This work was supported by the key projects of Chinese Academy of Sciences (KFZD-SW-205), strategic biological resources technology support system of Chinese Academy of Sciences (CZBZX-1).

本研究では、遺伝学と発生生物学研究所の倫理委員会によって承認され、プロトコルが人間の福祉のための機関のガイドラインに従います。 EBウイルスの調製<ol><li> 1日目に、6 mLのB95-8細胞培養を解凍完全RPMI 1640培地、10％ウシ胎児血清、2mM L-グルタミン、および抗生物質（100μg/ mLのストレプトマイシン、100 U / mLペニシリン）を補充しT25培養フラスコ。 37℃、5％CO 2インキュベーター内で培養フラスコを置きます。 </li><li> 2日目に、顕微鏡下で細胞形態を観察します。彼らは明るいとラウンドしているときに細胞が良好な状態です。 10 mLの完全RPMI 1640培地を追加します。 </li><li> 4日目に、10 mLの新鮮な完全RPMI 1640培地を追加し、T75培養フラスコに移します。 </li><li> 8日目に、20 mLの完全RPMI 1640培地を追加します。 </li><li>新鮮な培地、 すなわち 、飢餓を追加せずに8日間細胞を維持します。 </li><li> 16日目に、細胞を観察します顕微鏡下で観察しました。 15 mL遠心チューブ内の細胞を回収し、12ミリリットル/チューブ。 </li><li> 1時間-80℃で凍結保存し、その後急速に37℃で解凍。ウイルス粒子が細胞から放出されるまで3回繰り返します。 </li><li>室温で10分間、240×gで遠心分離します。 </li><li> -80℃で0.22μmのフィルター、分量、12ミリリットル/チューブ、およびストアを介して上清をフィルタリングします。 </li></ol>赤血球溶解バッファーで全血の2治療<ol><li> 15 mLチューブにEDTA・K 2によって抗凝固処理された0.5 mLの全血を追加します。 </li><li>全血に（使用前に0.22μmのフィルターで濾過し、室温に解凍）1 mLの赤血球溶解緩衝液を入れ、よく混ぜます。 4分間、室温で混合物を配置します。停止反応に迅速に7 mLの1×PBS - 次に5を追加します。 </li><li>室温で5分間、240×gで遠心分離します。白血球は、チューブの底に沈殿します。 </li><li>上清を捨て、そして7mLの1640塩基性媒体を追加することによって、沈殿を洗います。室温で240×gで5分間遠心します。二回繰り返します。 </li><li> （20％ウシ胎児血清および10μg/ mLのフィトヘムアグルチニン（PHA）を含有するRPMI 1640培地）300μL変換培地中で細胞ペレットを再懸濁します。 </li></ol> 3. EBV感染<ol><li>細胞懸濁液に20μgの/ mLのシクロスポリンA（CSA）の60μLを追加します。 </li><li>急速に37℃でEBVのアリコートを解凍。細胞懸濁液に240μLEBVを追加します。 </li><li>よく混合し、96ウェルプレートに細胞懸濁液を置き、ウェルあたり200μL。蒸発を避けるために、96ウェルプレートの周りにあらゆるに200μLの1×PBSを追加します。 37℃で5％CO 2インキュベーターでプレートを置きます。 </li></ol> B-LCLを4.拡大と凍結保存<ol><li> EBV感染後の最初の月に週1回培地の半分を変更します。唯一の厚いレー細胞断片のrは7日目（ 図2）で、顕微鏡下で可視です。 EBV感染の1ヶ月後、リンパ芽球様細胞クラスターは、顕微鏡下で細胞断片の厚い層（ 図2）の下に表示されます。 </li><li>細胞クラスターは、顕微鏡（ 図2）の下にはっきりと見えるようになるまで、3日毎に培地の半分を変更します。典型的には、このプロセスは、10〜20日を要します。 </li><li>混合した後、細胞をピペットし、24ウェルプレートに移します。それが黄色に変わりつつ完全RPMI 1640で培養液の量を倍増。このプロセスは、細胞増殖の速度に依存します。 </li><li>続いて、T25培養フラスコに細胞を移します。 15 mLの - 媒体の体積が10に展開するまで、それが黄色に変わりとして、培地の量を2倍になります。 </li><li>凍結前媒体24時間を変更します。 240×gで5分間遠心細胞懸濁液。細胞カウンターで細胞をカウントし、5の密度で凍結- FRで10×10 6 / mLの90％のFBS、10％ジメチルスルホキシド（DMSO）を含むozenストック溶液。 -80℃まで毎分1℃の速度で凍結した後、液体窒素に直接転送します。 </li></ol> 5. 3-（4,5-ジメチルチアゾール-2-イル）-2,5-ジフェニルテトラゾリウムブロミド（MTT）アッセイ17 <ol><li> 10％ウシ胎児血清を含む1640培地でB-LCLを単一細胞懸濁液を調製します。シード3×10 96ウェルプレート上にウェルあたり4細胞、ウェルあたり100μL。 </li><li> 16時間- 12、37℃で5％CO 2インキュベーターでプレートを置きます。 </li><li>細胞が成長しているウェルにMTT（5 mg / mlで）を追加し、37℃で4時間光から遠ざけます。 </li><li> 168×gで10分間遠心分離セルプレート。 </li><li>上清を除去し、ウェルあたり100μLのDMSOを追加します。 注：注意してください。針状の染料結晶を触れないでください。 </li><li>完全に結晶を溶解するために、低速で10分間プレートを振ります。 </li><li>により570 nmで測定吸収マイクロプレート分光光度計を使用して。 </li></ol>

