The authors acknowledge continued funding the Natural Sciences and Engineering Council of Canada (NSERC) to MBS.

1. Prepare Grape Plates and Holding Bottles for Collection of Larvae
<ol>
	<li>To make holding bottles, cut holes in one side of 6 oz fly culture bottles, large enough to fit a fly vial plug for air supply (Fig. 1D).</li>
	<li>To make grape plates, prepare 250 ml&#160;of grape juice medium (1.8% agar, 45% grape juice, 2.5% acetic acid, 2.5% ethanol) by boiling the agar, grape juice and most of the water, cool down to 70 &#186;C (stir while cooling), then add acetic acid and ethanol and bring up to volu...

<ol>
	<li>Dubnau, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Behavioral Genetics of the Fly (Drosophila melanogaster). , 173 (2014).</li><li>Sokolowski, M. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Foraging+strategies+of+Drosophila+melanogaster:+a+chromosomal+analysis.">Foraging strategies of Drosophila melanogaster: a chromosomal analysis.</a> Behav Genet. 10, 291-302 (1980).</li><li>de Belle, J. S., Hilliker, A. J., Sokolowski, M. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genetic+localization+of+foraging+(for):+A+major+gene+for+larval+behavior+in+Drosophila+melanogaster.">Genetic localization of foraging (for): A major gene for larval behavior in Drosophila melanogaster.</a> Genetics. 123, 157-164 (1989).</li><li>Osborne, K. A., Robichon, A., Burgess, E., Butland, S., Shaw, R. A., Coulthard, A., Pereira, H. S., Greenspan, R. J., Sokolowski, M. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Natural+behavior+polymorphism+due+to+a+cGMP-dependent+protein+kinase+of+Drosophila.">Natural behavior polymorphism due to a cGMP-dependent protein kinase of Drosophila.</a> Science. 277, 834-836 (1997).</li><li>Kalderon, D., Rubin, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=cGMP-dependent+protein+kinase+genes+in+Drosophila.">cGMP-dependent protein kinase genes in Drosophila.</a> J Biol Chem. 264 (18), 10739-10748 (1989).</li><li>Reaume, C. J., Sokolowski, M. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=cGMP-dependent+protein+kinase+as+a+modifier+of+behavior.">cGMP-dependent protein kinase as a modifier of behavior.</a> Handb Exp Pharmacol. 191, 423-443 (2009).</li><li>Schneider, C. A., Rasband, W. S., Eliceiri, K. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=NIH+Image+to+ImageJ:+25+years+of+image+analysis.">NIH Image to ImageJ: 25 years of image analysis.</a> Nat Methods. 9, 671-675 (2012).</li><li>Schindelin, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fiji:+an+open-source+platform+for+biological-image+analysis.">Fiji: an open-source platform for biological-image analysis.</a> Nat Methods. 9 (7), 676-682 (2012).</li><li>Pereira, H. S., MacDonald, D. E., Hilliker, A. J., Sokolowski, M. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chaser+(Csr),+a+new+gene+affecting+larval+foraging+behavior+in+Drosophila+melanogaster.">Chaser (Csr), a new gene affecting larval foraging behavior in Drosophila melanogaster.</a> Genetics. 140, 263-270 (1995).</li><li>Shaver, S. A., Riedl, C. A. L., Parkes, T. L., Sokolowski, M. B., Hilliker, A. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolation+of+larval+behavioral+mutants+in+Drosophila+melanogaster.">Isolation of larval behavioral mutants in Drosophila melanogaster.</a> J Neurogenet. 14, 193-205 (2000).</li><li>Graf, S. A., Sokolowski, M. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+rover/sitter+Drosophila+foraging+polymorphism+as+a+function+of+larval+development,+food+patch+quality+and+starvation.">The rover/sitter Drosophila foraging polymorphism as a function of larval development, food patch quality and starvation.</a> J Insect Behav. 2, 301-313 (1989).</li><li>Gonzalez-Candelas, F., Mensua, J. L., Moya, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Larval+competition+in+Drosophila+melanogaster:+effects+on+development+time.">Larval competition in Drosophila melanogaster: effects on development time.</a> Genetics. 82, 33-44 (1990).</li><li>Durisko, Z., Kemp, R., Mubasher, R., Dukas, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dynamics+of+social+behavior+in+fruit+fly+larvae.">Dynamics of social behavior in fruit fly larvae.</a> PLoS One. 9 (4), e95495 (2014).</li><li>Sawin, E. P., Harris, L. R., Campos, A. R., Sokolowski, M. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sensorimotor+transformation+from+light+reception+to+phototactic+behavior+in+Drosophila+larvae+(Diptera:+Drosophilidae).">Sensorimotor transformation from light reception to phototactic behavior in Drosophila larvae (Diptera: Drosophilidae).</a> J Insect Behav. 7, 553-567 (1994).</li><li>de Belle, J. S., Sokolowski, M. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Heredity+of+rover/sitter:+alternative+foraging+strategies+of+Drosophila+melanogaster.">Heredity of rover/sitter: alternative foraging strategies of Drosophila melanogaster.</a> Heredity. 59, 73-83 (1987).</li><li>de Belle, J. S., Sokolowski, M. B., Hilliker, A. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genetic+analysis+of+the+foraging+microregion+of+Drosophila+melanogaster.">Genetic analysis of the foraging microregion of Drosophila melanogaster.</a> Genome. 36, 94-101 (1993).</li><li>Sokolowski, M. B., Pereira, H. S., Hughes, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evolution+of+foraging+behavior+in+Drosophila+by+density+dependent+selection.">Evolution of foraging behavior in Drosophila by density dependent selection.</a> PNAS. 94, 7373-7377 (1997).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

