Name: applying fluorescence resonance energy transfer (fret) to examine effector translocation efficiency by coxiella burnetii during sirna silencing
Uploaded: 2016-07-06T15:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 10 min 29 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Applying Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer FRET to Examine Effector Translocation Efficiency by Coxiella burnetii during siRNA Silencing at JoVE.com

This work was supported by National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) grants (Grant ID 1062383 and 1063646) awarded to HJN. EAL is supported by an Australian Postgraduate Award.

The authors have nothing to disclose.

분비 시스템, 세균 이펙터 단백질의 숙주 세포의 세포질에서 이러한 시스템의 전송은 많은 병원성 박테리아가 복제 성 고유 한 틈새 내에서 감염을 확립 이용하는 중요한 독성 성분이다. 많은 연구 그룹의 초점은 세균 이펙터 호스트 단백질 및 숙주 세포에서이 경로 이펙터가 영향 사이의 상호 작용을 조사했다. 매우 제한된 조사있는 경우 호스트 단백질 성공 세균 이펙터 전위 필요한 될 가능성?...

Coxiella burnetii의는 인수 공통 인체 감염 Q 열병을 일으키는 독특한 세포 내 병원균이다. 이 질환은 증상이 혈청에서 종종 노출 한 후 심내막염 년으로 나타난다 생명을 위협하는 만성 감염 연장 임상 프레 젠 테이션의 광범위한 스펙트럼과 연결됩니다. 인간의 감염은 주로 반추 동물, 특히 젖소, 양, 염소 감염의 주요 저수지와 오염 된 에어로졸의 흡입을 통해 발생합니다. 이러한 동물 Coxiella 감염은 일반적으로 무증상이지만 감염 낙태를 트리거 할 수 있으며, 유체 출산 및 태반 내의 상당한 세균 부하는 한 로컬 환경을 오염시킬 수있다. 공중 보건과 농업 산업 모두 최근 네덜란드 2에서 발생한 Q 열병 발생이 관찰되었다에 엄청난 부담 등 오염의 예는 수 있습니다. 2007 년과 사이2010, Q 열병 4,000 통해 인간의 경우는 진단받은이 발발은 염소 농장 3의 중요한 오염에 연결되었다. 또한, Coxiella 인해 심각한 이환율과 사망률 (4)을 일으킬 수있는 박테리아와 필요한 낮은 전염성 선량의 환경 안정성에 미국 질병 통제 예방 센터에 의해 분류로, 잠재적 인 생물학적 무기입니다. Coxiella은 두 단계에 존재하는 천연 소스에서 고립 된 단계 I 생물은 매우 악성이며, 단계 II 생물이 높은 생체 내에서 감쇠된다. 예를 들어, Coxiella burnetii 나인 마일 단계 I 생물의 여러 체외 통로 후, 단계 II 박테리아가 절단 된 리포 폴리 사카 라이드의 결과로 돌이킬 수없는 염색체 삭제를 포함하는 제조 하였다 (LPS) 5. 이 균주, C. burnetii NMII는 조직 배양 모델 I, 위상 표현형 유사하고 안전한 모드를 제공한다연구진은 실험실 5 Coxiella의 발병 기전을 연구하기위한 리터. 최근 몇 년 동안 몇 가지 혁신이 빠르게 Coxiella 유전학의 분야를 전진했다. 특히, 무균 매체의 개발 (시트르산 시스테인 매체 산성화 - ACCM-2)는 모두 액체 및 고체 배지에 6,7 Coxiella의 무 세포 성장을 허용했다. 이것은 유도 유전자 발현 시스템, 셔틀 벡터 및 랜덤 트랜스포존 시스템 8-11 포함 Coxiella 가능한 유전 도구 직접 개선 결과. 