私たちは顕微鏡上で有用な議論のためのゲイリーLaevskyに感謝します。 NIHによって資金を供給されたこの作品は、ERGにR01GM061107とR01GM067758を付与します

注：筋肉を除去するための手順（ 図1）は、幼虫のフィレットを調製するための前述の方法の変形例です。先行すると筋肉の除去を以下の手順を簡単に概説されており、読者はより詳細な説明については、前の作業10、11と呼ばれています。 冷生理食塩水で1解剖幼虫<ol><li>冷たいHL3.1生理食塩水15または低温のCa 2+を含まないHL3.1生理食塩水11（ 表1）の作業希釈を準備します。皿の底をカバーするだけの十分な冷生理食塩水とシリコーンエラストマー皿に幼虫を置きます。 注：生理食塩水の選択についての議論を参照してください。 </li></ol><table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always"><tbody><tr><td> 1×HL3.1生理食塩水（pH7.2）で</td></tr><tr><td> 5 mMのHEPES </td></tr><tr><td> 70 mMのNaClを</td></tr><tr&gt; <td> 5のKCl </td></tr><tr><td> 1.5 mMのCaCl 2を（のCa 2+を含まない生理食塩水のために省略します） </td></tr><tr><td> 4のMgCl 2 </td></tr><tr><td> 10mMのNaHCO 3を</td></tr><tr><td> 5 mMのトレハロース</td></tr><tr><td> 115 mMのスクロース</td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td> 4℃でのフィルター滅菌し、店舗</td></tr><tr><td>注：組成を模倣昆虫血リンパ</td></tr></tbody></table> 冷生理食塩水の表1の組成物。 <ol start="2"><li>腹側を上にして幼虫を置きます。幼虫の腹面は、前方から後方に実行されている主要な幼虫の気管チューブによって腹部denticalベルトと背側によって同定することができます。前後方向に幼虫を伸ばし、頭と尾をピン虫ピンを使用して皿を解剖シリコーンエラストマー。一方の端で始まり、他方に向かって進行し、腹側正中線に沿って切断するために微細な解剖ハサミを使用してください。 注：この向きはDAニューロンの一般的に研究背クラスタを保持します。 </li><li>幼虫が切り開かれた後、本を開いたかのように解剖皿に四隅を固定します。 CNS、腸、気管などの内臓を取得し、削除するために鉗子を使用してください。フィレットがピンと張ったが、最大限に延伸されないように虫ピンを調整します。 注：筋肉セグメント境界で体壁に固定されています。筋肉は、体壁の大部分をカバーするが、これらは、背側正中線近くの狭い領域に存在しません。 </li></ol> 2.筋肉の取り外し<ol><li>筋肉組織が存在しない幼虫の背側正中線の位置を確認します。それは平坦可能向きで筋肉組織の下に挿入することができるように、単一の鉗子の突起を配置します。 </li><li>始まります背側正中線は、セグメントの前方境界付近に、慎重に鉗子と表皮の間の接触を最小限に抑えるように注意しながら、筋肉と表皮の間に鉗子突起をスライドさせます。 </li><li> 1アンカーポイントで体壁に筋肉の付着を破壊するために上向きに鉗子を引き出します。関心の残りの半セグメント（複数可）のためにこのプロセスを繰り返します。 注：このプロトコルは、各ダニューロン樹状突起フィールドの後方の保存を最適化します。デンドライトフィールドの前部を維持するためには、各セグメントの後端に鉗子の突起を挿入するのが最善です。 </li><li>幼虫フィレットを最大限にすべての方向に延伸されるように、虫ピンを再調整。 </li><li>それはまだ25分間、PBS中の寒い、新たに調製した4％ホルムアルデヒドを使用して、解剖皿に固定されている間にフィレットを修正しました。 </li><li> PBSで5回洗浄します。 </li><li>コンタを最小限に抑えるように注意しながら、慎重に残りのアンカーポイントから筋肉組織を離れて引っ張るために鉗子を使用して、表皮とCT。 </li><li>固定を解除し、1.5 mlのマイクロ遠心チューブに解剖皿からフィレットを削除します。以前に11を説明したように、すべてのその後の洗浄、ブロッキング、および免疫蛍光染色の手順を実行します。 </li></ol> 3.マウント幼虫フィレ<ol><li>まずできるだけサンプルは限り平坦にするために微細な解剖ハサミを使用して、頭と尾を削除します。カバーガラスに面したフィレットの内面と退色防止封入でカバースリップ上のフィレットをマウントします。 </li><li>カバースリップ上の顕微鏡スライドを配置し、封入剤を分散させるために軽く押してください。以上の顕微鏡スライドを裏返して、マニキュアを使用して、スライド上にカバーガラスをシール。スライドは、少なくとも1ヶ月間-20℃で保存することができます。 </li></ol>

