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Attenzione: Prima dell&#39;utilizzo, consultare tutti i fogli di sicurezza relativi ai materiali di sicurezza (MSDS). Tutte le reazioni di accoppiamento a croce devono essere eseguite in flaconcini sotto un&#39;atmosfera di argon sigillata (1 atm). 1. Preparazione di butadiene mediante olefina di acrilammidi con allil-acetato <ol><li> Asciugare un flaconcino a vite (8 mL) con una barra magnetica compatibile in un forno a 120 ° C per oltre 2 ore. Raffreddare il flaconcino caldo a temperatura ambiente soffiandolo con gas inerte prima dell&#39;uso. </li><li> Utilizzare un equilibrio analitico e pesare 3,7 mg (~ 3 mol%, ~ 0,005 mmol) di [Ru ( p- cene) Cl2] 2 (polvere marrone) e 13,7 mg (20% in peso, 0,04 mmol) di AgSbF 6 Solido) nel flacone di reazione di cui sopra. NOTA: Poiché questa è una nuova metodologia, le reazioni di accoppiamento incrociato sono state eseguite su piccola scala per la prova del concetto per ridurre la formazione di rifiuti. AgSbF 6 è usato come additivo che può astrazione cloruro per generare unComplesso ruthenium cationico per l&#39;attivazione elettrofilica del legame CH 13 . Altri sali d&#39;argento, come Ag 2 CO 3 , sono stati anche testati, ma nessun prodotto è stato rilevato. Il peso del catalizzatore ([Ru ( p- cene) Cl 2 ] 2 ) non è molto preciso ed è compreso tra 3,4 e 3,9 mg. </li><li> Aggiungere 1 ml di 1,2-dicloroetano secco alla fiala di reazione. NOTA: La quantità di solvente è flessibile - 1 ml di 1,2-dicloroetano è appena sufficiente per soddisfare il minimo requisito di volume per la reazione di accoppiamento incrociato. Tuttavia, un po &#39;di più (~ 0,1 mL) solvente è anche permesso per una reazione di questa scala. 1,2-dicloroetano è stato essiccato su un setaccio molecolare 3-eve prima del suo utilizzo. </li><li> Utilizzare un equilibrio analitico e aggiungere l&#39;acrilammide (0,2 mmol, 1,0 equivalente, solido o olio) alla fiala di reazione di cui sopra. </li><li> Utilizzare una micro-siringa per aggiungere 43 μL (0,4 mmol, 2,0 equiv) di allile acetato (un liquido incolore) alla flaconcina di reazione di cui sopra. <br/&gt; NOTA: qui è necessaria una quantità in eccesso di acetato di allile per inibire l&#39;accoppiamento di acrilamide e assicurare che l&#39;acrilamide sia completamente convertito. La resa del prodotto diminuisce se si aggiunge meno allile acetato (1,5 equivalenti). L&#39;aggiunta di più acetato di allile (3,0 equiv) non può migliorare ulteriormente la resa. In pratica, non vi è alcun accoppiamento di acetato alilico osservato e l&#39;acetato residuo di allile può essere recuperato. </li><li> Infilare delicatamente il flacone di reazione con il gas di argon e coprire il flaconcino con un tappo compatibile il più rapidamente possibile. NOTA: il flaconcino deve essere coperto con un tappo a vite il più velocemente possibile perché un&#39;atmosfera inerte è cruciale per la reazione di accoppiamento a croce. E &#39;meglio eseguire il protocollo sopra riportato in una scatola di guanto. </li><li> Mescolare la miscela di reazione a temperatura ambiente per altri 5 min. </li><li> Scaldare la fiala di reazione a 110 ° C in un bagno d&#39;olio con agitazione per 16-18 h. NOTA: in genere, un cambiamento di colore al rosso scuro è un indChe la reazione sta avvenendo. </li><li> Dopo aver raffreddato il flaconcino, utilizzare come miscela le miscele di etile acetato: etere di petrolio (2: 1 o 1: 3) per sviluppare le piastre di cromatografia a strato sottile (TLC) per monitorare l&#39;avanzamento della reazione confrontando la miscela con uno standard acrilammide . NOTA: A seconda della natura dei materiali di partenza, la reazione potrebbe non essere completa. I valori R f tipici dei prodotti e dei materiali di partenza sono compresi tra 0,3 e 0,7. Il materiale di partenza dell&#39;acrilamide è stato osservato come punto di esercizio inferiore rispetto al prodotto di butadiene. </li><li> Sciogliere il prodotto grezzo in un minimo di DCM e caricarlo su una colonna di silice bagnata con etere di petrolio. Separare il prodotto a croce mediante cromatografia a colonna utilizzando un miscuglio di etile acetato: petrolio etere (1: 100 a 1: 4) come eluente. <ol><li> Raccogliere l&#39;eluente in un pallone separato, evaporare il solvente su un evaporatore rotatorio, unD posizionarlo sotto un alto vuoto per un minimo di 2 ore. </li><li> Ottenere circa 20-50 mg di prodotto per la caratterizzazione mediante spettroscopia NMR. NOTA: La miscela di reazione deve essere applicata alla cromatografia a colonna per la purificazione immediatamente dopo il completamento della reazione. </li></ol></li></ol> 2. Caratterizzazione di Dienamidi <ol><li> .Paratterizzare e valutare la purezza del prodotto finale usando la spettroscopia 1 H e 13 C NMR 14 . Tipicamente, lo spostamento chimico del carbonile carbonio appare vicino a 170 ppm sullo spettro di 13 C NMR. I tre protonici sp2 del gruppo funzionale butadiene sono rappresentati da picchi caratteristici prossimi a 6,0 e 5,6 ppm. </li><li> Utilizzare la spettroscopia a infrarossi 14 per identificare il caratteristico picco di carbonile e CC a doppio legame del prodotto di dien. </li><li> Determinare la massa molecolare del prodotto e confermare ulteriormente l&#39;identità usando il metodo high-Spettrometria di massa di risoluzione (HRMS) 14 . </li><li> Determinare il punto di fusione dei prodotti solidi 14 . </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Negishi, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Recent+Advances+in+Efficient+and+Selective+Synthesis+of+Di-,+Tri-,+and+Tetrasubstituted+Alkenes+via+Pd-Catalyzed+Alkenylation-Carbonyl+Olefination+Synergy.">Recent Advances in Efficient and Selective Synthesis of Di-, Tri-, and Tetrasubstituted Alkenes via Pd-Catalyzed Alkenylation-Carbonyl Olefination Synergy.