가장 최근에, 대상 유전자의 불 활성화에 대한 두 가지 방법이 특정 독성 유전자 후보 (12)를 조사하기위한 방법을 포장, 개발되었다. 폐포 대 식세포에 의해 내재화 이어 Coxiella는 막 결합 구획 내에 높은 번호에 복제는 액포 (CCV)을 함유 Coxiella- 불린다. CCV는 호스트 세포 내 이입 매매 일이 필요합니다거친 초기와 후기 엔도 좀이 리소좀 유래 세포 기관 (13)에 성숙 할 때까지. 이 과정을 통해 상기 CCV 중 하나가 일시적으로 나타나거나 포함 액포와 연관되지만 Rab5, Rab7, CD63 및 LAMP-1 13-15에 한정되지 유지 숙주 요인을 취득한다. 숙주 세포 내에서 Coxiella의 복제는 완전한 기능 도트 / ICM 형 IVB 분비 시스템 (T4SS) 8,16,17에 전적으로 의존한다. 이 분비 시스템 ancestrally 공액 시스템과 관련된 여러 단백질 구조 및 박테리아 단백질을 제공하기 위해 모두 세균과 액포 막에 걸쳐 호스트 세포질 18에, 이펙터 불린다. Coxiella T4SS는 기능적으로 레지오넬라 뉴모 필라 (19, 20)의 잘 특징 유형 IVB 점 / ICM 분비 시스템과 매우 유사합니다. Coxiella이 리소좀 유래 산성에 도달 할 때까지 흥미롭게 T4SS 이후 이펙터 전위의 활성화가 발생하지 않는다세포 기관, 약 8 시간 게시물 감염 17,21. 현재까지 130여 점 / ICM 이펙터는 9,17,22-24를 확인되었습니다. 이 이펙터의 대부분은 가능성이 숙주 세포 내에서 Coxiella의 복제시 중요한 역할을; 단, 약간의 이펙터 기능 25-29 특성화되었다. 본 연구에서 우리는 숙주 세포의 세포질 내 β-lactamase의 활성을 통해 (이하 BLAM 기판이라 함) CCF2-AM FRET 기판 (도 1)의 절단에 의존하는 형광 기반 전위 분석을 이용한다. 관심의 유전자는 구성 적 발현을 제공하는 리포터 플라스미드에 β-lactamase를 (연기하는거야)-1 TEM 융합된다. BLAM 기판을 FRET 쌍을 형성하는 두 개의 형광 발색단 (쿠마린 및 플루오 레세 인)로 구성되어있다. 플루 오레 신 및 이펙터 전위의 부재하에 녹색 형광 발광의 FRET의 쿠마린의 여기 결과; 그러나, 만약 즐M 이펙터 융합 단백질은 호스트 세포질로 전좌하고, 얻어진 β-lactamase의 활성을 절단 여진 다음 청색 형광 방출을 생산 FRET 쌍을 분리 BLA​​M 기판의 β 락탐 고리. 이 전위 분석이 잘 C. 등 다양한 세포 내 및 세포 외 박테리아의 범위에서 이펙터 단백질을 식별하는 방식으로 입증되었다 burnetii, L. 뉴모 필라, L. longbeachae, 클라미디아 트라코마 티스, 장내 유해 E. 대장균, 살모넬라 균 및 브루셀라 17,30-35. Coxiella 이펙터 전위 특정 숙주 인자의 역할을 결정하기 위해 우리는 특히 작은 간섭 RNA의 (siRNA의), RNA 간섭으로 알려진 유전자 침묵을위한 확립 된 방법을 이용한다. 원래 예쁜 꼬마 선충에서 발견, RNA 간섭은 타고난 defe에 사용되는 보존 내생 세포 과정바이러스에 대한 NSE뿐만 아니라 유전자 조절 (36, 37). 서열 - 특이 적 siRNA를 바인딩 한 후 mRNA를 분해 특정 유전자 침묵 또는 최저 38 결과 (RNA 유도 침묵 복합체) RISC 통해 발생한다. 이 연구에서의 siRNA가 세포 내 이입 경로의 중요한 레귤레이터 두 호스트 단백질 Rab5A 및 Rab7A를 대상으로 하였다. 이펙터 전위에 Rab5A 및 Rab7A 입을의 영향 C.을 사용하여 확인 하였다 burnetii pBlaM-CBU0077. 것은 이미 Coxiella 17 도트 / ICM 분비 시스템 전좌 것으로 나타났다 CBU0077로 선택 하였다. siRNA의 유전자 사일런 여기 기재된 fluorescencebased 전위 분석 양쪽을 이용하여 우리는 Coxiella 이펙터 단백질의 전위에 숙주 인자의 역할을 설정하기 시작한다. 이 방법은 유사한 secretio 소유 모두 세포 내 및 세포 외 박테리아의 넓은 범위에 적용될 수있다이펙터 단백질의 전위에 대한 책임 N 시스템.

