引用し、著者が、以前公開されてから、国立衛生研究所の精神 (MH088480) の助成金によって行われました。著者は、彼女のかつての師匠、ジェームズ ・ オドンネルそのプロジェクトでの彼のサポートのために感謝したいと思います。この出版物は、国立衛生研究所 (T32 DA007135) からの助成金によってサポートされます。

ここで実行されたすべてのプロシージャに送信されたと動物ケアの承認し使用委員会と NIH のガイドラインに従って実施した。
 1 ですオブジェクトの選択、実験のセットアップ はマウスで簡単に差別されるに十分に異なっている <ol><li>選択オブジェクト (テクスチャ、図形、色パターンと明るさ、複雑さの類似性があるが。など)どんな可能性を最小限に抑えるために誘導 (オブジェクト選択 7 の包括的な説明の Ennaceur 2010 を参照) の結果が歪むことがありますオブジェクト設定。
	<ol><li>生来の嗜好と差別のテスト (手順 2 を参照してください &#38; 3).</li>
		<li>マウス サイズまたはわずかに大きい ( 図 1) の探査を奨励するためにあるオブジェクトを使用します。誘導の好みを減らすためには、確実にマウス オブジェクトまたはどちらのオブジェクトの両方に登ることができるオブジェクトに登る能力は探査 (時間オブジェクトに座って過ごしただけの探索時間にカウントされていません) に関心を高める可能性がありますが</li>
		<li>では、各オブジェクトの少なくとも 2 のコピーを持っています。ただし、テスト中に潜在的な臭気の手がかりを抑える各オブジェクト、訓練のための重複およびテストのための 1 つの少なくとも 3 がある</li>。
		<li>オブジェクトの損失として実験中の損傷のため、非壊れやすい材料の作ったオブジェクトを使用可能性がありますテストの連続性を妨げるし、動物に危害または損傷を引き起こす可能性がある</li>。
		<li>(70% 巻/巻エタノールは適切な) 使用とする前に、オブジェクトを徹底的に掃除します</li>。
	</ol></li> <li>明るい照明のストレスを最小限に抑えるため迷路の中心に拡散、低照明を利用して点灯約 20 ルクス。温度と湿度が通常の住宅条件のように使用します。マウスは、住宅の部屋から実験のため別の部屋に移動している場合の少なくとも 1 時間毎日使用する前に彼らの新しい部屋にマウスを順応させる</li>。
	<li>トレーニング前によくハンドル マウス。テストは、目新しさを探索する齧歯動物の自然な傾向に依存するため、アリーナ、その後、オブジェクトを探索する彼らの欲求を妨げる可能性があります処理から任意のストレスや不安を減らします。理想的には、マウスを 1-2 回処理/ 15 , 29 をテスト前に 1 ~ 2 週間、少なくとも 1 分間日</li>。
	<li>メイン アリーナを使用して正方形の商工会議所 (約 40 cm × 40 cm × 40 cm) 白または黒から作られた非多孔性プラスチック マウスの色は対照的します。また、具体的には円形のアリーナ編を使用、円形アリーナが探索行動 18 , 30 を奨励することが望ましいかもしれない正方形のアリーナの隅に座る可能性があります心配しているマウスを使用している場合。
	<ol><li>トレーニングの日 (すなわち 1 つ、北西の角と南東角) の対角線の 2 同一のオブジェクトを配置します。オブジェクトが軽すぎる、マウスで移動することができる場合は、床に固定します。パテの作品をよくマウント リムーバブル</li>。
		<li>日をテスト、トレーニングデイ ( 図 2) として斜めに同じ 1 つ身近なオブジェクトと 1 つの新規オブジェクトを配置する各オブジェクトの 3 rd コピーを使用します</li>。
		<li>は、使い慣れたオブジェクトと新しいオブジェクトとして各オブジェクトが均等に使用されるようにオブジェクトの各セットの使用を相殺します。また、アリーナの 4 つのコーナーのそれぞれに新しいオブジェクトの場所を相殺します。動物のための対角線を使用すると、トレーニング日対角線はテストの日は、それぞれのマウスの使用と同じ、注意してください</li>。
		<li>装置 (70% 巻/巻エタノールは適切な) 使用の前に、と臭気のキューを削除するオブジェクトを徹底的にきれい</li>。
	</ol></li> <li>カメラ探査の最適な表示装置の真上。正確な分析のため鼻ポイント検出ソフトウェアのみを使用します。ソフトウェアを使用している場合は、開始する前の場所内のオブジェクトの背景イメージをキャプチャします。ソフトウェアで、オブジェクトの周り約 2-3 cm の探査の領域を設定します</li>。
	実験者の干渉を低減する <li>は裁判を記録し、後でそれをスコアします。ブラインドの実験条件に得点。実験中に手動で得点、実験者はアリーナから、マウスに見えない 1 メートル以上であることを確認します 。
	注: いつでもマウス使う掃除や盗聴の探索時間としてカウントされませんアクティブなヒゲのないオブジェクトの上に座っています</li>。
	ときとして <li>を定義する探査マウス &#39; s ノイズは、アクティブなヒゲや盗聴を抜本的な先のとがったオブジェクトとオブジェクトの 2-3 cm 以内。能動的探索の徴候のないオブジェクトの上に座っていつでもカウントされません</li>。
</ol> 2。必要なパイロット実験 <ol>habituation の 誘導嗜好テスト <ol><li><li>はホーム檻からマウスを取り外してオープン アリーナの真ん中に置きます。5 分間自由に探索するマウスを許可</li>
		<li>(T1)、トレーニングの日には、器具、(すなわち、NW および SE のコーナー) の反対側の象限に 2 つの異なるオブジェクトを配置します。ホーム檻からマウスを取り外してオープン アリーナの真ん中に置きます。10 分間無料の探査を許可</li>
		<li>差別インデックスを計算します。誘導設定はありませんが、差別インデックスはゼロに近いはずです。ORT のための好みを示す任意のオブジェクトを使用しないでください</li>。
	</ol></li> <li>弁別能力のテスト <ol><li>慣れ、ホーム檻からマウスを削除し、オープン アリーナの真ん中に置きます。5 分間自由に探索するマウスを許可</li>
		<li>のトレーニング セッション (T1) は、反対側の象限に 2 同一のオブジェクトを配置します。アリーナの中央にマウスを置き、10 分のために探検するためにマウスを許可</li>
