著者は何も開示することはない。

注意：使用前に関連するすべての物質安全性データシート（MSDS）を参照してください。すべてのクロスカップリング反応は、密閉アルゴン雰囲気（1気圧）下でバイアル中で行う必要があります。 アリルアセテートを用いたアクリルアミドのオレフィン化によるブタジエンの製造<ol><li>互換性のあるマグネチックスターラーバーを用いてスクリューキャップバイアル（8 mL）をオーブン内で120°Cで2時間以上乾燥させる。使用前に不活性ガスで吹きつけて高温バイアルを室温に冷却する。 </li><li>分析天秤を使用して、[Ru（ p-シメン）Cl 2 ] 2 （褐色粉末）3.7mg（〜3mol％、〜0.005mmol）およびAgSbF 6 （白色の13.7mg（20mol％、0.04mmol）固体）を上記反応バイアルに添加する。 注記：これは新しい方法論であるため、クロスカップリング反応は廃棄物の発生を減らすための概念の証明のために小規模で実施されています。 AgSbF 6は、塩化物を抽出して求電子CH結合活性化のためのカチオン性ルテニウム錯体13 。 Ag 2 CO 3などの他の銀塩も試験されているが、生成物は検出されなかった。触媒（[Ru（ p-シメン）Cl 2 ] 2 ）の重量はあまり正確ではなく、3.4〜3.9mgの範囲である。 </li><li> 1mLの乾燥1,2-ジクロロエタンを反応バイアルに加える。 注：溶媒の量は柔軟性があります.1mLの1,2-ジクロロエタンは、クロスカップリング反応のための容積の最小必要量を満たすのにちょうど十分です。しかしながら、このスケールの反応に対しては、わずかに（約0.1mL）溶媒も許容される。 1,2-ジクロロエタンを使用前に3Åモレキュラーシーブ上で乾燥させた。 </li><li>分析天秤を使用し、アクリルアミド（0.2mmol、1.0当量;固体または油）を上記の反応バイアルに加える。 </li><li>マイクロシリンジを用いて、43μL（0.4mmol、2.0当量）の酢酸アリル（無色液体）を上記の反応バイアルに添加する。 <br注：アクリルアミドのホモカップリングを抑制し、アクリルアミドが完全に変換されることを確実にするために、酢酸アリルの過剰量が必要である。より少ない酢酸アリル（1.5当量）を添加すると、生成物収率が低下する。より多くのアリルアセテート（3.0当量）を添加しても、収率をさらに向上させることはできない。実際には、アリルアセテートのホモカップリングは観察されず、残留アリルアセテートを回収することができた。 </li><li>反応バイアルをアルゴンガスでゆっくりと吹き込み、できるだけ早く適合するスクリューキャップでバイアルを覆う。 注：クロスカップリング反応に不活性雰囲気が重要であるため、バイアルはできるだけ早くスクリューキャップで覆われていなければなりません。グローブボックス内で上記のプロトコールを実施する方が良い。 </li><li>反応混合物を室温でさらに5分間撹拌する。 </li><li> 16〜18時間攪拌しながら、オイルバイアル中で反応バイアルを110℃に加熱する。 注：一般に、濃い赤への色の変化はind反応が起こっていることを示します。 </li><li>バイアルを冷却した後、溶媒として酢酸エチル：石油エーテル（2：1または1：3）混合物を使用して、薄層クロマトグラフィー（TLC）プレートを展開し、混合物をアクリルアミド標準。 注：出発物質の性質によっては、反応が完了しないことがあります。生成物および出発物質の典型的なR f値は0.3〜0.7の範囲である。アクリルアミド出発物質は、ブタジエン生成物よりも低いランニングスポットとして観察されている。 </li><li> 粗生成物を最低限のDCMに溶解し、それを石油エーテルで湿ったシリカカラムに負荷する。クロスカップリング生成物を 、溶離液として酢酸エチル：石油エーテル（1：100〜1：4）の混合物を用いてカラムクロマトグラフィーで分離する。 <ol><li>溶離液を別のフラスコに集め、溶媒をロータリーエバポレーターで蒸発させ、それを高真空下に最低2時間置く。 </li><li> NMR分光法による特徴付けのために約20〜50mgの生成物を得る。 注：反応終了後直ちに精製するため、反応混合物をカラムクロマトグラフィーに付す必要があります。 </li></ol></li></ol> 2.ジエンアミドのキャラクタリゼーション<ol><li> 1 Hおよび13 C NMR分光法を使用して最終生成物の純度を特徴付け、評価する14 。典型的には、カルボニル炭素の化学シフトは13 C NMRスペクトル上で170ppm付近に現れる。ブタジエン官能基の3つのsp 2プロトンは、6.0および5.6ppmに近い特性ピークによって表される。 </li><li>赤外分光法14を使用して、ジエン生成物の特徴的なカルボニルおよびCC二重結合ピークを同定する。 </li><li>生成物の分子量を決定し、さらにハイブリダイゼーションを用いて同一性を検証する。分解能質量分析（HRMS） 14 。 </li><li>固体生成物14の融点を決定する。 </li></ol>