The path-length assay outlined here offers a robust and simple measure of foraging behavior of Drosophila larvae. The protocol follows the general methodology described in Sokolowski2, but has since been improved in regards to efficiency and experimental controls. To the best of our knowledge this method is the only available method for measuring larval path-length. The original version of the path-length protocol2, 3, 15, 16 tested larvae on Petri dishes with a thin layer of yeast paste ap...

Since the discovery of the white gene in Thomas Hunt Morgan&#39;s laboratory in 1910, the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster (D. melanogaster), has been used as a model for the study of the molecular and physiological underpinnings of various biological processes. The popularity of D. melanogaster largely stems from the considerable quantity and variety of genetic tools. Drosophila&#39;s small size, relative ease of handling and short generation time render it an ideal model for genetics studies. Equally important is Drosophila&#39;s capacity to demonstrate many of the phenotypes expressed by more complex organisms including mammals. This includes complex phenotypes such as behavior that stand at the interface between the organism and its environment. As such, behavioral studies on the fruit fly have contributed substantially to our understanding of how genes and the environment mediate behavior1.
One of the first studies of D. melanogaster larval behavior investigated individual differences in larval foraging strategies by measuring the path-lengths of larvae2 while feeding. Path-length was defined as the total distance travelled by a single larva on yeast, within a five minute period. Both laboratory strains and flies from a natural population in Toronto varied in their foraging behaviors and there was a genetic component to individual differences in path-length. Two larval foraging morphs were described from the quantitative path-length distributions and they were called rover and sitter. Rovers exhibit longer path-lengths while traversing a larger area while on a food substrate than sitters. Using this path-length assay, de Belle et al.3 mapped the foraging (for) gene underlying these individual behavioral differences to a discrete location on chromosome-2 (24A3-24C5). The D. melanogaster&#160;for gene was later cloned4 and revealed to be a cGMP dependent protein kinase5, a modulator of physiology and behavior in Drosophila and other organisms6.
Here we outline the current protocol for the larval path-length assay originally developed in Sokolowski2. Although some aspects of the assay have changed over the years, the concept behind the design has not. We also provide data to illustrate the assay&#39;s potential to assess genetic and environmental contributions to individual differences in the foraging behavior of Drosophila larvae. The larval path-length assay is simple, efficient, and yet robust. A single person can test up to 500 larvae with ease in four hours and results can be obtained with a high level of reproducibility. Originally developed to localize for, it can be used in genetic screens, quantitative trait locus mapping, and in studies of gene-by-environment (GxE) interactions. Moreover, its simplicity and reproducibility make it a great resource for undergraduate teaching.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="789">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:260px;">6 oz&#160; fly culture bottles&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">Fisher Scientific&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">AS355&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:271px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;">Fly vial plugs</td>
			<td>Droso-Plugs</td>
			<td>59-201</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">35X10mm Petri dishes&#160;</td>
			<td>Falcon</td>
			<td>351008</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">100X15 mm Petri dishes&#160;</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>875712</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">60x15mm Petri dishes</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>25384-168&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Dissecting probes</td>
			<td>Almedic</td>
			<td>2325-58-5300&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Yeast</td>
			<td>Lab Scientific</td>
			<td>FLY-8040-20F</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

foraging path-length protocol for drosophila melanogaster larvae

The Drosophila melanogaster larval path-length phenotype is an established measure used to study the genetic and environmental contributions to behavioral variation. The larval path-length assay was developed to measure individual differences in foraging behavior that were later linked to the foraging gene. Larval path-length is an easily scored trait that facilitates the collection of large sample sizes, at minimal cost, for genetic screens. Here we provide a detailed description of the current protocol for the larval path-length assay first used by Sokolowski. The protocol details how to reproducibly handle test animals, perform the behavioral assay and analyze the data. An example of how the assay can be used to measure behavioral plasticity in response to environmental change, by manipulating feeding environment prior to performing the assay, is also provided. Finally, appropriate test design as well as environmental factors that can modify larval path-length such as food quality, developmental age and day effects are discussed.

Differences in path-length of the rover and sitter for strains and the effect of food deprivation on path-length are illustrated in Fig. 3. Data collected over three consecutive days of testing showed a significant strain effect (F(1,421)&#160;= 351.89, p &#60; 2.20 x 10-16; Fig. 3A), with rovers traveling farther than sitters. In addition to the strain effect, there was also a significant food treatment effect (F(1, 42...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Foraging Path-length Protocol for Drosophila melanogaster Larvae at JoVE.com

Foraging Path-length Protocol for Drosophila melanogaster Larvae

We provide a detailed protocol for a Drosophila melanogaster foraging path-length assay. We discuss the preparation and handling of test animals, how to perform the assay and analyze the data.