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Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+microRNA+bantam+regulates+a+developmental+transition+in+epithelial+cells+that+restricts+sensory+dendrite+growth.">The microRNA bantam regulates a developmental transition in epithelial cells that restricts sensory dendrite growth.</a> Development. 141 (13), 2657-2668 (2014).</li><li>Meltzer, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Epidermis-derived+Semaphorin+promotes+dendrite+self-avoidance+by+regulating+dendrite-substrate+adhesion+in+Drosophila+sensory+neurons.">Epidermis-derived Semaphorin promotes dendrite self-avoidance by regulating dendrite-substrate adhesion in Drosophila sensory neurons.</a> Neuron. 89 (4), 741-755 (2016).</li><li>Han, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Epidermal+cells+are+the+primary+phagocytes+in+the+fragmentation+and+clearance+of+degenerating+dendrites+in+Drosophila.">Epidermal cells are the primary phagocytes in the fragmentation and clearance of degenerating dendrites in Drosophila.</a> Neuron. 81 (3), 544-560 (2014).</li><li>Brent, J. 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著者らは、開示することは何もありません。

ここでは、プロトコルは、ショウジョウバエの幼虫の切り身から筋肉組織を手動で除去するために記載されています。このプロトコルは、以前幼虫の解剖技術10,11を説明し修正します。幼虫は、シリコーンエラストマー皿に切開した後、背側正中線が配置されています。単一鉗子プロングは、その平坦可能な向きに、慎重に背側正中線近くに、筋組織と表皮との間に挿入されま...