<table><tbody><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Reagents&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Citric acid</td><td>Sigma</td><td>C0759</td><td>ACCM-2 medium component</td></tr><tr><td>Sodium citrate</td><td>Sigma</td><td>S4641</td><td>ACCM-2 medium component</td></tr><tr><td>Potassium phosphate</td><td>Sigma</td><td>60218</td><td>ACCM-2 medium component</td></tr><tr><td>Magnesium chloride</td><td>Calbiochem</td><td>442611</td><td>ACCM-2 medium component</td></tr><tr><td>Calcium chloride</td><td>Sigma</td><td>C5080</td><td>ACCM-2 medium component</td></tr><tr><td>Iron sulfate</td><td>Fisher</td><td>S93248</td><td>ACCM-2 medium component</td></tr><tr><td>Sodium chloride</td><td>Sigma</td><td>S9625</td><td>ACCM-2 medium component</td></tr><tr><td>L-cysteine</td><td>Sigma</td><td>C6852</td><td>ACCM-2 medium component</td></tr><tr><td>Bacto-neopeptone</td><td>BD</td><td>211681</td><td>ACCM-2 medium component</td></tr><tr><td>Casamino acids</td><td>Fisher</td><td>BP1424</td><td>ACCM-2 medium component</td></tr><tr><td>Methyl beta cyclodextrin</td><td>Sigma</td><td>C4555</td><td>ACCM-2 medium component</td></tr><tr><td>RPMI + Glutamax</td><td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td><td>61870-036</td><td>ACCM-2 medium component</td></tr><tr><td>Chloramphenicol</td><td>Sigma</td><td>C0378</td><td>For bacterial culture</td></tr><tr><td>ON-TARGETplus Non-targeting Control Pool (OTP)</td><td>Dharmacon</td><td>D-001810-10-05</td><td>Non-targeting control</td></tr><tr><td>siGENOME Human PLK1 (5347) siRNA - SMARTpool</td><td>Dharmacon</td><td>M-003290-01-005</td><td>Causes cell death; measure of transfection efficiency</td></tr><tr><td>siGENOME Human RAB5A (5968) siRNA - SMARTpool</td><td>Dharmacon</td><td>M-004009-00-0005</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>siGENOME Human RAB7A (7879) siRNA - SMARTpool</td><td>Dharmacon</td><td>M-010388-00-0005</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>5x siRNA buffer</td><td>Dharmacon</td><td>B-002000-UB-100</td><td>Use sterile RNase-free water to dilute 5x siRNA buffer to 1x siRNA buffer</td></tr><tr><td>DharmaFECT-1 Transfection Reagent</td><td>Dharmacon</td><td>T-2001-01</td><td>For transfection</td></tr><tr><td>Opti-MEM + GlutaMAX</td><td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td><td>51985-034</td><td>Reduced-serum medium used for transfection</td></tr><tr><td>DMEM + GlutaMAX</td><td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td><td>10567-014</td><td>For cell culture and infection</td></tr><tr><td>Heat-inactivated fetal calf serum (FCS)</td><td>Thermo Scientific</td><td>SH30071.03</td><td>Can use alternate equivalent product</td></tr><tr><td>DMSO</td><td>Sigma</td><td>D8418</td><td>For storage of Coxiella strain</td></tr><tr><td>PBS</td><td></td><td></td><td>For cell culture</td></tr><tr><td>0.05% Trypsin + EDTA</td><td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td><td>25300-054</td><td>For cell culture</td></tr><tr><td>dH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O</td><td></td><td></td><td>For dilution of samples and standards for qPCR</td></tr><tr><td>Quick-gDNA Mini Prep</td><td>ZYMO Research</td><td>D3007</td><td>Can use alternate equivalent product to extract gDNA</td></tr><tr><td>SensiFAST SYBR No-ROX Kit</td><td>Bioline</td><td>BIO-98020</td><td>Can use alternate equivalent qPCR master mix product for qPCR reaction</td></tr><tr><td>LiveBLAzer FRET-B/G Loading kit with CCF2-AM</td><td>Invitrogen</td><td>K1032</td><td>For measurement of translocation using fluorescence and generation of the 6X loading solution (contains Solution A, B, C and DMSO)</td></tr><tr><td>Sodium hydroxide</td><td>Merck</td><td>106469</td><td>Probenicid solution component</td></tr><tr><td>Sodium phosphate monobasic</td><td>Sigma</td><td>71505</td><td>Probenicid solution component</td></tr><tr><td>di-Sodium hydrogen orthophosphate</td><td>Merck</td><td>106586</td><td>Probenicid solution component</td></tr><tr><td>Probenicid</td><td>Sigma</td><td>P8761</td><td>Probenicid solution component</td></tr><tr><td>DRAQ5 Fluorescent Probe Solution (5 mM)</td><td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td><td>62251</td><td>Nuclei stain to determine cell viablity. Use 1:4000 diluted in PBS.&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>4% PFA (paraformaldehyde) solution in PBS</td><td>Sigma</td><td>P6148</td><td>Fixing solution for HeLa 229 cells</td></tr><tr><td>25 cm&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; tissue culture flask with vented cap</td><td>Corning</td><td>430639</td><td>For growth of bacterial strain</td></tr><tr><td>96 Well Flat Clear bottom Black Polystyrene TC-Treated Microplates, Individually wrapped, with Lid, Sterile</td><td>Corning</td><td>3603</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>75 cm&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; tissue culture flask with vented cap</td><td>Corning</td><td>430641</td><td>For growth of HeLa 229 cells</td></tr><tr><td>175 cm&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; tissue culture flask with vented cap</td><td>Corning</td><td>431080</td><td>For growth of HeLa 229 cells</td></tr><tr><td>Haemocytometer</td><td></td><td></td><td>For quantification of HeLa 229 cells</td></tr><tr><td>Tear-A-Way 96 Well PCR plates</td><td>4titude</td><td>4ti-0750/TA</td><td>For qPCR reaction</td></tr><tr><td>8-Lid chain, flat</td><td>Sarstedt</td><td>65.989.002</td><td>For qPCR reaction</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Name&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Company&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Catalog Number&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Comments&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Equipment&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Bench top microfuge</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Bench top vortex</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Orbital mixer</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Centrifuge</td><td>Eppendorf</td><td>5810 R</td><td>For pelleting bacterial culture</td></tr><tr><td>Nanodrop</td><td></td><td></td><td>For gDNA quantification</td></tr><tr><td>Mx3005P QPCR machine</td><td>Aligent Technologies</td><td>401456</td><td>For quantification of Coxiella genomes in 7 day culture</td></tr><tr><td>ClarioSTAR microplate reader</td><td>BMG LabTech</td><td></td><td>For measurement of fluorescence</td></tr></tbody></table>

