続的に時間をかけて、in vivoでの修復応答のイメージング研究を行うことがまだ可能ではありません。対照的に、そのようなスクラッチ傷のようなほとんどのインビトロ創傷修復培養モデルは、容易に操作することができ、経時的に追跡が、in vivoでの組織の創傷治癒を研究する環境的文脈を欠いています。 ex vivoでのモデルは、プロセスの任意の時点で修理の分子制御因子を調節する能力と結合し、細胞の微小環境のコンテキスト内で時間かけて連続的に損傷修復過程を研究するという利点を提供するが、これらに適合するいくつかのモデルが存在しますパラメータ。 ここでは、生理的創傷の上皮組織の応答を再現する文化を癒し、再現性の高いex vivoでの上皮の傷を生成する手順を説明します。組織源、 エクスビボ MOCとしてニワトリ胚のレンズを使用しましたk個の白内障手術が行われます。レンズは無血管、神経支配、および関連する間質18,19の自由ではない、それは自己完結型の厚い基底膜カプセル内にあるので、これらの研究のために使用するのに理想的な組織です。ヒト疾患において、白内障手術は、レンズの混濁による視力喪失に対処し、かつレンズの大部分を含むレンズ繊維細胞塊の除去を含みます。次の白内障手術のビジョンは、人工の眼内レンズを挿入することによって復元されます。白内障手術の手順は、繊維細胞を除去して、繊維細胞によって占有されていたレンズカプセルの後部領域の再上皮化することによって応答する各レンズ上皮における損傷応答を誘導します。白内障手術では、ほとんどの傷の修復反応のように、時にはレンズに事後Capsuとして知られている筋線維芽細胞の出現に関連する創傷治癒応答に異常な線維化の成果は、そこに発生しますル混濁20-22。白内障手術創傷治癒モデルを生成するには、白内障手術の手順は、生理学的損傷を生成するためにニワトリ胚の眼から取り出したレンズで模倣されます。レンズ上皮細胞に囲まれた非常に一貫性のある円形の創傷領域のレンズ繊維細胞の結果の顕微除去。この細胞集団は、しっかりとレンズの基底膜カプセルに取り付けられたままであり、外科的処置により負傷されます。上皮細胞は、リーダーセル1として修復プロセスで知られているビメンチン豊富な間葉細胞の集団が率いる傷を癒すために、内因性の基底膜の剥皮領域に移行します。このモデルでは損傷に対する上皮の応答が容易に可視化することができ、細胞の微小環境のコンテキスト内で経時的に追跡しました。細胞は、創傷修復に関与すると予想される分子の発現または活性化の変更に容易にアクセスできます。目の強力な機能モデルは分離し、創傷治癒の枠組みの中でマイグレーション固有の変化を研究する能力です。研究のために熟成一致エクスビボ創傷治癒培養多数を調製する能力は、このモデルの別の利点です。したがって、このモデル系は、創傷治癒プロセスに対するそれらの効果について、創傷修復のメカニズムと試験治療薬を離れていじめるするユニークな機会を提供します。 エキソビボモック白内障手術モデルは損傷修復のメカニズムを研究するための重要なリソースを提供し、幅広い適用性を有することが期待されます。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium Chloride (NaCl)</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>S271-3</td>
			<td>Use at 140mM in TD Buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium Chloride (KCl)</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>P217-500</td>
			<td>Use at 5mM in TD Buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium Phosphate (Na2HPO4)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>S0876</td>
			<td>Use at .7mM in TD Buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>D-glucose (Dextrose)</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>D16-500</td>
			<td>Use at 0.5mM in TD Buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tris Base</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BP152-1</td>
			<td>Use at 8.25mM in TD Buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hydrochloric acid</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>A144-500</td>
			<td>Use to pH TD buffer to 7.4</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Media 199</td>
			<td>GIBCO</td>
			<td>11150-059</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>L-glutamine</td>
			<td>Corning/CellGro</td>
			<td>25-005-CI</td>
			<td>Use at 1% in Media199</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin/streptomycin</td>
			<td>Corning/CellGro</td>
			<td>30-002-CI</td>
			<td>Use at 1% in Media199</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>100mm petri dishes</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>FB0875711Z</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stericup Filter Unit</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>SCGPU01RE</td>
			<td>Use to filter sterilize Media</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dumont #5 forceps (need 2)</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>11251-20</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>35mm Cell Culture Dish</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>430165</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>27 Gauge 1mL SlipTip with precision glide needle</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>309623</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fine Scissors</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>14058-11</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Standard Forceps</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>91100-12</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="4">Other Items Needed: General dissection instruments,&#160; fertile white leghorn chicken eggs,&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="4">check egg incubator (humidified, 37.7&#176;C), laminar flow hood, binocular stereovision dissecting&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>microscope</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

establishment of a clinically relevant ex vivo mock cataract surgery model for investigating epithelial wound repair in a native microenvironment