ショウジョウバエの幼虫の樹状樹枝状（DA）ニューロンは、それらの遺伝子操作に従順し、それらが画像化することができる容易さに神経発達を研究するための貴重なモデルを提供します。これらの感覚ニューロンは、樹状突起の形態形成1-3を制御する多数の経路の同定に尽力してきました。 ダニューロンの4つのクラス（クラスI - IV）幼虫の表皮を支配します。これらのニューロンは、それらの樹状突起が大きく二次元アレイ4,5を形成することで、基底膜と表皮の間にあります。 4つのクラスのうち、クラスIV DAニューロンは、最も高度に分岐したアーバを持っていると、他の動物の感覚ニューロンのように、これらのアーバーの精緻化は、本質的な要因だけでなく、その開発6-9ため、隣接組織からの合図、特に表皮を、必要とします。 どのような神経細胞や余分な神経事実を決定するための研究ORS免疫蛍光法により、in situでタンパク質の発現を検出する能力の樹状突起の形態形成効果を制御します。幼虫の外側のキューティクルは、抗体に不可解ですが、この障害は、簡単に十分に確立された解剖法10,11を介して幼虫のフィレットの作成によって克服されます。しかし、基底膜のすぐ内側にある体壁筋肉組織は、DA神経細胞と表皮細胞の可視化に向けていくつかの課題を提示します。体壁のほとんどは、非常に神経または上皮組織から発せられる蛍光シグナルを不明瞭線まず、筋肉組織、。これは、実質的に、試料中の信号対雑音比を低下させます。第二に、多くの関連タンパク質は、筋肉組織ならびに神経細胞または表皮で発現させてもよいです。この筋肉由来の蛍光シグナルは、ニューロンまたは表皮からの蛍光シグナルのさらなる曖昧検出する可能性があります。最後に、無顕微鏡技術の進歩サブ回折分解能で試料のワット許可イメージングと神経細胞と周囲の上皮細胞12,13に発現されるタンパク質の局在を見分ける際に特に有用であろう。しかし、雑音比とカバースリップに、試料の近接に強い信号から超解像顕微鏡の利点を介してイメージング。信号対雑音比を減少させることに加えて、幼虫の体壁筋の距離それによって超解像顕微鏡法を用いて達成することができる改善された画像の解像度を制限するカバースリップからのDAニューロン。免疫蛍光分析のための課題に加えて、筋肉組織は、幼虫の体壁内の感覚ニューロンからの電気生理学的記録に対する障壁を提示します。その除去は、したがって、感覚ニューロン14の神経生理学的な操作に利益をもたらします。 ここでショウジョウバエ幼虫の筋肉組織を手動で除去するための方法が記載されています。私たちは、プロトコルPことを実証していますさもなければ筋肉組織によって覆い隠されているタンパク質のermits免疫蛍光イメージングは​​、クラスIV DAニューロンの可視化のための信号対雑音比を向上させ、より良いDAニューロンにおけるタンパク質及び細胞構造の空間的関係を判別する超解像顕微鏡法の使用を可能と表皮。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1299">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:413px;">Dumont #5 tweezers</td>
			<td style="width:304px;">Electron Microscopy Sciences</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">72701-D</td>
			<td style="width:432px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Micro Scissors, 8 cm, straight, 5 mm blades, 0.1 mm tips</td>
			<td>World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td>14003</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Sylgard 184 silicone elastomer kit</td>
			<td>Dow Corning</td>
			<td>3097358-1004</td>
			<td>for dissecting plates</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Austerlitz insect pins, 0.1 mm</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>26002-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Fostec 8375 light source</td>
			<td>Artisan Technology Group</td>
			<td>62792-4</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Zeiss Stemi 2000</td>
			<td>Carl Zeiss Microscopy</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Vectashield antifade mounting medium</td>
			<td>Vector Laboratories</td>
			<td>H-1000</td>
			<td>for confocal microscopy</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Prolong Diamond antifade mountant</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>P36970</td>
			<td>for structured illumination microscopy</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Micro cover glass, 22x22 mm, No. 1.5</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>48366-227</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Superfrost Plus microscope slides, 25 x 75 x 1.0 mm</td>
			<td>Fisherbrand</td>
			<td>12-550-15</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Mouse anti-Coracle antibody</td>
			<td>Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank</td>
			<td>C615.16</td>
			<td>supernatant, dilute 1:50</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Mouse anti-Discs large antibody</td>
			<td>Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank</td>
			<td>4F3</td>
			<td>supernatant, dilute 1:50</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Rabbit anti-dsRed antibody</td>
			<td>Clontech</td>
			<td>632496</td>
			<td>dilute 1:1000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Goat anti-rabbit antibody, Alexa Fluor 568 conjugated</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>A-11011</td>
			<td>dilute 1:1000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Goat anti-mouse antibody, Alexa Fluor 488 conjugated</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>A-11001</td>
			<td>dilute 1:500</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

removal of drosophila muscle tissue from larval fillets for immunofluorescence analysis of sensory neurons and epidermal cells

ショウジョウバエの幼虫の樹状樹枝状（DA）ニューロンは、神経形態形成のメカニズムを調べるための人気モデルです。 DAニューロンは、彼らが免疫蛍光によってタンパク質を発現し、両方のneuronallyと表皮のその場可視化から支配するので、それらの分析の利点表皮細胞と通信して開発しています。免疫蛍光実験のための幼虫フィレットを製造する従来の方法は、ニューロンおよび表皮タンパク質を画像化するためにいくつかの課題を提示し、体壁の大部分をカバーする筋肉組織をそのまま残します。ここでは、 ショウジョウバエの幼虫の切り身から筋肉組織を除去する方法について説明します。このプロトコルは、他の方法で筋肉組織によって覆い隠されているタンパク質の画像化を可能にする信号対雑音比を改善し、DAニューロンの発達を研究するための超解像顕微鏡の使用を容易にします。