		<li>のテスト セッション (T2)、T1 と反対象限 (すなわち、NW および SE のコーナー) の 1 つの新規オブジェクトの間に使用されるオブジェクトの 1 つを配置します。T1 後、60 分アリーナの中央にマウスを置き、10 分間無料の探査を許可</li>
		<li>差別インデックスを計算します。60 分保持間隔で差別インデックスが 0.25 以上する必要があります</li>。
	</ol></li></ol> 3。実験手順 <ol><li>慣れ <ol><li>ホーム檻からマウスを削除し、空オープン アリーナの真ん中に置きます。無料 5 分アリーナの探査を許可します。ホームのケージが空、翌日開催のケージとして使用のために保存します</li>。
		<li>5 分の終わりには、マウスを削除し、保持ケージに配置。その元のケージにマウスを返さないまたはテストする残りのマウスの動作に影響を与える可能性があります</li>。
		<li>は徹底的に 70% の巻/巻エタノールを用いたマウス間装置をきれいします 。
		注: 中に慣れ、不安様行動によって評価される中心で過ごした時間を計算する (チェルニフツィを参照してください &#38; Belzung 2003 31)。これは、T1 のための時間の長さを考慮した便利なメトリックです。高不安マウスは最小探索条件に到達する 10 分間セッションを必要があります</li>。
	</ol></li> <li>トレーニング (T1) <ol><li>アリーナ (すなわち、北東角と南西角) の反対側の象限に 2 つの同一のオブジェクトを配置します</li>。
		<li>慣れ後、24 h はホーム檻からマウスを取り外して 2 同一のオブジェクトから等距離にあるアリーナの中央に配置します</li>。
		<li>は、5 分以上の自由探査を許可します。低運動や探査活動が知られているマウスのひずみを用いた場合 (すなわち、ほとんどのマウスに達しない両方のオブジェクトの 20 s 探査の最小 5 分でパイロット実験や文献で説明したように)、すべてのマイク用 10 分体験版を拡張コホートの e.</li>
		<li>裁判の最後に、マウスを削除し、保持ケージに配置。ホームのケージが空と、使用のために保存します。テストの日に保有物のおりと</li>。
		<li>装置および 70% の巻/巻エタノールを用いたマウス間でオブジェクトを徹底的に掃除します</li>。
	</ol></li> <li>テスト (T2) <ol><li>T1 の間に使用される 1 つのオブジェクトの場所 (つまり、おなじみのオブジェクト) とアリーナの反対側の象限儀の 1 つの新規オブジェクト。各マウスの T1 の中に使用したのと同じ場所を使用します</li>。
		<li>で、T1 T2 間隔は、選択するのにはホーム檻からマウスを取り外してセンター アリーナ、おなじみのオブジェクトと新しいオブジェクトから等距離に配置します 。
		注: 24 時間の保存間隔でほとんどのマウスできなくなります親しみやすく新規オブジェクトを区別する (通常-0.2 &#60; d2 &#60; 正と比較して 0.2 制御 32)。抗知性効果をテストする場合は、プローブ メモリ拡張のためにこの時点でポイントを使用します。記憶障害のプローブ、どこの短い保持期間を使用マウスのひずみに応じて、4 h に 20 分間です</li>。
		<li>は、10 分間無料の探査を許可します。裁判の最後に、マウスを削除し、保持ケージに配置します</li>。
	</ol></li> <li>T1 と T2 の両方のスコアの最初の 5 分。マウスが 20 の最小探索時間を満たしていないかどうか両方のオブジェクト s 継続合計探査が 20 を超えるまで、5 分過去得点 s.</li>
</ol> 4。データ分析 <ol>両方の間に 除外基準 <ol><li><li>トレーニング (T1) とテスト (T2)、(e1 と e2) セッションごとに両方のオブジェクトの合計探査時間を計算します。ほとんどのマウスが最小探査 20 の両方のオブジェクトの合計に達するべきである 5 分の s</li>
		<li>低探査をして 5 分でこの最低限の基準を充足して試験期間中に観測されたマウス系統の 10 分延長 T1 と T2 の時間</li>。
		<li>20 s の最低限の基準に到達するまで 5 分または 5 分を超えて動作をスコアします</li>。
		<li>マウスは、10 分で T1 または T2 のいずれかの両方のオブジェクト探査の 20 s 以上には到達しない場合は、分析から除外する学ぶ差別する十分な時間の観光で過ごした彼らが確認出来します</li>。
	</ol></li> <li>絶対対相対分析 注: 解析と 1 つの別の関係に異なる数式を 表 1 で見ることができます。
	A1 と a2 が同一のオブジェクトを 2 つの同一オブジェクトのトレーニング中に合計探査時間として <ol><li>計算 e1 。
		e1 = a1 + a2</li>
		おなじみのオブジェクト (a) と小説のオブジェクト (b) にテスト中に合計探査時間として計算 <li>e2 。
		e2 + b =</li>
		時間マイナス <li>計算 d1 として単に費やされた時間小説を探索オブジェクトは、使い慣れたオブジェクトを探索過ごした。絶対差別措置 (d1) 取らないマウスまたは治療間の探索時間の違いは考慮グループ、特定の状況でそれはより敏感なメジャー 2 かもしれませんが 。
		d1 b は =</li>
		時間マイナス新規オブジェクトの探索時間として <li>計算 d2 を過ごした合計探査時間で割った親しみやすい物体を探索します。最も一般的に使用される測定は、探索時間の違いの影響を受けない差別インデックス (d2) と呼ばれます相対差別値です。つまり、すべての値は、-1 と +1 の間分類されます 。
		d2 d1/e2 =</li>
		<li>はまた、認識や好みのインデックス (d3) 3 を計算します。これは、新規オブジェクトの合計時間で割った値を探る時間ができました。これは、すべての値は 0 と 1 の間に分類されますを意味します。よく 100 倍、割合値として使用されます 。
		d3 = b/e2 * 100</li>
	</ol></li> <li>統計解析 <ol><li>一方通行 ANOVA を使用してメモリのパフォーマンスを決定する各グループの平均識別値を使用します。詳細な分析、ホックの記事 を双方向の比較処理 対 車両状態およびプラス/マイナス コントロール グループを作る</li>。
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>

