原稿の重要な読書のための博士ベネディクトSteutenに感謝します。キチナーゼ上のオリジナル作品は、博士はThorstenラングナーにより行いました。 VGの研究室は、植物科学優秀（CEPLAS、DFG EXC 1028）とBioSCのクラスタでサポートされている、KSの研究室ではBioSCによってサポートされています。 KBはBioSCによってサポートされています。 Bioeconomy科学センター（BioSC）の科学的な活動は財政NRW Strategieprojekt BioSC（第313 / 323-400-00213）の枠組みの中でイノベーション、科学・研究省によってサポートされていました。 LFはDFG国際研究研修グループ1525 iGRADplantの博士課程の交わりによってサポートされています。

<ol>
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The authors have nothing to disclose.

このプロトコルはU.で逆遺伝学的研究のための欠失変異体を生成する方法について説明しますmaydis。出発点は、それが以前に7,9を最適化したとして、目的遺伝子の約1開始の上流および終止コドンの下流キロバイトだけでなく、適切な耐性カセットの配列を含有するフランキング配列を含む欠失構築物であります。構築物は、個別に各遺伝子のために生成され、慎重に遺?...

ウスチラゴmaydisは何十年も1,2のために広く研究されてきた植物病原性のモデル菌です。それは2つの形態、酵母様、非病原性ステージと糸状、感染型3内に存在します。このような相同組換えおよびDNA修復機構としてユニバーサル画期的な発見は、この菌4の酵母様成長段階で行われました。また、感染症のための重要な感染性フィラメントと病原性因子への形態学的スイッチは5,6を十分に特徴づけされています。このスマット菌の生物学と病原性についての増加分子の知識は、優れたゲノムアノテーション10と使用して、逆遺伝学の容易さ、 例えば 、当研究所ではよく組織プラスミドコレクション（HTTPでサポートされている簡単な遺伝子置換戦略7-9に依存しています：//www.mikrobiologie.hhu.de/ustilago-community.html）。トウモロコシの中で標準化され、急速な感染アッセイeedlingsは、病原因子11の詳細な研究を可能にします。 U.のゲノムmaydisは、約6900の遺伝子10が含まれています 。その機能を研究するために、それらが原因で、効率的な相同組換え系を個別にまたは組み合わせて削除することができます。完全に相同末端を含む約1キロバイトの隣接領域は、相同組換え率50％より多くのための理想的ですが、すでに非相同末端を有する250bpのは、構造9の正しい統合をある程度可能にします。現在、5異なる耐性カセット、ハイグロマイシン、カルボキシン、ヌーセオスリシン、G418およびフレオマイシンに対する耐性を仲介hygR、cbxR、NATR、G418R、およびphleoRは 、形質転換体7,9を選択するために使用されています。また、ハイグロマイシン耐性、異種FLPリコンビナーゼ12の一過性発現によって除去することができる再利用可能なカセット（FRT-hygR）に開発されています。これは、耐性カセットの除去とそれによって理論的には無限の遺伝的改変を可能にします。フレオマイシン新しいカセットと、リサイクルhygRカセット特にphleoRの使用が減少されるように、13変異原性です。四重変異体は、このように他の4つのカセットを使用して生成することができますが、五重変異体について、FRT-hygRシステムは、14をお勧めします。 この一般的な遺伝子欠失戦略は成功し、このようなSporisoriumのreilianum 15、Uのような他の黒穂菌類に転送されましたhordei 16、またはU.エスクレンタ 17したがって、効率的な相同組換えシステムとまだ遺伝的難治生物におけるさらなる応用の可能性を提供しています。関与する遺伝子の欠失によって例示されるようにまた、相同組換えを欠く生物が遺伝子操作を改善するために修飾することができる非相同エンD-参加アカパンカビ 18,19インチここでは、Uのための公開された遺伝子欠失戦略を説明します候補者の迅速かつ正確な検証を中心とした実験的な詳細に7,9を maydis。例として、我々は真菌キチナーゼを使用して、単一変異体の生成だけでなく、複数の欠失株20,21を示しています。彼らは剛性の細胞壁にキチンに作用するためのキチナーゼは、興味深い例です。細胞壁リモデリングは、細胞分裂、糸状成長へのスイッチ、および胞子形成の間に形態学的変化のために必要とされます。従って、欠失変異体でライフサイクル全体の表現型が期待できます。