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N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Uniting+C1-Ammonium+Enolates+and+Transition+Metal+Electrophiles+via+Cooperative+Catalysis:+The+Direct+Asymmetric+&#945;-Allylation+of+Aryl+Acetic+Acid+Esters.">Uniting C1-Ammonium Enolates and Transition Metal Electrophiles via Cooperative Catalysis: The Direct Asymmetric &#945;-Allylation of Aryl Acetic Acid Esters.</a> J Am Chem Soc. 138 (16), 5214-5217 (2016).</li><li>Zell, D., Bu, Q., Feldt, M., Ackermann, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mild+C-H/C-C+Activation+by+Z-Selective+Cobalt+Catalysis.">Mild C-H/C-C Activation by Z-Selective Cobalt Catalysis.</a> Angew Chem Int Ed. 55 (26), 7408-7412 (2016).</li><li>Li, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=N-Acyl+Amino+Acid+Ligands+for+Ruthenium(II)-Catalyzed+meta-C-H+tert-Alkylation+with+Removable+Auxiliaries.">N-Acyl Amino Acid Ligands for Ruthenium(II)-Catalyzed meta-C-H tert-Alkylation with Removable Auxiliaries.</a> J Am Chem Soc. 137 (43), 13894-13901 (2015).</li><li>Li, F., Yu, C., Zhang, J., Zhong, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Olefination+of+Electron-Deficient+Alkenes+with+Allyl+Acetate:+Stereo-+and+Regioselective+Access+to+(2Z,4E)-Dienamides.">Olefination of Electron-Deficient Alkenes with Allyl Acetate: Stereo- and Regioselective Access to (2Z,4E)-Dienamides.</a> Org Lett. 18 (18), 4582-4585 (2016).</li><li>Lehman, J. 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私たちは、中国自然科学財団（NSS）（No 21502037,21373073,21672048）、浙江省自然科学財団（ZJNSF）（LY15B020008）、PCSIRT（IRT 1231）、杭州財政的支援のために師範大学。 GZは中国浙江省の銭江学者賞を受賞しました。

[Ru（ p-シメン）Cl] 2は、CH / CHカップリングブタジエン生成物を与える穏やかな反応条件下で効率的に作用する優れた官能基耐性を有する、安価で、容易にアクセス可能で、空気安定性が高く、活性の高いRuベースの触媒である。銀塩AgSbF 6を、以下のCH結合活性化のための[Ru（ p-シメン）Cl] 2の塩化物を抽象化してカチオン性ルテニウム錯体を生成する添?...

