This work was supported by National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) grants (Grant ID 1062383 and 1063646) awarded to HJN. EAL is supported by an Australian Postgraduate Award.

The authors have nothing to disclose.

分泌系、および細菌エフェクタータンパク質の宿主細胞の細胞質へのこれらのシステムの輸送は、多くの病原性細菌は、一意複製ニッチ内感染を確立するために利用する重要な病原性要素です。多くの研究グループの焦点は、細菌のエフェクターおよび宿主タンパク質およびこれらのエフェクターは、宿主細胞経路上に持っている影響力の間の相互作用を調査することでした。非常に限られ?...

Q熱リケッチアは人獣共通ヒト感染のQ熱の原因となるユニークな細胞内病原体です。この疾患は、多くの場合、暴露1の後に心内膜炎の年として現れる生命を脅かす慢性感染症に無症候性抗体陽転から延びる臨床症状の広いスペクトルに関連しています。ヒトへの感染は、反芻動物感染症、特に、乳牛、羊やヤギのための主要なリザーバと、主に汚染されたエアロゾルの吸入を介して行われます。これらの動物におけるコクシエラ感染は通常、無症候性であるが、感染は流産を引き起こす可能性と出産流体と胎盤内のかなりの細菌負荷は、ローカル環境1を汚染することができます。このような汚染が公衆衛生と農業産業の両方に持つことができる巨大な負担の例は、最近オランダ2で発生したQ熱の流行で観察されました。 2007との間2010年には、Q熱の4,000以上のヒト症例が診断され、この流行はヤギ農場3の重大な汚染に連結されていました。さらに、 コクシエラは厳しい罹患率と死亡率4を引き起こす細菌や必要な低感染量の環境安定性に米国疾病対策予防センター、によって分類され、潜在的な生物兵器です。 コクシエラは、2つの段階に存在する：天然源から単離されたフェーズIの生物は、非常に病原性であり、フェーズIIの生物は非常に生体内で減衰されます。例えば、 コクシエラバーネッティナインマイルフェーズIの生物のいくつかのin vitroで継代した後、フェーズII細菌は切り捨てリポポリサッカライド（LPS）5で得られた不可逆的な染色体欠失を含有する製造されました。この株、C.バーネッティ NMIIは、組織培養モデルにおけるI相に表現型が類似しており、安全なモードを提供します研究室5にコクシエラの病因を研究する研究者のためのリットル。近年では、いくつかのブレークスルーは急速にコクシエラの遺伝学の分野を進めてきました。最も顕著なのは、純粋メディア（酸性クエン酸、システイン媒体- ACCM-2）の開発は、液体と6,7固形培地上の両方でコクシエラの無細胞成長を可能にしました。これは、誘導性遺伝子発現システム、シャトルベクターとランダムトランスポゾンシステムを8月11日を含むコクシエラために利用可能な遺伝子ツールの直接的な改善をもたらしました。最近では、標的遺伝子の不活性化のための2つの方法は、特定の病原性遺伝子の候補12を検査するための道を切り開いて、開発されてきました。 肺胞マクロファージによる内在続いて、 コクシエラは膜結合区画内に高い数字に複製は液胞（CCV）を含むCoxiella-と呼ばれます。 CCVは、エンドサイトーシス人身売買番目のホストが必要ですラフ初期および後期エンドソームはリソソーム由来の細胞小器官13内に成熟するまで。このプロセスを通じて、CCVは、どちらかが一過現れるかを含め、液胞に関連付けられているが、Rab5の、Rab7、CD63およびLAMP-1 13-15、これらに限定されないままと宿主因子を取得します。宿主細胞内でコクシエラのレプリケーションが完全に機能するドット/ ICMタイプIVB分泌系（T4SS）8,16,17に完全に依存しています。この分泌系はancestrally共役システムに関する多タンパク質構造であり、細菌タンパク質を送達するために、両方の細菌および液胞の膜にまたがる、宿主細胞質18に、エフェクターと呼びます。 コクシエラ T4SSは、機能的には十分に特徴付けタイプレジオネラニューモ 19,20のIVBドット/ ICM分泌系に非常に類似しています。 コクシエラが酸性リソソーム由来に達するまで興味深いことに、T4SSとその後のエフェクター転座の活性化は発生しませんオルガネラ、約8時間の感染後17,21。現在までに、130以上のドット/ ICMのエフェクターは9,17,22-24を同定されています。これらのエフェクターの多くは、おそらく宿主細胞内コクシエラの複製中に重要な役割を果たしています。しかし、わずか数エフェクターは機能的に25-29を特徴づけられています。 本研究では、宿主細胞の細胞質（ 図1）内のβラクタマーゼ活性を介して（以下BLAM基板と呼ぶ）CCF2-AM FRET基質の切断に依存する蛍光に基づく転位アッセイを利用します。目的の遺伝子は、構成的発現を提供するレポータープラスミドのTEM-1βラクタマーゼ（BLAM）に融合されます。 BLAM基質はFRET対を形成する2つのフルオロフォア（クマリンおよびフルオレセイン）で構成されています。フルオレセインおよびエフェクター転座の不在下で緑色の蛍光発光のFRETのクマリン結果の励起;しかし、Blaの場合M-エフェクター融合タンパク質が宿主細胞質に転位され、得られたβラクタマーゼ活性切断励起以下の青色蛍光発光を生成するFRETペアを分離BLAM基板のβラクタム環、。この転座アッセイはよくC.含むさまざまな細胞内および細胞外の細菌の範囲からエフェクタータンパク質を同定するためのアプローチとして実証されていますバーネッティ 、L.ニューモ 、L. longbeachae、 トラコーマクラミジア 、腸管病原性E.大腸菌 、 サルモネラ菌およびブルセラ 17,30-35。 コクシエラエフェクター転上の特定の宿主因子の役割を決定するために、我々は、特定の低分子干渉RNA（siRNA）で、RNA干渉として知られている遺伝子サイレンシングのための十分に確立された方法を利用します。もともと線虫（Caenorhabditis elegans）で同定され、RNA干渉は、先天性defeに使用保存された内因性細胞プロセスであり、ウイルスだけでなく、遺伝子調節36,37に対してNSE。配列特異的なsiRNAの結合後、mRNAの分解は、特異的な遺伝子サイレンシングまたはノックダウン38で得られた（RNA誘導サイレンシング複合体）RISCを介して行われます。この研究では、siRNAは、エンドサイトーシス経路の重要な調節因子である2つのホストタンパク質、Rab5AとRab7Aを標的化するために使用しました。エフェクター転上Rab5AとRab7Aサイレンシングの影響は、Cを使用して確認しましたバーネッティ pBlaM-CBU0077。それは以前にコクシエラ 17のドット/ ICMの分泌系によって転位することが示されたようCBU0077を選択しました。 siRNAの遺伝子サイレンシング、ここでは説明fluorescencebased転座アッセイの両方を利用して、我々はコクシエラによってエフェクタータンパク質の転位に宿主因子の役割を確立するために始めています。このアプローチは、類似secretioを有し、両方の細胞内および細胞外の細菌の広い範囲に適用することができますエフェクタータンパク質のトランスロケーションを担当するN個のシステム。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="760">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:343px;">Reagents</td>
			<td style="width:87px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:211px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:343px;">Citric acid</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">C0759</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">ACCM-2 medium component</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:343px;">Sodium citrate</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">S4641</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">ACCM-2 medium component</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:343px;">Potassium phosphate</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">60218</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">ACCM-2 medium component</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:343px;">Magnesium chloride</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">Calbiochem</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">442611</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">ACCM-2 medium component</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:343px;">Calcium chloride</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">C5080</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">ACCM-2 medium component</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:343px;">Iron sulfate</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">S93248</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">ACCM-2 medium component</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:343px;">Sodium chloride</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">S9625</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">ACCM-2 medium component</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:343px;">L-cysteine</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">C6852</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">ACCM-2 medium component</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:343px;">Bacto-neopeptone</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">BD</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">211681</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">ACCM-2 