<table><tbody><tr><td>Aminobenzoeic acid (Free Acid)</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>A-9878</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Bacto agar&amp;nbsp;</td><td>BD</td><td>214010</td><td>alternatively use local supplier</td></tr><tr><td>Bacto peptone</td><td>BD</td><td>211677</td><td>alternatively use local supplier</td></tr><tr><td>Bacto yeast extract&amp;nbsp;</td><td>BD</td><td>212750</td><td>alternatively use local supplier</td></tr><tr><td>CaCl&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;*2H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O</td><td>Gr&amp;uuml;ssing GmbH</td><td>10234</td><td>alternatively use local supplier</td></tr><tr><td>Ca-Pantothenat (Hemi-Ca. salt)</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>P-2250</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Carboxin&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>45371</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Casamino acids&amp;nbsp;</td><td>BD</td><td>223050</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cholinchlorid</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>C-1879</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Citric acid</td><td>ChemSolute</td><td>24,321,000</td><td>alternatively use local supplier</td></tr><tr><td>CuSO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;*5H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O</td><td>Fluka</td><td>61240</td><td>alternatively use local supplier</td></tr><tr><td>D(+)Sucrose&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Roth</td><td>4621.1</td><td>alternatively use local supplier</td></tr><tr><td>DNA degr. free acid&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>D-3159</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>EDTA</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>E4378</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>FeCl&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;*6H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O</td><td>Gr&amp;uuml;ssing GmbH</td><td>10288</td><td>alternatively use local supplier</td></tr><tr><td>Geneticin (G418) disulfate salt</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>A1720</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Trichoderma lysing enzymes</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>L1412</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>D(+) Glucose</td><td>Caelo</td><td>2580</td><td>alternatively use local supplier</td></tr><tr><td>Glycerin&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Fisher Chemical</td><td>G065015</td><td>alternatively use local supplier</td></tr><tr><td>H&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;BO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;</td><td>AppliChem</td><td>A2940</td><td>Dangerous substance. Please check manufacturer&#039;s safety instructions.</td></tr><tr><td>Heparin sodium salt</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>H3393-50KU</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Hygromycin B-solution</td><td>Roth</td><td>1287.2</td><td>Dangerous substance.&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>KCl</td><td>VWR</td><td>26764298</td><td>alternatively use local supplier</td></tr><tr><td>KH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;PO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;</td><td>AppliChem</td><td>A3620</td><td>alternatively use local supplier</td></tr><tr><td>MgSO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; waterfree</td><td>Merck</td><td>7487-88-9</td><td>Water free is critical. Alternatively use local supplier</td></tr><tr><td>MnCl&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;*4H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O</td><td>AppliChem</td><td>A2087</td><td>alternatively use local supplier</td></tr><tr><td>myo-Inositol</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>I-5125</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Na&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;-EDTA*2H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O</td><td>AppliChem</td><td>A2937</td><td>alternatively use local supplier</td></tr><tr><td>Na&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;MoO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;*2H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O</td><td>Roth</td><td>0274.2</td><td>alternatively use local supplier</td></tr><tr><td>Na&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;SO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;</td><td>Gr&amp;uuml;ssing GmbH</td><td>12174</td><td>alternatively use local supplier</td></tr><tr><td>NaCl</td><td>Fisher Chemical</td><td>S316060</td><td>alternatively use local supplier</td></tr><tr><td>NaOH</td><td>ChemSolute</td><td>13,751,000</td><td>alternatively use local supplier</td></tr><tr><td>NH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;NO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;</td><td>Roth</td><td>K299.1</td><td>alternatively use local supplier</td></tr><tr><td>Nicotinic acid (Free acid)</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>N-4126</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Nourseothricin dihydrogen sulfate&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Werner BioAgents</td><td>5,001,000</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Nutrient broth&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Difco</td><td></td><td>local suppliers</td></tr><tr><td>Phenol:Chloroform:Isoamyl alcohol (25:24:1) pH 6.7</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>P3803</td><td>Dangerous substance. Please check manufacturer&#039;s safety instructions.