ブタジエンは広く存在し、多くの天然産物、薬物、生物活性分子によく見られます1 。化学者は、1,3-ブタジエンの合成のための効率的で選択的で実用的な合成方法を開発するために激しい努力をしている2,3 。最近、2つのアルケン間の二重ビニルCH結合活性化による直接クロスカップリングが開発され、高原子および段階経済性を有するブタジエンの合成のための効率的な戦略を表している。これらの中で、2つのアルケンのパラジウム触媒クロスカップリングは、アルケニル-Pd種4,5を 介して （ E、E ） - 構成されたブタジエンを提供することに非常に注目されている。例えば、Liuのグループは、アルケンとアリルアセテートの直接クロスカップリングによるPd触媒ブタジエン合成を開発した（ 図1 </式3 ） 4 。一方、アルケン間の官能基指向クロスカップリングは、オレフィン性CHシクロメタル化事象による優れた（ Z、E ） - 立体選択性を有するブタジエンを提供し、相補的な方法6を表している。今日まで、エノラート、アミド、エステル、およびホスフェートなどのいくつかの指示基は、アルケン間のクロスカップリングに首尾よく導入され、一連の貴重で官能化された1,3-ブタジエンを提供している。しかしながら、実用に際して依然として指向性グループが限られているため、指向性クロスカップリング反応は開発されていない。特に、化学量論的量の酸化剤が触媒サイクルを維持するために通常必要とされ、大量の有機および無機廃棄物を生成する。電子親和性アルケンをカップリングパートナーとして使用する例は非常に限られている。 アリルアセテートとその誘導体は深く触媒によるクロスカップリング、電子リッチアレーンのフリーデル - クラフツアリル化、電子不足アレーンの触媒CH活性化を含む強力なアリル化およびオレフィン化試薬としての有機変換に掘り下げられている（ 図1および式1 ）。より最近、Lohグループは、電子不足アルケンと酢酸アリルとのロジウム（III）触媒CHアリル化を開発し、1,4-ジエンを生成した（ 図1および式2 ） 8 。一方、Kanaiグループは、Co（III）触媒を用いてアリル系アルコールとの直接的なCHアリル化を脱水的に報告している9 。興味深いことに、Snaddonらは、非環式エステル類の直接的な非対称α-アリル化のための新規な協同触媒ベースの方法を発表した10 。ごく最近、Ackermannグループはいくつかの新しいアリル化の例を報告したgの安価なFe、Co、およびMn触媒11を含む 。これらの報告は、アリル化およびオレフィン化反応において画期的な成果をあげてきたが、二重結合の遊離および不十分な位置選択性は通常不可避であり、容易に制御されない。従って、貴重な分子を構築するためのアリルアセテートのより効率的で選択的な反応パターンを開発することは依然として非常に望ましい。 CHオレフィン化による新規な1,3-ブタジエン合成への関心を持って、アリルアセテートを最初に1,4-ジエンを供給する、電子不足アルケンの誘導アリル化に導入できると仮定した。次いで、より熱力学的に安定な1,3-ブタジエンが、CC二重結合7の移動異性化の後に形成され、カップリング相手としてプロペンなどの電子に富むアルケンを用いてクロスカップリングすることによっては得られないジエン生成物を形成する6 。ここでは、安価なRu（III）触媒オレフィン性CH結合オレフィン（ Z、E ） - ブタジエン（ 図1および式4 ）の生成のための新規な合成経路を開く、酸化剤の非存在下での酢酸アリルとのアクリルアミドの合成。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="887">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="19">
			<td height="19" style="height:19px;width:284px;">Allyl Acetate</td>
			<td style="width:100px;">TCI</td>
			<td style="width:148px;">A0020</td>
			<td style="width:355px;">&#62; 98.0%(GC), 25 mL package</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="38">
			<td height="38" style="height:38px;width:284px;">Dichloro(p-cymene)ruthenium(II) dimer</td>
			<td style="width:100px;">TCI</td>
			<td style="width:148px;">D2751</td>
			<td>&#62; 95.0%(T), 5 g package</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="19">
			<td height="19" style="height:19px;">Silver hexafluoroantimonate</td>
			<td style="width:100px;">TCI</td>
			<td style="width:148px;">S0463</td>
			<td>&#62; 97.0%(T),&#160; 5 g package</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="19">
			<td height="19" style="height:19px;">1,2-Dichloroethane</td>
			<td style="width:100px;">TCI</td>
			<td style="width:148px;">D0364</td>
			<td>&#62; 99.5%(GC), 500 g package</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="19">
			<td height="19" style="height:19px;">Rotavapor</td>
			<td style="width:100px;">EYELA</td>
			<td style="width:148px;">N-1200A</td>
			<td>Use to dry solvent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="19">
			<td height="19" style="height:19px;width:284px;">Silica gel</td>
			<td style="width:100px;">Merck</td>
			<td style="width:148px;">107734</td>
			<td>Silica gel 60 (0.063-0.2 mm), for column chromatoraphy</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

facile preparation of (2z,4e)-dienamides by the olefination of electron-deficient alkenes with allyl acetate