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The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

我々は、赤血球を溶解することによって、全血からのヒトB細胞を不死化するための新規な方法の開発を報告し、そして確立されたB-LCLを、その細胞生存率をMTTアッセイにより評価しました。結果は、赤血球溶解法により確立B-LCLをの細胞生存率は、密度勾配分離法よりもはるかに高いことが示されました。赤血球溶解法の主な利点は、簡単であり、高い成功率と高い細胞生存率と永久細胞株?...

Resting B cells could be transformed by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in vitro into actively proliferating B lymphoblastoid cell lines (B-LCLs). B-LCLs are similar to germ cells in differentiation and development, and the somatic mutation rate of B-LCLs was only 0.3%1, with negligible genetic and phenotypic alteration. Therefore, B-LCLs, as surrogates for peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), have substantially accelerated the progress of genomics, transcriptomics and proteomics study of EBV associated diseases2,3. Moreover, B-LCLs also have important application in screening monoclonal antibodies4,5. 
Several methods have been developed for the immortalization of B lymphocytes by EBV. The most major common procedures include the isolation of B lymphocytes and the use of B95-8 cell lines to produce infectious EBV. From isolation to transformation, these methods are divided into three strategies. Lymphocytes are separated from fresh blood by density gradient centrifugation and EBV transformation directly6-8, named density gradient separation method in this study. However, other techniques overcome the difficulty of shipping fresh blood and use a procedure for freezing purified lymphocytes and subsequent thawing and EBV infection9-11. Cryopreserved whole blood can also be used for the isolation of B lymphocytes and transformation12,13. In addition to density gradient centrifugation to separate B lymphocytes, some researchers use a magnetic cell sorter to select B lymphocytes12. However, magnetic separation is an expensive, complex and time consuming process. Although these methods are useful to immortalize B lymphocytes with a high success rate, the need to treat a large number of clinical samples and the relatively small volume of blood require a simpler method for the establishment of a permanent cell line.
Another less commonly used method is using whole blood as the source of nucleated cells for EBV infection and the establishment of B-LCLs. These methods simplify the technique by omitting the separation procedure. Only a small amount of whole blood, either fresh14 or frozen15,16, is sufficient to obtain the cell lines. Unfortunately, there is great variability in success from documents15,16 and several of our validation tests. Furthermore, transformed colonies are hardly recognized under a microscope because of the large contaminating impurities. Thus, a more reliable method for transformation is required.
Based on the above considerations, we have developed a novel method to establish B-LCLs without previous purification of the lymphocytes, named the red blood cell lysis method. This method is convenient, time saving and applicable to a large number of samples. As little as 0.5 mL of whole blood was enough to obtain B-LCLs that are easily obtainable from infants and the elderly without significantly harming their health.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="573">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Centrifuge</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Techcomp</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">CT6T</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Centrifugation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Automated Cell Counter&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Countstar</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">&#160;IC 1000&#160;</td>
			<td>For cell counting&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;">&#160;Epoch Microplate Spectrophotometer</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">BioTek Instruments</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SN263839</td>
			<td>For measuring the absorbance</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">96 well cell culture cluster</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Corning Incorporated</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">3599</td>
			<td>Polystyrene plates</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">24 well cell culture cluster</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Corning Incorporated</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">3524</td>
			<td>Polystyrene plates</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:216px;">25cm2 cell culture flask</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Nest</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">707001</td>
			<td>Polystyrene&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">FBS</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">10270</td>
			<td>Component of B-LCLs medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">RPMI Medium 1640</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">31800-022</td>
			<td>For B-LCLs medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">L-Glutamine&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Amresco</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">0374</td>
			<td>Component of B-LCLs medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">100 x streptomycin penicillin solution BioRoYeeBRY-2309</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">BioRoYee</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">BRY-2309</td>
			<td>Component of B-LCLs medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">Ficoll paque plus</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">GE&#160; Healthcare</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">17-1440-03</td>
			<td>For in vitro isolation of lymphocyte</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">PHA-M</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">L8902</td>
			<td>For stimulating lymphocyte proliferation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Cyclosporin A</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Cayman&#160; Chemical</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">12088</td>
			<td>For inhibiting the cytotoxicity effect of T cells</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Red cell lysis buffer</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Tiangen</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">RT122-01</td>
			<td>For lysing red blood cell</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">MTT</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Amresco</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">0793</td>
			<td>For the detection of cell viability</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">DMSO</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">D2650</td>
			<td>For freezing cells</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a simple red blood cell lysis method for the establishment of b lymphoblastoid cell lines

