ASR は、実験を設計プロトコルを開発し、データを分析しました。SC と PS は、セル サイズの実験を行った。ASR では、OC は、原稿を書いていた。著者は機器へのアクセスを提供するため教授デビッド r. Klug のサポートを感謝したいです。著者作製と試作設備にアクセスするために帝国大学高度な Hackspace を感謝したいです。

<ol>
	<li>Willison, K. R., Klug, D. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantitative+single+cell+and+single+molecule+proteomics+for+clinical+studies.">Quantitative single cell and single molecule proteomics for clinical studies.</a> Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 24 (4), 745-751 (2013).</li><li>Heath, J. R., Ribas, A., Mischel, P. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Single-cell+analysis+tools+for+drug+discovery+and+development.">Single-cell analysis tools for drug discovery and development.</a> Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 15 (3), 204-216 (2016).</li><li>Eyer, K., Stratz, S., Kuhn, P., K&#252;ster, S. K., Dittrich, P. 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著者が明らかに何もありません。

アドレス指定可能な液滴マイクロ アレイは、単一細胞内でタンパク質の絶対コピー数を決定する定量的敏感かつ拡張可能な方法です。
非特異的結合のレベルを制限すること (NSB) は、低として可能な限り検出限界を達成するためにプロトコル内で重要です。蛋白質および他の生化学的な種がありますバインド インターフェイス液滴内に存在の数非具体的-coverslip 表面、ス...