applying fluorescence resonance energy transfer (fret) to examine effector translocation efficiency by coxiella burnetii during sirna silencing

Coxiella burnetii의, Q 발열의 원인 물질은 복제 성 틈새를 확립 타입 IV 도트 / ICM 분비 시스템에 의존하여 세포 내 병원체이다. 이펙터의 코호트는 호스트 프로세스를 조작 및 복제에 대한 고유 리소좀 유래 액포의 확립을 허용하는 숙주 세포에 본 시스템을 통해 전좌된다. 특정 유전자의 siRNA를 이용하여 침묵과 β-lactamase의 활성에 의존하는 FRET 기반의 기판을 사용하여 이펙터 전위 측정 : 여기에 제시된 방법은 두 개의 잘 확립 된 기술의 조합을 포함한다. 이 두 접근 방법의 적용, 우리는 박테리아 분비 시스템 기능 및 이펙터 전위에서 호스트 인자의 역할을 이해하기 시작할 수있다. 이 연구에서 우리는 Rab5A과 Rab7A, 모두 세포 내 이입 인신 매매 경로의 중요한 규제 기관의 역할을 조사했다. 우리는 이펙터 translocatio의 감소 중 단백질 결과의 발현을 침묵 입증N 효율. 이러한 방법은 또한 쉽게 분비 시스템을 이용하는 다른 세포 및 세포 외 병원체를 조사하도록 변형 될 수있다. 이러한 방식으로, 세균 이펙터 전위에 관련된 호스트 요인 글로벌 영상이 드러날 수있다.

이 연구를 들면, C. CBU0077 이전 Coxiella 도트 / ICM 분비 시스템 (17)의 전좌 이펙터로 도시 된 바와 같이 burnetii pBlaM-CBU0077 균주를 선택 하였다. 앞서 감염, 칠일 C.의 게놈 / ㎖의 총 개수 burnetii pBlaM-CBU0077 배양 물을 사용 qPCR에 열거 하였다. (4)는 순환 액의 예를 보여주는 도표 (TR) 값은 다음의 두 qPCR에 표준 샘?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Applying Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer FRET to Examine Effector Translocation Efficiency by Coxiella burnetii during siRNA Silencing at JoVE.com

Applying Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer FRET to Examine Effector Translocation Efficiency by Coxiella burnetii during siRNA Silencing

세균성 병원균과 호스트 사이의 상호 작용을 조사하는 것은 생물학적 연구의 중요한 영역입니다. 여기서는 BLAM 기판을 사용하여 siRNA의 유전자 사일런 동안 Coxiella burnetii에 의해 이펙터 전위를 측정하기 위해 필요한 기술들을 설명한다.

적용 형광 공명 에너지 전달 (FRET)을하여 이펙터 전좌 효율을 검사합니다<em&gt; Coxiella burnetii의</em&gt; siRNA를 음소거시

Coxiella burnetii, the causative agent of Q fever, is an intracellular pathogen that relies on a Type IV Dot/Icm Secretion System to establish a ...

applying-fluorescence-resonance-energy-transfer-fret-to-examine

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

Applying Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) to Examine Effector Translocation Efficiency by Coxiella burnetii during siRNA Silencing

10.6K 조회수.  University of Melbourne.  세균성 병원균과 호스트 사이의 상호 작용을 조사하는 것은 생물학적 연구의 중요한 영역입니다. 여기서는 BLAM 기판을 사용하여 siRNA의 유전자 사일런 동안 Coxiella burnetii에 의해 이펙터 전위를 측정하기 위해 필요한 기술들을 설명한다. 