A number of methods exist for the transformation of B lymphocytes by the Epstein Barr virus in vitro into immortalized cell lines. We have developed a new method with a powerful and simple strategy for the establishment of B-LCLs, the red blood cell lysis method. This method simplified the PBMC separation procedure with red blood cell removal, and used as little as 0.5 mL of whole blood for establishing EBV-immortalized cell lines, which can proliferate to large cell numbers in a relatively short amount time with a 100% success rate. The method is simple, reliable, time saving, and applicable to treating a large number of the clinical samples.

変換プロセスの間、細胞の形態学的変化は、光学顕微鏡（ 図2）によって可視化されます。細胞の小さなクラスターは、細胞断片のみ厚い層が、感染の7日後に密度勾配分離法ではっきり見えた赤血球溶解法から見えます。しかし、リンパ芽球様細胞クラスターは30日、感染後細胞断片の厚い層の下に表示されます。より頻繁な培地交換して、細胞破片を減...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Simple Red Blood Cell Lysis Method for the Establishment of B Lymphoblastoid Cell Lines at JoVE.com

A Simple Red Blood Cell Lysis Method for the Establishment of B Lymphoblastoid Cell Lines

B-LCLを確立するための単純な赤血球溶解方法は、少量の血液を必要とし、凍結保存し、開始からの時間を節約し、高い不死化効率で開発されました。

Bリンパ芽球様細胞株の樹立のためのシンプルな赤血球溶解法

A number of methods exist for the transformation of B lymphocytes by the Epstein Barr virus in vitro into immortalized cell lines. We have developed a new ...

a-simple-red-blood-cell-lysis-method-for-establishment-b

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

14.8K ビュー.  Chinese Academy of Sciences.  B-LCLを確立するための単純な赤血球溶解方法は、少量の血液を必要とし、凍結保存し、開始からの時間を節約し、高い不死化効率で開発されました。 

ビデオ: A Simple Red Blood Cell Lysis Method for the Establishment of B Lymphoblastoid Cell Lines