このメソッドの目的は、単一セルの解像度を持つセル人口のターゲット蛋白質の豊富さで変化を決定することです。単一細胞解析は、いくつかの伝統的なアンサンブル生化学的方法では利用できない利点を提供します。1,2,3,4,5まず、単一セルのレベルで働く伝統的なアンサンブル生化学的手法で発生するそれ以外の場合、平均することによって失われるだろう細胞集団の豊富な多様性をキャプチャできます。仕事馬の生化学的方法の大半を連れた、必要とされる職務とは多くの場合、結果を生成する細胞の数百万。もちろん、全体細胞集団の評価の結果によって異なりますいくつかの要因、たとえば、不均質構造タンパク質発現蛋白質量分布のいくつかの重要な機能を見逃す可能性があります。実用的な観点から単一のセル技術の必要な感度させる機能により敏感の一括技術も十分ではない生物学的材料の量を操作することができます。このキーの例は珍しいセルなどの循環癌細胞 (Ctc) 描画単一 7.5 mL の血液に存在する 10 の Ctc より予後見通しで貧しい患者のためにもどこの研究です。6ここでオイル キャップの液滴を用いた抗体アッセイは抗体のマイクロ アレイの印刷量を削減を用いた単一細胞蛋白質測定の実行に必要な方法論を紹介します。
マイクロ液滴プラットフォームは、高スループット、生化学的アッセイの広い配列を実行する個々 のしぶきの滴/秒との分離、及びも培養の単一セルの対応の数千を生成することです。液滴ベースの技術は、単一細胞解析、大幅の力によって支援されています DropSeq10 inDrop11を含む顕著な最近例の7,8,9に最適増幅テクニック。材料の限られた量、蛋白質のための増幅のメソッドは、単一細胞プロテオミクスを特に挑戦的なの作るに。
液滴はメソッドの数によって分析される可能性があり、蛍光顕微鏡が用いられています。全内部反射蛍光 (TIRF) 顕微鏡などの単一分子技術により蛍光分子信号対雑音比の比類のない可視化することができます。12によるエバネッ セント場の指数関数的減衰、高 (100 nm オーダー) 表面近傍でのみ fluorophores が付いて興奮している複雑な混合物に少量の標的分子を検出するに全反射の良い戦略を作るします。全反射の光学セクショニング強さまた洗浄手順を避けるために、制限時間と複雑さの分析できます。全反射平面サーフェスを必要とし、流における液滴に適用される全反射型顕微鏡の例を含むイメージを平面の形成。13この目的のために単一細胞プロテオミクス技術設計マイクロ流体チップ マイクロ アレイ フォーマットでキャプチャの表面固定化エージェント周り。4,14
自分自身、液滴を形成して、平坦なサーフェス、いわゆる液滴マイクロ アレイでよい。15,16,17空間的配列に液滴を整理する便利なインデックス、簡単に時間をかけて監視、個別に対処して、必要な場合、取得することができます。液滴マイクロ アレイは、フリースタンディングまたはマイクロウェル構造体でサポートされている、チップあたりの要素の何千もの超小型原子炉の高密度を実現できます。18,19,形成することができる20液体ハンドリング ロボット、インク ジェット マニアによって順次蒸着によって先生方、院生21,22,23,24,25にお問い合わせください 26または彼らは自己 superhydrophillic などの面で組み立てることができるスポットは、超撥水表面のパターンします。27,28,29
念頭に置いてこれらの考慮点は、アドレス指定可能な液滴マイクロ アレイ (Adm) 定量的に単一分子全反射型顕微鏡の感度と汎用性、空間のアドレッシング機能により、液滴マイクロ アレイのボリュームを減少を結合する設計されていたタンパク質の量を測定します。5 Adm は、蒸発を防ぐためにオイルの蓋は、抗体マイクロ アレイを単一細胞を含む液滴マイクロ アレイを形成する単一細胞分析を有効にします。液滴のボリュームは、オンチップ マイクロ流体連続フローで弁体によって達成されるそれ以外の場合サンプル損失を防ぐ離散。30単一のセルからのターゲット蛋白質の絶対量が非常に小さいです。しかし、水滴の量の削減により比較的高い濃度のため、順序では、彼らはサンドイッチ抗体アッセイを使用して検出されます - 抗体を固定化すると、異なる地域や順番を結合する蛋白質をキャプチャする表面上のスポット蛍光標識検出の抗体, 液滴体積中に存在。ADMs が処理血液などの主要な情報源からの細胞の分析に一般的に適用されるラベル無料アプローチ (すなわちタンパク質のターゲットを直接にラベル付けする必要はありません)、として、うまく吸引解離腫瘍生検と培養細胞を必要とその溶解液。
薬に応答して、たとえば、不均一性を左右する重要な細胞集団全体蛋白質量の変化を測定と細胞機能と経路、集団の評価に洞察力を提供するのに役立つだろう、動作と同様一括方法によってマスクされるまれな事象を識別します。このプロトコルは、生産し、アドレス指定可能な液滴マイクロ アレイを使用して定量的ひとがん細胞における転写因子 p53 の豊かさを確認する方法について説明し、化学療法薬への応答における p53 の役割を調査するために使用可能性があります。ターゲット蛋白質はキャプチャと検出抗体の選択によって決定され、詳細、または別のターゲットを含めるように変更することがあります。手順は、手動でオイルを上限 10 nL 液滴を配列する一般的なラボ消耗品から同心円状のノズルを組み込んだシンプルな装置を構築する提供されます。各液滴分離するか、単一のセル、全反射顕微鏡を用いた 1 分子分解能で決定したタンパク質の発現とロードされるという完全実験のプロセスを説明します。