비디오: Applying Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer FRET to Examine Effector Translocation Efficiency by Coxiella burnetii during siRNA Silencing

Using In Vitro Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer to Study the Dynamics Of Protein Complexes at a Millisecond Time Scale

Proteins are the primary operators of biological systems, and they usually interact with other macro- or small molecules to carry out their biological functions. Such interactions can be highly dynamic, meaning the interacting subunits are constantly associated and dissociated at certain rates. While measuring the binding affinity using techniques such as quantitative pull-down reveals the strength of the interaction, studying the binding kinetics provides insights on how fast the interaction occurs and how long each complex can exist. Furthermore, measuring the kinetics of an interaction in the presence of an additional factor, such as a protein exchange factor or a drug, helps reveal the mechanism by which the interaction is regulated by the other factor, providing important knowledge for the advancement of biological and medical research. Here, we describe a protocol for measuring the binding kinetics of a protein complex that has a high intrinsic association rate and can be dissociated quickly by another protein. The method uses fluorescence resonance energy transfer to report the formation of the protein complex in vitro, and it enables monitoring the fast association and dissociation of the complex in real time on a stopped-flow fluorimeter. Using this assay, the association and dissociation rate constants of the protein complex are quantified.

Protein-protein interactions are critical for biological systems, and studies of the binding kinetics provide insights into the dynamics and function of protein complexes. We describe a method that quantifies the kinetic parameters of a protein complex using fluorescence resonance energy transfer and the stopped-flow technique. &#160;

체 외 형광 공명 에너지 전달에 밀리초 시간 규모에서 단백질 복합물의 역학을 공부 하는 사용 하 여

Proteins are the primary operators of biological systems, and they usually interact with other macro- or small molecules to carry out their biological ...

연구

생화학

Screening and Identification of RNA Silencing Suppressors from Secreted Effectors of Plant Pathogens

RNA silencing is an evolutionarily conserved, sequence-specific gene regulation mechanism in eukaryotes. Several plant pathogens have evolved proteins with the ability to inhibit the host plant RNA silencing pathway. Unlike virus effector proteins, only several secreted effector proteins have showed the ability to suppress RNA silencing in bacterial, oomycete, and fungal pathogens, and the molecular functions of most effectors remain largely unknown. Here, we describe in detail a slightly modified version of the co-infiltration assay that could serve as a general method for observing RNA silencing and for characterizing effector proteins secreted by plant pathogens. The key steps of the approach are choosing the healthy and fully developed leaves, adjusting the bacteria culture to the appropriate optical density (OD) at 600 nm, and observing green fluorescent protein (GFP) fluorescence at the optimum time on the infiltrated leaves in order to avoid omitting effectors with weak suppression activity. This improved protocol will contribute to rapid, accurate, and extensive screening of RNA silencing suppressors and serve as an excellent starting point for investigating the molecular functions of these proteins.

Here, we present a modified screening method that can be extensively used to quickly screen RNA silencing suppressors in plant pathogens.

식물 병원균의 분비 이펙터에서 RNA 침묵 억제제의 스크리닝 및 식별

RNA silencing is an evolutionarily conserved, sequence-specific gene regulation mechanism in eukaryotes. Several plant pathogens have evolved proteins ...

유전학

Generation and Multi-phenotypic High-content Screening of Coxiella burnetii Transposon Mutants

Invasion and colonization of host cells by bacterial pathogens depend on the activity of a large number of prokaryotic proteins, defined as virulence factors, which can subvert and manipulate key host functions. The study of host/pathogen interactions is therefore extremely important to understand bacterial infections and develop alternative strategies to counter infectious diseases. This approach however, requires the development of new high-throughput assays for the unbiased, automated identification and characterization of bacterial virulence determinants. Here, we describe a method for the generation of a GFP-tagged mutant library by transposon mutagenesis and the development of high-content screening approaches for the simultaneous identification of multiple transposon-associated phenotypes. Our working model is the intracellular bacterial pathogen Coxiellaburnetii, the etiological agent of the zoonosis Q fever, which is associated with severe outbreaks with a consequent health and economic burden. The obligate intracellular nature of this pathogen has, until recently, severely hampered the identification of bacterial factors involved in host pathogen interactions, making of Coxiella the ideal model for the implementation of high-throughput/high-content approaches.

Generation and Multi-phenotypic High-content Screening of Coxiella burnetii Transposon Mutants

Coxiella burnetii is an obligate intracellular Gram-negative bacterium responsible for the zoonotic disease Q fever. Here we describe methods for the generation of Coxiella fluorescent transposon mutants as well as the automated identification and analysis of the resulting internalization, replication and cytotoxic phenotypes.

세대와의 멀티 표현형 높은 콘텐츠 상영<em&gt; Coxiella burnetii의</em&gt; 트랜스포존 돌연변이

Invasion and colonization of host cells by bacterial pathogens depend on the activity of a large number of prokaryotic proteins, defined as virulence ...