The major impediment to understanding how an epithelial tissue executes wound repair is the limited availability of models in which it is possible to follow and manipulate the wound response ex vivo in an environment that closely mimics that of epithelial tissue injury in vivo. This issue was addressed by creating a clinically relevant epithelial ex vivo injury-repair model based on cataract surgery. In this culture model, the response of the lens epithelium to wounding can be followed live in the cells&#8217; native microenvironment, and the molecular mediators of wound repair easily manipulated during the repair process. To prepare the cultures, lenses are removed from the eye and a small incision is made in the anterior of the lens from which the inner mass of lens fiber cells is removed. This procedure creates a circular wound on the posterior lens capsule, the thick basement membrane that surrounds the lens. This wound area where the fiber cells were attached is located just adjacent to a continuous monolayer of lens epithelial cells that remains linked to the lens capsule during the surgical procedure. The wounded epithelium, the cell type from which fiber cells are derived during development, responds to the injury of fiber cell removal by moving collectively across the wound area, led by a population of vimentin-rich repair cells whose mesenchymal progenitors are endogenous to the lens1. These properties are typical of a normal epithelial wound healing response. In this model, as in vivo, wound repair is dependent on signals supplied by the endogenous environment that is uniquely maintained in this ex vivo culture system, providing an ideal opportunity for discovery of the mechanisms that regulate repair of an epithelium following wounding.

エクスビボモデルは、細胞の天然の微小環境において創傷治癒過程を研究するために作成しました細胞の天然の微小環境内の上皮の創傷治癒の調節に関与するメカニズムを調べるために、臨床的に関連するex vivoでの模擬白内障手術のモデルが作成されました。このモデルは、その固有の特性に起因する多くの利点を提供する水晶体組織から作成されます：1...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Establishment of a Clinically Relevant Ex Vivo Mock Cataract Surgery Model for Investigating Epithelial Wound Repair in a Native Microenvironment at JoVE.com

Establishment of a Clinically Relevant Ex Vivo Mock Cataract Surgery Model for Investigating Epithelial Wound Repair in a Native Microenvironment

Described here is the establishment of a clinically relevant ex vivo mock cataract surgery model that can be used to investigate mechanisms of the injury response of epithelial tissues within their native microenvironment.

臨床的に関連の確立<em&gt;エクスビボ</emネイティブ微小環境における上皮創傷修復を調査するための&gt;モック白内障手術モデル

The major impediment to understanding how an epithelial tissue executes wound repair is the limited availability of models in which it is possible to ...

establishment-clinically-relevant-ex-vivo-mock-cataract-surgery-model

Research

JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

Establishment of a Clinically Relevant Ex Vivo Mock Cataract Surgery Model for Investigating Epithelial Wound Repair in a Native Microenvironment

6.5K ビュー.  Thomas Jefferson University. Described here is the establishment of a clinically relevant ex vivo mock cataract surgery model that can be used to investigate mechanisms of the injury response of epithelial tissues within their native microenvironment. 

ビデオ: Establishment of a Clinically Relevant Ex Vivo Mock Cataract Surgery Model for Investigating Epithelial Wound Repair in a Native Microenvironment

Capturing Tissue Repair in Zebrafish Larvae with Time-lapse Brightfield Stereomicroscopy

The zebrafish larval tail fin is ideal for studying tissue regeneration due to the simple architecture of the larval fin-fold, which comprises of two layers of skin that enclose undifferentiated mesenchyme, and because the larval tail fin regenerates rapidly within 2-3 days. Using this system, we demonstrate a method for capturing the repair dynamics of the amputated tail fin with time-lapse video brightfield stereomicroscopy. We demonstrate that fin amputation triggers a contraction of the amputation wound and extrusion of cells around the wound margin, leading to their subsequent clearance. Fin regeneration proceeds from proximal to distal direction after a short delay. In addition, developmental growth of the larva can be observed during all stages. The presented method provides an opportunity for observing and analyzing whole tissue-scale behaviors such as fin development and growth in a simple microscope setting, which is easily adaptable to any stereomicroscope with time-lapse capabilities.