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Rev. 32, 1055-1070 (2008).</li><li>Rutten, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Time-dependent+involvement+of+cAMP+and+cGMP+in+consolidation+of+object+memory:+studies+using+selective+phosphodiesterase+type+2,+4+and+5+inhibitors.">Time-dependent involvement of cAMP and cGMP in consolidation of object memory: studies using selective phosphodiesterase type 2, 4 and 5 inhibitors.</a> Eur. J. Pharmacol. 558 (1-3), 107-112 (2007).</li><li>Prickaerts, J., De Vente, J., Honig, W., Steinbusch, H. W. M., Blokland, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=cGMP,+but+not+cAMP,+in+rat+hippocampus+is+involved+in+early+stages+of+object+memory+consolidation.">cGMP, but not cAMP, in rat hippocampus is involved in early stages of object memory consolidation.</a> Eur. J. Pharmacol. 436 (1-2), 83-87 (2002).</li><li>Bertaina-Anglade, V., Enjuanes, E., Morillon, D., Drieu la Rochelle, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+object+recognition+task+in+rats+and+mice:+A+simple+and+rapid+model+in+safety+pharmacology+to+detect+amnesic+properties+of+a+new+chemical+entity.">The object recognition task in rats and mice: A simple and rapid model in safety pharmacology to detect amnesic properties of a new chemical entity.</a> J. Pharmacol. Toxicol. Methods. 54 (2), 99-105 (2006).</li><li>Li, S., Wang, C., Wang, W., Dong, H., Hou, P., Tang, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chronic+mild+stress+impairs+cognition+in+mice:+From+brain+homeostasis+to+behavior.">Chronic mild stress impairs cognition in mice: From brain homeostasis to behavior.</a> Life Sci. 82 (17), 934-942 (2008).</li><li>Frick, K. M., Gresack, J. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sex+Differences+in+the+Behavioral+Response+to+Spatial+and+Object+Novelty+in+Adult+C57BL/6+Mice.">Sex Differences in the Behavioral Response to Spatial and Object Novelty in Adult C57BL/6 Mice.</a> Behav. Neurosci. 117 (6), 1283-1291 (2003).</li><li>Grayson, B., Leger, M., Piercy, C., Adamson, L., Harte, M., Neill, J. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Assessment+of+disease-related+cognitive+impairments+using+the+novel+object+recognition+(NOR)+task+in+rodents.">Assessment of disease-related cognitive impairments using the novel object recognition (NOR) task in rodents.</a> Behav. Brain Res. 285, 176-193 (2015).</li><li>Tuscher, J. J., Fortress, A. M., Kim, J., Frick, K. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Regulation+of+object+recognition+and+object+placement+by+ovarian+sex+steroid+hormones.">Regulation of object recognition and object placement by ovarian sex steroid hormones.</a> Behav. Brain Res. 285, 140-157 (2015).</li><li>Balderas, I., Moreno-Castilla, P., Bermudez-Rattoni, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dopamine+D1+receptor+activity+modulates+object+recognition+memory+consolidation+in+the+perirhinal+cortex+but+not+in+the+hippocampus.">Dopamine D1 receptor activity modulates object recognition memory consolidation in the perirhinal cortex but not in the hippocampus.</a> Hippocampus. 23 (10), 873-878 (2013).</li><li>Akkerman, S., Blokland, A., Prickaerts, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mind+the+gap:+delayed+manifestation+of+long-term+object+memory+improvement+by+phosphodiesterase+inhibitors.">Mind the gap: delayed manifestation of long-term object memory improvement by phosphodiesterase inhibitors.</a> Neurobiol. Learn. Mem. 109, 139-143 (2014).</li><li>Domek-&#321;opaci&#324;ska, K., Strosznajder, J. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+effect+of+selective+inhibition+of+cyclic+GMP+hydrolyzing+phosphodiesterases+2+and+5+on+learning+and+memory+processes+and+nitric+oxide+synthase+activity+in+brain+during+aging.">The effect of selective inhibition of cyclic GMP hydrolyzing phosphodiesterases 2 and 5 on learning and memory processes and nitric oxide synthase activity in brain during aging.