</a> Acc Chem Res. 41 (11), 1474-1485 (2008).</li><li>Maryanoff, B. E., Reitz, A. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Wittig+olefination+reaction+and+modifications+involving+phosphoryl-stabilized+carbanions.+Stereochemistry,+mechanism,+and+selected+synthetic+aspects.">The Wittig olefination reaction and modifications involving phosphoryl-stabilized carbanions. Stereochemistry, mechanism, and selected synthetic aspects.</a> Chem Rev. 89 (4), 863-927 (1989).</li><li>Stille, J. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Palladium-Catalyzed+Cross-Coupling+Reactions+of+Organotin+Reagents+with+Organic+Electrophiles.">The Palladium-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling Reactions of Organotin Reagents with Organic Electrophiles.</a> Angew Chem Int Ed. 25 (6), 508-524 (1986).</li><li>Zhang, Y., Cui, Z., Li, Z., Liu, Z. Q. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pd(II)-Catalyzed+Dehydrogenative+Olefination+of+Vinylic+C-H+Bonds+with+Allylic+Esters:+General+and+Selective+Access+to+Linear+1,3-Butadienes.">Pd(II)-Catalyzed Dehydrogenative Olefination of Vinylic C-H Bonds with Allylic Esters: General and Selective Access to Linear 1,3-Butadienes.</a> Org Lett. 14 (7), 1838-1841 (2012).</li><li>Shang, X., Liu, Z. Q. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transition+metal-catalyzed+Cvinyl-Cvinyl+bond+formation+via+double+Cvinyl-H+bond+activation.">Transition metal-catalyzed Cvinyl-Cvinyl bond formation via double Cvinyl-H bond activation.</a> Chem Soc Rev. 42 (8), 3253-3260 (2013).</li><li>Hu, X. H., Yang, X. F., Loh, T. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Selective+Alkenylation+and+Hydroalkenylation+of+Enol+Phosphates+through+Direct+C-H+Functionalization.">Selective Alkenylation and Hydroalkenylation of Enol Phosphates through Direct C-H Functionalization.</a> Angew Chem Int Ed. 54 (51), 15535-15539 (2015).</li><li>Kong, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cobalt+(III)-Catalyzed+C-C+Coupling+of+Arenes+with+7-Oxabenzonorbornadiene+and+2-Vinyloxirane+via+C-H+Activation.">Cobalt (III)-Catalyzed C-C Coupling of Arenes with 7-Oxabenzonorbornadiene and 2-Vinyloxirane via C-H Activation.</a> Org Lett. 18 (15), 3802-3805 (2016).</li><li>Feng, C., Feng, D., Loh, T. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rhodium+(III)-catalyzed+C-H+allylation+of+electron-deficient+alkenes+with+allyl+acetates.">Rhodium (III)-catalyzed C-H allylation of electron-deficient alkenes with allyl acetates.</a> Chem Commun. 51 (2), 342-345 (2015).</li><li>Suzuki, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dehydrative+Direct+C-H+Allylation+with+Allylic+Alcohols+under+[Cp*CoIII]+Catalysis.">Dehydrative Direct C-H Allylation with Allylic Alcohols under [Cp*CoIII] Catalysis.</a> Angew Chem Int Ed. 54 (34), 9944-9947 (2015).</li><li>Schwarz, K. J., Amos, J. L., Klein, J. C., Do, D. T., Snaddon, T. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Uniting+C1-Ammonium+Enolates+and+Transition+Metal+Electrophiles+via+Cooperative+Catalysis:+The+Direct+Asymmetric+&#945;-Allylation+of+Aryl+Acetic+Acid+Esters.">Uniting C1-Ammonium Enolates and Transition Metal Electrophiles via Cooperative Catalysis: The Direct Asymmetric &#945;-Allylation of Aryl Acetic Acid Esters.</a> J Am Chem Soc. 138 (16), 5214-5217 (2016).</li><li>Zell, D., Bu, Q., Feldt, M., Ackermann, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mild+C-H/C-C+Activation+by+Z-Selective+Cobalt+Catalysis.">Mild C-H/C-C Activation by Z-Selective Cobalt Catalysis.</a> Angew Chem Int Ed. 55 (26), 7408-7412 (2016).</li><li>Li, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=N-Acyl+Amino+Acid+Ligands+for+Ruthenium(II)-Catalyzed+meta-C-H+tert-Alkylation+with+Removable+Auxiliaries.">N-Acyl Amino Acid Ligands for Ruthenium(II)-Catalyzed meta-C-H tert-Alkylation with Removable Auxiliaries.</a> J Am Chem Soc. 137 (43), 13894-13901 (2015).</li><li>Li, F., Yu, C., Zhang, J., Zhong, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Olefination+of+Electron-Deficient+Alkenes+with+Allyl+Acetate:+Stereo-+and+Regioselective+Access+to+(2Z,4E)-Dienamides.">Olefination of Electron-Deficient Alkenes with Allyl Acetate: Stereo- and Regioselective Access to (2Z,4E)-Dienamides.</a> Org Lett. 18 (18), 4582-4585 (2016).</li><li>Lehman, J. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> The student's lab companion: laboratory techniques for organic chemistry: standard scale and microscale. , (2008).</li></ol>