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell culture</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phosphate-Buffered Saline (PBS)</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>10010015</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM high glucose</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>D6429</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Foetal Bovine Serum (FBS)</td>
			<td>Biochrom</td>
			<td>S0115</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>cell culture flasks</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>SIAL0639</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypsin/EDTA</td>
			<td>Biochrom</td>
			<td>L2153</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microarray</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microcontact Arrayer</td>
			<td>DigiLab, UK</td>
			<td>OmniGrid Micro</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microcontact pin</td>
			<td>ArrayIt, USA</td>
			<td>946MP2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Coverslips (Nexterion)</td>
			<td>Schott, Europe</td>
			<td>1098523</td>
			<td>Size (mm): 65.0 x 25.0; Thickness (mm) 0.17</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>p53 capture antibody</td>
			<td>Enzo</td>
			<td>ADI-960-070</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>p53 detection antibody, Alexa Fluor 488 labelled</td>
			<td>Santa Cruz</td>
			<td>sc-126</td>
			<td>stock concentration 200&#956;g/mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Saline-sodium citrate buffer</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>15557-044</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Betaine</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>61962</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium dodecyl sulphate</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>L3771</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>384 well plate (low volume)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>CLS4511</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nitrogen gas cylinder</td>
			<td>BOC</td>
			<td>Industrial grade, oxygen-free</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Droplets</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micromanipulator</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>Patchman NP2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Manual Microinjector</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>CellTram Vario</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micropipette</td>
			<td>Origio, Denmark</td>
			<td>MBB-FP-L-0</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Syringe pumps</td>
			<td>KD Scientific</td>
			<td>KDS-210</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>100 &#956;L syringe</td>
			<td>Hamilton</td>
			<td>81020</td>
			<td>Gas tight, PTFE Luer lock</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1 mL syringe</td>
			<td>Hamilton</td>
			<td>81327</td>
			<td>Gas tight, PTFE Luer lock</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Silicone isolator</td>
			<td>Grace Bio-Labs</td>
			<td>JTR24R-A-0.5</td>
			<td>6x4 well silicone isolator with adhesive</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Laser cutter</td>
			<td>VersaLASE</td>
			<td>VLS2.30 CO2 Laser 3W</td>
			<td>for laser cutting of custom isolators</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1mm thick acrylic sheet</td>
			<td>Weatherall-UK</td>
			<td>Clarex Precision Sheet 001</td>
			<td>for laser cutting of custom isolators</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Adhesive sheet</td>
			<td>3M</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>used to adhere custom isolators to microarrayed coverslips</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Super glue</td>
			<td>Loctite</td>
			<td>LOCPFG3T</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>150 &#956;m ID/360 &#956;m OD fused silica tubing</td>
			<td>IDEX</td>
			<td>FS-115</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1.0 mm ID/1/16&#8221; OD PFA tubing</td>
			<td>IDEX</td>
			<td>1503</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>0.014&#8221; ID/0.062&#8221; OD PTFE tubing</td>
			<td>Kinesis</td>
			<td>008T16-100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1.0 mm ID/2.0 mm OD FEP tubing</td>
			<td>IDEX</td>
			<td>1673</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bovine Serum Albumen (BSA)</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BP9700100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mineral oil</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>M5904</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ultra-pure water</td>
			<td>Millipore, Germany</td>
			<td>MilliQ</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microscopy &#38; Optics</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TIRF microscope with encoded XY stage</td>
			<td>Nikon, Japan</td>
			<td>Nikon Ti-E</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EM-CCD</td>
			<td>Andor Technologies, Ireland</td>
			<td>IXON DU-897E</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Laser excitation source</td>
			<td>Vortran, USA</td>
			<td>Stradus 488-50</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Optical lysis laser source</td>
			<td>Continuum, USA</td>
			<td>Surelite SLI-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microscope filter cube for TIRF</td>
			<td>Chroma, USA</td>
			<td>z488bp</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microscope filter cube for Optical Lysis</td>
			<td>Laser 2000, UK</td>
			<td>LPD01-532R-25</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Software</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fiji</td>
			<td>Open Source</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Image analysis software</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Matlab</td>
			<td>Mathworks</td>
			<td>version 7.14 or higher</td>
			<td>Image analysis software</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