면역학 및 감염병학

Analysis of Yersinia enterocolitica Effector Translocation into Host Cells Using Beta-lactamase Effector Fusions

Many gram-negative bacteria including pathogenic Yersinia spp. employ type III secretion systems to translocate effector proteins into eukaryotic target cells. Inside the host cell the effector proteins manipulate cellular functions to the benefit of the bacteria. To better understand the control of type III secretion during host cell interaction, sensitive and accurate assays to measure translocation are required. We here describe the application of an assay based on the fusion of a Yersinia enterocolitica effector protein fragment (Yersinia outer protein; YopE) with TEM-1 beta-lactamase for quantitative analysis of translocation. The assay relies on cleavage of a cell permeant FRET dye (CCF4/AM) by translocated beta-lactamase fusion. After cleavage of the cephalosporin core of CCF4 by the beta-lactamase, FRET from coumarin to fluorescein is disrupted and excitation of the coumarin moiety leads to blue fluorescence emission. Different applications of this method have been described in the literature highlighting its versatility. The method allows for analysis of translocation in vitro and also in in vivo, e.g., in a mouse model. Detection of the fluorescence signals can be performed using plate readers, FACS analysis or fluorescence microscopy. In the setup described here, in vitro translocation of effector fusions into HeLa cells by different Yersinia mutants is monitored by laser scanning microscopy. Recording intracellular conversion of the FRET reporter by the beta-lactamase effector fusion in real-time provides robust quantitative results. We here show exemplary data, demonstrating increased translocation by a Y. enterocolitica YopE mutant compared to the wild type strain.

Analysis of Yersinia enterocolitica Effector Translocation into Host Cells Using Beta-lactamase Effector Fusions

Effector translocation into host cells via a type III secretion system is a common virulence strategy among gram-negative bacteria. A beta-lactamase effector fusion based assay for quantitative analysis of translocation was applied. In Yersinia infected cells, conversion of a FRET reporter by the beta-lactamase is monitored using laser scanning microscopy.

분석<em&gt; 예 르시 니아의 enterocolitica</em숙주 세포 내로&gt; 이펙터 전좌 베타 - 락타 마제 이펙터의 용해 사용

Many gram-negative bacteria including pathogenic Yersinia spp. employ type III secretion systems to translocate effector proteins into eukaryotic target ...

In Situ Detection of Ribonucleoprotein Complex Assembly in the C. elegans Germline using Proximity Ligation Assay

Understanding when and where protein-protein interactions (PPIs) occur is critical to understanding protein function in the cell and how broader processes such as development are affected. The Caenorhabditis elegans germline is a great model system for studying PPIs that are related to the regulation of stem cells, meiosis, and development. There are a variety of well-developed techniques that allow proteins of interest to be tagged for recognition by standard antibodies, making this system advantageous for proximity ligation assay (PLA) reactions. As a result, the PLA is able to show where PPIs occur in a spatial and temporal manner in germlines more effectively than alternative approaches. Described here is a protocol for the application and quantification of this technology to probe PPIs in the C. elegans germline.

In Situ Detection of Ribonucleoprotein Complex Assembly in the C. elegans Germline using Proximity Ligation Assay

This protocol demonstrates use of the proximity ligation assay to probe for protein-protein interactions in situ in the C. elegans germline.

근접 결찰 분석술을 사용하여 C. 예쁜꼬마선에서 리보뉴클레오 단백질 복합어셈블리의 시투 검출

Understanding when and where protein-protein interactions (PPIs) occur is critical to understanding protein function in the cell and how broader processes ...

발생학

Single-molecule Imaging of Gene Regulation In vivo Using Cotranslational Activation by Cleavage (CoTrAC)

We describe a fluorescence microscopy method, Co-Translational Activation by Cleavage (CoTrAC) to image the production of protein molecules in live cells with single-molecule precision without perturbing the protein's functionality. This method makes it possible to count the numbers of protein molecules produced in one cell during sequential, five-minute time windows. It requires a fluorescence microscope with laser excitation power density of ~0.5 to 1 kW/cm2, which is sufficiently sensitive to detect single fluorescent protein molecules in live cells. The fluorescent reporter used in this method consists of three parts: a membrane targeting sequence, a fast-maturing, yellow fluorescent protein and a protease recognition sequence. The reporter is translationally fused to the N-terminus of a protein of interest. Cells are grown on a temperature-controlled microscope stage. Every five minutes, fluorescent molecules within cells are imaged (and later counted by analyzing fluorescence images) and subsequently photobleached so that only newly translated proteins are counted in the next measurement.
Fluorescence images resulting from this method can be analyzed by detecting fluorescent spots in each image, assigning them to individual cells and then assigning cells to cell lineages. The number of proteins produced within a time window in a given cell is calculated by dividing the integrated fluorescence intensity of spots by the average intensity of single fluorescent molecules. We used this method to measure expression levels in the range of 0-45 molecules in single 5 min time windows. This method enabled us to measure noise in the expression of the &lambda; repressor CI, and has many other potential applications in systems biology.

Single-molecule Imaging of Gene Regulation In vivo Using Cotranslational Activation by Cleavage CoTrAC

We describe a fluorescence microscopy method, Co-Translational Activation by Cleavage (CoTrAC), to image the production of protein molecules in live cells with single-molecule precision without perturbing the protein's functionality. This method has been used to follow the stochastic expression dynamics of a transcription factor, the &lambda; repressor CI 1.