Depletion of Specific Cell Populations by Complement Depletion

The purification of immune cell populations is often required in order to study their unique functions. In particular, molecular approaches such as real-time PCR and microarray analysis require the isolation of cell populations with high purity. Commonly used purification strategies include fluorescent activated cell sorting (FACS), magnetic bead separation and complement depletion. Of the three strategies, complement depletion offers the advantages of being fast, inexpensive, gentle on the cells and a high cell yield. The complement system is composed of a large number of plasma proteins that when activated initiate a proteolytic cascade culminating in the formation of a membrane-attack complex that forms a pore on a cell surface resulting in cell death1. The classical pathway is activated by IgM and IgG antibodies and was first described as a mechanism for killing bacteria. With the generation of monoclonal antibodies (mAb), the complement cascade can be used to lyse any cell population in an antigen-specific manner. Depletion of cells by the complement cascade is achieved by the addition of complement fixing antigen-specific antibodies and rabbit complement to the starting cell population. The cells are incubated for one hour at 37&deg;C and the lysed cells are subsequently removed by two rounds of washing. MAb with a high efficiency for complement fixation typically deplete 95-100% of the targeted cell population. Depending on the purification strategy for the targeted cell population, complement depletion can be used for cell purification or for the enrichment of cell populations that then can be further purified by a subsequent method.

To effectively study the function of immune cell populations their purification is often required. Complement depletion is a fast and inexpensive technique for the isolation of immune cell populations with high purity.

補体の枯渇により特定の細胞集団の枯渇

The purification of immune cell populations is often required in order to study their unique functions.  In particular, molecular approaches such as ...

免疫・感染学

Purification of Specific Cell Population by Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorting (FACS)

Experimental and clinical studies often require highly purified cell populations.  FACS is a technique of choice to purify cell populations of known phenotype.  Other bulk methods of purification include panning, complement depletion and magnetic bead separation.  However, FACS has several advantages over other available methods.  FACS is the preferred method when very high purity of the desired population is required, when the target cell population expresses a very low level of the identifying marker or when cell populations require separation based on differential marker density.  In addition, FACS is the only available purification technique to isolate cells based on internal staining or intracellular protein expression, such as a genetically modified fluorescent protein marker.  FACS allows the purification of individual cells based on size, granularity and fluorescence.  In order to purify cells of interest, they are first stained with fluorescently-tagged monoclonal antibodies (mAb), which recognize specific surface markers on the desired cell population (1).  Negative selection of unstained cells is also possible.  FACS purification requires a flow cytometer with sorting capacity and the appropriate software.  For FACS, cells in suspension are passed as a stream in droplets with each containing a single cell in front of a laser.  The fluorescence detection system detects cells of interest based on predetermined fluorescent parameters of the cells.  The instrument applies a charge to the droplet containing a cell of interest and an electrostatic deflection system facilitates collection of the charged droplets into appropriate collection tubes (2).  The success of staining and thereby sorting depends largely on the selection of the identifying markers and the choice of mAb.  Sorting parameters can be adjusted depending on the requirement of purity and yield.  Although FACS requires specialized equipment and personnel training, it is the method of choice for isolation of highly purified cell populations.

Purification of Specific Cell Population by Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorting FACS

For many scientific studies requiring a biological and chemical analysis of cell populations the cells must be in a high state of purity. Fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) is a superior method in which to obtain pure cell populations.

蛍光活性化細胞選別（FACS）によって特定の細胞集団の精製

Experimental and clinical studies often require highly purified cell populations.  FACS is a technique of choice to purify cell populations of known ...

Establishment of Epstein-Barr Virus Growth-transformed Lymphoblastoid Cell Lines

Infection of B cells with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) leads to proliferation and subsequent immortalization, resulting in establishment of lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCL) in vitro. Since LCL are latently infected with EBV, they provide a model system to investigate EBV latency and virus-driven B cell proliferation and tumorigenesis1. LCL have been used to present antigens in a variety of immunologic assays2, 3. In addition, LCL can be used to generate human monoclonal antibodies4, 5 and provide a potentially unlimited source when access to primary biologic materials is limited6, 7.
A variety of methods have been described to generate LCL. Earlier methods have included the use of mitogens such as phytohemagglutinin, lipopolysaccharide8, and pokeweed mitogen9 to increase the efficiency of EBV-mediated immortalization. More recently, others have used immunosuppressive agents such as cyclosporin A to inhibit T cell-mediated killing of infected B cells7, 10-12.
The considerable length of time from EBV infection to establishment of cell lines drives the requirement for quicker and more reliable methods for EBV-driven B cell growth transformation. Using a combination of high titer EBV and an immunosuppressive agent, we are able to consistently infect, transform, and generate LCL from B cells in peripheral blood. This method uses a small amount of peripheral blood mononuclear cells that are infected in vitroclusters of cells can be demonstrated. The presence of CD23 with EBV in the presence of FK506, a T cell immunosuppressant. Traditionally, outgrowth of proliferating B cells is monitored by visualization of microscopic clusters of cells about a week after infection with EBV. Clumps of LCL can be seen by the naked eye after several weeks. We describe an assay to determine early if EBV-mediated growth transformation is successful even before microscopic clusters of cells can be demonstrated. The presence of CD23hiCD58+ cells observed as early as three days post-infection indicates a successful outcome.