私たちは一緒に膜マーカーで標識されたクラスIV DAニューロンと中隔結合タンパク質網代舟（コーラ）とディスク大（DLG）の同時可視化するために、免疫蛍光実験で信号対雑音比を改善するための筋肉の取り外し手順の有用性を実証しているCD4 - tdTomato。 コーラは、以前に、DAニューロンの樹状突起は、表皮細胞によって囲まれており、DAニュー?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Removal of Drosophila Muscle Tissue from Larval Fillets for Immunofluorescence Analysis of Sensory Neurons and Epidermal Cells at JoVE.com

Removal of Drosophila Muscle Tissue from Larval Fillets for Immunofluorescence Analysis of Sensory Neurons and Epidermal Cells

ショウジョウバエの幼虫の樹状樹枝状（DA）ニューロンを用いて、神経細胞の形態形成の研究は、免疫蛍光によって、神経や表皮タンパク質のその場可視化で恩恵を受ける。私たちは、幼虫の体壁から筋肉組織を除去することにより、ダニューロンと周囲の表皮細胞の免疫蛍光分析を向上させる手順を説明します。

の除去<em&gt;ショウジョウバエ</em感覚ニューロンおよび表皮細胞の免疫蛍光分析のための幼虫の切り身から&gt;筋肉組織

Drosophila larval dendritic arborization (da) neurons are a popular model for investigating mechanisms of neuronal morphogenesis. Da neurons develop in ...

removal-drosophila-muscle-tissue-from-larval-fillets-for

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Removal of Drosophila Muscle Tissue from Larval Fillets for Immunofluorescence Analysis of Sensory Neurons and Epidermal Cells

8.9K ビュー.  Princeton University.  ショウジョウバエの幼虫の樹状樹枝状（DA）ニューロンを用いて、神経細胞の形態形成の研究は、免疫蛍光によって、神経や表皮タンパク質のその場可視化で恩恵を受ける。私たちは、幼虫の体壁から筋肉組織を除去することにより、ダニューロンと周囲の表皮細胞の免疫蛍光分析を向上させる手順を説明します。 

ビデオ: Removal of Drosophila Muscle Tissue from Larval Fillets for Immunofluorescence Analysis of Sensory Neurons and Epidermal Cells

Live-cell Imaging of Sensory Organ Precursor Cells in Intact Drosophila Pupae

Since the discovery of Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP), there has been a revolutionary change in the use of live-cell imaging as a tool for understanding fundamental biological mechanisms. Striking progress has been particularly evident in Drosophila, whose extensive toolkit of mutants and transgenic lines provides a convenient model to study evolutionarily-conserved developmental and cell biological mechanisms. We are interested in understanding the mechanisms that control cell fate specification in the adult peripheral nervous system (PNS) in Drosophila. Bristles that cover the head, thorax, abdomen, legs and wings of the adult fly are individual mechanosensory organs, and have been studied as a model system for understanding mechanisms of Notch-dependent cell fate decisions. Sensory organ precursor (SOP) cells of the microchaetes (or small bristles), are distributed throughout the epithelium of the pupal thorax, and are specified during the first 12 hours after the onset of pupariation. After specification, the SOP cells begin to divide, segregating the cell fate determinant Numb to one daughter cell during mitosis. Numb functions as a cell-autonomous inhibitor of the Notch signaling pathway.
Here, we show a method to follow protein dynamics in SOP cell and its progeny within the intact pupal thorax using a combination of tissue-specific Gal4 drivers and GFP-tagged fusion proteins 1,2.This technique has the advantage over fixed tissue or cultured explants because it allows us to follow the entire development of an organ from specification of the neural precursor to growth and terminal differentiation of the organ. We can therefore directly correlate changes in cell behavior to changes in terminal differentiation. Moreover, we can combine the live imaging technique with mosaic analysis with a repressible cell marker (MARCM) system to assess the dynamics of tagged proteins in mitotic SOPs under mutant or wildtype conditions. Using this technique, we and others have revealed novel insights into regulation of asymmetric cell division and the control of Notch signaling activation in SOP cells (examples include references 1-6,7 ,8).

Live-cell Imaging of Sensory Organ Precursor Cells in Intact Drosophila Pupae

In this video, we describe a method for live cell imaging of asymmetrically dividing sensory organ progenitor cells and epidermal cells in intact Drosophila pupae

無傷の感覚器官の前駆細胞の生細胞イメージングショウジョウバエ蛹

Since the discovery of Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP), there has been a revolutionary change in the use of live-cell imaging as a tool for understanding ...