We present a protocol for capturing the dynamics of zebrafish larval tail fin regeneration on a whole-tissue scale using brightfield-based stereomicroscopy. This technique enables capturing the regeneration dynamics with single cell resolution. This methodology can be adapted to any stereomicroscope equipped with a CCD camera and time-lapse software.

タイムラプス明実体顕微鏡でゼブラフィッシュ幼虫における組織修復をキャプチャ

The zebrafish larval tail fin is ideal for studying tissue regeneration due to the simple architecture of the larval fin-fold, which comprises of two ...

発生生物学

Epicardial Outgrowth Culture Assay and Ex Vivo Assessment of Epicardial-derived Cell Migration

A single layer of epicardial cells lines the heart, providing paracrine factors that stimulate cardiomyocyte proliferation and directly contributing cardiovascular progenitors during development and disease. While a number of factors have been implicated in epicardium-derived cell (EPDC) mobilization, the mechanisms governing their subsequent migration and differentiation are poorly understood. Here, we present in vitro and ex vivo strategies to study EPDC motility and differentiation. First, we describe a method of obtaining primary epicardial cells by outgrowth culture from the embryonic mouse heart. We also introduce a detailed protocol to assess three-dimensional migration of labeled EPDC in an organ culture system. We provide evidence using these techniques that genetic deletion of myocardin-related transcription factors in the epicardium attenuates EPDC migration. This approach serves as a platform to evaluate candidate modifiers of EPDC biology and could be used to develop genetic or chemical screens to identify novel regulators of EPDC mobilization that might be useful for cardiac repair.

Epicardial Outgrowth Culture Assay and Ex Vivo Assessment of Epicardial-derived Cell Migration

Here, we describe methods for isolating primary mouse epicardial cells by an outgrowth culture assay and assessing the functional migration of epicardial-derived cells (EPDC) using an ex vivo heart culture system. These protocols are suitable for identifying genetic and chemical modulators of epicardial epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and motility.

心外膜の伸長文化検定と<em&gt; ex vivoで</em&gt;心外膜由来の細胞移動の評価

A single layer of epicardial cells lines the heart, providing paracrine factors that stimulate cardiomyocyte proliferation and directly contributing ...

Adenoviral Gene Therapy for Diabetic Keratopathy: Effects on Wound Healing and Stem Cell Marker Expression in Human Organ-cultured Corneas and Limbal Epithelial Cells

The goal of this protocol is to describe molecular alterations in human diabetic corneas and demonstrate how they can be alleviated by adenoviral gene therapy in organ-cultured corneas. The diabetic corneal disease is a complication of diabetes with frequent abnormalities of corneal nerves and epithelial wound healing. We have also documented significantly altered expression of several putative epithelial stem cell markers in human diabetic corneas. To alleviate these changes, adenoviral gene therapy was successfully implemented using the upregulation of c-met proto-oncogene expression and/or the downregulation of proteinases matrix metalloproteinase-10 (MMP-10) and cathepsin F. This therapy accelerated wound healing in diabetic corneas even when only the limbal stem cell compartment was transduced. The best results were obtained with combined treatment. For possible patient transplantation of normalized stem cells, an example is also presented of the optimization of gene transduction in stem cell-enriched cultures using polycationic enhancers. This approach may be useful not only for the selected genes but also for the other mediators of corneal epithelial wound healing and stem cell function.

An example of adenoviral gene therapy in the human diabetic organ-cultured corneas is presented towards the normalization of delayed wound healing and markedly reduced epithelial stem cell marker expression in these corneas. It also describes the optimization of this process in stem cell-enriched limbal epithelial cultures.

糖尿病性角膜症のためのアデノウイルス遺伝子治療：ヒト臓器培養角膜と​​輪部上皮細胞における創傷治癒に及ぼす影響と細胞マーカーの発現を幹

The goal of this protocol is to describe molecular alterations in human diabetic corneas and demonstrate how they can be alleviated by adenoviral gene ...