</td></tr><tr><td>polyethylene glycol (PEG)</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>P-3640</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Potassium acetate</td><td>AppliChem</td><td>121479</td><td>alternatively use local supplier</td></tr><tr><td>Pyridoxin (monohydrochlorid)</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>P-9755</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Riboflavin&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>R4500</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>RNaseA</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>R5503</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>SDS</td><td>Roth</td><td>Cn30.3</td><td>alternatively use local supplier</td></tr><tr><td>small syringe</td><td>BD</td><td>300300</td><td>alternatively use local supplier</td></tr><tr><td>sterile filter, 22 &amp;micro;m</td><td>VWR</td><td>28145-477</td><td>alternatively use local supplier</td></tr><tr><td>Sorbitol</td><td>Roth</td><td>6213.1</td><td>alternatively use local supplier</td></tr><tr><td>Thiamin-hydrochloride</td><td>Serva</td><td>36020.02</td><td>alternatively use local supplier</td></tr><tr><td>tri-Na-Citrate</td><td>Fisher Chemical</td><td>S332060</td><td>alternatively use local supplier</td></tr><tr><td>Tris- (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane</td><td>VWR</td><td>103156X</td><td>alternatively use local supplier</td></tr><tr><td>Tris hydrochloride</td><td>Roth</td><td>9090.4</td><td>alternatively use local supplier</td></tr><tr><td>Triton X-100&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Serva&amp;nbsp;</td><td>37240</td><td>alternatively use local supplier</td></tr><tr><td>ZnCl&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;</td><td>Fluka</td><td>96470</td><td>alternatively use local supplier</td></tr><tr><td>Composition of solutions/preparation of material</td><td></td><td></td><td>Composition of solutions</td></tr><tr><td>Carboxin</td><td></td><td></td><td>Stock: 5 mg/ml in methanol, final concentration: 2 &amp;micro;g/ml</td></tr><tr><td>CM plates</td><td></td><td></td><td>0.25 % (w/v) Casamino acids, 0.1 % (w/v) Yeast Extract, 1.0 % (v/v) Holliday vitamin solution, 6.25 % (v/v); Holliday salt solution, 0.05 % (w/v) DNA degr. free acid, 0.15 % (w/v) NH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;NO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;, 2.0 % (w/v) Bacto Agar; adjust to pH 7.0 using 5 M NaOH; after autoclaving add 1 % glucose&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Geneticin (G418)</td><td></td><td></td><td>Stock: 50 mg/ml in H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O, final concentration: 500 &amp;micro;g/ml</td></tr><tr><td>HCl-washed glass beads (0.35-0.45 mm)</td><td></td><td></td><td>Cover glass beads with concentrated HCl (25 %, 7.8 M) and incubate for 60 min. Sway several times. Decant HCl (keep decanted liquid) and wash glass beads with 3 M HCl (keep decanted liquid). Wash glass beads several times with double distilled H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O until the pH is 7 (the liquid should not be yellow-green anymore). Aliquot the glass beads and dry them at 180 &amp;deg;C. The decanted HCl has to be neutralized before disposal.&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Heparin</td><td></td><td></td><td>Stock: 15 mg/ml</td></tr><tr><td>Holliday salt solution</td><td></td><td></td><td>16.0 &amp;permil; (w/v) KH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;PO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;, 4.0 &amp;permil; (w/v) Na&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;SO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;, 8.0 &amp;permil; (w/v) KCl, 1.32 &amp;permil; (w/v) CaCl&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;*2H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O, 8.0 &amp;permil; (v/v) trace elements, 2.0 &amp;permil; (w/v) MgSO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;; sterile filtrate</td></tr><tr><td>Holliday vitamin solution&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td><td></td><td>0.1&amp;permil; (w/v) Thiamin, 0.05&amp;permil; (w/v) Riboflavin, 0.05&amp;permil; (w/v) Pyridoxin, 0.2&amp;permil; (w/v) Ca-Pantothenat, (0.05&amp;permil; (w/v) Aminobenzoeic acid, 0.2&amp;permil; (w/v) Nicotinic acid, 0.2&amp;permil; (w/v) Cholinchlorid, 1.0&amp;permil; (w/v) myo-Inositol; may be stored at -20 &amp;deg;C</td></tr><tr><td>Hygromycin</td><td></td><td></td><td>Stock: 50 mg/ml in PBS, final concentration: 200 &amp;micro;g/ml</td></tr><tr><td>Nourseothricin</td><td></td><td></td><td>Stock: 200 mg/ml in H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O, final concentration: 150 &amp;micro;g/ml</td></tr><tr><td>NSY-glycerol-medium</td><td></td><td></td><td>0.8 % (w/v) Nutrient Broth, 0.1 % (w/v) Yeast Extract, 0.5 % (w/v) Sucrose,&amp;nbsp; 80.0 % (v/v) 87% Glycerin (f.c. 69.6%)&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>RegLight</td><td></td><td></td><td>1.0% (w/v) Yeast Extract&amp;nbsp; 0.4 % (w/v) Bacto Peptone, 0.4 % (w/v) Sucrose, 18.22 % (w/v) Sorbitol, 1.5 % (w/v) Agar</td></tr><tr><td>SCS, pH 5.8</td><td></td><td></td><td>Solution 1: 20 mM tri-Na-citrate, 1 M Sorbitol; colution 2: 20 mM Citric acid, 1 M Sorbitol, add solution 2 into solution 1 until pH 5.8 is reached; autoclave</td></tr><tr><td>STC, pH 8</td><td></td><td></td><td>1 M Sorbitol, 10 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.5, 100 mM CaCl&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;; filter sterile</td></tr><tr><td>STC/PEG</td><td></td><td></td><td>40 % (v/v) PEG in STC-buffer&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>TE buffer, pH 8</td><td></td><td></td><td>1.31 mM Tris-Base, 8.69 mM Tris-HCl, 10 mM Na&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;-EDTA*2H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O</td></tr><tr><td>TE/RNase</td><td></td><td></td><td>10 &amp;micro;g/ml RNaseA in TE buffer</td></tr><tr><td>Trace elements</td><td></td><td></td><td>0.06&amp;permil; (w/v) H&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;BO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;, 0.14&amp;permil; (w/v) MnCl*4H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O, 0.4 &amp;permil; (w/v) ZnCl&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, 0.4 &amp;permil; (w/v) Na&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;MoO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;*H2O:2, 0.1 &amp;permil; (w/v) FeCl&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;*6H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O, 0.04&amp;permil; (w/v) CuSO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;*5H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O</td></tr><tr><td>Trichoderma lysing enzymes solution</td><td></td><td></td><td>12.5 mg/ml SCS; filter sterile; prepare shortly before use</td></tr><tr><td>Tris-HCl pH 7.5</td><td></td><td></td><td>806 mM Tris-HCl, 194 mM Tris-Base; check the pH and if necessary adjust with HCl; autoclave</td></tr><tr><td>Usti-lysis buffer 1, pH 8</td><td></td><td></td><td>10 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8.0), 10 mM NaCl, 1% (w/v) SDS, 2% (v/v) TritonX-100, 1 mM EDTA. Do not measure pH using pH meter.&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Usti-lysis buffer 2</td><td></td><td></td><td>mix Usti lysis buffer 1 with 1x TE in a 1:1 ratio</td></tr><tr><td>YEPS-Light medium</td><td></td><td></td><td>1.0% (w/v) Yeast Extract, 0.4% (w/v) Bacto Peptone, 0.4% (w/v) Sucrose, for plates: 1.5% (w/v) Bacto Agar</td></tr></tbody></table>