Foraging Path-length Protocol for Drosophila melanogaster Larvae

The Drosophila melanogaster larval path-length phenotype is an established measure used to study the genetic and environmental contributions to behavioral ...

The overall goal of this assay is to quantify the locomotory component of Drosophila larval behavior. This method can help answer key questions in the behavior genetics field about genetic and environmental contributions to individual differences in larval behavior. The main advantages of this technique are that it is fast, reproducible, and allows for the collection of large sample sizes.Generally, people new to this method might struggle because the success of the assay depends on developmental timing and the consistent, careful handling of the test animals. Demonstrating the procedure will be Ina Anreiter and Oscar Vasquez, graduate students in my lab. Prepare the holding bottle by cutting holes into one side of a six ounce, plastic fly culture bottle.Next, use a syringe to fill Petri dish lids with previously prepared grape juice medium until the surface of the grape juice medium makes a dome above the lip of the lid. Store the grape plates in a humid and airtight container at four degrees Celsius for up to two weeks. Pour 40 milliliters of previously prepared fly food into 100 by 15 millimeter Petri dishes.Obtain three black Plexiglas plates with ten circular wells ten centimeters in diameter and arranged in a two by five design to test the larvae, and a black Plexiglas spreader used to spread the yeast paste onto the Plexiglas plates. Then, separate the lids from the bottoms of the Petri dishes. Collect 100 to 150 females and 50 to 75 males.Allow females and males to mate overnight in a six ounce fly culture bottle with standard fly food. Transfer the flies into a holding bottle, and use masking tape to secure a grape plate with a small amount of fresh yeast paste over the top of the bottle. Leave the bottle standing upside down with the grape plate at the bottom to allow adults to lay eggs on the grape plate.Discard the first grape plate after 24 hours and place a new grape plate in the holding bottle. After 22 hours, remove the grape plates from the bottles and place them into a 60 by 15 millimeter Petri dish. Next, place a new grape plate with fresh yeast paste on the holding bottle.Clear and discard all larvae from the seeded grape plate using a dissecting probe. Incubate the cleared grape plates for four hours in standard conditions. After four hours, pick 100 L1, or first instar larvae, per strain from the grape plates and place them on the food plates.Place the larvae on the food gently, without perforating the food and without burying the larvae. Groups of ten larvae can be picked and placed at a time. Avoid crowding by distributing the larvae across the food plate.Incubate the food plates until the test animals are ten hours before the start of wandering, when larvae leave the food in search of a pupation site. If the larvae have started to wander, and they're moving on the lid of the Petri dish, as you can see here, the animals are too old to test and their developmental time has to be reassessed. Dissolve yeast in water at a one-to-two ratio.Ensure that the finished paste drips and leaves ribbons on the surface of the paste that quickly melt away. Evaluating the right consistency of the yeast paste is more important than using the exact ratio due to the variability between brands, batches of yeast, and the environment. With a paintbrush, gently pick the larvae out of the food plate from the first strain.Collect larvae in a Petri dish and gently wash the larvae with water to remove all of the food. Quickly wash the larvae with two milliliters of water and gently dab the larvae dry with a laboratory wipe. Keep the larvae in a humid environment but not submersed in water to avoid stress.Arrange three test plates side by side, and set a five minute timer for each test plate. Apply yeast paste to the top of the test plates and use the spreader to distribute a thin layer of yeast paste on each test plate so that all of the wells have an even layer of yeast. Gently place one larva into the center of each well.Start the five minute timer immediately after placing the first larvae on each plate. Then place the rest of the larvae in the remaining wells. Place a Petri dish lid on top of each well.When the timer runs out, start tracing the path-lengths left behind in the yeast using a permanent marker without removing the larvae from the plate. Trace path-lengths in the same order and speed as the larvae were placed on the plates. Finally, repeat the larval path-length test steps for each strain.Data collected over three consecutive days of testing revealed a significant strain effect, with rovers traveling farther than sitters. In addition to the strain effect, larvae that were food deprived for four hours prior to testing had significantly lower path-lengths than fed larvae. Overall, path-lengths were longer when both strains were reared on high nutrient food compared to low nutrient food.If performed properly, this assay allows a single person to test up to 500 larvae with ease in four hours, making it valuable for large scale phenotyping. Following the procedure that we have just shown, other variables such as sex, food deprivation, or food quality can be tested to show the effect of those variables on food related movement patterns. After watching this video, you should have a good understanding of how to measure Drosophila larval food-related locomotion for the assessment of the genetic and environmental contributions to individual differences in behavior.

foraging-path-length-protocol-for-drosophila-melanogaster-larvae

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

9.1K ビュー.  University of Toronto. The overall goal of this assay is to quantify the locomotory component of Drosophila larval behavior. This method can help answer key questions in the behavior genetics field about genetic and environmental contributions to individual differences in larval behavior. The main advantages of this technique are that it is fast, reproducible, and allows for the collection of large sample sizes.Generally, people new to this method might struggle because the success of the assay depends on de...