Riconosciamo con gratitudine la Fondazione Nazionale di Scienze Naturali della Cina (NSFC) (numeri 21502037, 21373073 e 21672048), la Fondazione di Scienze Naturali della Provincia di Zhejiang (ZJNSF) (No. LY15B020008), il PCSIRT (No. IRT 1231) e Hangzhou Università Normale per il sostegno finanziario. GZ riconosce un premio Qianjiang Scholar dalla provincia di Zhejiang, Cina.

[Ru ( p- cene) Cl 2 ] 2 è un catalizzatore a base di Ru, facilmente accessibile, stabile e altamente attivo, con ottima tolleranza di gruppo funzionale che funziona efficacemente in condizioni di reazione lieve per dare CH / CH prodotti di butadiene. Sali d&#39;argento AgSbF 6 è stato utilizzato come additivo che può astrazione del cloruro di [Ru ( p- cene) Cl 2 ] 2 per generare un complesso cationico rutenio per la seguente attivazione del lega...

I butadiene sono ampiamente presenti e sono comunemente presenti in molti prodotti naturali, farmaci e molecole bioattive 1 . I chimici hanno fatto sforzi intensi per sviluppare una metodologia sintetica efficiente, selettiva e pratica per la sintesi di 1,3-butadiene 2 , 3 . Recentemente, sono stati sviluppati accoppiamenti diretti tra due alcheni tramite doppia attivazione del vincolo CH, rappresentando una strategia efficace per la sintesi di butadiene, con elevata economia atomica e passo. Tra questi, il cross-coupling catalizzato da palladio di due alcheni ha attirato molta attenzione, fornendo butadiene confezionate ( E, E ) tramite specie alchilen-Pd 4 , 5 . Ad esempio, il gruppo di Liu ha sviluppato una sintesi di butadiene catalizzata da Pd mediante l&#39;accoppiamento diretto di alcheni ed allile acetato ( Figura 1 </Forte&gt; e l&#39; equazione 3 ) 4 . Nel frattempo, il giunto accoppiato a gruppi diretto tra gli alceni ha fornito butadiene con eccellente ( Z, E ) -stereoselettività a causa dell&#39;evento di ciclometalizzazione olefinica CH, rappresentando un metodo complementare 6 . Ad oggi, alcuni gruppi di regia, come gli enolati, gli amidi, gli esteri ei fosfati, sono stati introdotti con successo al cross-coupling tra alcheni, fornendo una serie di buoni di 1,3 butadiene preziosi e funzionalizzati. Tuttavia, la reazione incrociata diretta non è stata sviluppata, poiché in pratica sono ancora limitati gruppi diretti. In particolare, è necessaria una quantità stechiometrica di ossidante per mantenere il ciclo catalitico, che produce una grande quantità di residui organici e inorganici. Ci sono esempi molto limitati che utilizzano alcheni ricchi di elettroni come partner di accoppiamento. L&#39;allile acetato ei suoi derivati ​​sono stati profondamente iNvestigated nelle trasformazioni organiche come reagenti potenti di allilazione e olefinazione, tra cui accoppiamento a catena catalizzata, allilazione Friedel-Crafts di areni ricchi di elettroni e attivazione catalitica di areni a difetto di elettroni ( Figura 1 e Equazione 1 ) 7 . Più recentemente, il gruppo Loh ha sviluppato una allilazione CH di alcoli con elettroni con allilesina, creando 1,4-dieni ( Figura 1 e Equazione 2 ) 8 . Nel frattempo, il gruppo Kanai ha riportato una deillitiva diretta CH allilazione con alcoli allilici utilizzando un catalizzatore Co (III) 9 . È interessante notare che Snaddon e collaboratori hanno reso noto un nuovo metodo basato sulla catalisi cooperativa per l&#39; α- allilazione diretta asimmetrica degli esteri aciclici 10 . Molto recentemente, il gruppo Ackermann ha riportato diversi nuovi usi di alliamentoG a basso costo di catalizzatori Fe, Co e Mn 11 . Queste relazioni hanno fatto scoperte nelle reazioni di allilazione e olefina, ma la migrazione a doppio legame e la scarsa regioselettività sono di solito inevitabili e non sono facilmente controllabili. Quindi, sviluppare modelli di reazione più efficienti e selettivi di allil-acetati per costruire molecole preziose è ancora molto auspicabile. Con il nostro interesse per la nuova sintesi di 1,3-butadiene tramite l&#39; olefina CH, abbiamo ipotizzato che l&#39;allile acetato potrebbe essere introdotto all&#39;allineazione diretta di alchenici con deficit di elettroni, dando in primo luogo 1,4-diene. Quindi, dopo l&#39;isomerizzazione migratoria del doppio legame CC CC, si potesse formare l&#39;1,3-butadieno più termodinamicamente stabile, formando il prodotto di dien che non può essere ottenuto mediante accoppiamento a croce utilizzando alceni ricchi di elettroni, come il propene come partner di accoppiamento 6 . Qui, noi segnalate un olefinatio olefinico di CH legato da Ru (III) poco costosoN di acrilammide con allile acetati in assenza di qualsiasi ossidante, che apre un nuovo percorso sintetico per la creazione di ( Z, E ) -butadiene ( Figura 1 e Equazione 4 ) 13 .