genetic manipulation of the plant pathogen ustilago maydis to study fungal biology and plant microbe interactions

遺伝子欠失は、遺伝子機能の解析に重要な役割を果たしています。目的の方法で遺伝子を破壊するための最も効率的な方法の一つは、相同組換えを介して選択可能なマーカーで遺伝子全体の交換です。相同組換えの際に、DNAの交換は、高い類似性を有する配列との間で行われます。従って、標的遺伝子に隣接する線形ゲノム配列は、具体的には、所望の組込み部位を選択可能なマーカーを指向するために使用することができます。欠失コンストラクトの平滑末端は細胞のDNA修復系を活性化し、それによって、相同組換えを介して、または非相同末端接合のいずれかによって、構築物の統合を促進します。効率的な相同組換えを有する生物では、成功した遺伝子欠失の割合は、50％以上がこの戦略の貴重な遺伝子破壊システム作りに到達することができます。黒穂菌ウスチラゴmaydisは 、このような効率的な相同recombinatを示す真核生物のモデル微生物でありますイオン。その約6,900の遺伝子のうち、多くは、機能的欠失変異体を利用して特徴づけされており、遺伝子の本質的な機能で遺伝子置換試行点の失敗を繰り返しました。蛍光マーカーまたは予測ドメインの変異とタギングによる遺伝子機能のその後の特徴付けはまた、相同組換えを介したDNA交換に依存しています。ここでは、Uを発表します最も簡単な例を用いて詳細に歪み生成戦略、遺伝子欠失をmaydis。

U.でエンコードされたすべての4キチン分解遺伝子に対する欠失構築maydisゲノムはCTS1の削除のためにhygRカセットを使用して、ゴールデンゲートクローニングによって生成された、NATR CTS2の削除のため、CTS3の削除とcts4 20の削除のcbxRためG418Rカセット 。遺伝子置換戦略の概要は、CTS3の欠?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Genetic Manipulation of the Plant Pathogen Ustilago maydis to Study Fungal Biology and Plant Microbe Interactions at JoVE.com

Genetic Manipulation of the Plant Pathogen Ustilago maydis to Study Fungal Biology and Plant Microbe Interactions

我々は遺伝的にウスチラゴがmaydisスマット菌を操作する堅牢な遺伝子置換戦略を説明します。このプロトコルは、感染症の表現型を調べるために、欠失変異体を生成する方法について説明します。蛍光タンパク質タグをコードする配列を付加することによって、 例えば 、任意の所望の方法で遺伝子を修正するために拡張することができます。

植物病原体の遺伝子操作<em&gt;ウスチラゴmaydis</em&gt;真菌生物と植物微生物相互作用を研究します

Gene deletion plays an important role in the analysis of gene function. One of the most efficient methods to disrupt genes in a targeted manner is the ...

genetic-manipulation-plant-pathogen-ustilago-maydis-to-study-fungal

Research

JoVE Journal

Genetics

Genetic Manipulation of the Plant Pathogen Ustilago maydis to Study Fungal Biology and Plant Microbe Interactions

14.4K ビュー.  Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf. 我々は遺伝的にウスチラゴがmaydisスマット菌を操作する堅牢な遺伝子置換戦略を説明します。このプロトコルは、感染症の表現型を調べるために、欠失変異体を生成する方法について説明します。蛍光タンパク質タグをコードする配列を付加することによって、 例えば 、任意の所望の方法で遺伝子を修正するために拡張することができます...

ビデオ: Genetic Manipulation of the Plant Pathogen Ustilago maydis to Study Fungal Biology and Plant Microbe Interactions

A Rapid and Efficient Method for Assessing Pathogenicity of Ustilago maydis on Maize and Teosinte Lines

Maize is a major cereal crop worldwide. However, susceptibility to biotrophic pathogens is the primary constraint to increasing productivity. U. maydis is a biotrophic fungal pathogen and the causal agent of corn smut on maize. This disease is responsible for significant yield losses of approximately $1.0 billion annually in the U.S.1 Several methods including crop rotation, fungicide application and seed treatments are currently used to control corn smut2. However, host resistance is the only practical method for managing corn smut. Identification of crop plants including maize, wheat, and rice that are resistant to various biotrophic pathogens has significantly decreased yield losses annually3-5. Therefore, the use of a pathogen inoculation method that efficiently and reproducibly delivers the pathogen in between the plant leaves, would facilitate the rapid identification of maize lines that are resistant to U. maydis. As, a first step toward indentifying maize lines that are resistant to U. maydis, a needle injection inoculation method and a resistance reaction screening method was utilized to inoculate maize, teosinte, and maize x teosinte introgression lines with a U. maydis strain and to select resistant plants.
Maize, teosinte and maize x teosinte introgression lines, consisting of about 700 plants, were planted, inoculated with a strain of U. maydis, and screened for resistance. The inoculation and screening methods successfully identified three teosinte lines resistant to U. maydis. Here a detailed needle injection inoculation and resistance reaction screening protocol for maize, teosinte, and maize x teosinte introgression lines is presented. This study demonstrates that needle injection inoculation is an invaluable tool in agriculture that can efficiently deliver U. maydis in between the plant leaves and has provided plant lines that are resistant to U. maydis that can now be combined and tested in breeding programs for improved disease resistance.