ビニールCH結合活性化による 2つのアルケン間の直接クロスカップリングは、高い原子およびステップ経済性を有するブタジエンの合成のための効率的な戦略を表す。しかしながら、この機能性のクロスカップリング反応は開発されておらず、実用に際して依然として限定された指示基が存在する。特に、化学量論量の酸化剤が通常は必要であり、大量の廃棄物を生成する。新規な1,3-ブタジエン合成への関心のために、酢酸アリルを用い、外部酸化剤を使用しない電子不足アルケンのルテニウム触媒オレフィン化について記載する。 2-フェニルアクリルアミドと酢酸アリルとの反応をモデル反応として選択し、最適条件下で良好な立体選択性（ Z、E / Z、Z = 88：12）で80％単離収率で所望のジエン生成物を得た： 110℃でDCE中のRu（ p-シメン）Cl 2 ] 2 （3モル％）とAgSbF 6 （20モル％）または16時間。最適化された触媒条件を用いて、代表的なα-および/またはβ-置換アクリルアミドが研究され、脂肪族または芳香族基に関わらずすべてがスムーズに反応した。また、異なるN-置換アクリルアミドが良好な基質であることが判明している。さらに、異なるアリル誘導体の反応性を調べたところ、アセテート酸素の金属へのキレート化が触媒プロセスにとって重要であることが示唆された。反応機構を調べるために、重水素標識実験も行った。アクリルアミド上のZ選択的H / D交換のみが観察され、可逆的シクロメタル化事象を示した。さらに、分子間同位体研究において3.2の動力学的同位体効果（KIE）が観察され、これはオレフィンCHメタル化工程がおそらく速度決定工程に関与していることを示唆している。

私たちの努力は、アクリルアミドと酢酸アリルから1,3-ブタジエンを製造することに焦点を当てていました。 表1は、触媒として[Ru（ p-シメン）Cl] 2を使用して、様々な添加剤および溶媒のスクリーニングを含む条件の最適化を示す。一連の代表的な溶媒をスクリーニングした後、良好な選択性?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Facile Preparation of 2Z,4E-Dienamides by the Olefination of Electron-deficient Alkenes with Allyl Acetate at JoVE.com

Facile Preparation of 2Z,4E-Dienamides by the Olefination of Electron-deficient Alkenes with Allyl Acetate

酢酸アリルによる電子不足アルケンのルテニウム触媒オレフィン化については、ここで説明する。この外部酸化剤を含まないプロトコールは、高い効率と良好な立体選択性および位置選択性を有し、（ Z 、 E ） - ブタジエン骨格への新規な合成経路を開く。

（2<em&gt; Z</em&gt;、4<em&gt; E</em&gt;） - 電子不足アルケンと酢酸アリルとの合成によるジエナミド

Direct cross-coupling between two alkenes via vinylic C-H bond activation represents an efficient strategy for the synthesis of butadienes with high ...

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Unit 1

Facile Preparation of (2Z,4E)-Dienamides by the Olefination of Electron-deficient Alkenes with Allyl Acetate

Dienes, Conjugated Pi Systems, and Pericyclic Reactions

Alkene Structure and Reactivity

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7.3K ビュー.  Hangzhou Normal University. 酢酸アリルによる電子不足アルケンのルテニウム触媒オレフィン化については、ここで説明する。この外部酸化剤を含まないプロトコールは、高い効率と良好な立体選択性および位置選択性を有し、（ Z 、 E ） - ブタジエン骨格への新規な合成経路を開く。 

ビデオ: Facile Preparation of 2Z,4E-Dienamides by the Olefination of Electron-deficient Alkenes with Allyl Acetate

Formation of Ordered Biomolecular Structures by the Self-assembly of Short Peptides

In nature, complex functional structures are formed by the self-assembly of biomolecules under mild conditions. Understanding the forces that control self-assembly and mimicking this process in vitro will bring about major advances in the areas of materials science and nanotechnology. Among the available biological building blocks, peptides have several advantages as they present substantial diversity, their synthesis in large scale is straightforward, and they can easily be modified with biological and chemical entities1,2. Several classes of designed peptides such as cyclic peptides, amphiphile peptides and peptide-conjugates self-assemble into ordered structures in solution. Homoaromatic dipeptides, are a class of short self-assembled peptides that contain all the molecular information needed to form ordered structures such as nanotubes, spheres and fibrils3-8. A large variety of these peptides is commercially available.
This paper presents a procedure that leads to the formation of ordered structures by the self-assembly of homoaromatic peptides. The protocol requires only commercial reagents and basic laboratory equipment. In addition, the paper describes some of the methods available for the characterization of peptide-based assemblies. These methods include electron and atomic force microscopy and Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR). Moreover, the manuscript demonstrates the blending of peptides (coassembly) and the formation of a &#34;beads on a string&#34;-like structure by this process.9 The protocols presented here can be adapted to other classes of peptides or biological building blocks and can potentially lead to the discovery of new peptide-based structures and to better control of their assembly.