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="887">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="19">
			<td height="19" style="height:19px;width:284px;">Allyl Acetate</td>
			<td style="width:100px;">TCI</td>
			<td style="width:148px;">A0020</td>
			<td style="width:355px;">&#62; 98.0%(GC), 25 mL package</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="38">
			<td height="38" style="height:38px;width:284px;">Dichloro(p-cymene)ruthenium(II) dimer</td>
			<td style="width:100px;">TCI</td>
			<td style="width:148px;">D2751</td>
			<td>&#62; 95.0%(T), 5 g package</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="19">
			<td height="19" style="height:19px;">Silver hexafluoroantimonate</td>
			<td style="width:100px;">TCI</td>
			<td style="width:148px;">S0463</td>
			<td>&#62; 97.0%(T),&#160; 5 g package</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="19">
			<td height="19" style="height:19px;">1,2-Dichloroethane</td>
			<td style="width:100px;">TCI</td>
			<td style="width:148px;">D0364</td>
			<td>&#62; 99.5%(GC), 500 g package</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="19">
			<td height="19" style="height:19px;">Rotavapor</td>
			<td style="width:100px;">EYELA</td>
			<td style="width:148px;">N-1200A</td>
			<td>Use to dry solvent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="19">
			<td height="19" style="height:19px;width:284px;">Silica gel</td>
			<td style="width:100px;">Merck</td>
			<td style="width:148px;">107734</td>
			<td>Silica gel 60 (0.063-0.2 mm), for column chromatoraphy</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

facile preparation of (2z,4e)-dienamides by the olefination of electron-deficient alkenes with allyl acetate

L&#39;accoppiamento diretto tra due alcheni tramite l&#39; attivazione del legame CH vinilica rappresenta una strategia efficace per la sintesi di butadiene con elevata economia atomica e passo. Tuttavia, questa reazione di accoppiamento incrociato di funzionalità non è stata sviluppata, in quanto esistono ancora gruppi limitati di guida in uso pratico. In particolare, di solito è necessaria una quantità stechiometrica di ossidante, producendo una grande quantità di rifiuti. A causa del nostro interesse per la nuova sintesi di 1,3-butadiene, descriviamo l&#39;olefina catalizzata da rutenio di alchenici con deficit di elettroni utilizzando l&#39;allile acetato e senza ossidante esterno. La reazione di 2-fenilacrilammide e allile acetato è stata scelto come reazione di modello e il prodotto del diene desiderato è stato ottenuto in 80% di resa isolata con buona stereoselettività ( Z, E / Z, Z = 88:12) in condizioni ottimali: Ru ( p- cene) Cl 2 ] 2 (3 mol%) e AgSbF 6 (20 mol%) in DCE a 110 ºC fO 16 h. Con le condizioni catalitiche ottimizzate in mano, sono stati studiati acrilammidi rappresentativi di α- e / o -β, e tutti hanno reagito senza intoppi, indipendentemente dai gruppi alifatici o aromatici. Inoltre, in modo diverso N -acrilammidi sostituiti hanno dimostrato di essere buoni substrati. Inoltre, abbiamo esaminato la reattività dei differenti derivati ​​dell&#39;allile, suggerendo che la chelazione dell&#39;ossigeno dell&#39;acetato al metallo è cruciale per il processo catalitico. Sono stati condotti anche esperimenti con etichette con deuteri per indagare il meccanismo di reazione. Sono state osservate solo scambi selettivi di H / D su acrilamide, indicando un evento di ciclometalizzazione reversibile. Inoltre, nello studio isotopico intermolecolare è stato osservato un effetto isotopo cinetico (KIE) di 3,2, che suggerisce che la fase di metallizzazione olefinica CH è probabilmente coinvolta nella fase di determinazione del tasso.