A Rapid and Efficient Method for Assessing Pathogenicity of Ustilago maydis on Maize and Teosinte Lines

The use of a needle injection method to inoculate maize and teosinte plants with the biotrophic pathogen Ustilago maydis is described. The needle injection inoculation method facilitates the controlled delivery of the fungal pathogen in between the plant leaves where the pathogen enters the plant through the formation of appresoria. This method is highly efficient, enabling reproducible inoculations with U. maydis.

トウモロコシとテオシンテ線における ウスチラゴ の病原性を評価するための迅速かつ効率的な方法

Maize is a major cereal crop worldwide. However, susceptibility to biotrophic pathogens is the primary constraint to increasing productivity. U. maydis is ...

環境学

Rapid Deletion Production in Fungi via Agrobacterium Mediated Transformation of OSCAR Deletion Constructs

Precise deletion of gene(s) of interest, while leaving the rest of the genome unchanged, provides the ideal product to determine that particular gene&#39;s function in the living organism. In this protocol the OSCAR method of precise and rapid deletion plasmid construction is described. OSCAR relies on the cloning system in which a single recombinase reaction is carried out containing the purified PCR-amplified 5&#39; and 3&#39; flanks of the gene of interest and two plasmids, pA-Hyg OSCAR (the marker vector) and pOSCAR (the assembly vector). Confirmation of the correctly assembled deletion vector is carried out by restriction digestion mapping followed by sequencing. Agrobacterium tumefaciens is then used to mediate introduction of the deletion construct into fungal spores (referred to as ATMT). Finally, a PCR assay is described to determine if the deletion construct integrated by homologous or non-homologous recombination, indicating gene deletion or ectopic integration, respectively. This approach has been successfully used for deletion of numerous genes in Verticillium dahliae and in Fusarium verticillioides among other species.

Rapid Deletion Production in Fungi via Agrobacterium Mediated Transformation of OSCAR Deletion Constructs

Gene deletion mutants generated through homologous recombination are the gold standard for gene function studies. The OSCAR (One Step Construction of Agrobacterium-Recombination-ready-plasmids) method for rapid generation of deletion constructs is described. Agrobacterium mediated fungal transformation follows. Finally, a PCR based confirmation method of gene deletions in fungal transformants is presented.

真菌による迅速な欠失生産<em&gt;アグロバクテリウム</em&gt; OSCAR削除コンストラクトの仲介された変換

Precise deletion of gene(s) of interest, while leaving the rest of the genome unchanged, provides the ideal product to determine that particular ...

遺伝学

Using Ustilago maydis as a Trojan Horse for In Situ Delivery of Maize Proteins

Inspired by Homer&#180;s Trojan horse myth, we engineered the maize pathogen Ustilago maydis to deliver secreted proteins into the maize apoplast permitting in vivo phenotypic analysis. This method does not rely on maize transformation but exploits microbial genetics and secretory capabilities of pathogens. Herein, it allows inspection of in vivo delivered secreted proteins with high spatiotemporal resolution at different kinds of infection sites and tissues. The Trojan horse strategy can be utilized to transiently complement maize loss-of-function phenotypes, to functionally characterize protein domains, to analyze off-target protein effects, or to study onside protein overdosage, making it a powerful tool for protein studies in the maize crop system. This work contains a precise protocol on how to generate a Trojan horse strain followed by standardized infection protocols to apply this method to three different maize tissue types.

Using Ustilago maydis as a Trojan Horse for In Situ Delivery of Maize Proteins

This work describes the cloning of an Ustilago maydis Trojan horse strain for the in situ delivery of secreted maize proteins into three different types of maize tissues.

トロイの木馬として経路を用いたトウモロコシ蛋白質場配信で

Inspired by Homer&#180;s Trojan horse myth, we engineered the maize pathogen Ustilago maydis to deliver secreted proteins into the maize apoplast ...