counting proteins in single cells with addressable droplet microarrays

しばしば細胞挙動と細胞応答は多くの細胞の応答が複雑な人口の内で豊富な単一のセル動作をマスキング平均結果として一緒にプール、人口レベルで分析しました。単細胞タンパク質検出と定量化技術は、近年顕著な影響を与えたが。ここでアドレス指定可能な液滴マイクロ アレイに基づく実用的で柔軟な単一細胞解析プラットフォームをについて説明します。本研究では、ターゲット蛋白質の絶対コピー数が単一セルの解像度を測定する方法について説明します。腫瘍抑制因子 p53 は、非正常な p53 表現パターンを示す総癌の 50% 以上のひと癌の最も一般的変異遺伝子です。プロトコルでは、発現の変動を正確に判断する単一分子分解能 10 nL 液滴内 1 つのひと癌細胞は隔離され、p53 蛋白のコピー数の測定を作成する手順について説明します。メソッドは、任意のセル型主原料を含む興味の任意のターゲット蛋白質の絶対コピー数を決定するために適用可能性があります。

P53 の絶対根元タンパク質コピー数は、ひと大腸癌細胞株、ある細胞の単一セルの解像度が定められました。P53 桁違いに異なり、休憩する細胞集団内のセル サイズとタンパク質コピー数の間弱く肯定的な相関関係を示す方法を紹介しています。
アドレス指定可能な液滴マイクロ アレイは、水滴は抗体の場所にスポットで?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Counting Proteins in Single Cells with Addressable Droplet Microarrays at JoVE.com

Counting Proteins in Single Cells with Addressable Droplet Microarrays

アドレス指定可能な液滴マイクロ アレイ (Adm)、単一セルの絶対蛋白質量を決定できる液滴アレイ ・ ベース メソッドをご紹介します。ひと癌細胞における癌抑制タンパク質 p53 の発現の多様性を特徴付けるための Adm の機能を紹介します。

アドレス指定可能な液滴マイクロ アレイによる単一細胞におけるタンパク質をカウント

Often cellular behavior and cellular responses are analyzed at the population level where the responses of many cells are pooled together as an average ...

counting-proteins-in-single-cells-with-addressable-droplet-microarrays

Research

JoVE Journal

Cancer Research

8.4K ビュー.  Imperial College London. アドレス指定可能な液滴マイクロ アレイ (Adm)、単一セルの絶対蛋白質量を決定できる液滴アレイ ・ ベース メソッドをご紹介します。ひと癌細胞における癌抑制タンパク質 p53 の発現の多様性を特徴付けるための Adm の機能を紹介します。

ビデオ: Counting Proteins in Single Cells with Addressable Droplet Microarrays

Application of Laser Micro-irradiation for Examination of Single and Double Strand Break Repair in Mammalian Cells

Highly coordinated DNA repair pathways exist to detect, excise and replace damaged DNA bases, and coordinate repair of DNA strand breaks. While molecular biology techniques have clarified structure, enzymatic functions, and kinetics of repair proteins, there is still a need to understand how repair is coordinated within the nucleus. Laser micro-irradiation offers a powerful tool for inducing DNA damage and monitoring the recruitment of repair proteins. Induction of DNA damage by laser micro-irradiation can occur with a range of wavelengths, and users can reliably induce single strand breaks, base lesions and double strand breaks with a range of doses. Here, laser micro-irradiation is used to examine repair of single and double strand breaks induced by two common confocal laser wavelengths, 355 nm and 405 nm. Further, proper characterization of the applied laser dose for inducing specific damage mixtures is described, so users can reproducibly perform laser micro-irradiation data acquisition and analysis.

Confocal fluorescence microscopy and laser micro-irradiation offer tools for inducing DNA damage and monitoring the response of DNA repair proteins in selected sub-nuclear areas. This technique has significantly advanced our knowledge of damage detection, signaling, and recruitment. This manuscript demonstrates these technologies to examine single and double strand break repair.

マイクロ レーザーの単一の試験と哺乳類細胞における二重鎖切断修復のためのアプリケーション

Highly coordinated DNA repair pathways exist to detect, excise and replace damaged DNA bases, and coordinate repair of DNA strand breaks. While molecular ...