I nostri sforzi sono stati focalizzati sulla preparazione di 1,3-butadiene da acrilammide e allile acetato. La tabella 1 illustra l&#39;ottimizzazione delle condizioni, tra cui lo screening di vari additivi e solventi, utilizzando come catalizzatore [Ru ( p- cene) Cl 2 ] 2 . Dopo aver esaminato una serie di solventi rappresentativi, siamo stati lieti di scoprire che la resa del p...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Facile Preparation of 2Z,4E-Dienamides by the Olefination of Electron-deficient Alkenes with Allyl Acetate at JoVE.com

Facile Preparation of 2Z,4E-Dienamides by the Olefination of Electron-deficient Alkenes with Allyl Acetate

Qui è descritta l&#39;olefina catalizzata da rutenio di alchenici con deficit di elettroni con allile acetato. Utilizzando l&#39;aminocarbonil come gruppo di guida, questo protocollo esterno senza ossidanti ha un&#39;elevata efficienza e una buona stereo- e regioselettività, aprendo un nuovo percorso sintetico agli scheletri ( Z , E ) -butadiene.

Facile Preparazione di (2<em&gt; Z</em&gt;, 4<em&gt; E</em&gt;) - Dienamidi per l&#39;olefinazione di elettroni con deficit di elettroni con allil-acetato

Direct cross-coupling between two alkenes via vinylic C-H bond activation represents an efficient strategy for the synthesis of butadienes with high ...

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Facile Preparation of (2Z,4E)-Dienamides by the Olefination of Electron-deficient Alkenes with Allyl Acetate

Dienes, Conjugated Pi Systems, and Pericyclic Reactions

Alkene Structure and Reactivity

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7.3K Views.  Hangzhou Normal University.  Qui è descritta l'olefina catalizzata da rutenio di alchenici con deficit di elettroni con allile acetato. Utilizzando l'aminocarbonil come gruppo di guida, questo protocollo esterno senza ossidanti ha un'elevata efficienza e una buona stereo- e regioselettività, aprendo un nuovo percorso sintetico agli scheletri ( Z , E ) -butadiene. 

Video: Facile Preparation of 2Z,4E-Dienamides by the Olefination of Electron-deficient Alkenes with Allyl Acetate

Formation of Ordered Biomolecular Structures by the Self-assembly of Short Peptides

In nature, complex functional structures are formed by the self-assembly of biomolecules under mild conditions. Understanding the forces that control self-assembly and mimicking this process in vitro will bring about major advances in the areas of materials science and nanotechnology. Among the available biological building blocks, peptides have several advantages as they present substantial diversity, their synthesis in large scale is straightforward, and they can easily be modified with biological and chemical entities1,2. Several classes of designed peptides such as cyclic peptides, amphiphile peptides and peptide-conjugates self-assemble into ordered structures in solution. Homoaromatic dipeptides, are a class of short self-assembled peptides that contain all the molecular information needed to form ordered structures such as nanotubes, spheres and fibrils3-8. A large variety of these peptides is commercially available.
This paper presents a procedure that leads to the formation of ordered structures by the self-assembly of homoaromatic peptides. The protocol requires only commercial reagents and basic laboratory equipment. In addition, the paper describes some of the methods available for the characterization of peptide-based assemblies. These methods include electron and atomic force microscopy and Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR). Moreover, the manuscript demonstrates the blending of peptides (coassembly) and the formation of a &#34;beads on a string&#34;-like structure by this process.9 The protocols presented here can be adapted to other classes of peptides or biological building blocks and can potentially lead to the discovery of new peptide-based structures and to better control of their assembly.

This paper describes the formation of highly ordered peptide-based structures by the spontaneous process of self-assembly. The method utilizes commercially available peptides and common lab equipment. This technique can be applied to a large variety of peptides and may lead to the discovery of new peptide-based assemblies.

Formazione di strutture biomolecolari ordinate dalla Self-assemblaggio di piccoli peptidi

In nature, complex functional structures are formed by the self-assembly of biomolecules under mild conditions. Understanding the forces that control ...

Ricerca

Chimica

Facile and Efficient Preparation of Tri-component Fluorescent Glycopolymers via RAFT-controlled Polymerization

Synthetic glycopolymers are instrumental and versatile tools used in various biochemical and biomedical research fields. An example of a facile and efficient synthesis of well-controlled fluorescent statistical glycopolymers using reversible addition-fragmentation chain-transfer (RAFT)-based polymerization is demonstrated. The synthesis starts with the preparation of &#946;-galactose-containing glycomonomer 2-lactobionamidoethyl methacrylamide obtained by reaction of lactobionolactone and N-(2-aminoethyl) methacrylamide (AEMA). 2-Gluconamidoethyl methacrylamide (GAEMA) is used as a structural analog lacking a terminal &#946;-galactoside. The following RAFT-mediated copolymerization reaction involves three different monomers: N-(2-hydroxyethyl) acrylamide as spacer, AEMA as target for further fluorescence labeling, and the glycomonomers. Tolerant of aqueous systems, the RAFT agent used in the reaction is (4-cyanopentanoic acid)-4-dithiobenzoate. Low dispersities (&#8804;1.32), predictable copolymer compositions, and high reproducibility of the polymerizations were observed among the products. Fluorescent polymers are obtained by modifying the glycopolymers with carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester targeting the primary amine functional groups on AEMA. Lectin-binding specificities of the resulting glycopolymers are verified by testing with corresponding agarose beads coated with specific glycoepitope recognizing lectins. Because of the ease of the synthesis, the tight control of the product compositions and the good reproducibility of the reaction, this protocol can be translated towards preparation of other RAFT-based glycopolymers with specific structures and compositions, as desired.