CRISPR-mediated Genome Editing of the Human Fungal Pathogen Candida albicans

This method describes the efficient CRISPR mediated genome editing of the diploid human fungal pathogen Candida albicans. CRISPR-mediated genome editing in C. albicans requires Cas9, guide RNA, and repair template. A plasmid expressing a yeast codon optimized Cas9 (CaCas9) has been generated. Guide sequences directly upstream from a PAM site (NGG) are cloned into the Cas9 expression vector. A repair template is then made by primer extension in vitro. Cotransformation of the repair template and vector into C. albicans leads to genome editing. Depending on the repair template used, the investigator can introduce nucleotide changes, insertions, or deletions. As C. albicans is a diploid, mutations are made in both alleles of a gene, provided that the A and B alleles do not harbor SNPs that interfere with guide targeting or repair template incorporation. Multimember gene families can be edited in parallel if suitable conserved sequences exist in all family members. The C. albicans CRISPR system described is flanked by FRT sites and encodes flippase. Upon induction of flippase, the antibiotic marker (CaCas9) and guide RNA are removed from the genome. This allows the investigator to perform subsequent edits to the genome. C. albicans CRISPR is a powerful fungal genetic engineering tool, and minor alterations to the described protocols permit the modification of other fungal species including C. glabrata, N. castellii, and S. cerevisiae.

CRISPR-mediated Genome Editing of the Human Fungal Pathogen Candida albicans

Efficient genome engineering of Candida albicans is critical to understanding the pathogenesis and development of therapeutics. Here, we described a protocol to quickly and accurately edit the C. albicans genome using CRISPR. The protocol allows investigators to introduce a wide variety of genetic modifications including point mutations, insertions, and deletions.

CRISPR を介したゲノム人間病原菌カンジダの編集

This method describes the efficient CRISPR mediated genome editing of the diploid human fungal pathogen Candida albicans. CRISPR-mediated genome editing ...

Inhibition of Aspergillus flavus Growth and Aflatoxin Production in Transgenic Maize Expressing the &#945;-amylase Inhibitor from Lablab purpureus L.

Aflatoxin contamination in food and feed crops is a major challenge worldwide. Aflatoxins, produced by the fungus Aspergillus flavus (A. flavus) are potent carcinogens that substantially reduce crop value in maize and other oil rich crops like peanut besides posing serious threat to human and animal health. Different approaches, including traditional breeding, transgenic expression of resistance associated proteins, and RNA interference (RNAi)-based host-induced gene silencing of critical A. flavus gene targets, are being evaluated to increase aflatoxin resistance in susceptible crops. Past studies have shown an important role of &#945;-amylase in A. flavus pathogenesis and aflatoxin production, suggesting this gene/enzyme is a potential target to reduce both A. flavus growth and aflatoxin production. In this regard, the current study was undertaken to evaluate heterologous expression (under control of the constitutive CaMV 35S promoter) of a Lablab purpureus L. &#945;-amylase inhibitor-like protein (AILP) in maize against A. flavus. AILP is a 36-kDa protein, which is a competitive inhibitor of A. flavus &#945;-amylase enzyme and belongs to the lectin&#8211;arcelin&#8211;&#945;-amylase inhibitor protein family in common bean. In vitro studies prior to the current work had demonstrated the role of AILP in inhibition of A. flavus &#945;-amylase activity and fungal growth. Fungal growth and aflatoxin production in mature kernels were monitored in real time using a GFP-expressing A. flavus strain. This kernel screening assay (KSA) is very simple to set up and provides reliable and reproducible data on infection and the extent of spread that could be quantified for evaluation of germplasm and transgenic lines. The fluorescence from the GFP strain is closely correlated to fungal growth and, by extension, it is well-correlated to aflatoxin values.&#160; The goal of the current work was to implement this previous knowledge in a commercially important crop like maize to increase aflatoxin resistance. Our results show a 35%&#8211;72% reduction in A. flavus growth in AILP-expressing transgenic maize kernels which, in turn, translated into a 62%&#8211;88% reduction in aflatoxin levels.

Inhibition of Aspergillus flavus Growth and Aflatoxin Production in Transgenic Maize Expressing the &#945;-amylase Inhibitor from Lablab purpureus L.

Here we present a protocol to analyze Aspergillus flavus growth and aflatoxin production in maize kernels expressing an antifungal protein.&#160; Using a GFP-expressing A. flavus strain we monitored the infection and spread of the fungus in mature kernels in real time. The assay is rapid, reliable, and reproducible.

コウジカビ flavusの生育と遺伝子組換えトウモロコシはフジマメ属液体l. から α-アミラーゼ阻害剤を表現するアフラトキシン生産阻害

Aflatoxin contamination in food and feed crops is a major challenge worldwide. Aflatoxins, produced by the fungus Aspergillus flavus (A. flavus) are ...

Genetic Manipulation in &Delta;ku80 Strains for Functional Genomic Analysis of Toxoplasma gondii