This paper describes the formation of highly ordered peptide-based structures by the spontaneous process of self-assembly. The method utilizes commercially available peptides and common lab equipment. This technique can be applied to a large variety of peptides and may lead to the discovery of new peptide-based assemblies.

短いペプチドの自己組織化によって順序付け生体分子構造の形成

In nature, complex functional structures are formed by the self-assembly of biomolecules under mild conditions. Understanding the forces that control ...

化学

Facile and Efficient Preparation of Tri-component Fluorescent Glycopolymers via RAFT-controlled Polymerization

Synthetic glycopolymers are instrumental and versatile tools used in various biochemical and biomedical research fields. An example of a facile and efficient synthesis of well-controlled fluorescent statistical glycopolymers using reversible addition-fragmentation chain-transfer (RAFT)-based polymerization is demonstrated. The synthesis starts with the preparation of &#946;-galactose-containing glycomonomer 2-lactobionamidoethyl methacrylamide obtained by reaction of lactobionolactone and N-(2-aminoethyl) methacrylamide (AEMA). 2-Gluconamidoethyl methacrylamide (GAEMA) is used as a structural analog lacking a terminal &#946;-galactoside. The following RAFT-mediated copolymerization reaction involves three different monomers: N-(2-hydroxyethyl) acrylamide as spacer, AEMA as target for further fluorescence labeling, and the glycomonomers. Tolerant of aqueous systems, the RAFT agent used in the reaction is (4-cyanopentanoic acid)-4-dithiobenzoate. Low dispersities (&#8804;1.32), predictable copolymer compositions, and high reproducibility of the polymerizations were observed among the products. Fluorescent polymers are obtained by modifying the glycopolymers with carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester targeting the primary amine functional groups on AEMA. Lectin-binding specificities of the resulting glycopolymers are verified by testing with corresponding agarose beads coated with specific glycoepitope recognizing lectins. Because of the ease of the synthesis, the tight control of the product compositions and the good reproducibility of the reaction, this protocol can be translated towards preparation of other RAFT-based glycopolymers with specific structures and compositions, as desired.

An efficient, three-step synthesis of RAFT-based fluorescent glycopolymers, consisting of glycomonomer preparation, copolymerization, and post-modification, is demonstrated. This protocol can be used to prepare RAFT-based statistical glycopolymers with desired structures.

RAFT制御重合によるトライ成分蛍光グリコの容易かつ効率的な準備

Synthetic glycopolymers are instrumental and versatile tools used in various biochemical and biomedical research fields. An example of a facile and ...

Preparation of Highly Porous Coordination Polymer Coatings on Macroporous Polymer Monoliths for Enhanced Enrichment of Phosphopeptides

We describe a protocol for the preparation of hybrid materials based on highly porous coordination polymer coatings on the internal surface of macroporous polymer monoliths. The developed approach is based on the preparation of a macroporous polymer containing carboxylic acid functional groups and the subsequent step-by-step solution-based controlled growth of a layer of a porous coordination polymer on the surface of the pores of the polymer monolith. The prepared metal-organic polymer hybrid has a high specific micropore surface area. The amount of iron(III) sites is enhanced through metal-organic coordination on the surface of the pores of the functional polymer support. The increase of metal sites is related to the number of iterations of the coating process.
The developed preparation scheme is easily adapted to a capillary column format. The functional porous polymer is prepared as a self-contained single-block porous monolith within the capillary, yielding a flow-through separation device with excellent flow permeability and modest back-pressure. The metal-organic polymer hybrid column showed excellent performance for the enrichment of phosphopeptides from digested proteins and their subsequent detection using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The presented experimental protocol is highly versatile, and can be easily implemented to different organic polymer supports and coatings with a plethora of porous coordination polymers and metal-organic frameworks for multiple purification and/or separation applications.

A procedure for the preparation of porous hybrid separation media composed of a macroporous polymer monolith internally coated by a high surface area microporous coordination polymer is presented.

リン酸化ペプチドの強化充実のためのマクロポーラスポリマーモノリスの高度に多孔性配位高分子コーティングの製造

We describe a protocol for the preparation of hybrid materials based on highly porous coordination polymer coatings on the internal surface of macroporous ...