An efficient, three-step synthesis of RAFT-based fluorescent glycopolymers, consisting of glycomonomer preparation, copolymerization, and post-modification, is demonstrated. This protocol can be used to prepare RAFT-based statistical glycopolymers with desired structures.

Preparazione Facile ed efficiente di Glycopolymers fluorescenti Tri-componenti tramite polimerizzazione RAFT controllata

Synthetic glycopolymers are instrumental and versatile tools used in various biochemical and biomedical research fields. An example of a facile and ...

Preparation of Highly Porous Coordination Polymer Coatings on Macroporous Polymer Monoliths for Enhanced Enrichment of Phosphopeptides

We describe a protocol for the preparation of hybrid materials based on highly porous coordination polymer coatings on the internal surface of macroporous polymer monoliths. The developed approach is based on the preparation of a macroporous polymer containing carboxylic acid functional groups and the subsequent step-by-step solution-based controlled growth of a layer of a porous coordination polymer on the surface of the pores of the polymer monolith. The prepared metal-organic polymer hybrid has a high specific micropore surface area. The amount of iron(III) sites is enhanced through metal-organic coordination on the surface of the pores of the functional polymer support. The increase of metal sites is related to the number of iterations of the coating process.
The developed preparation scheme is easily adapted to a capillary column format. The functional porous polymer is prepared as a self-contained single-block porous monolith within the capillary, yielding a flow-through separation device with excellent flow permeability and modest back-pressure. The metal-organic polymer hybrid column showed excellent performance for the enrichment of phosphopeptides from digested proteins and their subsequent detection using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The presented experimental protocol is highly versatile, and can be easily implemented to different organic polymer supports and coatings with a plethora of porous coordination polymers and metal-organic frameworks for multiple purification and/or separation applications.

A procedure for the preparation of porous hybrid separation media composed of a macroporous polymer monolith internally coated by a high surface area microporous coordination polymer is presented.

Preparazione di altamente poroso Coordinamento rivestimenti polimerici su macroporosi Polymer Monoliti di avanzata Arricchimento fosfopeptidi

We describe a protocol for the preparation of hybrid materials based on highly porous coordination polymer coatings on the internal surface of macroporous ...

Facile Preparation of Internally Self-assembled Lipid Particles Stabilized by Carbon Nanotubes

We present a facile method to prepare nanostructured lipid particles stabilized by carbon nanotubes (CNTs). Single-walled (pristine) and multi-walled (functionalized) CNTs are used as stabilizers to produce Pickering type oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions. Lipids namely, Dimodan U and Phytantriol are used as emulsifiers, which in excess water self-assemble into the bicontinuous cubic Pn3m phase. This highly viscous phase is fragmented into smaller particles using a probe ultrasonicator in presence of conventional surfactant stabilizers or CNTs as done here. Initially, the CNTs (powder form) are dispersed in water followed by further ultrasonication with the molten lipid to form the final emulsion. During this process the CNTs get coated with lipid molecules, which in turn are presumed to surround the lipid droplets to form a particulate emulsion that is stable for months. The average size of CNT-stabilized nanostructured lipid particles is in the submicron range, which compares well with the particles stabilized using conventional surfactants. Small angle X-ray scattering data confirms the retention of the original Pn3m cubic phase in the CNT-stabilized lipid dispersions as compared to the pure lipid phase (bulk state). Blue shift and lowering of the intensities in characteristic G and G&#39; bands of CNTs observed in Raman spectroscopy characterize the interaction between CNT surface and lipid molecules. These results suggest that the interactions between the CNTs and lipids are responsible for their mutual stabilization in aqueous solutions. As the concentrations of CNTs employed for stabilization are very low and lipid molecules are able to functionalize the CNTs, the toxicity of CNTs is expected to be insignificant while their biocompatibility is greatly enhanced. Hence the present approach finds a great potential in various biomedical applications, for instance, for developing hybrid nanocarrier systems for the delivery of multiple functional molecules as in combination therapy or polytherapy.

We report on a smart application of carbon nanotubes for kinetic stabilization of lipid particles that contain self-assembled nanostructures in their cores. The preparation of lipid particles requires rather low concentrations of carbon nanotubes permitting their use in biomedical applications such as drug delivery.

Preparazione facile di Internamente auto-assemblato Lipid particelle stabilizzati da nanotubi di carbonio

We present a facile method to prepare nanostructured lipid particles stabilized by carbon nanotubes (CNTs). Single-walled (pristine) and multi-walled ...