Targeted genetic manipulation using homologous recombination is the method of choice for functional genomic analysis to obtain a detailed view of gene function and phenotype(s). The development of mutant strains with targeted gene deletions, targeted mutations, complemented gene function, and/or tagged genes provides powerful strategies to address gene function, particularly if these genetic manipulations can be efficiently targeted to the gene locus of interest using integration mediated by double cross over homologous recombination.
Due to very high rates of nonhomologous recombination, functional genomic analysis of Toxoplasma gondii has been previously limited by the absence of efficient methods for targeting gene deletions and gene replacements to specific genetic loci. Recently, we abolished the major pathway of nonhomologous recombination in type I and type II strains of T. gondii by deleting the gene encoding the KU80 protein1,2. The &Delta;ku80 strains behave normally during tachyzoite (acute) and bradyzoite (chronic) stages in vitro and in vivo and exhibit essentially a 100% frequency of homologous recombination. The &Delta;ku80 strains make functional genomic studies feasible on the single gene as well as on the genome scale1-4.
Here, we report methods for using type I and type II &Delta;ku80&Delta;hxgprt strains to advance gene targeting approaches in T. gondii. We outline efficient methods for generating gene deletions, gene replacements, and tagged genes by targeted insertion or deletion of the hypoxanthine-xanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HXGPRT) selectable marker. The described gene targeting protocol can be used in a variety of ways in &Delta;ku80 strains to advance functional analysis of the parasite genome and to develop single strains that carry multiple targeted genetic manipulations. The application of this genetic method and subsequent phenotypic assays will reveal fundamental and unique aspects of the biology of T. gondii and related significant human pathogens that cause malaria (Plasmodium sp.) and cryptosporidiosis (Cryptosporidium).

Here we report a method for using type I and type II &Delta;ku80 strains of Toxoplasma gondii to efficiently generate targeted gene deletions and gene replacements for functional genomic analysis.

の遺伝的操作<em&gt;Δku80</emの機能ゲノム解析のための&gt;株<em&gt;トキソプラズマ</em

Targeted genetic manipulation using homologous recombination is the method of choice for functional genomic analysis to obtain a detailed view of gene ...

免疫・感染学

Direct Liquid-Culture Screening for Evaluating the Production of Heterologous Proteins Using an Auxotrophic Mutant of Aspergillus Oryzae

Aspergillus oryzae, a filamentous fungus, is one of the most widely used hosts for industrial applications including large-scale production of proteins. A polyethylene glycol (PEG)-mediated protoplast transformation method is generally used for the introduction of heterologous genes into A. oryzae. The conventional method typically requires three weeks for the screening of favorable transformants. Here, a new technique, the direct liquid-culture (DLC) screening method, is introduced which reduces the screening time to six days in a 200 mL flask format or to 10 days in a 24 well microplate format. The DLC screening method ensures the acquisition of positive transformants and evaluation of the secretory production of heterologous proteins in a single step, unlike the conventional screening method where two separate steps are required for the same. The protocol for PEG-mediated protoplast transformation of A. oryzae is described, which consists of five steps: preparation of fresh spore suspension, preculture, preparation of protoplasts, introduction of DNA, and DLC screening. For successful results in DLC screening, it is critical to use a nutrient-rich medium with optimized osmotic pressure. The protocol should further popularize the use of A. oryzae as a host of choice in the industrial production of proteins.

Direct Liquid-Culture Screening for Evaluating the Production of Heterologous Proteins Using an Auxotrophic Mutant of Aspergillus Oryzae

A direct liquid-culture (DLC) screening method has been developed which significantly reduces the time required for polyethylene glycol (PEG)-mediated protoplast transformation of the filamentous fungus, Aspergillus oryzae, when employed for evaluation of the secretory production of heterologous proteins. This method dramatically increases the throughput of the evaluation protocol.

Aspergillus oryzae, a filamentous fungus, is one of the most widely used hosts for industrial applications including large-scale production of proteins. A ...

CRISPR-Cas9-Mediated Genome Editing in the Filamentous Ascomycete Huntiella omanensis

The CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing system is a molecular tool that can be used to introduce precise changes into the genomes of model and non-model species alike. This technology can be used for a variety of genome editing approaches, from gene knockouts and knockins to more specific changes like the introduction of a few nucleotides at a targeted location. Genome editing can be used for a multitude of applications, including the partial functional characterization of genes, the production of transgenic organisms and the development of diagnostic tools. Compared to previously available gene editing strategies, the CRISPR-Cas9 system has been shown to be easy to establish in new species and boasts high efficiency and specificity. The primary reason for this is that the editing tool uses an RNA molecule to target the gene or sequence of interest, making target molecule design straightforward, given that standard base pairing rules can be exploited. Similar to other genome editing systems, CRISPR-Cas9-based methods also require efficient and effective transformation protocols as well as access to good quality sequence data for the design of the targeting RNA and DNA molecules. Since the introduction of this system in 2013, it has been used to genetically engineer a variety of model species, including Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Arabidopsis thaliana, Drosophila melanogaster and Mus musculus. Subsequently, researchers working on non-model species have taken advantage of the system and used it for the study of genes involved in processes as diverse as secondary metabolism in fungi, nematode growth and disease resistance in plants, among many others. This protocol detailed below describes the use of the CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing protocol for the truncation of a gene involved in the sexual cycle of Huntiella omanensis, a filamentous ascomycete fungus belonging to the Ceratocystidaceae family.

CRISPR-Cas9-Mediated Genome Editing in the Filamentous Ascomycete Huntiella omanensis

The CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing system is an easy-to-use genome editor that has been used in model and non-model species. Here we present a protein-based version of this system that was used to introduce a premature stop codon into a mating gene of a non-model filamentous ascomycete fungus.

CRISPR-Cas9インターメディエートゲノム編集における糸状アスコミセテ ・ハンティエラオマネンシス

The CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing system is a molecular tool that can be used to introduce precise changes into the genomes of model and non-model species ...