がん研究

Generation and Isolation of Cell Cycle-arrested Cells with Complex Karyotypes

Chromosome mis-segregation leads to aneuploidy, a condition in which cells harbor an imbalanced chromosome number. Several lines of evidence strongly indicate that aneuploidy triggers genome instability, ultimately generating cells with complex karyotypes that arrest their proliferation. Isolation and characterization of cells harboring complex karyotypes are crucial to study the impact of an imbalanced chromosome number on cell physiology. To date, no methods have been established to reliably isolate such aneuploid cells. This paper provides a protocol for the enrichment and analysis of aneuploid cells with complex karyotypes utilizing standard, inexpensive tissue culture techniques. This protocol can be used to analyze several features of aneuploid cells with complex karyotypes including their induced senescence-associated secretory phenotype, pro-inflammatory properties, and ability to interact with immune cells. Because cancer cells often harbor imbalances in chromosome number, it is crucial to decipher how aneuploidy impacts cell physiology in normal cells, with the ultimate goal of uncovering both its pro- and anti-tumorigenic effects.

Aneuploidy leads to genome instability, which eventually produces cell cycle-arrested cells with complex karyotypes. This paper provides a simple and convenient method to isolate aneuploid cells with complex karyotypes that cease to divide.

世代と複雑な染色体と細胞周期逮捕細胞の分離

Chromosome mis-segregation leads to aneuploidy, a condition in which cells harbor an imbalanced chromosome number. Several lines of evidence strongly ...

Desthiobiotin-Streptavidin-Affinity Mediated Purification of RNA-Interacting Proteins in Mesothelioma Cells

The in vitro RNA-pulldown is still largely used in the first steps of protocols aimed at identifying RNA-binding proteins that recognize specific RNA structures and motifs. In this RNA-pulldown protocol, commercially synthesized RNA probes are labeled with a modified form of biotin, desthiobiotin, at the 3' terminus of the RNA strand, which reversibly binds to streptavidin and thus allows elution of proteins under more physiological conditions. The RNA-desthiobiotin is immobilized through interaction with streptavidin on magnetic beads, which are used to pull down proteins that specifically interact with the RNA of interest. Non-denatured and active proteins from the cytosolic fraction of mesothelioma cells are used as the source of proteins. The method described here can be applied to detect the interaction between known RNA binding proteins and a 25-nucleotide (nt) long RNA probe containing a sequence of interest. This is useful to complete the functional characterization of stabilizing or destabilizing elements present in RNA molecules achieved using a reporter vector assay.

Desthiobiotin labeling of a synthetic 25-nucleotide RNA oligo, which contains an adenine-rich element (ARE) motif, allows specific binding of cytosolic ARE-binding protein.

Desthiobiotin ストレプトアビジンの親和性による中皮腫細胞の RNA 結合タンパク質の精製

The in vitro RNA-pulldown is still largely used in the first steps of protocols aimed at identifying RNA-binding proteins that recognize specific RNA ...

Phospho Flow Cytometry with Fluorescent Cell Barcoding for Single Cell Signaling Analysis and Biomarker Discovery

Aberrant cell signaling plays a central role in cancer development and progression. Most novel targeted therapies are indeed directed at proteins and protein functions, and cell signaling aberrations may therefore serve as biomarkers to indicate personalized treatment options. As opposed to DNA and RNA analyses, changes in protein activity can more efficiently evaluate the mechanisms underlying drug sensitivity and resistance. Phospho flow cytometry is a powerful technique that measures protein phosphorylation events at the cellular level, an important feature that distinguishes this method from other antibody-based approaches. The method allows for simultaneous analysis of multiple signaling proteins. In combination with fluorescent cell barcoding, larger medium- to high-throughput data-sets can be acquired by standard cytometer hardware in short time. Phospho flow cytometry has applications both in studies of basic biology and in clinical research, including signaling analysis, biomarker discovery and assessment of pharmacodynamics. Here, a detailed experimental protocol is provided for phospho flow analysis of purified peripheral blood mononuclear cells, using chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells as an example.