A Study of the Complexation of Mercury(II) with Dicysteinyl Tetrapeptides by Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry

In this study we evaluated a method for the characterization of complexes, formed in different relative ratios of mercury(II) to dicysteinyl tetrapeptide, by electrospray ionization orbitrap mass spectrometry. This strategy is based on previous successful characterization of mercury-dicysteinyl complexes involving tripeptides by utilizing mass spectrometry among other techniques. Mercury(II) chloride and a dicysteinyl tetrapeptide were incubated in a degassed buffered medium at varying stoichiometric ratios. The complexes formed were subsequently analyzed on an electrospray mass spectrometer consisting of a hybrid linear ion- and orbi- trap mass analyzer. The electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) spectra were acquired in the positive mode and the observed peaks were then analyzed for distinct mercury isotopic distribution patterns and associated monoisotopic peak. This work demonstrates that an accurate stoichiometry of mercury and peptide in the complexes formed under specified electrospray ionization conditions can be determined by using high resolution ESI MS based on distinct mercury isotopic distribution patterns.

A Study of the Complexation of MercuryII with Dicysteinyl Tetrapeptides by Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry

The characterization of complexes formed in different relative ratios of mercury(II) to dicysteinyl tetrapeptides by electrospray ionization orbitrap mass spectrometry is presented.

Uno studio della Complessazione di Mercurio (II) con Dicysteinyl Tetrapeptidi da Electrospray ionizzazione Spettrometria di Massa

In this study we evaluated a method for the characterization of complexes, formed in different relative ratios of mercury(II) to dicysteinyl tetrapeptide, ...

Preparation of Macroporous Epitaxial Quartz Films on Silicon by Chemical Solution Deposition

This work describes the detailed protocol for preparing piezoelectric macroporous epitaxial quartz films on silicon(100) substrates. This is a three-step process based on the preparation of a sol in a one-pot synthesis which is followed by the deposition of a gel film on Si(100) substrates by evaporation induced self-assembly using the dip-coating technique and ends with a thermal treatment of the material to induce the gel crystallization and the growth of the quartz film. The formation of a silica gel is based on the reaction of a tetraethyl orthosilicate and water, catalyzed by HCl, in ethanol. However, the solution contains two additional components that are essential for preparing mesoporous epitaxial quartz films from these silica gels dip-coated on Si. Alkaline earth ions, like Sr2+ act as glass melting agents that facilitate the crystallization of silica and in combination with cetyl trimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) amphiphilic template form a phase separation responsible of the macroporosity of the films. The good matching between the quartz and silicon cell parameters is also essential in the stabilization of quartz over other SiO2 polymorphs and is at the origin of the epitaxial growth.

A protocol is presented for the preparation of piezoelectric macroporous epitaxial films of quartz on silicon by solution chemistry using dip-coating and thermal treatments in air.

Preparazione di macroporosi Epitassiali Films quarzo su silicio da Solution Chemical Deposition

This work describes the detailed protocol for preparing piezoelectric macroporous epitaxial quartz films on silicon(100) substrates. This is a three-step ...

Facile Preparation of 4-Substituted Quinazoline Derivatives

Reported in this paper is a very simple method for direct preparation of 4-substituted quinazoline derivatives from a reaction between substituted 2-aminobenzophenones and thiourea in the presence of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). This is a unique complementary reaction system in which thiourea undergoes thermal decomposition to form carbodiimide and hydrogen sulfide, where the former reacts with 2-aminobenzophenone to form 4-phenylquinazolin-2(1H)-imine intermediate, whilst hydrogen sulfide reacts with DMSO to give methanethiol or other sulfur-containing molecule which then functions as a complementary reducing agent to reduce 4-phenylquinazolin-2(1H)-imine intermediate into 4-phenyl-1,2-dihydroquinazolin-2-amine. Subsequently, the elimination of ammonia from 4-phenyl-1,2-dihydroquinazolin-2-amine affords substituted quinazoline derivative. This reaction usually gives quinazoline derivative as a single product arising from 2-aminobenzophenone as monitored by GC/MS analysis, along with small amount of sulfur-containing molecules such as dimethyl disulfide, dimethyl trisulfide, etc. The reaction usually completes in 4-6 hr at 160 &#186;C in small scale but may last over 24 hr when carried out in large scale. The reaction product can be easily purified by means of washing off DMSO with water followed by column chromatography or thin layer chromatography.

A protocol for facile preparation of 4-substituted quinazoline derivatives from 2-aminobenzophenones, thiourea and dimethyl sulfoxide is presented.

Preparazione facile dei derivati ​​quinazoline 4-sostituito

Reported in this paper is a very simple method for direct preparation of 4-substituted quinazoline derivatives from a reaction between substituted ...

Facile Synthesis of Worm-like Micelles by Visible Light Mediated Dispersion Polymerization Using Photoredox Catalyst

Presented herein is a protocol for the facile synthesis of worm-like micelles by visible light mediated dispersion polymerization. This approach begins with the synthesis of a hydrophilic poly(oligo(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate) (POEGMA) homopolymer using reversible addition-fragmentation chain-transfer (RAFT) polymerization. Under mild visible light irradiation (&#955; = 460 nm, 0.7 mW/cm2), this macro-chain transfer agent (macro-CTA) in the presence of a ruthenium based photoredox catalyst, Ru(bpy)3Cl2 can be chain extended with a second monomer to form a well-defined block copolymer in a process known as Photoinduced Electron Transfer RAFT (PET-RAFT). When PET-RAFT is used to chain extend POEGMA with benzyl methacrylate (BzMA) in ethanol (EtOH), polymeric nanoparticles with different morphologies are formed in situ according to a polymerization-induced self-assembly (PISA) mechanism. Self-assembly into nanoparticles presenting POEGMA chains at the corona and poly(benzyl methacrylate) (PBzMA) chains in the core occurs in situ due to the growing insolubility of the PBzMA block in ethanol. Interestingly, the formation of highly pure worm-like micelles can be readily monitored by observing the onset of a highly viscous gel in situ due to nanoparticle entanglements occurring during the polymerization. This process thereby allows for a more reproducible synthesis of worm-like micelles simply by monitoring the solution viscosity during the course of the polymerization. In addition, the light stimulus can be intermittently applied in an ON/OFF manner demonstrating temporal control over the nanoparticle morphology.