유전자 규정의 단일 분자 이미징<em&gt; 생체에</em&gt; 절단하여 Cotranslational 인증 (CoTrAC)를 사용

We describe a fluorescence microscopy method, Co-Translational Activation by Cleavage (CoTrAC) to image the production of protein molecules in live cells ...

생물학

RNA Catalyst as a Reporter for Screening Drugs against RNA Editing in Trypanosomes

Substantial progress has been made in determining the mechanism of mitochondrial RNA editing in trypanosomes. Similarly, considerable progress has been made in identifying the components of the editosome complex that catalyze RNA editing. However, it is still not clear how those proteins work together. Chemical compounds obtained from a high-throughput screen against the editosome may block or affect one or more steps in the editing cycle. Therefore, the identification of new chemical compounds will generate valuable molecular probes for dissecting the editosome function and assembly. In previous studies, in vitro editing assays were carried out using radio-labeled RNA. These assays are time consuming, inefficient and unsuitable for high-throughput purposes. Here, a homogenous fluorescence-based &#8220;mix and measure&#8221; hammerhead ribozyme in vitro reporter assay to monitor RNA editing, is presented. Only as a consequence of RNA editing of the hammerhead ribozyme a fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) oligoribonucleotide substrate undergoes cleavage. This in turn results in separation of the fluorophore from the quencher thereby producing a signal. In contrast, when the editosome function is inhibited, the fluorescence signal will be quenched. This is a highly sensitive and simple assay that should be generally applicable to monitor in vitro RNA editing or high throughput screening of chemicals that can inhibit the editosome function.

A highly sensitive ribozyme-based assay, applicable to high-throughput screening of chemicals targeting the unique process of RNA editing in trypanosomatid pathogens, is described in this paper. Inhibitors can be used as tools for hypothesis-driven analysis of the RNA editing process and ultimately as therapeutics.

Trypanosomes에서 RNA 편집에 대한 마약 검사에 대한 기자로 RNA 촉매

Substantial progress has been made in determining the mechanism of mitochondrial RNA editing in trypanosomes. Similarly, considerable progress has been ...

Workflow for High-content, Individual Cell Quantification of Fluorescent Markers from Universal Microscope Data, Supported by Open Source Software

Advances in understanding the control mechanisms governing the behavior of cells in adherent mammalian tissue culture models are becoming increasingly dependent on modes of single-cell analysis. Methods which deliver composite data reflecting the mean values of biomarkers from cell populations risk losing subpopulation dynamics that reflect the heterogeneity of the studied biological system. In keeping with this, traditional approaches are being replaced by, or supported with, more sophisticated forms of cellular assay developed to allow assessment by high-content microscopy. These assays potentially generate large numbers of images of fluorescent biomarkers, which enabled by accompanying proprietary software packages, allows for multi-parametric measurements per cell. However, the relatively high capital costs and overspecialization of many of these devices have prevented their accessibility to many investigators.
Described here is a universally applicable workflow for the quantification of multiple fluorescent marker intensities from specific subcellular regions of individual cells suitable for use with images from most fluorescent microscopes. Key to this workflow is the implementation of the freely available Cell Profiler software1&#160;to distinguish individual cells in these images, segment them into defined subcellular regions and deliver fluorescence marker intensity values specific to these regions. The extraction of individual cell intensity values from image data is the central purpose of this workflow and will be illustrated with the analysis of control data from a siRNA screen for G1 checkpoint regulators in adherent human cells. However, the workflow presented here can be applied to analysis of data from other means of cell perturbation (e.g., compound screens) and other forms of fluorescence based cellular markers and thus should be useful for a wide range of laboratories.

Presented is a flexible informatics workflow enabling multiplexed image-based analysis of fluorescently labeled cells. The workflow quantifies nuclear and cytoplasmic markers and computes marker translocation between these compartments. Procedures are provided for perturbation of cells using siRNA and reliable methodology for marker detection by indirect immunofluorescence in 96-well formats.

높은 콘텐츠, 오픈 소스 소프트웨어에 의해 지원되는 범용 현미경 데이터에서 형광 마커, 개별 셀 정량화를위한​​ 워크 플로우

Advances in understanding the control mechanisms governing the behavior of cells in adherent mammalian tissue culture models are becoming increasingly ...

Investigating Interactions Between Histone Modifying Enzymes and Transcription Factors in vivo by Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer

Epigenetic regulation of gene expression is commonly affected by histone modifying enzymes (HMEs) that generate heterochromatic or euchromatic histone marks for transcriptional repression or activation, respectively. HMEs are recruited to their target chromatin by transcription factors (TFs). Thus, detecting and characterizing direct interactions between HMEs and TFs are critical for understanding their function and specificity better. These studies would be more biologically relevant if performed in vivo within living tissues. Here, a protocol is described for visualizing interactions in plant leaves between a plant histone deubiquitinase and a plant transcription factor using fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET), which allows the detection of complexes between protein molecules that are within &#60;10 nm from each other. Two variations of the FRET technique are presented: SE-FRET (sensitized emission) and AB-FRET (acceptor bleaching), in which the energy is transferred non-radiatively from the donor to the acceptor or emitted radiatively by the donor upon photobleaching of the acceptor. Both SE-FRET and AB-FRET approaches can be adapted easily to discover other interactions between other proteins in planta.