We describe a method for generating transformed B cell lines using Epstein-Barr virus. We also illustrate a novel assay that can identify B cells destined to undergo transformation as early as three days after infection.

Epstein - Barrウイルスの成長形質転換リンパ芽球様細胞株の樹立

Infection of B cells with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) leads to proliferation and subsequent immortalization, resulting in establishment of lymphoblastoid ...

Antigens Protected Functional Red Blood Cells By The Membrane Grafting Of Compact Hyperbranched Polyglycerols

Red blood cell (RBC) transfusion is vital for the treatment of a number of acute and chronic medical problems such as thalassemia major and sickle cell anemia 1-3. Due to the presence of multitude of antigens on the RBC surface (~308 known antigens 4), patients in the chronic blood transfusion therapy develop alloantibodies due to the miss match of minor antigens on transfused RBCs 4, 5. Grafting of hydrophilic polymers such as polyethylene glycol (PEG) and hyperbranched polyglycerol (HPG) forms an exclusion layer on RBC membrane that prevents the interaction of antibodies with surface antigens without affecting the passage of small molecules such as oxygen ,glucose, and ions3. At present no method is available for the generation of universal red blood donor cells in part because of the daunting challenge presented by the presence of large number of antigens (protein and carbohydrate based) on the RBC surface and the development of such methods will significantly improve transfusion safety, and dramatically improve the availability and use of RBCs. In this report, the experiments that are used to develop antigen protected functional RBCs by the membrane grafting of HPG and their characterization are presented. HPGs are highly biocompatible compact polymers 6, 7, and are expected to be located within the cell glycocalyx that surrounds the lipid membrane 8, 9 and mask RBC surface antigens10, 11.

The cell membrane modification of red blood cells (RBCs) with hyperbranched polyglycerol (HPG) is presented. Modified RBCs were characterized by aqueous two phase partitioning, osmotic fragility and complement mediated lysis. The camouflage of surface proteins and antigens was evaluated using the flow cytometry and Micro Typing System (MTS) blood phenotyping cards.

抗原は、コンパクトな多分岐ポリグリセロールのグラフト膜によって機能赤血球を保護

Red blood cell (RBC) transfusion is vital for the treatment of a number of acute and chronic medical problems such as thalassemia major and sickle cell ...

Ex Vivo Red Blood Cell Hemolysis Assay for the Evaluation of pH-responsive Endosomolytic Agents for Cytosolic Delivery of Biomacromolecular Drugs

Phospholipid bilayers that constitute endo-lysosomal vesicles can pose a barrier to delivery of biologic drugs to intracellular targets. To overcome this barrier, a number of synthetic drug carriers have been engineered to actively disrupt the endosomal membrane and deliver cargo into the cytoplasm. Here, we describe the hemolysis assay, which can be used as rapid, high-throughput screen for the cytocompatibility and endosomolytic activity of intracellular drug delivery systems. 
In the hemolysis assay, human red blood cells and test materials are co-incubated in buffers at defined pHs that mimic extracellular, early endosomal, and late endo-lysosomal environments. Following a centrifugation step to pellet intact red blood cells, the amount of hemoglobin released into the medium is spectrophotometrically measured (405 nm for best dynamic range). The percent red blood cell disruption is then quantified relative to positive control samples lysed with a detergent. In this model system the erythrocyte membrane serves as a surrogate for the lipid bilayer membrane that enclose endo-lysosomal vesicles. The desired result is negligible hemolysis at physiologic pH (7.4) and robust hemolysis in the endo-lysosomal pH range from approximately pH 5-6.8.