A Submerged Filter Paper Sandwich for Long-term Ex Ovo Time-lapse Imaging of Early Chick Embryos

Due to its availability, low cost, flat geometry, and transparency, the ex ovo chick embryo has become a major vertebrate animal model for the study of morphogenetic events, such as gastrulation2, neurulation3-5, somitogenesis6, heart bending7,8, and brain formation9-13, during early embryogenesis. Key to understanding morphogenetic processes is to follow them dynamically by time-lapse imaging. The acquisition of time-lapse movies of chick embryogenesis ex ovo has been limited either to short time windows or to the need for an incubator to control temperature and humidity around the embryo14. Here, we present a new technique to culture chick embryos ex ovo for high-resolution time-lapse imaging using transmitted light microscopy. The submerged filter paper sandwich is a variant of the well-established filter paper carrier technique (EC-culture)1 and allows for the culturing of chick embryos without the need for a climate chamber. The embryo is sandwiched between two identical filter paper carriers and is kept fully submerged in a simple, temperature-controlled medium covered by a layer of light mineral oil. Starting from the primitive streak stage (Hamburger-Hamilton stage 5, HH5)15 up to at least the 28-somite stage (HH16)15, embryos can be cultured with either their ventral or dorsal side up. This allows the acquisition of time-lapse movies covering about 30 hr of embryonic development. Representative time-lapse frames and movies are shown. Embryos are compared morphologically to an embryo cultured in the standard EC-culture.
The submerged filter paper sandwich provides a stable environment to study early dorsal and ventral morphogenetic processes. It also allows for live fluorescence imaging and micromanipulations, such as microsurgery, bead implantation, microinjection, gene silencing, and electroporation, and has a strong potential to be combined with immersion objectives for laser-based imaging (including light-sheet microscopy).

A Submerged Filter Paper Sandwich for Long-term Ex Ovo Time-lapse Imaging of Early Chick Embryos

Here, we present a new technique to culture chick embryos ex ovo for time-lapse imaging using transmitted light and fluorescence microscopy. The submerged filter paper sandwich is a variant of the well-established filter paper carrier technique1 that allows for the culturing of chick embryos fully-submerged in a liquid culture medium.

長期用水中フィルターペーパーサンドイッチ<em&gt;例OVO</emニワトリ初期胚の&gt;タイムラプスイメージング

Due to its availability, low cost, flat geometry, and transparency, the ex ovo chick embryo has become a major vertebrate animal model for the study of ...

Drug Treatment and In Vivo Imaging of Osteoblast-Osteoclast Interactions in a Medaka Fish Osteoporosis Model

Bone-forming osteoblasts interact with bone-resorbing osteoclasts to coordinate the turnover of bone matrix and to control skeletal homeostasis. Medaka and zebrafish larvae are widely used to analyze the behavior of bone cells during bone formation, degeneration, and repair. Their optical clarity allows the visualization of fluorescently labeled bone cells and fluorescent dyes bound to the mineralized skeletal matrix. Our lab has generated transgenic medaka fish that express the osteoclast-inducing factor Receptor Activator of Nuclear-factor &#954;B Ligand (RANKL) under the control of a heat&#160;shock-inducible promoter. Ectopic expression of RANKL results in the excess formation of activated osteoclasts, which can be visualized in reporter lines with nlGFP expression under the control of the cathepsin K (ctsk) promoter. RANKL induction and ectopic osteoclast formation leads to severe osteoporosis-like phenotypes. Compound transgenic medaka lines that express ctsk:nlGFP in osteoclasts, as well as mCherry under the control of the osterix (osx) promoter in premature osteoblasts, can be used to study the interaction of both cell types. This facilitates the in vivo observation of cellular behavior under conditions of bone degeneration and repair. Here, we describe the use of this system to test a drug commonly used in human osteoporosis therapy and describe a protocol for live imaging. The medaka model complements studies in cell culture and mice, and offers a novel system for the in vivo analysis of drug action in the skeletal system.

Drug Treatment and In Vivo Imaging of Osteoblast-Osteoclast Interactions in a Medaka Fish Osteoporosis Model

Small laboratory fish have become popular models for bone research on the mechanisms underlying human bone disorders and for the screening of bone-modulating drugs. In this report, we describe a protocol to assess the effect of alendronate on bone cells in medaka larvae with osteoporotic lesions.

薬物治療と<em&gt;インビボ</em&gt;メダカ骨粗鬆症モデルにおける骨芽細胞破骨細胞の相互作用のイメージング

Bone-forming osteoblasts interact with bone-resorbing osteoclasts to coordinate the turnover of bone matrix and to control skeletal homeostasis. Medaka ...