</a> Brain Res. 1216, 68-77 (2008).</li><li>Reneerkens, O., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inhibition+of+phoshodiesterase+type+2+or+type+10+reverses+object+memory+deficits+induced+by+scopolamine+or+MK-801.">Inhibition of phoshodiesterase type 2 or type 10 reverses object memory deficits induced by scopolamine or MK-801.</a> Behav. Brain Res. 236 (1), 16-22 (2013).</li><li>Deacon, R. M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Housing,+husbandry+and+handling+of+rodents+for+behavioral+experiments.">Housing, husbandry and handling of rodents for behavioral experiments.</a> Nat. Protoc. 1 (2), 936-946 (2006).</li><li>&#350;&#305;k, A., van Nieuwehuyzen, P., Prickaerts, J., Blokland, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Performance+of+different+mouse+strains+in+an+object+recognition+task.">Performance of different mouse strains in an object recognition task.</a> Behav. Brain Res. 147 (1-2), 49-54 (2003).</li><li>Prut, L., Belzung, C., Rabelias, U. F., Psychobiologie, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+open+field+as+a+paradigm+to+measure+the+effects+of+drugs+on+anxiety-like+behaviors+a+review.">The open field as a paradigm to measure the effects of drugs on anxiety-like behaviors a review.</a> Eur. J. Pharmacol. 463, 3-33 (2003).</li><li>Akkerman, S., Prickaerts, J., Steinbusch, H. W. M., Blokland, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Object+recognition+testing:+statistical+considerations.">Object recognition testing: statistical considerations.</a> Behav. Brain Res. 232 (2), 317-322 (2012).</li><li>Balderas, I., Rodriguez-Ortiz, C. J., Bermudez-Rattoni, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Retrieval+and+reconsolidation+of+object+recognition+memory+are+independent+processes+in+the+perirhinal+cortex.">Retrieval and reconsolidation of object recognition memory are independent processes in the perirhinal cortex.</a> Neuroscience. 253, 398-405 (2013).</li><li>de curtis, M., Pare, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+rhinal+cortices:+a+wall+of+inhibition+between+the+neocortex+and+the+hippocampus.">The rhinal cortices: a wall of inhibition between the neocortex and the hippocampus.</a> Prog. Neurobiol. 74 (2), 101-110 (2004).</li><li>Brown, M. W., Barker, G. R. I., Aggleton, J. P., Warburton, E. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=What+pharmacological+interventions+indicate+concerning+the+role+of+the+perirhinal+cortex+in+recognition+memory.">What pharmacological interventions indicate concerning the role of the perirhinal cortex in recognition memory.</a> Neuropsychologia. 50 (13), 3122-3140 (2012).</li><li>Moore, S. J., Deshpande, K., Stinnett, G. S., Seasholtz, A. F., Murphy, G. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Conversion+of+short-term+to+long-term+memory+in+the+novel+object+recognition+paradigm.">Conversion of short-term to long-term memory in the novel object recognition paradigm.</a> Neurobiol. Learn. Mem. 105, 174-185 (2013).</li><li>Suzuki, W. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+anatomy,+physiology+and+functions+of+the+perirhinal+cortex.">The anatomy, physiology and functions of the perirhinal cortex.</a> Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 6, 179-186 (1996).</li><li>Wan, H., Aggleton, J. P., Brown, M. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Different+contributions+of+the+hippocampus+and+perirhinal+cortex+to+recognition+memory.">Different contributions of the hippocampus and perirhinal cortex to recognition memory.</a> J. Neurosci. 19 (3), 1142-1148 (1999).</li><li>Warburton, E. C., Brown, M. 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著者は、何を開示します。