Ex Vivo Red Blood Cell Hemolysis Assay for the Evaluation of pH-responsive Endosomolytic Agents for Cytosolic Delivery of Biomacromolecular Drugs

A hemolysis assay can be used as a rapid, high-throughput screen of drug delivery systems' cytocompatibility and endosomolytic activity for intracellular cargo delivery. The assay measures the disruption of erythrocyte membranes as a function of environmental pH.

生体高分子薬の細胞質ゾルデリバリーのためのpH応答性エンドソーム溶解剤の評価のためにex vivoで赤血球溶血アッセイ

Phospholipid bilayers that constitute endo-lysosomal vesicles can pose a barrier to delivery of biologic drugs to intracellular targets. To overcome this ...

Isolation of Precursor B-cell Subsets from Umbilical Cord Blood

Umbilical cord blood is highly enriched for hematopoietic progenitor cells at different lineage commitment stages. We have developed a protocol for isolating precursor B-cells at four different stages of differentiation. Because genes are expressed and epigenetic modifications occur in a tissue specific manner, it is vital to discriminate between tissues and cell types in order to be able to identify alterations in the genome and the epigenome that may lead to the development of disease. This method can be adapted to any type of cell present in umbilical cord blood at any stage of differentiation.	
This method comprises 4 main steps. First, mononuclear cells are separated by density centrifugation. Second, B-cells are enriched using biotin conjugated antibodies that recognize and remove non B-cells from the mononuclear cells. Third the B-cells are fluorescently labeled with cell surface protein antibodies specific to individual stages of B-cell development. Finally, the fluorescently labeled cells are sorted and individual populations are recovered. The recovered cells are of sufficient quantity and quality to be utilized in downstream nucleic acid assays.

Here we describe a protocol for isolating subsets of precursor B-cells from umbilical cord blood. A sufficient quantity and quality of nucleic acids may be extracted from the cells and used in subsequent assays utilizing DNA or RNA.

臍帯血から前駆B細胞サブセットの分離

Umbilical cord blood is highly enriched for hematopoietic progenitor cells at different lineage commitment stages. We have developed a protocol for ...

A Simple Flow Cytometric Method to Measure Glucose Uptake and Glucose Transporter Expression for Monocyte Subpopulations in Whole Blood

Monocytes are innate immune cells that can be activated by pathogens and inflammation associated with certain chronic inflammatory diseases. Activation of monocytes induces effector functions and a concomitant shift from oxidative to glycolytic metabolism that is accompanied by increased glucose transporter expression. This increased glycolytic metabolism is also observed for trained immunity of monocytes, a form of innate immunological memory. Although in vitro protocols examining glucose transporter expression and glucose uptake by monocytes have been described, none have been examined by multi-parametric flow cytometry in whole blood. We describe a multi-parametric flow cytometric protocol for the measurement of fluorescent glucose analog 2-NBDG uptake in whole blood by total monocytes and the classical (CD14++CD16-), intermediate (CD14++CD16+) and non-classical (CD14+CD16++) monocyte subpopulations. This method can be used to examine glucose transporter expression and glucose uptake for total monocytes and monocyte subpopulations during homeostasis and inflammatory disease, and can be easily modified to examine glucose uptake for other leukocytes and leukocyte subpopulations within blood.

Monocytes are integral components of the human innate immune system that rely on glycolytic metabolism when activated. We describe a flow cytometry protocol to measure glucose transporter expression and glucose uptake by total monocytes and monocyte subpopulations in fresh whole blood.

シンプルなフローサイトメトリー法は、全血における単球亜集団のためのグルコース取り込みおよびグルコーストランスポーターの発現を測定するために

Monocytes are innate immune cells that can be activated by pathogens and inflammation associated with certain chronic inflammatory diseases. Activation of ...

Dextran Enhances the Lentiviral Transduction Efficiency of Murine and Human Primary NK Cells

The efficient transduction of specific genes into natural killer (NK) cells has been a major challenge. Successful transductions are critical to defining the role of the gene of interest in the development, differentiation, and function of NK cells. Recent advances related to chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) in cancer immunotherapy accentuate the need for an efficient method to deliver exogenous genes to effector lymphocytes. The efficiencies of lentiviral-mediated gene transductions into primary human or mouse NK cells remain significantly low, which is a major limiting factor. Recent advances using cationic polymers, such as polybrene, show an improved gene transduction efficiency in T cells. However, these products failed to improve the transduction efficiencies of NK cells. This work shows that dextran, a branched glucan polysaccharide, significantly improves the transduction efficiency of human and mouse primary NK cells. This highly reproducible transduction methodology provides a competent tool for transducing human primary NK cells, which can vastly improve clinical gene delivery applications and thus NK cell-based cancer immunotherapy.