Rapid Isolation of BMPR-IB+ Adipose-Derived Stromal Cells for Use in a Calvarial Defect Healing Model

Invasive cancers, major injuries, and infection can cause bone defects that are too large to be reconstructed with preexisting bone from the patient's own body. The ability to grow bone de novo using a patient's own cells would allow bony defects to be filled with adequate tissue without the morbidity of harvesting native bone. There is interest in the use of adipose-derived stromal cells (ASCs) as a source for tissue engineering because these are obtained from an abundant source: the patient's own adipose tissue. However, ASCs are a heterogeneous population and some subpopulations may be more effective in this application than others. Isolation of the most osteogenic population of ASCs could improve the efficiency and effectiveness of a bone engineering process. In this protocol, ASCs are obtained from subcutaneous fat tissue from a human donor. The subpopulation of ASCs expressing the marker BMPR-IB is isolated using FACS. These cells are then applied to an in vivo calvarial defect healing assay and are found to have improved osteogenic regenerative potential compared with unsorted cells.

Adipose-derived stromal cells may be useful for engineering new tissue from a patient's own cells. We present a protocol for the isolation of a subpopulation of human adipose-derived stromal cells (ASCs) with increased osteogenic potential, followed by application of the cells in an in vivo calvarial healing assay.

頭蓋冠欠損治癒モデルで使用するためのBMPR-IB +脂肪由来間質細胞の迅速な単離

Invasive cancers, major injuries, and infection can cause bone defects that are too large to be reconstructed with preexisting bone from the patient's own ...

A Device for Performing Cell Migration/Wound Healing in a 96-Well Plate

The cell migration/wounding assay is a commonly used method to study cell migration and other biological processes, such as angiogenesis and tumor metastasis. In this assay, cells are grown to form a confluent monolayer and a mechanical wound is created by scratching with a device. Then the migration rate of the cells towards the denuded area can be monitored by imaging. Our 8-channel mechanical wounder is designed to tackle most of the problems associated with the cell migration assay. Firstly, our wounder can be easily sterilized by autoclaving or with common disinfectants. Secondly, the individual adjustable pins allow even contact with the cell culture plate so that sharp and reproducible wounds can be created. Thirdly, the guiding bars on both sides of the wounder ensure consistent wounding position in each well. The use of disposable plastic pipette tips for wounding can further provide better handling of the wounder as well as to minimize cross-contamination. In conclusion, our cell wounder can provide researchers with a user friendly and reproducible device for performing the cell migration assay using the standard 96-well culture plate.

Here, we present a protocol to perform a semi-high throughput cell migration assay on a 96-well cell culture plate. This protocol is a fast, simple and economical method to create consistent scratch wounds on a cell monolayer.

96ウェルプレートに細胞遊走/創傷治癒を行う装置

The cell migration/wounding assay is a commonly used method to study cell migration and other biological processes, such as angiogenesis and tumor ...

Establishment of Larval Zebrafish as an Animal Model to Investigate Trypanosoma cruzi Motility In Vivo

Chagas disease is a parasitic infection caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, whose motility is not only important for localization, but also for cellular binding and invasion. Current animal models for the study of T. cruzi allow limited observation of parasites in vivo, representing a challenge for understanding parasite behavior during the initial stages of infection in humans. This protozoan has a flagellar stage in both vector and mammalian hosts, but there are no studies describing its motility in vivo.The objective of this project was to establish a live vertebrate zebrafish model to evaluate T. cruzi motility in the vascular system. Transparent zebrafish larvae were injected with fluorescently labeled trypomastigotes and observed using light sheet fluorescence microscopy (LSFM), a noninvasive method to visualize live organisms with high optical resolution. The parasites could be visualized for extended periods of time due to this technique&#39;s relatively low risk of photodamage compared to confocal or epifluorescence microscopy. T. cruzi parasites were observed traveling in the circulatory system of live zebrafish in different-sized blood vessels and the yolk. They could also be seen attached to the yolk sac wall and to the atrioventricular valve despite the strong forces associated with heart contractions. LSFM of T. cruzi-inoculated zebrafish larvae is a valuable method that can be used to visualize circulating parasites and evaluate their tropism, migration patterns, and motility in the dynamic environment of the cardiovascular system of a live animal.

Establishment of Larval Zebrafish as an Animal Model to Investigate Trypanosoma cruzi Motility In Vivo

In this protocol, fluorescently labeled T. cruzi&#160;were injected into transparent zebrafish larvae, and parasite motility was observed in vivo using light sheet fluorescence microscopy.