ORT は、マウスの記憶・学習の勉強の効率的かつ柔軟な方法です。実験を設定する場合は、結果に影響を与えることができる変数の数を考慮する重要です。代表的な結果の説明、マウスの緊張は探査時間と保持間隔の両方に影響を与えます。探査時間の減少が偏る可能性があります。 またはマスクを絶対差別分析2,3,5,</...

オブジェクト認識テスト (ORT)、新規オブジェクト認識テスト (NOR), とも呼ばれる、マウスの記憶・学習のさまざまな段階をテストするため比較的高速かつ効率的な手段です。もともと 1988 年に Ennaceur とデラクールによって記述されラット1で主に使用されます。しかし、それ以来、それ正常に適応されている使用マウス2,3,4,5,6,7。テストは、3 つのセッションほどに依存している: 1 つ慣れセッション、1 つのトレーニング セッションと 1 つのテスト セッション。トレーニングは単にテスト セッションでは、新規オブジェクトに以前に探索のオブジェクトの 1 つを置き換える必要があります、2 つの同一のオブジェクトの視覚的探査を含みます。齧歯動物は目新しさの生得的な好みがあるために、よく知られた目的を覚えている齧歯動物は新規オブジェクト7,8,9を探索するより多くの時間を過ごします。
他の齧歯動物のメモリテストの ORT の主な利点は齧歯動物の自然な性癖ノベルティ8を探索するために依存します。したがって、動作をやる気にさせる多数のトレーニング セッションまたは任意の正または負の補強の必要はありません。つまり、ORT ははるかに少ないストレス、その他テスト10、11,12,13,14,15を基準にして、大幅に必要です。モリス水迷路やバーンズ迷路まで 1 週間以上かかることがあるなど、一般的に使用されるその他のメモリよりも起動に時間をテストします。その結果、ORT の条件では他の多くの齧歯動物のメモリ テストをテストの生態学的妥当性を増加、人間の認知の調査で使用されるそれらより密接に似ています。同様に、ORT は単純な視覚的リコール タスク、ため正常にも対応しています宣言的記憶2,16 の異なる生物種間側面を評価する人間とヒト以外の霊長類を含む多くの種で使用するため ,17。学習と記憶 (すなわち買収、統合、またはリコール)、(例えば、空間記憶)、メモリの種類を評価したり、異なる保存期間を評価するためのさまざまなフェーズを調べる ORT を簡単に変更することができます最後に、間隔 (すなわち、短期的な対長期記憶)。
ORT の汎用性は、無数の研究用プラットフォームを提供します。研究を行うことができますいずれかを破壊またはメモリを強化する薬理学的薬剤の使用します。つながるメカニズムが中断または拡張メモリ6,18,19,基になる神経をほのめかすことができます投薬前に訓練の後、または、テスト前の時間を変化20. 光遺伝学的技術と同様の方法ですることができますこれらの同じ時間の様々 なポイントを見て使用神経活性化/抑制記憶・学習のさまざまな段階に貢献します。ORT はトランスジェニック動物、病変の研究や神経変性モデル、または高齢化研究21,22,23,24,の違いを評価するために適切なも25,26,27,28. 短・長期メモリ26に対するこれらの変更のいずれかを評価するためにトレーニングとテスト、保存間隔として知られている間の時間を変更できます。最終的には、ORT は学習と記憶を遺伝的、薬理学的、神経学的な変化を研究するツールとして使えるか ORT の記憶・学習の基礎を勉強するこれらのツールを使用することができます。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="805">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="84">
			<td height="84" style="height:84px;width:216px;">Open Field Box</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Panlab/Harvard Apparatus</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">LE800SC</td>
			<td style="width:399px;">Available in grey, white, or black</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">ANY-maze</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Stoelting Co.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">60000</td>
			<td style="width:399px;">Behavior tracking system</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">EthoVisionXT 12</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Noldus</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:399px;">Behavior tracking system; requires 3 point tracking</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Video Camera</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Any</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:399px;">Video camera should be mounted directly overhead of the apparatus</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">70% Ethanol&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">BP2818-4</td>
			<td style="width:399px;">Prior to starting testing and in between trials, each object should be carefully cleaned. The floor and walls of the apparatus should also be cleaned.&#160;</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

novel object recognition test for the investigation of learning and memory in mice

オブジェクト認識テスト (ORT) は、マウスの記憶・学習の様々 な面の調査のための一般的に使用される行動分析です。ORT は比較的単純で、3 日間を完了することができます: 慣れ日、トレーニングの日、およびテストの日。訓練中にマウス、2 同一のオブジェクトを探索できます。テストの日にトレーニング オブジェクトの 1 つが新規オブジェクトに置き換えられます。マウス マウスはよく知られた目的を認識した場合、目新しさの生得的な好みがあるため新規オブジェクトでその時間の大半を過ごすがそれ。この生得の好みのため、正または負の強化あるいは長いトレーニング スケジュールのため必要はありません。さらに、ORT は、多数のアプリケーションの変更もできます。保存期間は短期的なメモリを調べるため短縮または長期記憶をプローブに延長できます。薬理学的介入は、様々 な時代の訓練の後、トレーニング前にまたはリコール前に (すなわち買収、早いか遅い統合、またはリコール) を学習のさまざまな段階を調査するで使用できます。全体的に、ORT はマウス、メモリのための比較的低ストレスかつ効率的なテスト、薬理学的、生物学的または遺伝的操作を伴う神経心理学的変化を検出するために適切です。

ORT の一般的な実験のセットアップを図 2に示します。慣れ日 (T0) マウスが配置されて 5 分 24 時間後空の分野でマウスをチャンバー内に 2 つの同一のオブジェクトで再配置し、10 分程度 (T1) を自由に探索できます。テストの日 (T2) にマウスは、アリーナが 1 つ身近なオブジェクトと 1 つの新規オブジェクトを配置、10 分まで探検することが再び。...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Novel Object Recognition Test for the Investigation of Learning and Memory in Mice at JoVE.com

Novel Object Recognition Test for the Investigation of Learning and Memory in Mice

オブジェクト認識テスト (ORT) は、マウスの記憶・学習を評価するための簡単かつ効率的なアッセイです。方法論を説明します。

マウスの記憶・学習の調査のための新規オブジェクト認識テスト

The object recognition test (ORT) is a commonly used behavioral assay for the investigation of various aspects of learning and memory in mice. The ORT is ...

novel-object-recognition-test-for-investigation-learning-memory

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

71.7K ビュー.  Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai. オブジェクト認識テスト (ORT) は、マウスの記憶・学習を評価するための簡単かつ効率的なアッセイです。方法論を説明します。

ビデオ: Novel Object Recognition Test for the Investigation of Learning and Memory in Mice