Here, a protocol for medium- to high-throughput analysis of protein phosphorylation events at the cellular level is presented. Phospho flow cytometry is a powerful approach to characterize signaling aberrations, identify and validate biomarkers, and assess pharmacodynamics.

単一細胞解析、バイオ マーカー探索をシグナル蛍光セル バーコードとリン フローサイトメトリー

Aberrant cell signaling plays a central role in cancer development and progression. Most novel targeted therapies are indeed directed at proteins and ...

Using Microarrays to Interrogate Microenvironmental Impact on Cellular Phenotypes in Cancer

Understanding the impact of the microenvironment on the phenotype of cells is a difficult problem due to the complex mixture of both soluble growth factors and matrix-associated proteins in the microenvironment in vivo. Furthermore, readily available reagents for the modeling of microenvironments in vitro typically utilize complex mixtures of proteins that are incompletely defined and suffer from batch to batch variability. The microenvironment microarray (MEMA) platform allows for the assessment of thousands of simple combinations of microenvironment proteins for their impact on cellular phenotypes in a single assay. The MEMAs are prepared in well plates, which allows the addition of individual ligands to separate wells containing arrayed extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins. The combination of the soluble ligand with each printed ECM forms a unique combination. A typical MEMA assay contains greater than 2,500 unique combinatorial microenvironments that cells are exposed to in a single assay. As a test case, the breast cancer cell line MCF7 was plated on the MEMA platform. Analysis of this assay identified factors that both enhance and inhibit the growth and proliferation of these cells. The MEMA platform is highly flexible and can be extended for use with other biological questions beyond cancer research.

The purpose of the method presented here is to show how microenvironment microarrays (MEMA) can be fabricated and used to interrogate the impact of thousands of simple combinatorial microenvironments on the phenotype of cultured cells.

マイクロアレイを用いてがん細胞型に及ぼす微小環境への影響を調知る

Understanding the impact of the microenvironment on the phenotype of cells is a difficult problem due to the complex mixture of both soluble growth ...

An Orthotopic Endometrial Cancer Model with Retroperitoneal Lymphadenopathy Made From In Vivo Propagated and Cultured VX2 Cells

Endometrial cancer is the most common gynecologic malignancy in North America and the incidence is rising worldwide. Treatment consists of surgery with or without adjuvant therapy depending on lymph node involvement as determined by lymphadenectomy. Lymphadenectomy is a morbid procedure, which has not been shown to have a therapeutic benefit in many patients, and thus a new method to diagnose lymph node metastases is required. To test novel imaging agents, a reliable model of endometrial cancer with retroperitoneal lymph node metastases is needed. The VX2 endometrial cancer model has been described frequently in the literature; however, significant variation exists with respect to the method of model establishment. Furthermore, no studies have reported on the use of cultured VX2 cells to create this model as only cells propagated in vivo have been previously used. Herein, we present a standardized surgical method and post-operative monitoring method for the establishment of the VX2 endometrial cancer model and report on the first use of cultured VX2 cells to create this model.

This protocol presents a standardized method to grow VX2 cells in culture and to create an orthotopic VX2 model of endometrial cancer with retroperitoneal lymph node metastases in rabbits. Orthotopic endometrial cancer models are important for the pre-clinical study of novel imaging modalities for the diagnosis of lymph node metastases.

生体内伝播および培養VX2細胞から作られた後腹部リンパ管リンパデノパシーを有するオルトトピック子宮内膜癌モデル

Endometrial cancer is the most common gynecologic malignancy in North America and the incidence is rising worldwide. Treatment consists of surgery with or ...