Investigating Interactions Between Histone Modifying Enzymes and Transcription Factors in vivo by Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer

Fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) is an imaging technique for detecting protein interactions in living cells. Here, a FRET protocol is presented to study the association of histone-modifying enzymes with transcription factors that recruit them to the target promoters for epigenetic regulation of gene expression in plant tissues.

형광 공명 에너지 전달에 의한 생체 내 히스톤 변형 효소와 전사 인자 간의 상호 작용 조사

Epigenetic regulation of gene expression is commonly affected by histone modifying enzymes (HMEs) that generate heterochromatic or euchromatic histone ...

An Introduction to Transfection

Transfection is the process of inserting genetic material, such as DNA and double stranded RNA, into mammalian cells. The insertion of DNA into a cell enables the expression, or production, of proteins using the cells own machinery, whereas insertion of RNA into a cell is used to down-regulate the production of a specific protein by stopping translation. While the site of action for transfected RNA is the cytoplasm, DNA must be transported to the nucleus for effective transfection. There, the DNA can be transiently expressed for a short period of time, or become incorporated into the genomic DNA, where the change is passed on from cell to cell as it divides.
This video describes the basics behind chemical mediated transfections and introduces some of the most commonly-used reagents, including charged lipids, polymers, and calcium phosphate. Each step is described from the preparation of cells for transfection through analysis of transfection efficiency. Additionally, the applications section of this video-article describes the use of electroporation and a biolistic transfection as alternative methods for introducing nucleic acid into mammalian cells. It also describes an advanced use of transfection where co-transfection of interfering RNA and DNA are introduced as a way to down-regulate a naturally occurring protein while at the same time producing a mutant variant of it within the same cell.

Transfection: Inserting Genetic Materials into Mammalian Cells

Transfection 소개

Transfection is the process of inserting genetic material, such as DNA and double stranded RNA, into mammalian cells. The insertion of DNA into a cell ...

적용 형광 공명 에너지 전달 (FRET)을하여 이펙터 전좌 효율을 검사합니다

요약

더 많은 비디오 탐색

이 비디오의 챕터

체 외 형광 공명 에너지 전달에 밀리초 시간 규모에서 단백질 복합물의 역학을 공부 하는 사용 하 여

식물 병원균의 분비 이펙터에서 RNA 침묵 억제제의 스크리닝 및 식별

세대와의 멀티 표현형 높은 콘텐츠 상영

분석

근접 결찰 분석술을 사용하여 C. 예쁜꼬마선에서 리보뉴클레오 단백질 복합어셈블리의 시투 검출

유전자 규정의 단일 분자 이미징

Trypanosomes에서 RNA 편집에 대한 마약 검사에 대한 기자로 RNA 촉매

높은 콘텐츠, 오픈 소스 소프트웨어에 의해 지원되는 범용 현미경 데이터에서 형광 마커, 개별 셀 정량화를위한 워크 플로우

형광 공명 에너지 전달에 의한 생체 내 히스톤 변형 효소와 전사 인자 간의 상호 작용 조사

Transfection 소개

적용 형광 공명 에너지 전달 (FRET)을하여 이펙터 전좌 효율을 검사합니다

요약

더 많은 비디오 탐색

이 비디오의 챕터

체 외 형광 공명 에너지 전달에 밀리초 시간 규모에서 단백질 복합물의 역학을 공부 하는 사용 하 여

식물 병원균의 분비 이펙터에서 RNA 침묵 억제제의 스크리닝 및 식별

세대와의 멀티 표현형 높은 콘텐츠 상영

분석

근접 결찰 분석술을 사용하여 C. 예쁜꼬마선에서 리보뉴클레오 단백질 복합어셈블리의 시투 검출

유전자 규정의 단일 분자 이미징

Trypanosomes에서 RNA 편집에 대한 마약 검사에 대한 기자로 RNA 촉매

높은 콘텐츠, 오픈 소스 소프트웨어에 의해 지원되는 범용 현미경 데이터에서 형광 마커, 개별 셀 정량화를위한​​ 워크 플로우

형광 공명 에너지 전달에 의한 생체 내 히스톤 변형 효소와 전사 인자 간의 상호 작용 조사

Transfection 소개

높은 콘텐츠, 오픈 소스 소프트웨어에 의해 지원되는 범용 현미경 데이터에서 형광 마커, 개별 셀 정량화를위한 워크 플로우