The Successive Alleys Test of Anxiety in Mice and Rats

The plus-maze was derived from the early work of Montgomery. He observed that rats tended to avoid the open arms of a maze, preferring the enclosed ones. Handley, Mithani and File et al. performed the first studies on the plus-maze design we use today, and in 1987 Lister published a design for use with mice. 
Time spent on, and entries into, the open arms are an index of anxiety; the lower these indices, the more anxious the mouse is. Alternatively, a mouse that spends most of its time in the closed arms is classed as anxious. 
One of the problems of the plus-maze is that, while time spent on, and entries into, the open arms is a fairly unambiguous measure of anxiety, time in the central area is more difficult to interpret, although time spent here has been classified as &#x201C;decision making&#x201D;. In many tests central area time is a considerable part of the total test time.
Shepherd et al. produced an ingenious design to eliminate the central area, which they called the &#x201C;zero maze&#x201D;. However, although used by several groups, it has never been as widely adopted as the plus-maze. 
In the present article I describe a modification of the plus-maze design that not only eliminates the central area but also incorporates elements from other anxiety tests, such as the light-dark box and emergence tests. It is a linear series of four alleys, each having increasing anxiogenic properties. It has given similar results to the plus-maze in general. Although it may not be more sensitive than the plus-maze (more data is needed before a firm conclusion can be reached on this point), it provides a useful confirmation of plus-maze results which would be useful when, for example, only a single example of a mutant mouse was available, as, for example, in ENU-based mutagenesis programs.

The plus-maze measures anxiety-like behaviour in rodents. There are two opposite closed and two opposite open arms; anxious rodents avoid the open arms. The central area is neither completely open nor closed, so time spent here is ambiguous and difficult to interpret. Here a modification of the plus-maze protocol eliminating this area is described.

マウスおよびラットにおける不安の連続路地テスト

The plus-maze was derived from the early work of Montgomery. He observed that rats tended to avoid the open arms of a maze, preferring the enclosed ones.  ...

行動学

The Double-H Maze: A Robust Behavioral Test for Learning and Memory in Rodents

Spatial cognition research in rodents typically employs the use of maze tasks, whose attributes vary from one maze to the next. These tasks vary by their behavioral flexibility and required memory duration, the number of goals and pathways, and also the overall task complexity. A confounding feature in many of these tasks is the lack of control over the strategy employed by the rodents to reach the goal, e.g., allocentric (declarative-like) or egocentric (procedural) based strategies. The double-H maze is a novel water-escape memory task that addresses this issue, by allowing the experimenter to direct the type of strategy learned during the training period. The double-H maze is a transparent device, which consists of a central alleyway with three arms protruding on both sides, along with an escape platform submerged at the extremity of one of these arms.
Rats can be trained using an allocentric strategy by alternating the start position in the maze in an unpredictable manner (see protocol 1; &#167;4.7), thus requiring them to learn the location of the platform based on the available allothetic cues. Alternatively, an egocentric learning strategy (protocol 2; &#167;4.8) can be employed by releasing the rats from the same position during each trial, until they learn the procedural pattern required to reach the goal. This task has been proven to allow for the formation of stable memory traces.
Memory can be probed following the training period in a misleading probe trial, in which the starting position for the rats alternates. Following an egocentric learning paradigm, rats typically resort to an allocentric-based strategy, but only when their initial view on the extra-maze cues differs markedly from their original position. This task is ideally suited to explore the effects of drugs/perturbations on allocentric/egocentric memory performance, as well as the interactions between these two memory systems.

The goal of this protocol is to investigate spatial cognition in rodents. The double-H water maze is a novel test, which is particularly useful to elucidate the different components of learning, consolidation and memory, as well as the interplay of memory systems.

ダブルH迷路：げっ歯類での学習と記憶のための堅牢な行動試験

Spatial cognition research in rodents typically employs the use of maze tasks, whose attributes vary from one maze to the next. These tasks vary by their ...

Morris Water Maze Test: Optimization for Mouse Strain and Testing Environment

The Morris water maze (MWM) is a commonly used task to assess hippocampal-dependent spatial learning and memory in transgenic mouse models of disease, including neurocognitive disorders such as Alzheimer&#8217;s disease. However, the background strain of the mouse model used can have a substantial effect on the observed behavioral phenotype, with some strains exhibiting superior learning ability relative to others. To ensure differences between transgene negative and transgene positive mice can be detected, identification of a training procedure sensitive to the background strain is essential. Failure to tailor the MWM protocol to the background strain of the mouse model may lead to under- or over- training, thereby masking group differences in probe trials. Here, a MWM protocol tailored for use with the F1 FVB/N x 129S6 background is described. This is a frequently used background strain to study the age-dependent effects of mutant P301L tau (rTg(TauP301L)4510 mice) on the memory deficits associated with Alzheimer&#8217;s disease. Also described is a strategy to re-optimize, as dictated by the particular testing environment utilized.

This manuscript describes a Morris water maze (MWM) protocol tailored for use with a commonly used mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. The MWM is widely used in transgenic mouse models. Implementation of a procedure sensitive to the background strain of the mouse model is essential for detecting group differences.

モリス水迷路試験：マウス系統およびテスト環境の最適化

 The Morris water maze (MWM) is a commonly used task to assess hippocampal-dependent spatial learning and memory in transgenic mouse models of disease, ...