神経科学

Morphological Analysis of Drosophila Larval Peripheral Sensory Neuron Dendrites and Axons Using Genetic Mosaics

Nervous system development requires the correct specification of neuron position and identity, followed by accurate neuron class-specific dendritic development and axonal wiring. Recently the dendritic arborization (DA) sensory neurons of the Drosophila larval peripheral nervous system (PNS) have become powerful genetic models in which to elucidate both general and class-specific mechanisms of neuron differentiation.
There are four main DA neuron classes (I-IV)1. They are named in order of increasing dendrite arbor complexity, and have class-specific differences in the genetic control of their differentiation2-10. The DA sensory system is a practical model to investigate the molecular mechanisms behind the control of dendritic morphology11-13 because: 1) it can take advantage of the powerful genetic tools available in the fruit fly, 2) the DA neuron dendrite arbor spreads out in only 2 dimensions beneath an optically clear larval cuticle making it easy to visualize with high resolution in vivo, 3) the class-specific diversity in dendritic morphology facilitates a comparative analysis to find key elements controlling the formation of simple vs. highly branched dendritic trees, and 4) dendritic arbor stereotypical shapes of different DA neurons facilitate morphometric statistical analyses.
DA neuron activity modifies the output of a larval locomotion central pattern generator14-16. The different DA neuron classes have distinct sensory modalities, and their activation elicits different behavioral responses14,16-20. Furthermore different classes send axonal projections stereotypically into the Drosophila larval central nervous system in the ventral nerve cord (VNC)21. These projections terminate with topographic representations of both DA neuron sensory modality and the position in the body wall of the dendritic field7,22,23. Hence examination of DA axonal projections can be used to elucidate mechanisms underlying topographic mapping7,22,23, as well as the wiring of a simple circuit modulating larval locomotion14-17.
We present here a practical guide to generate and analyze genetic mosaics24 marking DA neurons via MARCM (Mosaic Analysis with a Repressible Cell Marker)1,10,25 and Flp-out22,26,27 techniques (summarized in Fig. 1).

Morphological Analysis of Drosophila Larval Peripheral Sensory Neuron Dendrites and Axons Using Genetic Mosaics

The dendritic arborization sensory neurons of the Drosophila larval peripheral nervous system are useful models to elucidate both general and neuron class-specific mechanisms of neuron differentiation. We present a practical guide to generate and analyze dendritic arborization neuron genetic mosaics.

の形態素解析ショウジョウバエ</em遺伝モザイクを使用>幼虫末梢感覚ニューロンの樹状突起と軸索

Nervous system development requires the correct specification of neuron position and identity, followed by accurate neuron class-specific dendritic ...

Dissection and Immunohistochemistry of Larval, Pupal and Adult Drosophila Retinas

The compound eye of Drosophila melanogaster consists of about 750 ommatidia (unit eyes). Each ommatidium is composed of about 20 cells, including lens-secreting cone cells, pigment cells, a bristle cell and eight photoreceptors (PRs) R1-R8 2. The PRs have specialized microvillar structures, the rhabdomeres, which contain light-sensitive pigments, the Rhodopsins (Rhs). The rhabdomeres of six PRs (R1-R6) form a trapezoid and contain Rh1 3 4. The rhabdomeres of R7 and R8 are positioned in tandem in the center of the trapezoid and share the same path of light. R7 and R8 PRs stochastically express different combinations of Rhs in two main subtypes5: In the 'p' subtype, Rh3 in pR7s is coupled with Rh5 in pR8s, whereas in the 'y' subtype, Rh4 in yR7s is associated with Rh6 in yR8s 6 7 8.
Early specification of PRs and development of ommatidia begins in the larval eye-antennal imaginal disc, a monolayer of epithelial cells. A wave of differentiation sweeps across the disc9 and initiates the assembly of undifferentiated cells into ommatidia10-11. The 'founder cell' R8 is specified first and recruits R1-6 and then R7 12-14. Subsequently, during pupal development, PR differentiation leads to extensive morphological changes 15, including rhabdomere formation, synaptogenesis and eventually rh expression.
In this protocol, we describe methods for retinal dissections and immunohistochemistry at three defined periods of retina development, which can be applied to address a variety of questions concerning retinal formation and developmental pathways. Here, we use these methods to visualize the stepwise PR differentiation at the single-cell level in whole mount larval, midpupal and adult retinas (Figure 1).