Droplet Digital TRAP (ddTRAP): Adaptation of the Telomere Repeat Amplification Protocol to Droplet Digital Polymerase Chain Reaction

The telomere repeat amplification protocol (TRAP) is the most widely used assay to detect telomerase activity within a given a sample. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based method allows for robust measurements of enzyme activity from most cell lysates. The gel-based TRAP with fluorescently labeled primers limits sample throughput, and the ability to detect differences in samples is restricted to two fold or greater changes in enzyme activity. The droplet digital TRAP, ddTRAP, is a highly sensitive approach that has been modified from the traditional TRAP assay, enabling the user to perform a robust analysis on 96 samples per run and obtain absolute quantification of the DNA (telomerase extension products) input within each PCR. Therefore, the newly developed ddTRAP assay overcomes the limitations of the traditional gel-based TRAP assay and provides a more efficient, accurate, and quantitative approach to measuring telomerase activity within laboratory and clinical settings.

Droplet Digital TRAP ddTRAP: Adaptation of the Telomere Repeat Amplification Protocol to Droplet Digital Polymerase Chain Reaction

We successfully converted the standard telomere repeat amplification protocol (TRAP) assay to be employed in droplet digital polymerase chain reactions. This new assay, called ddTRAP, is more sensitive and quantitative, allowing for better detection and statistical analysis of telomerase activity within various human cells.

液滴デジタルトラップ (ddTRAP): 液滴デジタルポリメラーゼ連鎖反応へのテロメア反復増幅プロトコルの適応

The telomere repeat amplification protocol (TRAP) is the most widely used assay to detect telomerase activity within a given a sample. The polymerase ...

In Vivo Targeting of Xenografted Human Cancer Cells with Functionalized Fluorescent Silica Nanoparticles in Zebrafish

Developing nanoparticles capable of detecting, targeting, and destroying cancer cells is of great interest in the field of nanomedicine. In vivo animal models are required for bridging the nanotechnology to its biomedical application. The mouse represents the traditional animal model for preclinical testing; however, mice are relatively expensive to keep and have long experimental cycles due to the limited progeny from each mother. The zebrafish has emerged as a powerful model system for developmental and biomedical research, including cancer research. In particular, due to its optical transparency and rapid development, zebrafish embryos are well suited for real-time in vivo monitoring of the behavior of cancer cells and their interactions with their microenvironment. This method was developed to sequentially introduce human cancer cells and functionalized nanoparticles in transparent Casper zebrafish embryos and monitor in vivo recognition and targeting of the cancer cells by nanoparticles in real time. This optimized protocol shows that fluorescently labeled nanoparticles, which are functionalized with folate groups, can specifically recognize and target metastatic human cervical epithelial cancer cells labeled with a different fluorochrome. The recognition and targeting process can occur as early as 30 min postinjection of the nanoparticles tested. The whole experiment only requires the breeding of a few pairs of adult fish and takes less than 4 days to complete. Moreover, zebrafish embryos lack a functional adaptive immune system, allowing the engraftment of a wide range of human cancer cells. Hence, the utility of the protocol described here enables the testing of nanoparticles on various types of human cancer cells, facilitating the selection of optimal nanoparticles in each specific cancer context for future testing in mammals and the clinic.

Described here is a method for utilizing zebrafish embryos to study the ability of functionalized nanoparticles to target human cancer cells in vivo. This method allows for the evaluation and selection of optimal nanoparticles for future testing in large animals and in clinical trials.

ゼブラフィッシュにおける機能化された蛍光シリカナノ粒子を用いた異種移植ヒト癌細胞のビボ標的化

Developing nanoparticles capable of detecting, targeting, and destroying cancer cells is of great interest in the field of nanomedicine. In vivo animal ...