Novel Object Exploration as a Potential Assay for Higher Order Repetitive Behaviors in Mice

Restricted, repetitive behaviors (RRBs) are a core feature of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and disrupt the lives of affected individuals. RRBs are commonly split into lower-order and higher-order components, with lower order RRBs consisting of motor stereotypies and higher order RRBs consisting of perseverative and sequencing behaviors. Higher order RRBs are challenging to model in mice. Current assays for RRBs in mice focus primarily on the lower order components, making basic biomedical research into potential treatments or interventions for higher-order RRBs difficult. Here we describe a new assay, novel object exploration. This assay uses a basic open-field arena with four novel objects placed around the perimeter. The test mouse is allowed to freely explore the arena and the order in which the mouse investigates the novel objects is recorded. From these data, patterned sequences of exploration can be identified, as can the most preferred object for each mouse. The representative data shared here and past results using the novel object exploration assay illustrate that inbred mouse strains do demonstrate different behavior in this assay and that strains with elevated lower order RRBs also show elevated patterned behavior. As such, the novel object exploration assay appears to possess good face validity for higher order RRBs in humans and may be a valuable assay for future studies investigating novel therapeutics for ASD.

Higher order restricted, repetitive behaviors (RRBs) disrupt the lives of affected individuals. These behaviors are challenging to model in rodents, making basic biomedical research into potential treatments or interventions for RRBs difficult. Here we describe novel object exploration as a potential assay for higher order RRBs in mice.

マウスにおける高次反復行動のための電位アッセイとして新規物体探査

Restricted, repetitive behaviors (RRBs) are a core feature of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and disrupt the lives of affected individuals.  RRBs are ...

The 4 Mountains Test: A Short Test of Spatial Memory with High Sensitivity for the Diagnosis of Pre-dementia Alzheimer's Disease

This protocol describes the administration of the 4 Mountains Test (4MT), a short test of spatial memory, in which memory for the topographical layout of four mountains within a computer-generated landscape is tested using a delayed match-to-sample paradigm. Allocentric spatial memory is assessed by altering the viewpoint, colors and textures between the initially presented and target images.
Allocentric spatial memory is a key function of the hippocampus, one of the earliest brain regions to be affected in Alzheimer&#39;s disease (AD) and impairment of hippocampal function predates the onset of dementia. It was hypothesized that performance on the 4MT would aid the diagnosis of predementia AD, which manifests clinically as Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI).
The 4MT was applied to patients with MCI, stratified further based on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) AD biomarker status (10 MCI biomarker positive, 9 MCI biomarker negative), and with mild AD dementia, as well as healthy controls. Comparator tests included tests of episodic memory and attention widely accepted as sensitive measures of early AD. Behavioral data were correlated with quantitative MRI measures of the hippocampus, precuneus and posterior cingulate gyrus.
4MT scores were significantly different between the two MCI groups (p = 0.001), with a test score of &#8804;8/15 associated with 100% sensitivity and 78% specificity for the classification of MCI with positive AD biomarkers, i.e., predementia AD. 4MT test scores correlated with hippocampal volume (r = 0.42) and cortical thickness of the precuneus (r = 0.55).
In conclusion, the 4MT is effective in identifying the early stages of AD. The short duration, easy application and scoring, and favorable psychometric properties of the 4MT fulfil the need for a simple but accurate diagnostic test for predementia AD.

This article describes the 4 Mountains Test (4MT), a hippocampus-dependent test of working allocentric spatial memory. The hippocampus is affected early in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and this article outlines the 4MT methodology and results of patient testing, which demonstrates the value of the 4MT in the diagnosis of pre-dementia AD.

4山脈テスト：プレ認知症、アルツハイマー病の診断のための高感度と空間記憶のショートテスト

This protocol describes the administration of the 4 Mountains Test (4MT), a short test of spatial memory, in which memory for the topographical layout of ...

A Real-world What-Where-When Memory Test

Episodic memory is a complex memory system which allows recall and mental re-experience of previous episodes from one&#39;s own life. Real-life episodic memories are about events in their spatiotemporal context and are typically visuospatial, rather than verbal. Yet often, tests of episodic memory use verbal material to be recalled (word lists, stories). The Real-World What-Where-When memory test requires participants to hide a total of 16 different objects in 16 different locations over two temporal occasions, 2 h apart. Another two hours later, they are then asked to recall which objects (What) they had hidden in which locations (Where) and on which of the two occasions (When). In addition to counting the number of correctly recalled complete what-where-when combinations, this task can also be used to test real-world spatial memory and object memory. This task is sensitive to normal cognitive aging, and correlates well with performance on other episodic memory tasks, while at the same time providing more ecological validity and being cheap and easy to run.

A Real-world What-Where-When Memory Test

The Real-World What-Where-When memory test is a novel episodic memory test, in which participants need to recall which objects have been hidden in which locations on which of two distinct occasions. It is easy to run and is sensitive to normal cognitive aging.

現実世界<em&gt;どこから - いつ</em&gt;メモリテスト

Episodic memory is a complex memory system which allows recall and mental re-experience of previous episodes from one&#39;s own life. Real-life episodic ...