medium component</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:343px;">Casamino acids</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">BP1424</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">ACCM-2 medium component</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:343px;">Methyl beta cyclodextrin</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">C4555</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">ACCM-2 medium component</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:343px;">RPMI + Glutamax</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">61870-036</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">ACCM-2 medium component</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:343px;">Chloramphenicol</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">C0378</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">For bacterial culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:343px;">ON-TARGETplus Non-targeting Control Pool (OTP)</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">Dharmacon</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">D-001810-10-05</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Non-targeting control</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:343px;">siGENOME Human PLK1 (5347) siRNA - SMARTpool</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">Dharmacon</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">M-003290-01-005</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Causes cell death; measure of transfection efficiency</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:343px;">siGENOME Human RAB5A (5968) siRNA - SMARTpool</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">Dharmacon</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">M-004009-00-0005</td>
			<td style="width:211px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:343px;">siGENOME Human RAB7A (7879) siRNA - SMARTpool</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">Dharmacon</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">M-010388-00-0005</td>
			<td style="width:211px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="60">
			<td height="60" style="height:60px;width:343px;">5X siRNA buffer</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">Dharmacon</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">B-002000-UB-100</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Use sterile RNase-free water to dilute 5X siRNA buffer to 1X siRNA buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:343px;">DharmaFECT-1 Transfection Reagent</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">Dharmacon</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">T-2001-01</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">For transfection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:343px;">Opti-MEM + GlutaMAX</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">51985-034</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Reduced-serum medium used for transfection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:343px;">DMEM + GlutaMAX</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">10567-014</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">For cell culture and infection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:343px;">Heat-inactivated fetal calf serum (FCS)</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SH30071.03</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Can use alternate equivalent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:343px;">DMSO</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">D8418</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">For storage of Coxiella strain</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:343px;">PBS</td>
			<td style="width:87px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:211px;">For cell culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:343px;">0.05% Trypsin + EDTA</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">25300-054</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">For cell culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:343px;">dH2O</td>
			<td style="width:87px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:211px;">For dilution of samples and standards for qPCR</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:343px;">Quick-gDNA Mini Prep</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">ZYMO Research</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">D3007</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Can use alternate equivalent product to extract gDNA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="60">
			<td height="60" style="height:60px;width:343px;">SensiFAST SYBR No-ROX Kit</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">Bioline</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">BIO-98020</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Can use alternate equivalent qPCR master mix product for qPCR reaction</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="120">