Microfluidic Tools for Probing Fungal-Microbial Interactions at the Cellular Level

Filamentous fungi are successful inhabitants of soil and play a major role in soil ecosystems, such as in the decomposition of organic and inorganic matter, as well as regulation of nutrient levels. There they also find numerous opportunities to interact with a variety of other microbes such as bacteria or other fungi. Studying fungal interactions at the cellular level, however, can be challenging owing to the black box-like nature of soil. New microfluidic tools are being developed for the study of fungal interactions; two platforms designed to study bacterial-fungal and fungal-fungal interactions are highlighted. Within these microchannels, fungal-microbial interactions can be monitored in controlled physico-chemical environments at higher temporal and spatial resolution than previously possible. Application of these tools have yielded numerous novel biological insights, such as the observation of bacterial polar attachment to hyphae or revealing uncharacterised fungal-fungal antagonisms. A key feature of these methodologies regards the ease of use of this tool by non-experts, yielding highly translatable technologies for use in microbiology labs.

Owing to the opacity of soil, interactions between its constituent microbes cannot easily be visualised with cellular resolution. Here, two microfluidic tools are presented, which offer new opportunities for investigating fungal-microbial interactions. The devices are versatile and simple to use, enabling high spatiotemporal control and high-resolution imaging at the cellular level.

細胞レベルで真菌 - 微生物相互作用をプロービングするためのマイクロ流体ツール

Filamentous fungi are successful inhabitants of soil and play a major role in soil ecosystems, such as in the decomposition of organic and inorganic ...

生物工学

Investigating Teliospore Germination Using Microrespiration Analysis and Microdissection

Smut fungi are the etiological agents of several devastating agricultural diseases. They are characterized by the production of teliospores, which are thick-walled dispersal agents. Teliospores can remain dormant for decades. The dormancy is characterized by low metabolic rates, paused macromolecular biosynthesis and greatly reduced levels of respiration. Upon receiving required environmental signals, teliospores germinate to produce haploid cells, which can initiate new rounds of infection. Teliospore germination is characterized by the resumption of macromolecular biosynthesis, increased respiration and dramatic morphological changes. In order to precisely measure changes in cellular respiration during the early stages of germination, we have developed a simple protocol employing a Clark-type respirometer. The later stages of germination are distinguished by specific morphological changes, but germination is asynchronous. We developed a microdissection technique that enables us to collect teliospores at distinct germination stages.

Smut fungi cause many devastating agricultural diseases. They are dispersed as dormant teliospores that germinate in response to environmental cues. We outline two methods to investigate molecular changes during germination: measuring respiration increase to detect metabolic activation and assessing changing molecular events by isolating teliospores at distinct morphological stages.

Microrespiration 分析と顕微解剖を使用して冬の発芽を調査

Smut fungi are the etiological agents of several devastating agricultural diseases. They are characterized by the production of teliospores, which are ...

植物病原体の遺伝子操作

要約

さらに動画を探す

この動画の章

トウモロコシとテオシンテ線におけるウスチラゴの病原性を評価するための迅速かつ効率的な方法

真菌による迅速な欠失生産

トロイの木馬として経路を用いたトウモロコシ蛋白質場配信で

CRISPR を介したゲノム人間病原菌カンジダの編集

コウジカビ flavusの生育と遺伝子組換えトウモロコシはフジマメ属液体l. から α-アミラーゼ阻害剤を表現するアフラトキシン生産阻害

の遺伝的操作

Direct Liquid-Culture Screening for Evaluating the Production of Heterologous Proteins Using an Auxotrophic Mutant of Aspergillus Oryzae

CRISPR-Cas9インターメディエートゲノム編集における糸状アスコミセテ・ハンティエラオマネンシス

細胞レベルで真菌 - 微生物相互作用をプロービングするためのマイクロ流体ツール

Microrespiration 分析と顕微解剖を使用して冬の発芽を調査

植物病原体の遺伝子操作

要約

さらに動画を探す

この動画の章

トウモロコシとテオシンテ線における ウスチラゴ の病原性を評価するための迅速かつ効率的な方法

真菌による迅速な欠失生産

トロイの木馬として経路を用いたトウモロコシ蛋白質場配信で

CRISPR を介したゲノム人間病原菌カンジダの編集

コウジカビ flavusの生育と遺伝子組換えトウモロコシはフジマメ属液体l. から α-アミラーゼ阻害剤を表現するアフラトキシン生産阻害

の遺伝的操作

Direct Liquid-Culture Screening for Evaluating the Production of Heterologous Proteins Using an Auxotrophic Mutant of Aspergillus Oryzae

CRISPR-Cas9インターメディエートゲノム編集における糸状アスコミセテ ・ハンティエラオマネンシス

細胞レベルで真菌 - 微生物相互作用をプロービングするためのマイクロ流体ツール

Microrespiration 分析と顕微解剖を使用して冬の発芽を調査

トウモロコシとテオシンテ線におけるウスチラゴの病原性を評価するための迅速かつ効率的な方法

CRISPR-Cas9インターメディエートゲノム編集における糸状アスコミセテ・ハンティエラオマネンシス