The (Spatial) Memory Game: Testing the Relationship Between Spatial Language, Object Knowledge, and Spatial Cognition

The memory game paradigm is a behavioral procedure to explore the relationship between language, spatial memory, and object knowledge. Using two different versions of the paradigm, spatial language use and memory for object location are tested under different, experimentally manipulated conditions. This allows us to tease apart proposed models explaining the influence of object knowledge on spatial language (e.g., spatial demonstratives), and spatial memory, as well as understanding the parameters that affect demonstrative choice and spatial memory more broadly. Key to the development of the method was the need to collect data on language use (e.g., spatial demonstratives: &#34;this/that&#34;) and spatial memory data under strictly controlled conditions, while retaining a degree of ecological validity. The language version (section 3.1) of the memory game tests how conditions affect language use. Participants refer verbally to objects placed at different locations (e.g., using spatial demonstratives: &#34;this/that red circle&#34;). Different parameters can be experimentally manipulated: the distance from the participant, the position of a conspecific, and for example whether the participant owns, knows, or sees the object while referring to it. The same parameters can be manipulated in the memory version of the memory game (section 3.2). This version tests the effects of the different conditions on object-location memory. Following object placement, participants get 10 seconds to memorize the object&#39;s location. After the object and location cues are removed, participants verbally direct the experimenter to move a stick to indicate where the object was. The difference between the memorized and the actual location shows the direction and strength of the memory error, allowing comparisons between the influences of the respective parameters.

The Spatial Memory Game: Testing the Relationship Between Spatial Language, Object Knowledge, and Spatial Cognition

We present a protocol to explore the relationship between spatial language production, spatial memory, and object knowledge. The procedure allows experimental manipulation of, and control over, conditions of object knowledge, language at instruction, and physical location, thus teasing apart cognitive and linguistic models describing interactions between these variables.

(空間的) メモリ ゲーム: テスト空間言語、オブジェクトの知識と空間認知との関係

The memory game paradigm is a behavioral procedure to explore the relationship between language, spatial memory, and object knowledge. Using two different ...

A Behavioral Assay for Investigating the Role of Spatial Memory During Instinctive Defense in Mice

Evolution has selected a repertoire of defensive behaviors that are essential for survival across all animal species. These behaviors are often stereotyped actions elicited in response to innately aversive sensory stimuli, but their success requires enough flexibility for adapting to different spatial environments, which can change rapidly. Here, we describe a behavioral assay to evaluate the influence of learned spatial knowledge on defensive behaviors in mice. We have adapted the widely used Barnes maze spatial memory assay to investigate how mice navigate to a shelter during escape responses to innately aversive sensory stimuli in a novel environment, and how they adapt to acute changes in the environment. This new assay is an ethological paradigm that does not require training and exploits the natural exploration patterns and navigation strategies in mice. We propose that the set of protocols described here are a powerful means of studying goal-directed behaviors and stimulus-triggered navigation, which should be of interest to both the fields of instinctive behaviors and spatial memory.

This protocol describes a behavioral assay, based on the Barnes maze test, to study how instinctive defensive actions are modified by the knowledge of spatial environment.

マウスで本能的な防衛中に空間記憶の役割を調査するため行動分析

Evolution has selected a repertoire of defensive behaviors that are essential for survival across all animal species. These behaviors are often ...

Novel Object Recognition and Object Location Behavioral Testing in Mice on a Budget

Ethologically relevant behavioral testing is a critical component of any study that uses mouse models to study the cognitive effects of various physiological or pathological changes. The object location task (OLT) and the novel object recognition task (NORT) are two effective behavioral tasks commonly used to reveal the function and relative health of specific brain regions involved in memory. While both of these tests exploit the inherent preference of mice for the novelty to reveal memory for previously encountered objects, the OLT primarily evaluates spatial learning, which relies heavily on hippocampal activity. The NORT, in contrast, evaluates non-spatial learning of object identity, which relies on multiple brain regions. Both tasks require an open-field-testing arena, objects with equivalent intrinsic value to mice, appropriate environmental cues, and video recording equipment and the software. Commercially available systems, while convenient, can be costly. This manuscript details a simple, cost-effective method for building the arenas and setting up the equipment necessary to perform the OLT and NORT. Furthermore, the manuscript describes an efficient testing protocol that incorporates both OLT and NORT and provides typical methods for data acquisition and analysis, as well as representative results. Successful completion of these tests can provide valuable insight into the memory function of various mouse model systems and appraise the underlying neural regions that support these functions.

Here we provide a protocol which includes comprehensive instructions for the economical establishment of murine object location and novel object recognition behavioral testing, including the design, cost, and construction of required equipment as well as execution of behavioral testing, data collection, and analysis.

新規オブジェクト認識と行動の予算上のマウスでテスト オブジェクトの場所

Ethologically relevant behavioral testing is a critical component of any study that uses mouse models to study the cognitive effects of various ...

Defining the Role Of Language in Infants' Object Categorization with Eye-tracking Paradigms

Assessing infant category learning is a challenging but vital aspect of studying infant cognition. By employing a familiarization-test paradigm, we straightforwardly measure infants&#8217; success in learning a novel category while relying only on their looking behavior. Moreover, the paradigm can directly measure the impact of different auditory signals on the infant categorization across a range of ages. For instance, we assessed how 2-year-olds learn categories in a variety of labeling environments: in our task, 2-year-olds successfully learned categories when all exemplars were labeled&#160;or the first two exemplars were labeled, but they failed to categorize when no exemplars were labeled or only the final two exemplars were labeled. To determine infants&#8217; success in such tasks, researchers can examine both the overall preference displayed by infants in each condition and infants&#8217; pattern of looking over the course of the test phase, using an eye-tracker to provide fine-grained time-course data. Thus, we present a powerful paradigm for identifying the role of language, or any auditory signal, in infants&#8217; object category learning.

Here we present a protocol for familiarization-test paradigms which provide a direct test of infant categorization and help to define the role of language in early category learning.

アイ ・ トラッキング パラダイムと乳児のオブジェクトの分類での言語の役割の定義

Assessing infant category learning is a challenging but vital aspect of studying infant cognition. By employing a familiarization-test paradigm, we ...