			<td height="120" style="height:120px;width:343px;">LiveBLAzer FRET-B/G Loading kit with CCF2-AM</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">K1032</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">For measurement of translocation using fluorescence and generation of the 6X loading solution (contains Solution A, B, C and DMSO)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:343px;">Sodium hydroxide</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">Merck</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">106469</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Probenicid solution component</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:343px;">Sodium phosphate monobasic</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">71505</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Probenicid solution component</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:343px;">di-Sodium hydrogen orthophosphate</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">Merck</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">106586</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Probenicid solution component</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:343px;">Probenicid</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">P8761</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Probenicid solution component</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="60">
			<td height="60" style="height:60px;width:343px;">DRAQ5 Fluorescent Probe Solution (5 mM)</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">62251</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Nuclei stain to determine cell viablity. Use 1:4000 diluted in PBS.&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:343px;">4% PFA (paraformaldehyde) solution in PBS</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">P6148</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Fixing solution for HeLa 229 cells</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;width:343px;">25cm2 tissue culture flask with vented cap</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">430639</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">For growth of bacterial strain</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:343px;">96 Well Flat Clear bottom Black Polystyrene TC-Treated Microplates, Individually wrapped, with Lid, Sterile</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">3603</td>
			<td style="width:211px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;width:343px;">75cm2 tissue culture flask with vented cap</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">430641</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">For growth of HeLa 229 cells</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;width:343px;">175cm2 tissue culture flask with vented cap</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">431080</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">For growth of HeLa 229 cells</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:343px;">Haemocytometer</td>
			<td style="width:87px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:211px;">For quantification of HeLa 229 cells</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:343px;">Tear-A-Way 96 Well PCR plates</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">4titude</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">4ti-0750/TA</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">For qPCR reaction</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:343px;">8-Lid chain, flat</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">Sarstedt</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">65.989.002</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">For qPCR reaction</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Name</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:343px;">Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:87px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:211px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:343px;">Bench top microfuge</td>
			<td style="width:87px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:211px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:343px;">Bench top vortex</td>
			<td style="width:87px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:211px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:343px;">Orbital mixer</td>
			<td style="width:87px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:211px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:343px;">Centrifuge</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">Eppendorf</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">5810 R</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">For pelleting bacterial culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:343px;">Nanodrop</td>
			<td style="width:87px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:211px;">For gDNA quantification</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:343px;">Mx3005P QPCR machine</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">Aligent Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">401456</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">For quantification of Coxiella genomes in 7 day culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:343px;">ClarioSTAR microplate reader</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">BMG LabTech</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:211px;">For measurement of fluorescence</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