Facile Preparation of Internally Self-assembled Lipid Particles Stabilized by Carbon Nanotubes

We present a facile method to prepare nanostructured lipid particles stabilized by carbon nanotubes (CNTs). Single-walled (pristine) and multi-walled (functionalized) CNTs are used as stabilizers to produce Pickering type oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions. Lipids namely, Dimodan U and Phytantriol are used as emulsifiers, which in excess water self-assemble into the bicontinuous cubic Pn3m phase. This highly viscous phase is fragmented into smaller particles using a probe ultrasonicator in presence of conventional surfactant stabilizers or CNTs as done here. Initially, the CNTs (powder form) are dispersed in water followed by further ultrasonication with the molten lipid to form the final emulsion. During this process the CNTs get coated with lipid molecules, which in turn are presumed to surround the lipid droplets to form a particulate emulsion that is stable for months. The average size of CNT-stabilized nanostructured lipid particles is in the submicron range, which compares well with the particles stabilized using conventional surfactants. Small angle X-ray scattering data confirms the retention of the original Pn3m cubic phase in the CNT-stabilized lipid dispersions as compared to the pure lipid phase (bulk state). Blue shift and lowering of the intensities in characteristic G and G&#39; bands of CNTs observed in Raman spectroscopy characterize the interaction between CNT surface and lipid molecules. These results suggest that the interactions between the CNTs and lipids are responsible for their mutual stabilization in aqueous solutions. As the concentrations of CNTs employed for stabilization are very low and lipid molecules are able to functionalize the CNTs, the toxicity of CNTs is expected to be insignificant while their biocompatibility is greatly enhanced. Hence the present approach finds a great potential in various biomedical applications, for instance, for developing hybrid nanocarrier systems for the delivery of multiple functional molecules as in combination therapy or polytherapy.

We report on a smart application of carbon nanotubes for kinetic stabilization of lipid particles that contain self-assembled nanostructures in their cores. The preparation of lipid particles requires rather low concentrations of carbon nanotubes permitting their use in biomedical applications such as drug delivery.

カーボンナノチューブにより安定化内部自己組織化脂質粒子の簡便な調製

We present a facile method to prepare nanostructured lipid particles stabilized by carbon nanotubes (CNTs). Single-walled (pristine) and multi-walled ...

A Study of the Complexation of Mercury(II) with Dicysteinyl Tetrapeptides by Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry

In this study we evaluated a method for the characterization of complexes, formed in different relative ratios of mercury(II) to dicysteinyl tetrapeptide, by electrospray ionization orbitrap mass spectrometry. This strategy is based on previous successful characterization of mercury-dicysteinyl complexes involving tripeptides by utilizing mass spectrometry among other techniques. Mercury(II) chloride and a dicysteinyl tetrapeptide were incubated in a degassed buffered medium at varying stoichiometric ratios. The complexes formed were subsequently analyzed on an electrospray mass spectrometer consisting of a hybrid linear ion- and orbi- trap mass analyzer. The electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) spectra were acquired in the positive mode and the observed peaks were then analyzed for distinct mercury isotopic distribution patterns and associated monoisotopic peak. This work demonstrates that an accurate stoichiometry of mercury and peptide in the complexes formed under specified electrospray ionization conditions can be determined by using high resolution ESI MS based on distinct mercury isotopic distribution patterns.

A Study of the Complexation of MercuryII with Dicysteinyl Tetrapeptides by Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry

The characterization of complexes formed in different relative ratios of mercury(II) to dicysteinyl tetrapeptides by electrospray ionization orbitrap mass spectrometry is presented.

エレクトロスプレーイオン化質量分析法によるDicysteinylテトラペプチドと水銀（II）の錯体の研究

In this study we evaluated a method for the characterization of complexes, formed in different relative ratios of mercury(II) to dicysteinyl tetrapeptide, ...