This article describes a process for producing polymeric self-assembled nanoparticles using visible light mediated dispersion polymerization. Using low energy visible light to control the polymerization allows for the reproducible formation of self-assembled worm-like micelles at high solids content.

Sintesi facile di micelle vermiforme dalla luce visibile mediata polimerizzazione in dispersione Utilizzando Photoredox Catalyst

Presented herein is a protocol for the facile synthesis of worm-like micelles by visible light mediated dispersion polymerization. This approach begins ...

Sulfate Separation by Selective Crystallization with a Bis-iminoguanidinium Ligand

A simple and effective method for selective sulfate separation from aqueous solutions by crystallization with a bis-guanidinium ligand, 1,4-benzene-bis(iminoguanidinium) (BBIG), is demonstrated. The ligand is synthesized as the chloride salt (BBIG-Cl) by in situ imine condensation of terephthalaldehyde with aminoguanidinium chloride in water, followed by crystallization as the sulfate salt (BBIG-SO4). Alternatively, BBIG-Cl is synthesized ex situ in larger scale from ethanol. The sulfate separation ability of the BBIG ligand is demonstrated by selective and quantitative crystallization of sulfate from seawater. The ligand can be recycled by neutralization of BBIG-SO4 with aqueous NaOH and crystallization of the neutral bis-iminoguanidine, which can be converted back into BBIG-Cl with aqueous HCl and reused in another separation cycle. Finally, 35S-labeled sulfate and &#946; liquid scintillation counting are employed for monitoring the sulfate concentration in solution. Overall, this protocol will instruct the user in the necessary skills to synthesize a ligand, employ it in the selective crystallization of sulfate from aqueous solutions, and quantify the separation efficiency.

A protocol for in situ aqueous synthesis of a bis(iminoguanidinium) ligand and its utilization in selective separation of sulfate is presented.

Separazione solfato da selettiva cristallizzazione con un legante bis-iminoguanidinium

A simple and effective method for selective sulfate separation from aqueous solutions by crystallization with a bis-guanidinium ligand, ...

Facile Preparation of Ultrafine Aluminum Hydroxide Particles with or without Mesoporous MCM-41 in Ambient Environments

An aqueous suspension of nanogibbsite was synthesized via the titration of aluminum aqua acid [Al(H2O)6]3+ with L-arginine to pH 4.6. Since the hydrolysis of aqueous aluminum salts is known to produce a wide array of products with a wide range of size distributions, a variety of state-of-the-art instruments (i.e., 27Al/1H NMR, FTIR, ICP-OES, TEM-EDX, XPS, XRD, and BET) were used to characterize the synthesis products and identification of byproducts. The product, which was comprised of nanoparticles (10-30 nm), was isolated using gel permeation chromatography (GPC) column technique. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) identified the purified material as the gibbsite polymorph of aluminum hydroxide. The addition of inorganic salts (e.g., NaCl) induced electrostatic destabilization of the suspension, thereby agglomerating the nanoparticles to yield Al(OH)3 precipitate with large particle sizes. By utilizing the novel synthetic method described here, Al(OH)3 was partially loaded inside the highly ordered mesoporous framework of MCM-41, with average pore dimensions of 2.7 nm, producing an aluminosilicate material with both octahedral and tetrahedral Al (Oh/Td = 1.4). The total Al content, measured using energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDX), was 11% w/w with a Si/Al molar ratio of 2.9. A comparison of bulk EDX with surface X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) elemental analysis provided insight into the distribution of Al within the aluminosilicate material. Furthermore, a higher ratio of Si/Al was observed on the external surface (3.6) as compared to the bulk (2.9). Approximations of O/Al ratios suggest a higher concentration of Al(O)3 and Al(O)4 groups near the core and external surface, respectively. The newly developed synthesis of Al-MCM-41 yields a relatively high Al content while maintaining the integrity of the ordered silica framework and can be used for applications where hydrated or anhydrous Al2O3 nanoparticles are advantageous.

An ultrafine aluminum hydroxide nanoparticle suspension was prepared via the controlled titration of [Al(H2O)]3+ with L-arginine to pH 4.6 with and without cage-effect confinement within mesoporous channels of MCM-41.

Facile preparazione di particelle ultra-fine di idrossido di alluminio con o senza MCP-41 mesoporous in ambienti ambientali

An aqueous suspension of nanogibbsite was synthesized via the titration of aluminum aqua acid [Al(H2O)6]3+ with L-arginine to pH 4.6. Since the hydrolysis ...