applying fluorescence resonance energy transfer (fret) to examine effector translocation efficiency by coxiella burnetii during sirna silencing

Q熱リケッチア 、Q熱の原因物質は、複製ニッチを確立するために、タイプIVドット/ ICM分泌系に依存して細胞内病原体です。エフェクターのコホートは、ホストプロセスを操作し、複製のためのユニークなリソソーム由来の液胞の確立を可能にするために宿主細胞にこのシステム通って移動しています。特定の遺伝子のsiRNAを用いたサイレンシングし、βラクタマーゼ活性に依存するFRETベースの基板を用いて、エフェクター転位の測定：ここで提示された方法は、2つのよく確立された技術の組合せを含みます。これら二つのアプローチを適用すると、我々は、細菌の分泌システム機能およびエフェクター転における宿主因子の役割を理解し始めることができます。本研究では、Rab5AとRab7A、両方のエンドサイトーシス人身売買経路の重要な調節因子の役割を調べました。我々は、エフェクターの減少タンパク質をもたらすいずれかの発現をサイレンシングすることを実証translocation個の効率。これらの方法は、容易にまた分泌系を利用する他の細胞内および細胞外の病原体を検査するように変更することができます。このようにして、細菌のエフェクター転座に関与する宿主因子の全体像を明らかにすることができます。

この研究のために、C. CBU0077が以前コクシエラドット/ ICMの分泌系17の転エフェクターであることが示されているようにバーネッティ pBlaM-CBU0077株を選択しました。感染7日C.におけるゲノム/ mLの総数に先立ちバーネッティ pBlaM-CBU0077文化は、定量PCRを使用して列挙した。 図4は、定量PCR、次の両方の標準およびサンプ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Applying Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer FRET to Examine Effector Translocation Efficiency by Coxiella burnetii during siRNA Silencing at JoVE.com

Applying Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer FRET to Examine Effector Translocation Efficiency by Coxiella burnetii during siRNA Silencing

細菌性病原体とそれらのホスト間の相互作用を調査することは、生物学的研究の重要な領域です。ここでは、BLAM基板を用いたsiRNAの遺伝子サイレンシング中にQ熱リケッチアによってエフェクター転座を測定するために必要な技術を記載しています。

によってエフェクター転効率を検査するための蛍光共鳴エネルギー移動（FRET）を適用<em&gt; Q熱リケッチア</em&gt;のsiRNAサイレンシング中

Coxiella burnetii, the causative agent of Q fever, is an intracellular pathogen that relies on a Type IV Dot/Icm Secretion System to establish a ...

applying-fluorescence-resonance-energy-transfer-fret-to-examine

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

Applying Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) to Examine Effector Translocation Efficiency by Coxiella burnetii during siRNA Silencing

10.6K ビュー.  University of Melbourne. 細菌性病原体とそれらのホスト間の相互作用を調査することは、生物学的研究の重要な領域です。ここでは、BLAM基板を用いたsiRNAの遺伝子サイレンシング中にQ熱リケッチアによってエフェクター転座を測定するために必要な技術を記載しています。 

ビデオ: Applying Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer FRET to Examine Effector Translocation Efficiency by Coxiella burnetii during siRNA Silencing

Purification of Specific Cell Population by Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorting (FACS)