In Vitro Evaluation of Oncogenic Transformation in Human Mammary Epithelial Cells

Tumorigenesis is a multi-step process in which cells acquire capabilities&#160;that allow their growth, survival, and dissemination under hostile conditions. Different tests seek to identify and quantify these hallmarks of cancerous cells; however, they often focus on a single aspect of cellular transformation and, in fact, multiple tests are required for their proper characterization. The purpose of this work is to provide researchers with a set of tools to assess cellular transformation in vitro from a broad perspective, thereby making it possible to draw sound conclusions.
A sustained proliferative signaling activation is the major feature of tumoral tissues and can be easily monitored under in vitro conditions by calculating the number of population doublings achieved over time. Besides, the growth of cells in 3D cultures allows their interaction with surrounding cells, resembling what occurs in vivo. This enables the evaluation of cellular aggregation and, together with immunofluorescent labeling of distinctive cellular markers, to obtain information on another relevant feature of tumoral transformation: the loss of proper organization. Another remarkable characteristic of transformed cells is their capacity to grow without attachment to other cells and to the extracellular matrix, which can be evaluated with the anchorage assay.
Detailed experimental procedures to evaluate cell growth rate, to perform immunofluorescent labeling of cell lineage markers in 3D cultures, and to test anchorage-independent cell growth in soft agar are provided. These methodologies are optimized for Breast Primary Epithelial Cells (BPEC) due to its relevance in breast cancer; however, procedures can be applied to other cell types after some adjustments.

This protocol provides experimental in vitro tools to evaluate the transformation of human mammary cells. Detailed steps to follow-up cell proliferation rate, anchorage-independent growth capacity, and distribution of cell lineages in 3D cultures with basement membrane matrix are described.

ヒト乳腺上皮細胞における発癌性転換のインビトロ評価

Tumorigenesis is a multi-step process in which cells acquire capabilities&#160;that allow their growth, survival, and dissemination under hostile ...

Multiparametric Tumor Organoid Drug Screening Using Widefield Live-Cell Imaging for Bulk and Single-Organoid Analysis

Patient-derived tumor organoids (PDTOs) hold great promise for preclinical and translational research and predicting the patient therapy response from ex vivo drug screenings. However, current adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-based drug screening assays do not capture the complexity of a drug response (cytostatic or cytotoxic) and intratumor heterogeneity that has been shown to be retained in PDTOs due to a bulk readout. Live-cell imaging is a powerful tool to overcome this issue and visualize drug responses more in-depth. However, image analysis software is often not adapted to the three-dimensionality of PDTOs, requires fluorescent viability dyes, or is not compatible with a 384-well microplate format. This paper describes a semi-automated methodology to seed, treat, and image PDTOs in a high-throughput, 384-well format using conventional, widefield, live-cell imaging systems. In addition, we developed viability marker-free image analysis software to quantify growth rate-based drug response metrics that improve reproducibility and correct growth rate variations between different PDTO lines. Using the normalized drug response metric, which scores drug response based on the growth rate normalized to a positive and negative control condition, and a fluorescent cell death dye, cytotoxic and cytostatic drug responses can be easily distinguished, profoundly improving the classification of responders and non-responders. In addition, drug-response heterogeneity can by quantified from single-organoid drug response analysis to identify potential, resistant clones. Ultimately, this method aims to improve the prediction of clinical therapy response by capturing a multiparametric drug response signature, which includes kinetic growth arrest and cell death quantification.

This protocol describes a semi-automated method for medium- to high-throughput organoid drug screenings and microscope-agnostic, automated image analysis software to quantify and visualize multiparametric, single-organoid drug responses to capture intratumor heterogeneity.

バルクおよび単一オルガノイド分析のための広視野生細胞イメージングを用いたマルチパラメトリック腫瘍オルガノイド薬物スクリーニング(英語)

Patient-derived tumor organoids (PDTOs) hold great promise for preclinical and translational research and predicting the patient therapy response from ex ...

アドレス指定可能な液滴マイクロ アレイによる単一細胞におけるタンパク質をカウント

アドレス指定可能な液滴マイクロアレイによる単一細胞におけるタンパク質をカウント