調査cruzi トリパノソーマの原因運動In Vivo動物モデルとしてのゼブラフィッシュ稚魚の確立

Chagas disease is a parasitic infection caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, whose motility is not only important for localization, but also for cellular binding ...

Immuno-fluorescent Labeling of Microtubules and Centrosomal Proteins in Ex Vivo Intestinal Tissue and 3D In Vitro Intestinal Organoids

The advent of 3D in vitro organoids that mimic the in vivo tissue architecture and morphogenesis has greatly advanced the ability to study key biological questions in cell and developmental biology. In addition, organoids together with recent technical advances in gene editing and viral gene delivery promises to advance medical research and development of new drugs for treatment of diseases. Organoids grown in vitro in basement matrix provide powerful model systems for studying the behavior and function of various proteins and are well suited for live-imaging of fluorescent-tagged proteins. However, establishing the expression and localization of the endogenous proteins in ex vivo tissue and in in vitro organoids is important to verify the behavior of the tagged proteins. To this end we have developed and modified tissue isolation, fixation, and immuno-labeling protocols for localization of microtubules, centrosomal, and associated proteins in ex vivo intestinal tissue and in in vitro intestinal organoids. The aim was for the fixative to preserve the 3D architecture of the organoids/tissue while also preserving antibody antigenicity and enabling good penetration and clearance of fixative and antibodies. Exposure to cold depolymerizes all but stable microtubules and this was a key factor when modifying the various protocols. We found that increasing the ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) concentration from 3 mM to 30 mM gave efficient detachment of villi and crypts in the small intestine while 3 mM EDTA was sufficient for colonic crypts. The developed formaldehyde/methanol fixation protocol gave very good structural preservation while also preserving antigenicity for effective labeling of microtubules, actin, and the end-binding (EB) proteins. It also worked for the centrosomal protein ninein although the methanol protocol worked more consistently. We further established that fixation and immuno-labeling of microtubules and associated proteins could be achieved with organoids isolated from or remaining within the basement matrix.

Immuno-fluorescent Labeling of Microtubules and Centrosomal Proteins in Ex Vivo Intestinal Tissue and 3D In Vitro Intestinal Organoids

We present protocols for isolation of intestinal 3D structures from in vivo tissue and in vitro basement matrix embedded organoids, and detail different fixation and staining protocols optimized for immuno-labeling of microtubule, centrosomal, and junctional proteins as well as cell markers including the stem cell protein Lgr5.

微小管と 3 D培養腸 Organoids とEx Vivo腸組織における Centrosomal 蛋白質の免疫蛍光ラベリング

The advent of 3D in vitro organoids that mimic the in vivo tissue architecture and morphogenesis has greatly advanced the ability to study key biological ...

Culturing of Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells on an Ex Vivo Model of Aged Human Bruch's Membrane

Aside from vitamins and antioxidants recommended by the Age-Related Eye Disease Study, there is no effective therapy for &#34;dry,&#34;&#160;or atrophic age-related macular degeneration (AMD) which represents 90% of the cases. Therapies are needed to slow or retard the development of geographic atrophy (GA), and understanding Bruch&#39;s membrane pathology is part of this process. Alterations in human Bruch&#39;s membrane precede the progression of AMD by contributing to the damage of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells. Given the lack of sufficient animal models to study AMD, ex vivo models of aged human Bruch&#39;s membrane serve as a useful tool to study the behavior of RPE cells from immortalized and primary cell lines as well as RPE lines derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Here, we present a detailed method that allows one to determine the effects of RPE cell behavior seeded on harvested human Bruch&#39;s membrane explants from human donors, including attachment, apoptosis and proliferation, ability to phagocytize photoreceptor outer segments, establishment of polarity, and gene expression. This assay provides an ex vivo model of aged Bruch&#39;s membrane to assess the functional characteristics of RPE cells when seeded on aged/compromised extracellular matrix.

Culturing of Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells on an Ex Vivo Model of Aged Human Bruch&#039;s Membrane

The goal of this protocol is to demonstrate the culturing of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells on aged and/or diseased human Bruch&#39;s membrane. This method is suitable to study RPE cell behavior on a compromised extracellular matrix.

高齢者人間ブルッフ膜のEx Vivoモデルの網膜色素上皮細胞の培養

Aside from vitamins and antioxidants recommended by the Age-Related Eye Disease Study, there is no effective therapy for &#34;dry,&#34;&#160;or atrophic ...