Dissection and Immunohistochemistry of Larval, Pupal and Adult Drosophila Retinas

The Drosophila retina is a crystal-like lattice composed of a small number of cell types that are generated in a stereotyped manner 1. Its amenability to sophisticated genetic analysis allows the study of complex developmental programs. This protocol describes dissections and immunohistochemistry of retinas at three discrete developmental stages, with a focus on photoreceptor differentiation.

幼虫、蛹および成人の解剖と免疫組織化学<em&gt;ショウジョウバエ</em&gt;網膜

The compound eye of Drosophila melanogaster consists of about 750 ommatidia (unit eyes). Each ommatidium is composed of about 20 cells, including ...

Functional Analysis of the Larval Feeding Circuit in Drosophila

The serotonergic feeding circuit in Drosophila melanogaster larvae can be used to investigate neuronal substrates of critical importance during the development of the circuit. Using the functional output of the circuit, feeding, changes in the neuronal architecture of the stomatogastric system can be visualized. Feeding behavior can be recorded by observing the rate of retraction of the mouth hooks, which receive innervation from the brain. Locomotor behavior is used as a physiological control for feeding, since larvae use their mouth hooks to traverse across an agar substrate. Changes in feeding behavior can be correlated with the axonal architecture of the neurites innervating the gut. Using immunohistochemistry it is possible to visualize and quantitate these changes. Improper handling of the larvae during behavior paradigms can alter data as they are very sensitive to manipulations. Proper imaging of the neurite architecture innervating the gut is critical for precise quantitation of number and size of varicosities as well as the extent of branch nodes. Analysis of most circuits allow only for visualization of neurite architecture or behavioral effects; however, this model allows one to correlate the functional output of the circuit with the impairments in neuronal architecture.

Functional Analysis of the Larval Feeding Circuit in Drosophila

The feeding circuit in Drosophila melanogaster larvae serves a simple yet powerful model that allows changes in feeding rate to be correlated with alterations in the stomatogastric neural circuitry. This circuit is composed of central serotonergic neurons that send projections to the mouth hooks as well as the foregut.

幼虫給電回路の機能解析ショウジョウバエ</i

The serotonergic  feeding circuit in Drosophila  melanogaster larvae can be used to investigate neuronal substrates of  critical importance during the ...

Whole Mount Immunolabeling of Olfactory Receptor Neurons in the Drosophila Antenna

Odorant molecules bind to their target receptors in a precise and coordinated manner. Each receptor recognizes a specific signal and relays this information to the brain. As such, determining how olfactory information is transferred to the brain, modifying both perception and behavior, merits investigation. Interestingly, there is emerging evidence that cellular transduction and transcriptional factors are involved in the diversification of olfactory receptor neuron. Here we provide a robust whole mount immunological labeling method to assay in vivo olfactory receptor neuron organization. Using this method, we identified all olfactory receptor neurons with anti-ELAV antibody, a known pan-neural marker and Or49a-mCD8::GFP, an olfactory receptor neuron specifically expressed in Nba neuron using anti-GFP antibody.

Whole Mount Immunolabeling of Olfactory Receptor Neurons in the Drosophila Antenna

Herein we describe the process of whole mount immunostaining of Drosophila antennae, which enables us to better understand the molecular mechanisms involved in the diversification of olfactory receptor neurons (ORN)s.

における嗅覚受容ニューロンのホールマウント免疫標識<em&gt;ショウジョウバエ</em&gt;アンテナ

Odorant molecules bind to their target receptors in a precise and coordinated manner. Each receptor recognizes a specific signal and relays this ...