The goal of this study was to formulate technologies that allow for successful gene transduction in primary natural killer (NK) cells. The dextran-mediated lentiviral transduction of human or mouse primary NK cells results in higher gene expression efficiencies. This method of gene transduction will vastly improve NK cell genetic manipulation.

デキストランは、マウスとヒト NK 細胞のレンチ ウイルスの伝達効率を向上します。

The efficient transduction of specific genes into natural killer (NK) cells has been a major challenge. Successful transductions are critical to defining ...

An Efficient and Simple Method to Establish NK and T Cell Lines from Patients with Chronic Active Epstein-Barr Virus Infection

A number of methods have been described to establish NK/T cell lines from patients with lymphoma or lymphoproliferative syndrome. These methods employed feeder cells, purified NK or T cells with as much as 10 mL of blood, or a high-dose of IL-2. This study presents a new method with a powerful and simple strategy to establish NK and T cell lines by culturing the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) with the addition of recombinant human IL-2 (rhIL-2), and uses as little as 2 mL of whole blood. The cells can proliferate quickly in two weeks and be maintained for more than 3 months. With this method, 7 NK or T cell lines have been established with a high success rate. This method is simple, reliable, and applicable to establishing cell lines from more cases of CAEBV or NK/T cell lymphoma.

A simple method for obtaining NK and T cell clones from CAEBV patients was developed with high efficiency, a small amount of peripheral blood, and a low-dose of IL-2.

NK と慢性的なアクティブなエプスタイン ‐ バーウイルス感染症から T 細胞株を確立する効率的かつ簡単な方法

A number of methods have been described to establish NK/T cell lines from patients with lymphoma or lymphoproliferative syndrome. These methods employed ...

Measuring Deformability and Red Cell Heterogeneity in Blood by Ektacytometry

Decreased red cell deformability is characteristic of several disorders. In some cases, the extent of defective deformability can predict severity of disease or occurrence of serious complications. Ektacytometry uses laser diffraction viscometry to measure the deformability of red blood cells subject to either increasing shear stress or an osmotic gradient at a constant value of applied shear stress. However, direct deformability measurements are difficult to interpret when measuring heterogenous blood that is characterized by the presence of both rigid and deformable red cells. This is due to the inability of rigid cells to properly align in response to shear stress and results in a distorted diffraction pattern marked by an exaggerated decrease in apparent deformability. Measurement of the degree of distortion provides an indicator of the heterogeneity of the erythrocytes in blood. In sickle cell anemia, this is correlated with the percentage of rigid cells, which reflects the hemoglobin concentration and hemoglobin composition of the erythrocytes. In addition to measuring deformability, osmotic gradient ektacytometry provides information about the osmotic fragility and hydration status of erythrocytes. These parameters also reflect the hemoglobin composition of red blood cells from sickle cell patients. Ektacytometry measures deformability in populations of red cells and does not, therefore, provide information on the deformability or mechanical properties of individual erythrocytes. Regardless, the goal of the techniques described herein is to provide a convenient and reliable method for measuring the deformability and cellular heterogeneity of blood. These techniques may be useful for monitoring temporal changes, as well as disease progression and response to therapeutic intervention in several disorders. Sickle cell anemia is one well-characterized example. Other potential disorders where measurements of red cell deformability and/or heterogeneity are of interest include blood storage, diabetes, Plasmodium infection, iron deficiency, and the hemolytic anemias due to membrane defects.

Here we present techniques to measure red cell deformability and cellular heterogeneity by ektacytometry. These techniques are applicable to general investigations of red cell deformability and specific investigations of blood diseases characterized by the presence of both rigid and deformable red cells in circulation, such as sickle cell anemia.

変形能と赤血球による血液中赤血球の不均一性を測定

Decreased red cell deformability is characteristic of several disorders. In some cases, the extent of defective deformability can predict severity of ...