Experimental and clinical studies often require highly purified cell populations.  FACS is a technique of choice to purify cell populations of known phenotype.  Other bulk methods of purification include panning, complement depletion and magnetic bead separation.  However, FACS has several advantages over other available methods.  FACS is the preferred method when very high purity of the desired population is required, when the target cell population expresses a very low level of the identifying marker or when cell populations require separation based on differential marker density.  In addition, FACS is the only available purification technique to isolate cells based on internal staining or intracellular protein expression, such as a genetically modified fluorescent protein marker.  FACS allows the purification of individual cells based on size, granularity and fluorescence.  In order to purify cells of interest, they are first stained with fluorescently-tagged monoclonal antibodies (mAb), which recognize specific surface markers on the desired cell population (1).  Negative selection of unstained cells is also possible.  FACS purification requires a flow cytometer with sorting capacity and the appropriate software.  For FACS, cells in suspension are passed as a stream in droplets with each containing a single cell in front of a laser.  The fluorescence detection system detects cells of interest based on predetermined fluorescent parameters of the cells.  The instrument applies a charge to the droplet containing a cell of interest and an electrostatic deflection system facilitates collection of the charged droplets into appropriate collection tubes (2).  The success of staining and thereby sorting depends largely on the selection of the identifying markers and the choice of mAb.  Sorting parameters can be adjusted depending on the requirement of purity and yield.  Although FACS requires specialized equipment and personnel training, it is the method of choice for isolation of highly purified cell populations.

Purification of Specific Cell Population by Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorting FACS

For many scientific studies requiring a biological and chemical analysis of cell populations the cells must be in a high state of purity. Fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) is a superior method in which to obtain pure cell populations.

蛍光活性化細胞選別（FACS）によって特定の細胞集団の精製

Experimental and clinical studies often require highly purified cell populations.  FACS is a technique of choice to purify cell populations of known ...

免疫・感染学

Detection of Toxin Translocation into the Host Cytosol by Surface Plasmon Resonance

AB toxins consist of an enzymatic A subunit and a cell-binding B subunit1. These toxins are secreted into the extracellular milieu, but they act upon targets within the eukaryotic cytosol. Some AB toxins travel by vesicle carriers from the cell surface to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) before entering the cytosol2-4. In the ER, the catalytic A chain dissociates from the rest of the toxin and moves through a protein-conducting channel to reach its cytosolic target5. The translocated, cytosolic A chain is difficult to detect because toxin trafficking to the ER is an extremely inefficient process: most internalized toxin is routed to the lysosomes for degradation, so only a small fraction of surface-bound toxin reaches the Golgi apparatus and ER6-12.

To monitor toxin translocation from the ER to the cytosol in cultured cells, we combined a subcellular fractionation protocol with the highly sensitive detection method of surface plasmon resonance (SPR)13-15. The plasma membrane of toxin-treated cells is selectively permeabilized with digitonin, allowing collection of a cytosolic fraction which is subsequently perfused over an SPR sensor coated with an anti-toxin A chain antibody. The antibody-coated sensor can capture and detect pg/mL quantities of cytosolic toxin. With this protocol, it is possible to follow the kinetics of toxin entry into the cytosol and to characterize inhibitory effects on the translocation event. The concentration of cytosolic toxin can also be calculated from a standard curve generated with known quantities of A chain standards that have been perfused over the sensor. Our method represents a rapid, sensitive, and quantitative detection system that does not require radiolabeling or other modifications to the target toxin.

In this report, we describe how surface plasmon resonance is used to detect toxin entry into the host cytosol. This highly sensitive method can provide quantitative data on the amount of cytosolic toxin, and it can be applied to a range of toxins.

表面プラズモン共鳴によるホストのサイトゾルへ毒素の転座の検出

AB toxins consist of an enzymatic A subunit and a cell-binding B subunit1.  These toxins are secreted into the extracellular milieu, but they act upon ...

Accelerated Type 1 Diabetes Induction in Mice by Adoptive Transfer of Diabetogenic CD4+ T Cells

The nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse spontaneously develops autoimmune diabetes after 12 weeks of age and is the most extensively studied animal model of human Type 1 diabetes (T1D). Cell transfer studies in irradiated recipient mice have established that T cells are pivotal in T1D pathogenesis in this model. We describe herein a simple method to rapidly induce T1D by adoptive transfer of purified, primary CD4+ T cells from pre-diabetic NOD mice transgenic for the islet-specific T cell receptor (TCR) BDC2.5 into NOD.SCID recipient mice. The major advantages of this technique are that isolation and adoptive transfer of diabetogenic T cells can be completed within the same day, irradiation of the recipients is not required, and a high incidence of T1D is elicited within 2 weeks after T cell transfer. Thus, studies of pathogenesis and therapeutic interventions in T1D can proceed at a faster rate than with methods that rely on heterogenous T cell populations or clones derived from diabetic NOD mice.