Live Imaging of Drosophila Larval Neuroblasts

Stem cells divide asymmetrically to generate two progeny cells with unequal fate potential: a self-renewing stem cell and a differentiating cell. Given their relevance to development and disease, understanding the mechanisms that govern asymmetric stem cell division has been a robust area of study. Because they are genetically tractable and undergo successive rounds of cell division about once every hour, the stem cells of the Drosophila central nervous system, or neuroblasts, are indispensable models for the study of stem cell division. About 100 neural stem cells are located near the surface of each of the two larval brain lobes, making this model system particularly useful for live imaging microscopy studies. In this work, we review several approaches widely used to visualize stem cell divisions, and we address the relative advantages and disadvantages of those techniques that employ dissociated versus intact brain tissues. We also detail our simplified protocol used to explant whole brains from third instar larvae for live cell imaging and fixed analysis applications.

Live Imaging of Drosophila Larval Neuroblasts

This protocol details a streamlined method used to conduct live cell imaging in the context of an intact larval brain. Live cell imaging approaches are invaluable for the study of asymmetric neural stem cell divisions as well as other neurogenic and developmental processes, consistently uncovering mechanisms that were previously overlooked.

のライブイメージング<em&gt;ショウジョウバエ</em&gt;幼虫の神経芽細胞

Stem cells divide asymmetrically to generate two progeny cells with unequal fate potential: a self-renewing stem cell and a differentiating cell. Given ...

Production and Isolation of Axons from Sensory Neurons for Biochemical Analysis Using Porous Filters

Neuronal axons use specific mechanisms to mediate extension, maintain integrity, and induce degeneration. An appropriate balance of these events is required to shape functional neuronal circuits. The protocol described here explains how to use cell culture inserts bearing a porous membrane (filter) to obtain large amounts of pure axonal preparations suitable for examination by conventional biochemical or immunocytochemical techniques. The functionality of these filter inserts will be demonstrated with models of developmental pruning and Wallerian degeneration, using explants of embryonic dorsal root ganglion. Axonal integrity and function is compromised in a wide variety of neurodegenerative pathologies. Indeed, it is now clear that axonal dysfunction appears much earlier in the course of the disease than neuronal soma loss in several neurodegenerative diseases, indicating that axonal-specific processes are primarily targeted in these disorders. By obtaining pure axonal samples for analysis by molecular and biochemical techniques, this technique has the potential to shed new light into mechanisms regulating the physiology and pathophysiology of axons. This in turn will have an impact in our understanding of the processes that drive degenerative diseases of the nervous system.

This article describes a neuronal culture system that can be used to obtain large quantities of pure axonal samples for biochemical and immunocytochemical analyses. This technique will allow an improved understanding of normal axonal physiology and signaling pathways leading to neurodegeneration.

多孔質フィルタを使用した生化学分析のための感覚ニューロンからの軸索の産生および単離

Neuronal axons use specific mechanisms to mediate extension, maintain integrity, and induce degeneration. An appropriate balance of these events is ...

Isolation and Culture of Dissociated Sensory Neurons From Chick Embryos

Neurons are multifaceted cells that carry information essential for a variety of functions including sensation, motor movement, learning, and memory. Studying neurons in vivo can be challenging due to their complexity, their varied and dynamic environments, and technical limitations. For these reasons, studying neurons in vitro can prove beneficial to unravel the complex mysteries of neurons. The well-defined nature of cell culture models provides detailed control over environmental conditions and variables. Here we describe how to isolate, dissociate, and culture primary neurons from chick embryos. This technique is rapid, inexpensive, and generates robustly growing sensory neurons. The procedure consistently produces cultures that are highly enriched for neurons and has very few non-neuronal cells (less than 5%). Primary neurons do not adhere well to untreated glass or tissue culture plastic, therefore detailed procedures to create two distinct, well-defined laminin-containing substrata for neuronal plating are described. Cultured neurons are highly amenable to multiple cellular and molecular techniques, including co-immunoprecipitation, live cell imagining, RNAi, and immunocytochemistry. Procedures for double immunocytochemistry on these cultured neurons have been optimized and described here.

Cell culture models provide detailed control over environmental conditions and thus provide a powerful platform to elucidate numerous aspects of neuronal cell biology. We describe a rapid, inexpensive, and reliable method to isolate, dissociate, and culture sensory neurons from chick embryos. Details of substrata preparation and immunocytochemistry are also provided.