Preparation of Macroporous Epitaxial Quartz Films on Silicon by Chemical Solution Deposition

This work describes the detailed protocol for preparing piezoelectric macroporous epitaxial quartz films on silicon(100) substrates. This is a three-step process based on the preparation of a sol in a one-pot synthesis which is followed by the deposition of a gel film on Si(100) substrates by evaporation induced self-assembly using the dip-coating technique and ends with a thermal treatment of the material to induce the gel crystallization and the growth of the quartz film. The formation of a silica gel is based on the reaction of a tetraethyl orthosilicate and water, catalyzed by HCl, in ethanol. However, the solution contains two additional components that are essential for preparing mesoporous epitaxial quartz films from these silica gels dip-coated on Si. Alkaline earth ions, like Sr2+ act as glass melting agents that facilitate the crystallization of silica and in combination with cetyl trimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) amphiphilic template form a phase separation responsible of the macroporosity of the films. The good matching between the quartz and silicon cell parameters is also essential in the stabilization of quartz over other SiO2 polymorphs and is at the origin of the epitaxial growth.

A protocol is presented for the preparation of piezoelectric macroporous epitaxial films of quartz on silicon by solution chemistry using dip-coating and thermal treatments in air.

化学溶液法によるシリコン上のマクロポーラスエピタキシャル石英薄膜の作製

This work describes the detailed protocol for preparing piezoelectric macroporous epitaxial quartz films on silicon(100) substrates. This is a three-step ...

Facile Preparation of 4-Substituted Quinazoline Derivatives

Reported in this paper is a very simple method for direct preparation of 4-substituted quinazoline derivatives from a reaction between substituted 2-aminobenzophenones and thiourea in the presence of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). This is a unique complementary reaction system in which thiourea undergoes thermal decomposition to form carbodiimide and hydrogen sulfide, where the former reacts with 2-aminobenzophenone to form 4-phenylquinazolin-2(1H)-imine intermediate, whilst hydrogen sulfide reacts with DMSO to give methanethiol or other sulfur-containing molecule which then functions as a complementary reducing agent to reduce 4-phenylquinazolin-2(1H)-imine intermediate into 4-phenyl-1,2-dihydroquinazolin-2-amine. Subsequently, the elimination of ammonia from 4-phenyl-1,2-dihydroquinazolin-2-amine affords substituted quinazoline derivative. This reaction usually gives quinazoline derivative as a single product arising from 2-aminobenzophenone as monitored by GC/MS analysis, along with small amount of sulfur-containing molecules such as dimethyl disulfide, dimethyl trisulfide, etc. The reaction usually completes in 4-6 hr at 160 &#186;C in small scale but may last over 24 hr when carried out in large scale. The reaction product can be easily purified by means of washing off DMSO with water followed by column chromatography or thin layer chromatography.

A protocol for facile preparation of 4-substituted quinazoline derivatives from 2-aminobenzophenones, thiourea and dimethyl sulfoxide is presented.

4-置換キナゾリン誘導体の簡便な準備

Reported in this paper is a very simple method for direct preparation of 4-substituted quinazoline derivatives from a reaction between substituted ...

Facile Synthesis of Worm-like Micelles by Visible Light Mediated Dispersion Polymerization Using Photoredox Catalyst

Presented herein is a protocol for the facile synthesis of worm-like micelles by visible light mediated dispersion polymerization. This approach begins with the synthesis of a hydrophilic poly(oligo(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate) (POEGMA) homopolymer using reversible addition-fragmentation chain-transfer (RAFT) polymerization. Under mild visible light irradiation (&#955; = 460 nm, 0.7 mW/cm2), this macro-chain transfer agent (macro-CTA) in the presence of a ruthenium based photoredox catalyst, Ru(bpy)3Cl2 can be chain extended with a second monomer to form a well-defined block copolymer in a process known as Photoinduced Electron Transfer RAFT (PET-RAFT). When PET-RAFT is used to chain extend POEGMA with benzyl methacrylate (BzMA) in ethanol (EtOH), polymeric nanoparticles with different morphologies are formed in situ according to a polymerization-induced self-assembly (PISA) mechanism. Self-assembly into nanoparticles presenting POEGMA chains at the corona and poly(benzyl methacrylate) (PBzMA) chains in the core occurs in situ due to the growing insolubility of the PBzMA block in ethanol. Interestingly, the formation of highly pure worm-like micelles can be readily monitored by observing the onset of a highly viscous gel in situ due to nanoparticle entanglements occurring during the polymerization. This process thereby allows for a more reproducible synthesis of worm-like micelles simply by monitoring the solution viscosity during the course of the polymerization. In addition, the light stimulus can be intermittently applied in an ON/OFF manner demonstrating temporal control over the nanoparticle morphology.