We provide a reproducible method to induce type 1 diabetes (T1D) in mice within two weeks by the adoptive transfer of islet antigen-specific, primary CD4+ T cells.

糖尿病CD4の養子移入+ T細胞によるマウスの加速された1型糖尿病の誘導

The nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse spontaneously develops autoimmune diabetes after 12 weeks of age and is the most extensively studied animal model of ...

Induction of Murine Intestinal Inflammation by Adoptive Transfer of Effector CD4+CD45RBhigh T Cells into Immunodeficient Mice

There are many different animal models available for studying the pathogenesis of human inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), each with its own advantages and disadvantages. We describe here an experimental colitis model that is initiated by adoptive transfer of syngeneic splenic CD4+CD45RBhigh T cells into T and B cell deficient recipient mice. The CD4+CD45RBhigh T cell population that largely consists of na&#239;ve effector cells is capable of inducing chronic intestinal inflammation, closely resembling key aspects of human IBD. This method can be manipulated to study aspects of disease onset and progression. Additionally it can be used to study the function of innate, adaptive, and regulatory immune cell populations, and the role of environmental exposures, i.e., the microbiota, in intestinal inflammation. In this article we illustrate the methodology for inducing colitis with a step-by-step protocol. This includes a video demonstration of key technical aspects required to successfully develop this murine model of experimental colitis for research purposes.

Induction of Murine Intestinal Inflammation by Adoptive Transfer of Effector CD4+CD45RBhigh T Cells into Immunodeficient Mice

Here, we present a protocol to induce colonic inflammation in mice by adoptive transfer of syngeneic CD4+CD45RBhigh T cells into T and B cell deficient recipients. Clinical and histopathological features mimic human inflammatory bowel diseases. This method allows the study of the initiation of colonic inflammation and progression of disease.

エフェクターCD4の養子移入によるマウス腸の炎症の誘導<sup&gt; +</sup&gt; CD45RB<sup&gt;高い</sup&gt;免疫不全マウスへのT細胞

There are many different animal models available for studying the pathogenesis of human inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), each with its own advantages ...

Generation and Multi-phenotypic High-content Screening of Coxiella burnetii Transposon Mutants

Invasion and colonization of host cells by bacterial pathogens depend on the activity of a large number of prokaryotic proteins, defined as virulence factors, which can subvert and manipulate key host functions. The study of host/pathogen interactions is therefore extremely important to understand bacterial infections and develop alternative strategies to counter infectious diseases. This approach however, requires the development of new high-throughput assays for the unbiased, automated identification and characterization of bacterial virulence determinants. Here, we describe a method for the generation of a GFP-tagged mutant library by transposon mutagenesis and the development of high-content screening approaches for the simultaneous identification of multiple transposon-associated phenotypes. Our working model is the intracellular bacterial pathogen Coxiellaburnetii, the etiological agent of the zoonosis Q fever, which is associated with severe outbreaks with a consequent health and economic burden. The obligate intracellular nature of this pathogen has, until recently, severely hampered the identification of bacterial factors involved in host pathogen interactions, making of Coxiella the ideal model for the implementation of high-throughput/high-content approaches.

Generation and Multi-phenotypic High-content Screening of Coxiella burnetii Transposon Mutants

Coxiella burnetii is an obligate intracellular Gram-negative bacterium responsible for the zoonotic disease Q fever. Here we describe methods for the generation of Coxiella fluorescent transposon mutants as well as the automated identification and analysis of the resulting internalization, replication and cytotoxic phenotypes.

発生とのマルチ表現型ハイコンテンツスクリーニング<em&gt; Q熱リケッチア</em&gt;トランスポゾン変異体

Invasion and colonization of host cells by bacterial pathogens depend on the activity of a large number of prokaryotic proteins, defined as virulence ...