ニワトリ胚から解離感覚ニューロンの単離および培養

Neurons are multifaceted cells that carry information essential for a variety of functions including sensation, motor movement, learning, and memory. ...

Physiological Preparation of Hair Cells from the Sacculus of the American Bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana)

The study of hearing and balance rests upon insights drawn from biophysical studies of model systems. One such model, the sacculus of the American bullfrog, has become a mainstay of auditory and vestibular research. Studies of this organ have revealed how sensory cells hair can actively detect signals from the environment. Because of these studies, we now better understand the mechanical gating and localization of a hair cell&#39;s transduction channels, calcium&#39;s role in mechanical adaptation, and the identity of hair cell currents. This highly accessible organ continues to provide insight into the workings of hair cells. Here we describe the preparation of the bullfrog&#39;s sacculus for biophysical studies on its hair cells. We include the complete dissection procedure and provide specific protocols for the preparation of the sacculus in specific contexts. We additionally include representative results using this preparation, including the calculation of a hair bundle&#39;s instantaneous force-displacement relation and measurement of a bundle&#39;s spontaneous oscillation.

Physiological Preparation of Hair Cells from the Sacculus of the American Bullfrog Rana catesbeiana

The American bullfrog&#39;s (Rana catesbeiana) sacculus permits direct examination of hair-cell physiology. Here the dissection and preparation of the bullfrog&#39;s sacculus for biophysical studies is described. We show representative experiments from these hair cells, including the calculation of a bundle&#39;s force-displacement relation and measurement of its unforced motion.

ウシガエルの球形嚢（からの有毛細胞の生理的な準備<em&gt;ウシガエル</em&gt;）

The study of hearing and balance rests upon insights drawn from biophysical studies of model systems. One such model, the sacculus of the American ...

Tracking Drosophila Larval Behavior in Response to Optogenetic Stimulation of Olfactory Neurons

The ability of insects to navigate toward odor sources is based on the activities of their first-order olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). While a considerable amount of information has been generated regarding ORN responses to odorants, the role of specific ORNs in driving behavioral responses remains poorly understood. Complications in behavior analyses arise due to different volatilities of odorants that activate individual ORNs, multiple ORNs activated by single odorants, and the difficulty in replicating naturally observed temporal variations in olfactory stimuli using conventional odor-delivery methods in the laboratory. Here, we describe a protocol that analyzes Drosophila larval behavior in response to simultaneous optogenetic stimulation of its ORNs. The optogenetic technology used here allows for specificity of ORN activation and precise control of temporal patterns of ORN activation. Corresponding larval movement is tracked, digitally recorded, and analyzed using custom written software. By replacing odor stimuli with light stimuli, this method allows for a more precise control of individual ORN activation in order to study its impact on larval behavior. Our method could be further extended to study the impact of second-order projection neurons (PNs) as well as local neurons (LNs) on larval behavior. This method will thus enable a comprehensive dissection of olfactory circuit function and complement studies on how olfactory neuron activities translate in to behavior responses.

Tracking Drosophila Larval Behavior in Response to Optogenetic Stimulation of Olfactory Neurons

This protocol analyzes navigational behavior of Drosophila larva in response to simultaneous optogenetic stimulation of its olfactory neurons. Light of 630 nm wavelength is used to activate individual olfactory neurons expressing a red-shifted channel rhodopsin. Larval movement is simultaneously tracked, digitally recorded, and analyzed using custom-written software.

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無傷の感覚器官の前駆細胞の生細胞イメージングショウジョウバエ蛹

の形態素解析ショウジョウバエ幼虫末梢感覚ニューロンの樹状突起と軸索

幼虫、蛹および成人の解剖と免疫組織化学

幼虫給電回路の機能解析ショウジョウバエ

における嗅覚受容ニューロンのホールマウント免疫標識

のライブイメージング

多孔質フィルタを使用した生化学分析のための感覚ニューロンからの軸索の産生および単離

ニワトリ胚から解離感覚ニューロンの単離および培養

ウシガエルの球形嚢（からの有毛細胞の生理的な準備

嗅覚ニューロンの光刺激に対する応答のショウジョウバエ幼虫の行動を追跡