This article describes a process for producing polymeric self-assembled nanoparticles using visible light mediated dispersion polymerization. Using low energy visible light to control the polymerization allows for the reproducible formation of self-assembled worm-like micelles at high solids content.

Photoredox触媒を用いた可視光媒介分散重合によるワームのようなミセルの簡便な合成

Presented herein is a protocol for the facile synthesis of worm-like micelles by visible light mediated dispersion polymerization. This approach begins ...

Sulfate Separation by Selective Crystallization with a Bis-iminoguanidinium Ligand

A simple and effective method for selective sulfate separation from aqueous solutions by crystallization with a bis-guanidinium ligand, 1,4-benzene-bis(iminoguanidinium) (BBIG), is demonstrated. The ligand is synthesized as the chloride salt (BBIG-Cl) by in situ imine condensation of terephthalaldehyde with aminoguanidinium chloride in water, followed by crystallization as the sulfate salt (BBIG-SO4). Alternatively, BBIG-Cl is synthesized ex situ in larger scale from ethanol. The sulfate separation ability of the BBIG ligand is demonstrated by selective and quantitative crystallization of sulfate from seawater. The ligand can be recycled by neutralization of BBIG-SO4 with aqueous NaOH and crystallization of the neutral bis-iminoguanidine, which can be converted back into BBIG-Cl with aqueous HCl and reused in another separation cycle. Finally, 35S-labeled sulfate and &#946; liquid scintillation counting are employed for monitoring the sulfate concentration in solution. Overall, this protocol will instruct the user in the necessary skills to synthesize a ligand, employ it in the selective crystallization of sulfate from aqueous solutions, and quantify the separation efficiency.

A protocol for in situ aqueous synthesis of a bis(iminoguanidinium) ligand and its utilization in selective separation of sulfate is presented.

ビスiminoguanidiniumリガンドと選択的結晶化により硫酸の分離

A simple and effective method for selective sulfate separation from aqueous solutions by crystallization with a bis-guanidinium ligand, ...

Facile Preparation of Ultrafine Aluminum Hydroxide Particles with or without Mesoporous MCM-41 in Ambient Environments

An aqueous suspension of nanogibbsite was synthesized via the titration of aluminum aqua acid [Al(H2O)6]3+ with L-arginine to pH 4.6. Since the hydrolysis of aqueous aluminum salts is known to produce a wide array of products with a wide range of size distributions, a variety of state-of-the-art instruments (i.e., 27Al/1H NMR, FTIR, ICP-OES, TEM-EDX, XPS, XRD, and BET) were used to characterize the synthesis products and identification of byproducts. The product, which was comprised of nanoparticles (10-30 nm), was isolated using gel permeation chromatography (GPC) column technique. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) identified the purified material as the gibbsite polymorph of aluminum hydroxide. The addition of inorganic salts (e.g., NaCl) induced electrostatic destabilization of the suspension, thereby agglomerating the nanoparticles to yield Al(OH)3 precipitate with large particle sizes. By utilizing the novel synthetic method described here, Al(OH)3 was partially loaded inside the highly ordered mesoporous framework of MCM-41, with average pore dimensions of 2.7 nm, producing an aluminosilicate material with both octahedral and tetrahedral Al (Oh/Td = 1.4). The total Al content, measured using energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDX), was 11% w/w with a Si/Al molar ratio of 2.9. A comparison of bulk EDX with surface X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) elemental analysis provided insight into the distribution of Al within the aluminosilicate material. Furthermore, a higher ratio of Si/Al was observed on the external surface (3.6) as compared to the bulk (2.9). Approximations of O/Al ratios suggest a higher concentration of Al(O)3 and Al(O)4 groups near the core and external surface, respectively. The newly developed synthesis of Al-MCM-41 yields a relatively high Al content while maintaining the integrity of the ordered silica framework and can be used for applications where hydrated or anhydrous Al2O3 nanoparticles are advantageous.

An ultrafine aluminum hydroxide nanoparticle suspension was prepared via the controlled titration of [Al(H2O)]3+ with L-arginine to pH 4.6 with and without cage-effect confinement within mesoporous channels of MCM-41.

周囲環境におけるメソ多孔性MCM-41を有するまたは含まない超微粒水酸化アルミニウム粒子の容易な調製

An aqueous suspension of nanogibbsite was synthesized via the titration of aluminum aqua acid [Al(H2O)6]3+ with L-arginine to pH 4.6. Since the hydrolysis ...