Applying an Inducible Expression System to Study Interference of Bacterial Virulence Factors with Intracellular Signaling

The technique presented here allows one to analyze at which step a target protein, or alternatively a small molecule, interacts with the components of a signaling pathway. The method is based, on the one hand, on the inducible expression of a specific protein to initiate a signaling event at a defined and predetermined step in the selected signaling cascade. Concomitant expression, on the other hand, of the gene of interest then allows the investigator to evaluate if the activity of the expressed target protein is located upstream or downstream of the initiated signaling event, depending on the readout of the signaling pathway that is obtained. Here, the apoptotic cascade was selected as a defined signaling pathway to demonstrate protocol functionality. Pathogenic bacteria, such as Coxiella burnetii, translocate effector proteins that interfere with host cell death induction in the host cell to ensure bacterial survival in the cell and to promote their dissemination in the organism. The C. burnetii effector protein CaeB effectively inhibits host cell death after induction of apoptosis with UV-light or with staurosporine. To narrow down at which step CaeB interferes with the propagation of the apoptotic signal, selected proteins with well-characterized pro-apoptotic activity were expressed transiently in a doxycycline-inducible manner. If CaeB acts upstream of these proteins, apoptosis will proceed unhindered. If CaeB acts downstream, cell death will be inhibited. The test proteins selected were Bax, which acts at the level of the mitochondria, and caspase 3, which is the major executioner protease. CaeB interferes with cell death induced by Bax expression, but not by caspase 3 expression. CaeB, thus, interacts with the apoptotic cascade between these two proteins.

The method described here is used to induce the apoptotic signaling cascade at defined steps in order to dissect the activity of an anti-apoptotic bacterial effector protein. This method can also be used for inducible expression of pro-apoptotic or toxic proteins, or for dissecting interference with other signaling pathways.

誘導発現系を適用すると、細胞内シグナル伝達と細菌の病原性因子の干渉を研究するために、

The technique presented here allows one to analyze at which step a target protein, or alternatively a small molecule, interacts with the components of a ...

Analysis of Yersinia enterocolitica Effector Translocation into Host Cells Using Beta-lactamase Effector Fusions

Many gram-negative bacteria including pathogenic Yersinia spp. employ type III secretion systems to translocate effector proteins into eukaryotic target cells. Inside the host cell the effector proteins manipulate cellular functions to the benefit of the bacteria. To better understand the control of type III secretion during host cell interaction, sensitive and accurate assays to measure translocation are required. We here describe the application of an assay based on the fusion of a Yersinia enterocolitica effector protein fragment (Yersinia outer protein; YopE) with TEM-1 beta-lactamase for quantitative analysis of translocation. The assay relies on cleavage of a cell permeant FRET dye (CCF4/AM) by translocated beta-lactamase fusion. After cleavage of the cephalosporin core of CCF4 by the beta-lactamase, FRET from coumarin to fluorescein is disrupted and excitation of the coumarin moiety leads to blue fluorescence emission. Different applications of this method have been described in the literature highlighting its versatility. The method allows for analysis of translocation in vitro and also in in vivo, e.g., in a mouse model. Detection of the fluorescence signals can be performed using plate readers, FACS analysis or fluorescence microscopy. In the setup described here, in vitro translocation of effector fusions into HeLa cells by different Yersinia mutants is monitored by laser scanning microscopy. Recording intracellular conversion of the FRET reporter by the beta-lactamase effector fusion in real-time provides robust quantitative results. We here show exemplary data, demonstrating increased translocation by a Y. enterocolitica YopE mutant compared to the wild type strain.

Analysis of Yersinia enterocolitica Effector Translocation into Host Cells Using Beta-lactamase Effector Fusions

Effector translocation into host cells via a type III secretion system is a common virulence strategy among gram-negative bacteria. A beta-lactamase effector fusion based assay for quantitative analysis of translocation was applied. In Yersinia infected cells, conversion of a FRET reporter by the beta-lactamase is monitored using laser scanning microscopy.

解析<em&gt;腸炎エルシニア</em&gt;エフェクター転β-ラクタマーゼエフェクター融合を用いて宿主細胞に

Many gram-negative bacteria including pathogenic Yersinia spp. employ type III secretion systems to translocate effector proteins into eukaryotic target ...

Measuring Phagosome pH by Ratiometric Fluorescence Microscopy

Phagocytosis is a fundamental process through which innate immune cells engulf bacteria, apoptotic cells or other foreign particles in order to kill or neutralize the ingested material, or to present it as antigens and initiate adaptive immune responses. The pH of phagosomes is a critical parameter regulating fission or fusion with endomembranes and activation of proteolytic enzymes, events that allow the phagocytic vacuole to mature into a degradative organelle. In addition, translocation of H+ is required for the production of high levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are essential for efficient killing and signaling to other host tissues. Many intracellular pathogens subvert phagocytic killing by limiting phagosomal acidification, highlighting the importance of pH in phagosome biology. Here we describe a ratiometric method for measuring phagosomal pH in neutrophils using fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labeled zymosan as phagocytic targets, and live-cell imaging. The assay is based on the fluorescence properties of FITC, which is quenched by acidic pH when excited at 490 nm but not when excited at 440 nm, allowing quantification of a pH-dependent ratio, rather than absolute fluorescence, of a single dye. A detailed protocol for performing in situ dye calibration and conversion of ratio to real pH values is also provided. Single-dye ratiometric methods are generally considered superior to single wavelength or dual-dye pseudo-ratiometric protocols, as they are less sensitive to perturbations such as bleaching, focus changes, laser variations, and uneven labeling, which distort the measured signal. This method can be easily modified to measure pH in other phagocytic cell types, and zymosan can be replaced by any other amine-containing particle, from inert beads to living microorganisms. Finally, this method can be adapted to make use of other fluorescent probes sensitive to different pH ranges or other phagosomal activities, making it a generalized protocol for the functional imaging of phagosomes.

Phagosomal pH influences phagosome maturation, oxidant production, phagosomal killing as well as antigen presentation. Here we describe a ratiometric method for measuring time-course and endpoint pH changes in individual phagosomes in living phagocytes using fluorescence microscopy.

レシオメトリック蛍光顕微鏡によってファゴソームのpHを測定します

Phagocytosis is a fundamental process through which innate immune cells engulf bacteria, apoptotic cells or other foreign particles in order to kill or ...

The Development of Lyophilized Loop-mediated Isothermal Amplification Reagents for the Detection of Coxiella burnetii

Coxiella burnetii, the agent causing Q fever, is an obligate intracellular bacterium. PCR based diagnostic assays have been developed for detecting C. burnetii DNA in cell cultures and clinical samples. PCR requires specialized equipment and extensive end user training, and therefore, it is not suitable for routine work especially in a resource-constrained area. We have developed a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay to detect the presence of C. burnetii in patient samples. This method is performed at a single temperature around 60 &#176;C in a water bath or heating block. The sensitivity of this LAMP assay is very similar to PCR with a detection limit of about 25 copies per reaction. This report describes the preparation of the reaction using lyophilized reagents and visualization of results using hydroxynaphthol blue (HNB) or a UV lamp with fluorescent intercalating dye in the reaction. The LAMP reagents were lyophilized and stored at room temperature (RT) for one month without loss of detection sensitivity. This LAMP assay is particularly robust because the reaction mixture preparation does not involve complex steps. This method is ideal for use in resource-limited settings where Q fever is endemic.

The Development of Lyophilized Loop-mediated Isothermal Amplification Reagents for the Detection of Coxiella burnetii

We described here a simple loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) method using lyophilized reagents for the detection of C. burnetii in patient samples.

の検出のための凍結乾燥LAMP法試薬の開発<em&gt; Q熱リケッチア</em

Coxiella burnetii, the agent causing Q fever, is an obligate intracellular bacterium. PCR based diagnostic assays have been developed for detecting C. ...

A Method to Assess Fc-mediated Effector Functions Induced by Influenza Hemagglutinin Specific Antibodies

Antibodies play a crucial role in coupling the innate and adaptive immune responses against viral pathogens through their antigen binding domains and Fc-regions. Here, we describe how to measure the activation of Fc effector functions by monoclonal antibodies targeting the influenza virus hemagglutinin with the use of a genetically engineered Jurkat cell line expressing an activating type 1 Fc-Fc&#947;R. Using this method, the contribution of specific Fc-Fc&#947;R interactions conferred by immunoglobulins can be determined using an in vitro assay.

We describe a method to measure the activation of Fc-mediated effector functions by antibodies that target the influenza virus hemagglutinin. This assay can also be adapted to assess the ability of monoclonal antibodies or polyclonal sera targeting other viral surface glycoproteins to induce Fc-mediated immunity.

インフルエンザ血球凝集素抗体による Fc を介したエフェクター機能を評価する方法

Antibodies play a crucial role in coupling the innate and adaptive immune responses against viral pathogens through their antigen binding domains and ...